Okay. I'd just like to start by thanking the organizers for inviting me and to say that I found this isn't particularly my field, but I found it extremely interesting listening to the talks and I hope that you find, sorry, that I think the, here we go. And I hope you find something of interest in this talk as well. So it's not news to you of anyone here that animals rely on social information when in grouping and for foraging. But it's also become increasingly obvious or there's increasing evidence across the animal kingdom that animals also use social information or social learning to acquire new behaviors and new skills. For example, migration routes in the top right there or new tools or tool use behavior. But when we see this social information shared and maintained in population, we can also observe this emergent phenomenon that we call animal culture, which we could widely sort of define as behavior shared by members of a community that rely on social learning. And perhaps we could also say it's particularly important that this information is transmitted across age classes, is maintained in the memory of individuals and is a sort of trait based copying. So we have a sort of cultural trait that exists outside of individual behavior. And this has been perhaps best studied in the field of birdsong. So there's a very large literature and history of research on birdsong showing that it's socially learned often from fathers to sons can be extremely complex. And for example, as shown in experiments on zebra finches, it can be developed over generations. So if you isolate acoustically young zebra finches, it takes something like five generations before they get back to a sort of complex song type. However, we can also observe these sorts of cultural traits in other behavioral domains. For example, in the classic case of chimpanzee nut cracking, where we have a behavior in here, sort of percussive tool technology transmitted from older individuals to younger individuals. And in this case, we can further say that this sort of cultural behavior, which is inherited over generation, emerges from an interaction between three different traits or three different influences, the cognition of the individuals, they have to be capable of learning this behavior and learning it. They are and sort of learning it socially learning it. They also it relies on the ecology of the individual. So in the case of chimpanzee nut cracking, it appears to be particularly important in times of drought when other food sources are unavailable. And these are these nuts are and it also relies on the underlying social system of the species. In the case of chimpanzee nut cracking, this behavior appears to be extremely stable. In fact, there's archaeological evidence that they've done this for thousands of years in this site in Western Africa. However, cultural behaviors aren't actually necessarily static because we can see or study them as cultural traits. We can also study the way in which these traits change over time. And we're starting to build a sort of cultural evolution framework to study this where we take sort of the underlying or the very well understood framework of genetic evolution and look for parallels in cultural traits. So we can show that we have variation in cultural traits that can then be a selected upon inherited over generations. And then this could lead to what we might call cultural adaptation and that we can also have, for example, an influence of movement or social systems or geography on the patterning of cultural behaviors that we observe. However, if we want to study this, which I do, we need to either do it in an experimental framework or look for sort of natural experiments in the wild. And these are often fusions of new behaviors that come into populations in response to changes in the environment. And one of the most famous of these was, in fact, done by this small bird that's called the great herd. And this is it stealing milk or cream from the top of milk bottles in 1920 or in the early 1920s in England. And this behavior was first observed in the south down here, but then spread over the next 20 years across the south and was also kind of popped up again in northern England and spread from that point to with these sort of exponential uptake as you can observe on the lower part of the slide there. And this sort of these observations started really creating a whole field of thought around these diffusions of new behaviors that we might observe in animal populations. And in fact, the diffusion of innovations is a very well studied area of economics. For example, we can look at this slide of technology adoption, which is one of my favorite to show you because you can see the sort of premature death of the VCR in them. And we can take, well, we started to think we could potentially take some of these techniques to sort of understand these processes as they occurred in animals or as they potentially occurred. So I've been studying this question of the last few years in this population of tits in the UK. It's a long term field site where we have all the birds marked. And we also have the birds microchipped as well, which means that we can basically attract them to sites with antenna and then interact with them based off those microchips and the RFID interface. And this has allowed us to build social networks for this woodland based off an array of feeders that the birds come to where their pit tags are detected. And we look for spatial temporal co-occurrences in birds in these sorts of roaming fission fusion foraging flocks. So to return to this example of the milk bottle innovation in tits, we don't know for sure what happened here because it was observational, but we can hypothesize that we had a pathway which may have looked something like this. We had a novel challenge or opportunity here, a new resource leading to a behavioral innovation on the part of some number of individuals. Social transmission of that information across the population leading to a population level change in behavior. And then potentially this behavior could change over time. It didn't in this case because we redesigned milk bottles, which they were then impossible to crack open. So the first part of this, I'm going to talk about how we can possibly go from this sort of novel opportunity through to a population level change in behavior and the sort of social influences and cognitive influences that affect this transition. So I'm not going to go too much into the stage of the sort of innovation or where the behavior initially arises. But we have studied this myself and several other people for extensively at Oxford over a number of years. And these birds are both extremely innovative. And also we can pinpoint the particularly innovative sectors of the population using experiments like this. So here the social learning information is broken because each individual gets their own sort of learning program. And we can look at the rate at which they learn this in the wild, this sort of this one has to learn to press the red button to get food. And we find that young individuals tend to be the most innovative and also less competitive individuals. So those low in the dominance hierarchy. Okay, so we've got an innovation. How do we go to social learning and transmission of that innovation to others. So to look at this, I performed a two action control experiment. How we refer to it in the cognitive equality literature, which is where I gave them basically a binary choice test. So they had to slide a door, they could do that by sliding it right or left to access a food reward. And I brought birds into captivity. And I trained them to do this. And in one pop or two populations, the individuals I trained were trained to slide the door from the left towards the right to get the food. In three populations, those individuals were trained to slide the same door but from right to left. And in another three subpopulations, they weren't given any training at all. So these are controls to test the underlying rate of asocial learning. I then released these birds back into their respective subpopulations to be the initial innovator. And what did I find? Unfortunately, this video doesn't seem to be working. You think it's going to work again? We have light. So from an initial innovator trained in captivity to slide this door and access the food, we found actually that the information spread very widely. With hundreds of individuals in each population also solving. And this cage is only to prevent squirrels, birds fly straight through it. And what's important to note is that birds could equally solve any of these devices using this different alternative, equally rewarding, equally difficult technique of pushing it from the other side. So the fact we saw a bias towards the behavior that was introduced by me or by the innovator in each population was good evidence that we had social learning. And in fact, we saw an extremely strong bias towards solving variant A if variant A was introduced, or variant B if variant B was introduced, and no obvious bias in the control populations, suggesting that we had the spread of information resulting in localized traditions. The knowledge of these solutions spread with these sort of classic sigmoidal diffusion curves that again, we tend to see in economics where you see an initially so start where there's not many knowledgeable individuals and exponential