Hey, this is Darius Aria for the American Institute of Roman Culture. This is the webinar today. We're talking about the walls of Rome. You can follow us at Save Rome on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram. Please subscribe to our YouTube channel. Please consider making a contribution to sustain our efforts. We're a U.S. non-profit 501c3. You can easily make a contribution on our website through PayPal. We love collaboration. We love reaching out and doing special things with schools, universities, and so forth. If there's any kind of way you like to collaborate or be a part of an internship program and so forth, please contact us at Save Rome. Contact me, Darius Aria, and let's just jump into it. There are three wall circuits that we want to talk about today. The first one we don't really see here on this typical map of Rome, it's the wall circuit that went around the Palatine Hill. We talked just the other day about the founding of Rome, the birthday of Rome, the founder Romulus, and the myths associated with it. Where we start to look at the archaeological evidence that gets very tantalizing, very interesting, very juicy is the area around the Palatine Hill. We can look at just a couple of resources to make us more familiar with the legends of the foundation and that first wall. The area then is going to be basically encircling the Palatine Hill. That's where tradition says that Romulus founded Rome. What he does is he takes a plow, takes an oxen, and he yokes the oxen to the plow, and he creates a furrow around his city. A very modest city, by all means, in the beginning. The tradition is that it goes largely around the Palatine Hill, ultimately considered to be also Roma Quadrata, roughly a square. What happens is as you make if you've never been on a farm or seen how a plow works, it digs into the dirt and then creates this furrow. It creates a deep rift in the dirt and then pushes the plow, pushes the dirt off to either side. That's going to be what they call the line created is going to be this sacred boundary for the city. Then they describe this line as the pomerium. Pretty much on one side of it is outside where you're going to build your walls. Then on the inside, that's where you're living. Over time, as we can see from this map, let's move back a little bit. What you see over time is one wall circuit, the Servian wall attributed to one of the kings of Rome. Then the larger wall circuit, the Aurelianic wall circuit of Imperial Rome in the third century. What you're doing then is as your city increases, your boundary increases, so your pomerium, this kind of protective magic boundary line constituted traditionally by Remus, by Romulus, is going to be pushed out further and further matched by another wall. That's because the entailment of the ruler or the general that brings more land under the control of Rome is then awarded by the Senate and the gods the opportunity to extend that magical protective boundary line of the city limits. You get the extension of Rome to be larger and larger. Finally, our third wall circuit is pretty much going to delineate what Rome becomes in the imperial period. That is obviously the great circuit that you can see as a visitor today. Now, as we make our way through some of these terms and in particular these walls, keep in mind that there's almost always going to be a dedicated video on ancient Rome line. The Servian wall, there's a video. There's a written summary and then afterwards there is the still essential and very readable Platinum Ashby from 1929 out of copyright. We include directly there versus you have to go search for the entries to the old topographical dictionary that's kind of like was the old standard. And so as a result for the Servian wall, the Aurelianic wall, next week we'll be talking about the hills of Rome. There's always an opportunity to search through the index of ancient Rome live.org and find more information on these things we're talking about and keep the questions coming. So how many walls are there? Again, there's the early wall around a very modest Rome of one hill, the wall of Romulus that has been by archaeologists identified in different bits and pieces throughout the piling on of Republican Rome and Imperial Rome along the Palatine hill. Those identifications of the Romulan wall have on the one hand been identified by the excavators as in fact coexisting and dating to the time of Romulus in the middle of the 8th century BC. Those at large have been called into question in more recent times so I wouldn't really, if you do want to really dig deep into this topic, a lot of controversy surrounding it, a lot of controversy surrounding the time of Romulus in this particular area, we could spend several hours on the subject. So I would just say take the legends and take the more recent maybe bits of information that have popped up about the walls of Romulus with a heavy grain of salt and then maybe at another time we can spend a little more time talking about it but I really want to talk to you about Tacitus who gives a nice kind of summary about really what this outline of the city was like. So he says that the primarium we talked about this magical boundary line on the walls is created by Romulus and it seems to be reasonable subject of investigation. From the Forum Boarium, the cattle market, we cover that in H-Rum Live. Then with a brazen bull meets the view as explained with the animal's use in the plow, the furrow to mark out, the furrow to mark out the town was cut so as to take the great altar of Hercules, I believe we cover that, that's basically also in the Forum Boarium. From that point Boundary stones were interspersed at fixed intervals along the base of the Palatine Hill up to the hour of Consis that's within the Circus Maximus that runs along one side of the Palatine Hill then again to the Shrine of the Lawries and after to the Roman Forum. So he just described these points, these four corners outside the Palatine Hill which is literally right next to my head and under the Ocordia, up to the Shrine of the Lawries and after that to the Roman Forum, we know how the Roman Forum butts up again to the Palatine Hill again many videos of that in H-Rum Live. The Forum, the Capital, was believed to be out of the city not by Ronus but by Titus Titus so basically this Titus figure who co-rules with Ronus afterwards he's adding even the area of the Forum, the Capital Line Hill. So really that magical boundary line, the definition really of the city of Rome starts off with the Palatine Hill according to the Romans themselves. Later the Primarium grew with the National Fortunes. The limits are now determined by Claudius are both easily identified and recorded in public documents. So that's basically in the time of Tastus in the first century as referring to the last person who extended the city boundary lines, it was Claudius. So that's what we want to say about the first wall. Let's jump to where we know more information about the Serbian walls. The Serbian walls are attributed to the Sixth King of Rome and what we have then is a big circuit. We're going to be talking about the Hills of Rome all next week. You see Escolon and Vimero and Palatine and Chylian and Aventine, Little Aventine, Capital Line, Queridon, so these are hills and the area there is about a thousand acres. In contrast, the much larger Aurelianic walls will be three thousand acres. So this wall is pretty impressive, roughly four meters thick, ten meters in height and what we have then is a literary tradition, an oral tradition that becomes a literary tradition that says it's the