spread. Once you have about equal numbers of knowledgeable and naive individuals, an eventual plateau, which here was about 80% of the population. We could also track this through the foraging networks. So here the yellow node is the innovator individual and the turning red as they acquire the behavior. And hopefully you can see that we had very strong evidence that it spread through social network ties. And in fact, we could use social network analysis to ask whether individuals were more or less likely to learn given their social position. And we found that young individuals again, were about twice as likely to learn as older birds. So that was over one winter. However, we did put these foraging puzzles out over successive winters with no further training of individuals in a subset of the populations. And we found good evidence for long term persistence of these traditions for either pushing left or pushing right in each population. And in fact, we saw it emerged about twice as fast the next year as the first year, which is basically down to the fact that we now have a larger pool of knowledgeable individuals. So that's those sort of old individuals in the population. So we have extremely stable traditions. But this seems surprising given it's a completely arbitrary choice for left or right. And it appeared that the reason we had this was because individuals work copying randomly, but we're in shed showing frequency dependent conformist copying. So they tended to disproportionately adopt the behavior in their group that was the most common behavior. And this led over time to populations converging on a single behavior and these single behaviors of choices becoming fixed in the population. So you're probably very used to seeing these sorts of positive frequency dependent curves in collective behavior, but they are much more unusual in the learning literature. And we hypothesize that the function may be actually as a shortcut for learning in spatially variable environments. When individuals move between patches, they can quickly adopt what is probably the best locally adapted behavior. But the consequence is that group traditions are stable and resistant to erosion over time. So we're perhaps important for the sort of evolution of complex culture. So I haven't had time to go into all of these different influences that we see in the transmission between this sort of innovation on the part of one individual to a population level change in behavior. So you'll have to take my word for it that we see both cognitive influences, for example, conformist copying, but also a strong influence of the patterning of social interactions and population demographics. So I want to move on now to this last part of the question here, the pathway. So once we have a population level sort of behavior that's established through social information use and then transmission across networks, can we then study that behavior in itself and how it changes over time and what it changes in response to. So again, if we go back to this idea of studying it in a cultural evolution framework, I just want to, obviously I can't go through all of this, but I'm just going to pinpoint a couple of experiments we've done to look at how some of these processes might influence the eventual outcome. So in particular, I'm going to highlight how traits themselves can be under selection either through learning biases, as we've observed, we have these sort of almost stabilizing selection force of conformity, but also through an interaction with individual learning. So when we observed this behavior in particular, we observed that when we looked more closely at it, that individuals varied quite a lot in the speed in which they were able to solve the device. So this is one that we would call quite slow, an average bird and one that's much faster. And you may also notice in this video quite a lot of scrounging, and if you're interested in that, come talk to me, which is we've looked at that in a separate study. So actually, when we look over time, we see that birds reduce their speed of solving with this almost, it's not quite, but almost power law function or learning curve. And they become very, very fast over sort of hundreds of solves. And this particular one goes from about 20 seconds on its first solve down to one second once it's solved a couple of hundreds of times, hundred times. And we actually see that populations as well become faster over time and that within a single generation, birds that arrive later into the population learn later seem to benefit from this population level improvement because they learn a faster version of the trait on their first sort of go, they start lower down in this curve. So that's within one generation. What effect does this have on the across generation inheritance of behavior? So we looked here at again at populations where we had up to three generations of this. And we found that when you look at the first generation, the average time of it takes for a bird on its first attempt is about five and a half seconds, the first successful attempt. And those birds that survived the second generation, so survived two years because of average lifespan is only two years for this bird didn't differ. But birds that first learned in the second generation are now showing a much faster speed on their first attempt. So the knowledgeable birds are extremely fast reflecting that learning curve. But the naive birds also appear to benefit from the sort of cultural memory in the population that experience acquired by the older individuals. And when we look over three generations, we see this pattern continuing until it appears to sort of bottom out once the birds just can't get any faster, or at least we can't measure them being any faster. So this is actually quite similar to what's been proposed, for example, by Dora Biro as a kind of collective memory or collective cognition that you can have in groups. And we would probably call it something like a cultural legacy effect where the behavior or experience of previous generations is important for the learning experience of you. So I now want to ask what happens when the actual payoffs change in the population, whether we can see selection on cultural traits in response to that. And you can also think of this as sort of a question about adaptation. And the results that we found for this came out of a study where we were actually looking at a slightly different question, which was to ask whether traditions were vulnerable to temporal changes in the environment, in particular these sort of conformist traditions we see. So there's a big debate in this literature about whether or not we can possibly find maladaptive traditions, because we see them in humans, but we don't really have any obvious evidence in any other species. So to look at this, I did a changing environments experiment. So I went into four populations, so two where the established tradition was for pushing right, and two where the established tradition was for pushing left. And here either variant gives the same payoff. And I first varied it so that either variant gave a low payoff seed instead of worms. This was to look at the rate of individual exploration that individuals might do in response to receiving a lower payoff than they expected for an established behavior. And then I played this sort of cruel trick where I made the very rare action, give a higher rewarding payoff, the worms, and the established tradition now gave seeds or a suboptimal payoff. And so I was really depending here on this sort of reservoir of information that was the individuals who still preferred the other side. There was always a small proportion in each population of about between two and five percent of individuals who still preferred the uncommon side. So to show you what this looks like, here's a bird that's just arrived to the sunflower side being open, the sunflower seed side being open, and it knows exactly what's going on and pushes the door the other way in order to get the better food. So what did I find? Well, here we are at the initial starting point where we have very strongly established traditions for either left or right. And we don't see that change at all in the middle stage where we provided only the lower reward. So we don't seem to see any sort of sampling behavior of the other side in response to receiving a lower award. But when we give them the unequal rewards, we do suddenly see a jump. So after a three week period, about half the population has now completely switched to preferring the alternative behavior. However, this isn't instantaneous and it's not complete. And so it was sort of a bit of a messy result and we wanted to know what was really going on here. So to do this, I went and sought some help from Richard McAworth and we built a model, a sequential learning model to look at what birds were doing at each point in the puzzle box. So here we gave them a parameter for their own memory. So what they did previously but also what they then observed when they arrived at the puzzle box at that attempt. And we found this is sort of rough, but generally that while birds relied mostly on their personal experience when choosing what to do, they also continued to incorporate social information to actually quite a high degree at each new attempt at the puzzle box. So they were still watching birds even though they knew how to solve themselves. And we separated this out and asked what form of social learning they were doing here. And we were a little bit surprised that actually it remained conformist. So we thought they might show pay-off bias copying where they were preferentially copying individuals which were receiving a better award for their behavior. But they didn't appear to be able to distinguish the awards of the birds they were watching at all. Rather, they continued to be sort of stubbornly conformist, even though we do see a bit of variation we still see this strong disproportionate tendency to copy the most common behavior in the group. So we have a paradox of conformist individuals, but a flexible population. So what's going on here? Well, it seems to be solved by an interview by a combination surprise of individual cognition and social networks. So while individuals are conformist in their social learning, they're pay-off biased in their reinforcement. So once they've had the chance to personally experience a behavior, they prefer to do that good behavior in future. So their their own memory or their own reinforcement or behavior, personal experience is pay-off biased. They get the chance to occasionally gain those experiences because the network is fission fusion and constantly remixing. So very occasionally they'll end up in a group where it just happens that most of the group is doing the uncommon high-pay-off behavior. They then get the chance to learn that. And once they've learned it, they prefer to do it themselves in future, which then leads to more social information for other individuals. And you end up with an initially slow start, but an increasingly fast snowball of this new better behavior through the network, as you can see here with the birds changing over from the initial kind of source of those green two notes, which are those maverick individuals. That said, we still didn't see all individuals change and they didn't change at the same rate. And this was because we also saw again a very strong influence of age. So this is an increasing ongoing theme through my work that we really see age-based differences and that you have to consider age structure of populations. So younger individuals were actually less likely to be conformist, so they had a lower conformity exponent. And they had they were better able to update their own behavior once they had had a chance to experience new information. So they were more flexible in their behavior. And this meant that by the end of the experiment, individuals that were one or two years old had almost all switched to the high-pay-off behavior. But individuals are sort of, you know, up to five years old, those really old individuals hadn't changed. And so again, this emphasizes that the demographics of the population are actually very influential in determining the sorts of behaviors we see in that population. And now I want to move on to looking at sort of more neutral processes, we might call it, so the influence of movement of individuals on the cultural traits we observe. So to look at this, we worked, I worked with Tamara Somerville, who led this work, and we looked at how the movement rate of individuals between patches interacted with the behaviors that we observed in each patches, even given that individuals were conformist. So we knew from previous work that when individuals moved between patches, they tended to change their behavior to match the patch they moved into. But we hypothesized that if movement rates were very high, individuals wouldn't be able to do this fast enough to still maintain different traditions in each patch. So he built a model of individuals moving between patches, and this is just the example of it based off the same woodland area, taking into account the movement rates between individuals. You can't see the network, unfortunately. And in this case, it's where we have very high rates of movement and no conformity, and you get a complete mix of behaviors across the population. If we have very relatively high rates of conformity to movement, we end up with a domination of one behavior across the population. And in fact, to see the patterning of local traditions, it depends very much on the sort of balance between movement rates and conformity. So when conformity is strong relative to movement rates, but movement rates are still sort of if they're very high, you end up with domination. But if they're kind of quite low, you end up with this patterning of traditions. And in fact, the further you fragment habitat, the more cultural behaviors you see across the landscape. So we have an interesting lesson in how much in considering geography and movement as well as just individual cognition, we're looking at group behavior. So the final thing I want to talk about is this question of increasing complexity or accumulation of modifications. And this is something which has been a big source of debate because humans are very good at it, leading to incredibly complex cultural traits like international space stations. But we don't obviously have evidence for that and other animals and so it's sort of an ongoing argument whether or not we still might observe some change or increasing complexity or multi component traditions over time in other species. So to look at this or how we might observe this arising. I introduced a sort of different puzzle. So this is what I called the dial task or a telephone task. So you have to turn this in order to get the food reward. And this when I introduced this into the populations, I observed very similar sigmoidal diffusion curves in the experimental sites as in my initial experiment. I then entered the sort of step two of this experiment which I called the training phase or the recombination of traits. So here what I did is I combined the sliding door task with the dial task. And so I had some individuals who knew both because they were old, they'd done this in previous years and now they had just learned this. I had some individuals which had only were only familiar with this. And I gave them an incentive to combine the tasks because I gave them a better reward if they did both. So here you can see a bird that's dialed and then also slid the door as well in order to get the better award. And in fact, I saw that if birds were aware had learned both of these components, they were able to put them together very successfully to do this multi step task in either order. So some slid and then dialed. But yeah, they were able to solve it. And if they were able to they had learned one of the components, they were slower but they were still able to learn the entire multi component task. I then gave this to the second generation. So I put it out the following winter. We know for the training of any kind depending on the old individuals that had knowledge of the whole multi component task to be a source of information for younger individuals or those new naive juveniles in the population. And I also only gave them a reward if they solved the entire task. So they had to learn a full multi step two component task. And I found that old individuals were very successful at doing this. They already had knowledge from the previous year which they retained and learned again very fast and younger individuals. Oh, I should also say in control population we saw absolutely nothing. So there seemed to be basically impossible for them to innovate the solution to without any social information. But with younger individuals, I saw that they could learn the task. But I found really interesting the diffusion curves had completely changed. So instead of this sort of classic S shape we saw before, we saw a very slow start where no individuals appeared to learn before this exponential takeoff but a plateau at a much lower level in the population. So it seemed something more like only 30 percent of individuals were actually able to acquire this behavior, even with the social social information available to them. So this seems to be right on the edge of what they're capable of doing. So I had to think of it as this particular task was perhaps less of a radio example and more like the airplane where we have very complex tasks that appears to be very difficult to them to learn and that changes the way in which it diffuses through populations. We have to do some more work on this, but I think it's really interesting to speculate how this would also change how it could be maintained in populations over generations. So just to conclude, we saw the diffusion of innovations through social networks in birds leading to arbitrary traditions that persisted over generations and the dynamics and passion of this behavior was strongly influenced by cognitive and social factors and the interaction between them. Individuals and populations can refine learned behavior over time through an interaction between individual learning and social learning and in fact can transmit this refined generation to the next refined brain generation to the next refined behavior to the next generation and modify it to form multi-component traditions. But even so, even given how kind of persistent and strong this behavior is in populations, it's still actually very flexible under environmental change and can show evolution or cultural evolution over time. And with that, I'd just like to thank all my collaborators that have worked on the project and the funders. And thank you for listening. Thank you very much, Lucy. Time for questions.


Hey, welcome back to theCUBE. It's Lisa Martin and Dave Vellante live, wrapping up our third day of wall-to-wall coverage on theCUBE of Dell Technologies World 2023. As you know, we've had some incredible conversations. We're about to share with you an amazing, very impactful case study on cyber resiliency you're not going to want to miss. One of our alumni is back with us, Keith Bradley, the VP of IT and security at Nature Fresh Farms. It's great to see you again. It's great to be back. I always enjoy being a part of your show. Yeah. So you guys, Nature Fresh Farms goes a lot of tomatoes, varieties of tomatoes and bell peppers and cucumbers. I'm hungry, just thinking about it. But talk to the audience a little bit about the organization and what you guys are doing, and you're a great edge use case. Yeah, we do a large number of edge. I like to say we're actually started doing the edge before there was a concept of the edge. We have hundreds of thousands of sensors looking at our data all the time. And we constantly are innovating what we do and collecting that data to help us grow a better pepper, a better tomato, and coming this July, a better strawberry for you guys to grow. So that's what we're trying to do. Oh, can't wait for that. Yeah. Fantastic. I mean, I've had, you've sent me some of your vegetables. They're amazing. When I first tasted them, I'm like, come on. You guys injecting sugar into these tomatoes? Well, maybe yours. Maybe yours. Yeah. Yeah. Sweet. Yeah. Okay, so we want to dig into your journey to cyber resilience and want to go back to the catalyst, which you had a ransomware attack. Take us through that. What was the anatomy of the attack? It must have been a terrible time for you, but let's start at the beginning. So we had an attack, you know, as well as things that we learned to happen. And it started off as something simple as we had an open port. And they got in and they attacked us. And it's funny how I went home that day. I actually did it on a computer. I thought everything's going good. I went home Thursday night. I went home Saturday morning. I got an alert that everything's going down. So my first initial thoughts, because you don't think of a hack. Nobody thinks that you got hacked was I lost a core switch or something weird happened. So I packed up, ran into the office on a Saturday morning. Look, everything's lit up. Start logging in. Yep, we were hit. Hit hard. It hit every server top to bottom and most of our workstations all at once within like about an hour time. Everything was shut down between all of our facilities. And okay, so where did they attack? So they got in through a port, open port. And then what, did they hit the backup corpus? Did they... So they hit a PC that was one of our IoT PCs that was basically controlling our packing line. From there it looks like they sat for about 24 hours and just gained credentials and started to figure out that. They harvest a few things that kept touching upon different areas. And then all of a sudden, they got another password and another one. And then somehow they ended up figuring out, you know, our main password or root password. And then all of a sudden, bang, they started doing it. We were lucky they came in quick and left quick because they didn't stick around long. So that was our saving grace that kind of allowed us to restore from our backups, get back going on our feet and get going. But it was that one port that was open, that one PC that we'd just gotten working that allowed them in because it wasn't, I guess I always looked at it wasn't a PC that we were worried about. We didn't think about things that way. We didn't think of security first. We didn't think it needs to be protected. And we didn't worry about shutting the port down once that our activities were done. We had to change that. What do you know or what do you think was the hackers objective? You know what? I don't even want to know what they had to think. It's hard to say what they were thinking but I think they thought they're just going to take all our data, they're going to shut us down and we were going to yield to their will and just say okay, that's it. We're all yours and they extorted us for Bitcoin. They wanted this and that to restore our data. Everything's encrypted, the whole story that everybody hears and fears.  So you got a ransom letter? Well, yep, on the PC, yep. You did, yep. Okay, and did you pay the ransom? No, no. We were able to restore our data. We were able to actually recover from our backups and it was a long process but we were able to recover from them and kind of get back going because we looked at it as why are we paying them and do you trust them to do it? Here's somebody doing an illegal activity and you're going to have faith that we give them this money and they're not going to ask for more. So in talking to our consultants that we ended up securing to help us through the process they said no, don't go down that road and we really agreed with that. We didn't want to encourage that field. And the consultants unpacked the anatomy of the hack? Is that right? Do you know where it came from? Was it Russia, North Korea? Was it, don't? They were 99% sure it was from Europe somewhere. They didn't want to get into specifics and we weren't really worried about it. We kind of really turned our focus not to what happened and more okay we just have to get a path moving forward. A path that gets us back to our feet, gets us back to normal and in the long-term gets us back to a safe place. You know in the last 18 months, two years we have seen ransomware become a household word. We've seen massive, nobody wants to be the next headline but we've seen it affecting critical infrastructure. There's no industry that is immune from this but you were interesting that you were saying before we didn't think security first but there was that sort of, we're a farming organization. We're going to be fine. No, it was weird to change that. Like they'd say now everything's security oriented. What do we do? What aren't we doing? How do we look at changing that mindset? And the mindset came kind of in three cents. How do we secure our environment? Educator users and then stay up to date. And now all three are hard because the best analogy I heard is cybersecurity is like moving the CN tower for Canadians. You're going to move at five feet every couple weeks because that poles are moving all the time and so you have to be prepared to change how you're doing your resistance. So how was it you were able to recover? So we were lucky. They didn't hit our backups. They actually, it looks like they tried to hit the backups. They were the one of the few things that I did have multi-factor authentication on. I did have those few steps that we'd already done with that. So it was able to protect us to there. We also had just updated to a new server system. We actually switched over and we had carbon black workload protecting that which actually ended up clearing that up. So it protected our VX rails 100%. So that kind of was a few servers we had and when we rebuilt from there. We started to restore the data into the new cluster. You dodged a bullet. Yes, yep. And so you realized that you did. Yep. So that was that a catalyst to sort of restart your journey to cyber resilience? Yep. It was a double step to resilience. We not only wanted to look at resilience, but we wanted to look at eight, well I can say a three prong approach. We wanted to protect our outside. We wanted to make sure our backups were safe. But we also wanted to make sure that we could, when and if it ever does happen again, recover much quicker than we do. We learned that we were down for a good chunk of time. How do we get better at recovering very quickly and cleanly? So that's where we started that journey looking at it. Okay, so what did you do? You hardened the perimeter? Yep, yep. So we hardened the perimeter. We made sure to update all of our firewalls. We added log monitoring. We got outside people to look at our logs. Things like that. Then we decided to, we looked at our backup recovery process and our current backup system didn't have the speed we need. Didn't have the ability to convert a backup into there. So then we switched our backup profile. We switched how it does. We switched to our power protect data manager, which allows us to recover now instead of hours and hours within minutes now we can do it. And then we started also educating our end users. And we really, I like to say I really took a heart to that because when we did it, I said I'm not only educating them to protect us, but we're protecting our family of employees. Because now they know, because they're just not getting emails to their nature fresh account. They're getting it to their Gmail account. How do we teach them to be safe themselves? And that was the fun part of that.  But then the next thing we started to do is we now looked at, now we have a new backup system. It works great. But we want to make sure there's nothing there. So the next thing we did is we said, we're now looking at adding a cyber vault to it. We want to system a platform that we could build and expand our cyber security presence. So now we can create an automated air gap system that allowed us to keep our data safe. And then we want to go to the next step with that and actually record it. And well, it's not record it, sorry, but actually analyze that data so that we know a hundred percent that there is nothing malicious in those backups that have made it through our cyber vault. And then the last thing that was kind of a neat trade off with what we do, because we do so much IoT, we have so many databases as we started to restore quicker now. With our new system we were able to restore. So when one of our database gets mucked up, we just started to restore. So what I liked about it was it taught my team how to use this on a daily basis. Because how many companies, and we were no different. Actually tested, tried, tested and did a restore from nothing that's especially in our space. We're small, medium business. We don't have infinite resources. We have a very small amount of resources to do things. And that just was never on the list. But now it's something we do all the time. So you were optimized for backup. You weren't optimized for recovery. You dealt with that problem. You created a cyber vault, was that an air gap or was it a sort of local logical kind of thing? So we're looking at getting the air gap in place. So it basically turns on at a time so that it's only open for a certain time. So the hackers attack your system, that communication's only open for it's not. Small window. Yeah, a small window to let them in. Okay, and then is the process by which you, is that part of the sort of normal workflow or is it a separate workflow that you set up? It's a separate workflow. It's a separate, so both backup units are the primary backup unit and the cyber vault, they will act independent of each other. So they know what's going on. They know that I'm here to hold the data and I'm going to put it to the vault. But they work independently from each other. And prior to this hack, did you test recovery on a regular basis? No, no, we hadn't. I did a few little things over time. Hey, I need to restore this or that. But again, it was a siloed knowledge I said for my team. I was the one that did it. I was the one that did this, that. And now I wanted to get it so that they're the ones doing it. Because when I siloed that information, that was my fear next. What happens if I was somewhere like Dellworld? Where somewhere doing all these things. Somewhere at another event. How do I help them do this? How do we make a way so we all know it? Were you afraid you were going to get fired? An honest question because it used to be something like this, failure equals fire. And then I think that dynamic change where people realize you're going to get hacked. Everybody, you talk about that all the time. It is, yeah. And so were you worried that you were going to get... I'd like to say it was at the back of my head, but I really knew our executive knew that it was nothing that I meant to do. And they knew that. That they looked at our IT team and even all our employees that we do have. It wasn't something that anybody would want to have happen. And we've dealt with diseases in our greenhouses. And our growers feel so personally challenged by them. And they feel like, oh, we're doing it wrong. So we've learned that we will have challenges. I think every company will. And I felt good at the end and felt happy that we're there. I had a lot of meetings with our president and he said, Keith, you can't take this personally. He sat me down. You cannot take this person. Did you take it personally? Oh, I did. It was like having your child ripped from your hands in the own way. Here's this network I built. It's my baby. I know everything about it.  And what do you do? Do you think you could have gotten this capability funded if you hadn't been hacked? I think it would have been a much longer journey. And I don't think we would ever look at it the same way. I don't think we would have been as secure and as quick to do it. Do you consider, did the term cyber resiliency mean as much as it does to you today 18 months ago? I'm assuming no.  You do such a great job of articulating everything that you've done. It sounds like a challenging, really multifaceted journey. Would you consider nature fresh farms now to be cyber resilient? I think that we are stronger. I like to say that there is no perfect. And that's like I said, that's the approach we took. We're going to protect as much as we can, but we want to position ourselves so we can recover and can recover quickly. Because like we learned, it happened to us. It can happen again. I don't know what's the stats out there that happens every two seconds. Somebody's getting hacked if it's not even more than that now. So the reality is we can never be perfect. So we have to be prepared for that bad day again. Oh, sorry. I think I saw a stat in 2021 that a ransomware attack happens once every 11 seconds. And I think by 2030, that's supposed to go down to every two seconds. That's what I was thinking. And that's where I was like, so there's only so many companies out there. And eventually it's like going to the lottery table. You're going to win. It just might not be the win that you're expecting. So you're saying the journey doesn't end. Maybe never ends. Yeah, I say it's a journey that we're taking. Like, you know, everybody talks about zero trust. Everybody talks about there. And maybe zero trust isn't exactly what we want, but there's pieces of it that we're going to start taking out and moving towards there. And maybe it takes us three to five years to get there. But, and maybe by the five year mark, it's actually changed a little bit. So we're still adjusting every time we see something new. Every time we look at things, we think, how do I multi-factor that? Who am I letting see? Who am I letting do things? And is it the safe way?  Did you change the regime for cyber? In other words, whose responsibility, how you collaborated across the organization? You don't have like endless sec ops people running around, I presume. But did any of that change organizationally or outside consultants that you brought in? No, we didn't really change that. What it more changed for me is I became more part of the business process too now. As people started to realize we have to involve IT. IT, information security has to be a part of what we're doing because we can't just go and do what we did. Oh, we got a new computer from this vendor. We turned it on, it turned the packing line on, it started working, that's great. No, it has to be more of a challenge for us to look at. Is it safe? Is the software they're putting on there okay on our network? Does it have anything happening that we don't like? And so we challenged ourselves to make that better and we continue to challenge every time and that's what's made it better. As Dave mentioned and you agreed, you dodged a bullet. But what I'm hearing is so much learning and opportunities that have come from it. So not only start the journey and stay on the journey of becoming cyber resilient, but what you've been able to transform from the culture of the organization. You talked about the awareness and the training of people which is so critical, especially where security is at play. But I can also commend you for sharing your story because there's probably and even happened at this event so many people who will listen to the story that you've been on, take advice and recommendations from you and realize, okay, we're not probably as secure as we should be or we're not putting it first and we have to because this is going to happen to everyone. It's a matter of time. It is, it is just a reality. It's not a matter of if it's going to happen, it's a matter of when now. And I say just because we were hit doesn't mean that we are now immune. It's not an immunity that happens. But you do feel more prepared. I mean, you put it this way, I think you've, my inference is you're doing the things that you have to do and there's maybe some other things that you want to do, your journey continues, but you're much more aware of it. The organization's much more aware of it. Your management is quite supportive actually of that journey and hardening that journey. And there's a lot of uncertainty in the future and you just have to keep innovating. Yep, it's something that we look at every time we do something now. Every time we do and make a system change, we have to stop for a second and say, how is this secure? How will an outside attacker look at this? Is this their way in or not? Kind of flipping your mindset outside in thinking. It was great, Keith. Thanks so much for sharing with us. I really appreciate your time. Yeah, thank you for being willing to share the story. I think there's tremendous value in it for you, for your organization, and- And your peers. And your peers for sure. And of course, you know, as we've talked about before, your growers are data scientists. You got to keep them happy. Yep, they are the key to everything for us. They're the ones that makes the plants grow, live, thrive, and like you said, tasty as you can ever believe. Got to get my hands on some of those strawberries. Yeah. That sounds good. Keith, it's been a pleasure talking to you. Thank you for sharing the story on your journey to cyber resiliency. We really appreciate it. Thank you. All right, our pleasure. For Keith Bradley and Dave Vellante, I'm Lisa Martin. You've been watching theCUBE live for the last three days at Dell Technologies World. You can find all of our editorial content on siliconangle.com, and of course you can watch everything on demand on thecube.net and our YouTube channel. Stick around. We've got great content coming up on theCUBE all year long. You won't want to miss it. We'll see you next time, guys.


Look Chico, we talked before about the importance of Suez Canal to Europe So do you think that Houthi is gonna get away with it and is the Houthis are Blocking Israel only or Europe to Houthis are Blocking anything going to Israel Israeli ships and cargo containers and stuff like this. I believe they're blocking Certain vessels that are supporting from certain countries that are supporting Israel But I'm not sure on that as far as are they gonna get away get away with it as far as I see it Houthis have come out and rightfully so they're saying Israel is committing genocide on Gaza and as a nation as a people they cannot support a country committing genocide on a people and Morally they have to make a stand and prevent try try all Means at their disposal to try to stop this genocide, right? Just take a look at what happened on Rwanda, right? Couple of decades ago, right While it was happening and happens rapidly, right? And you know when new was happening United States new was happening I say it's really pushed it towards it a lot of nations new was happening, but it happened so rapidly that Nations came out and said oh we couldn't move fast enough because it happened too rapidly, right? Which is bullshit, but okay, let's assume they use that as excuse and then later on they came out and said Oh if we knew earlier, we would have tried to prevent that genocide from happening Well Houthis are doing exactly what a lot of western nations and other nations Said they would do if they saw a genocide happening. They would step in and try to prevent that genocide from happening That's what the Houthis are doing Okay What do you think is that a good thing or a bad thing, right personally for me I support BDS Boycott divest divestment sanctions on everything now Israel I will read the package of anything I buy and if it Comes from Israel, I will pull it down. I will not buy anything from Israel done forever now until They have I mean, how do you how do you make right committing genocide on a people? Especially when 90 percent of the population supports the genocide I don't know. It's going to be decades. It's going to be decades.  Everything is real travel to Israel products of Israel What do you call it? tech Israeli technology, right?  This is a done nation It's sad mourn for them mourn for them Right I will be I will be


Hi guys, thank you for coming back to my channel. If you are new here, consider subscribing. My name is Meks from the Meks Creation TV. Yes, it is yet another gold medal for Uganda. Thank you so much for those guys that represented us to the Olympics. It is yet another gold medal in the Tokyo Olympics and this time we are looking at another personality Her name is Peluth Chumtai Peluth Chumtai, born July 10, 1999 is a Uganda. Tripoches Horana she won the gold medal at the 2021 Summer Olympics in the women's 3000 meter tripoches race also competed at the 26 Summer Olympics in that event. Her time of 9 seconds means 31 seconds in the hills did not qualify for the final. Peluth Chumtai nationality Uganda born July 10, 1992 country Uganda sports athletes events long distance running achievement and titles personal base 3000 meters that is at 9 0.1 seconds 45 that is 2021 record olympic games 2022 tocho olympics 3000 meter tripoches world under 20 championship 2018 3000 meters tempala tripoches hailing from the buko tri strict she took up running in 2013 after attending the district athletics championship in Boko as a kajofan at the 2015 Commonwealth Youth Games in Apia she won the silver medals in the 1500 meters and 3000 meters she also competed in the junior women race at the 2017 IAF World Cross Country Championship in Kampala finishing in the 7th place in 2016 she finished 7th place in the final of the women's 3000 meter tripoches event at the 2016 IAF world under 20 championship held in Bokiza Poland at the 28 world junior championship held in mid July she claimed a notable silver medal in the 3000 meter tripoches a week later at the Monaco Diamond Lige she set a national record with a time of 9 0 means and 94 seconds in 2019 she competed in the senior women race at the 2019 IAF world cross country championship held in Arthurus Delma she finished in the 50th place thank you so much for guys for watching my channel for listening to my channel and putting the comments in the substation below or else being able to get back to you let us celebrate together let us help give a hand of applause to our Ugandan machineries Ugandan machines that we have at olympics thank you for making the country proud thank you for making us proud we shall always be with you we shall always support you thank you so much and all thank you so much for supporting my channel see you again by the way don't forget to watch my other videos always be glad and always be very happy to get back to you see you again thanks for watching please let me know your views share and comment in the substation below I always be more than happy to get back to you by the way don't forget to watch my next videos and do not forget to subscribe to this channel thank you see you again


With the compatibility of Pokemon Home and Scholar and Violet now integrated we can get the exclusive items that are available in these games to transform a lot of the legendaries into their alternative forms and we're going to go over all of the details that you need to know to get these items in today's video. As I say, a lot of Pokemon are now transferable in from Pokemon Home to Scholar and Violet including things like Zamazenta, Zashian, Genies as well with their Incarnate and the Ethereum forms as well as a bunch of other Pokemon that have alternative forms. Predominantly they're all the legendary Pokemon but we need to know how to access their special items in-game and that's what we're going to cover in today's episode. So once you've traded in a bunch of your legendary Pokemon from Pokemon Home to Scholar and Violet these things can include like we've mentioned the Zamazenta, the Calyrex, the Spectria, the Glastria, then the Genies as well as Palkia and Dialga. You want to come to this area on your map which is Porto Maranada and we want to head down to this area right here which is the Auction House. So once you come up to this mart the first thing you're going to look for is this vendor right here. This vendor gives us different items, key items that can change the form of different Pokemon. Here you can see the Adamant Orb is going to be an item that we can buy and everything's going to be like super cheap so don't worry about anything costing a ton of money you're not going to need loads of money for these items. There we go we get it for five thousand so not a huge amount of money and that is the Adamant Orb there which is for Dialga and Palkia of course. She's still there she's got the Lustrous Orb as well so you can just go through all of these different auctions as long as you've got the Pokemon registered in your games you're going to be able to come in and then get these Pokemon items that you need the Lustrous Orb the Adamant Orb and then the Gyrious Orb as well is going to be probably the next one. Now we've got these Pokemon registered in our games there's a little bit annoying that you can't just pick these items up and you have to go through all of the auctions to kind of win them but as I say the items aren't going to be costing you the same as like one of the special Pokeballs the Apricon Balls or anything like that see get that one for four thousand five hundred and then we can come back Gyrious Orb this time and you just kind of continue going through this until you've got all of these key items for these Pokemon. You've got the Gyrious Orb there and the next one we're going to have is the Scrolls of Water so that is for the Urshifu so this is what we want to get for Urshifu evolving Kubfu into Urshifu we need the Scrolls of Water this is the Adamant Crystal and this turns Dialga into its Origin form so this is a really cool item to get so you can get the Origin form of Dialga which we haven't seen other than in Pokemon Legends Arceus. We've got the Reveal Glass as well which is going to be used for the Genies of course to turn them from their Incarnate forms into their Therian forms this is quite an important one to get especially if you're wanting something like Landerous Therian which is really predominant in competitive play as well as Fort Anamaris as well which is that new one from Legends Arceus as well so that is going to be a really useful item. Just bear in mind I haven't got any of these Pokemon in my party either they're all in my boxes at the moment and see the Rusted Shields coming up next I've just got a gaming ghoul in my party all these Pokemon in my boxes they've all been transferred into my game so I can just come to this vendor once all the Pokemon have been transferred in and then I can come to this auction house and get these items the Rusted Shield and then the Rusted Sword they're items for Zamazenta and Fazashian you're going to be able to kind of change into their Alternative forms and the Girious Call so this is going to be the Girious Call and the Scroll of Darkness which is the other item that we're going to need to turn Kubfu into the Dark Fighting type of Ursh Fu so the single strike version of the Ursh Fu you're going to be able to get both of those and then imagine if you trade Kubfu into your game you'll be able to get both the Scrolls and the auction house here so there is a bunch of different items that we're going to have access to in these games this one's pretty expensive but again nothing going over about 7500 for these items so it's not too bad but you're going to have to spend a little bit of time at the auction house if you've traded everything in like me all at once and the Lustrous Globe as well is another one that we're going to have to be able to get a hold of of course this one is to turn Palkia into its Origin form so we had the item for turning Dalgar into its Origin form now we've got one for Palkia as well so this is the Palkia item Reigns of Unity is a key item for turning Calyrex and Spectria or Calyrex and Glastria into the Calyrex Ice Rider or the Calyrex Night Rider versions of themselves so that's combining the two Pokemon kind of fusing them together to become one Pokemon and you need the Reigns of Unity to kind of bind these Pokemon together which is another key item that you're going to need in your bag to be able to do this and that is that one and then once you've done all of the items there the vendor will disappear and that will be it like I say I didn't have to have anything in my party but then when you come to your key items you can see the Scroll of Water that's for Urshifu the Scroll of Darkness and then we've got the Reigns of Unity the Reveal Glass and then the other items are all going to be in our held item box so we're going to have to go through our held items here and then we can have a look at these held items Lusterous Orb, Adamant Orb, Gyrious Orb, Rusted Shield, Rusted Sword, Gyrious Core as well, Lusterous Glob and the Adamant Crystal there are a few of them there and that's everything that we've got you can go to our boxes and then we can attach all of these items to their respected Pokemon so the Lusterous Glob we can give to Palkear and then oh wow it actually transforms right in front of us so that is kind of actually transforms in the Auction House okay that's not not ideal let's move outside to do the rest of it we can come to held items give an item we can give it the Adamant Crystal as well and this will now transform a Dialga don't get a very good view of them I mean they're pretty massive right into its origin form which is pretty cool so there's the and then we can do the same with Gyretina we can give it the Gyrious Core and we'll be able to see it in its origin form as well which is pretty nice the same with Zashin and Zamazenta we can give it the Rusted Sword and the Rusted Shield so the Rusted Sword's the item for Zashin and it doesn't look like it's going to transform because it transforms in battle and then the Rusted Shield is going to be what we're going to give to Zamazenta and then for the other items I think we're probably going to have to have these Pokemon in our party and then we can go to our bag go to our key items because it is a key item of course the reveal glass will let us use it on Thunderous and we'll be able to go from Incarnate form into that Therian form which is pretty nice you'll be able to do this with every single one of them you can see it's usable on all these Pokemon you can use it from the Therian form so Landir's Theorem we can turn it back into its Incarnate form and we'll show you one more which is going to be that Anamaris which is pretty unique as well because it is a brand new Pokemon exclusively in Pokemon Legends Arceus and it turns into the little turtle Anamaris form of its Therian form as well which is kind of weird so yeah that I prefer it in its regular form to be honest so we'll turn that one back and then with the Cubfu in our party we can go to our key items again and we can see that you can use the Scroll of Darkness on the Cubfu or the Scroll of Water now so you can only use the Scroll once on the Cubfu we've got the water form Urshifu here so we'll go for the Scroll of Darkness and turn it into that single strike version of Cubfu here which will give us that single strike fighting and dark type Urshifu as our other form which is pretty which is pretty cool so there's our Cubfu evolving into Urshifu and it learns to move Wicked Blow which is its signature move as well we'll just teach it over that one and now we've got ourselves both versions of the Urshifu in our party and then the other thing to remember is the Rains of Unity you can use this on the Calyrex so we need to use that on the Calyrex and then if you've got the Spectra or the Glastra in your party you can have the choice between what you want to turn it into and you can go for the Rains of Unity Transformation Calyrex into Shadow Rider Calyrex here and then we've got that Shadow Rider and wants to learn Astro Braage like it does in Sword and Shield so you can just override a move here and it will learn Astro Braage as one of its moves turn it back into its two forms you can go for the Rains of Unity on this Pokemon again it'll just reverse the transformation and that is how you do it and then you can do the same thing to get the Calyrex and the Glastria so you can get the Ice Rider form of this Pokemon and that is that and it should learn Glacier Lance as its signature attack and then we've got the Zashin and Zamazenti you want to just make sure you've got an Iron Head or another Steel Type attack on your Zamazenta or your Zashin so when you do throw it out into battle then it is holding the Rusted Shield if it is Zamazenta it will transform into that form into its alternative form and then the same with Zashin you want to have Iron Head on it so it will turn into Behemoth Blade and then obviously for Zamazenta it's Behemoth Bash so we'll just be able to see the alternative form here as we go into this wild battle here and there you can see it is in its big old form and it will have the Behemoth Bash there as its option and we can run away from this if the Rusted Sword we will have the Intrepid Sword ability activate and then see there the Behemoth Blade the nice thing about this is you can now terastalize Zashin as well which is pretty cool and then you've got that Behemoth Blade to do some devastating damage and it's a cool animation as well which is pretty nice so there we go that is everything you need to know to get the different alternative form items that you require to change forms of Pokemon in Pokemon Scarlet and Violet once you've transferred them from Pokemon home so I hope you found today's video useful of course if you have please drop a like it is massively helpful for the video and do subscribe to the channel to stay up to date with all of our Pokemon Scarlet and Violet content we'll have more videos coming out on Pokemon Home as we get into it and take a deeper dive into it over the next few days so stay tuned for that if you've got any questions about anything you'd like to see covered with Pokemon Home and the integration with Scarlet and Violet leave it in the comment down below massive we appreciate you being here thank you so much take care of yourselves and I'll see you all in another video very soon so until then friends take care and goodbye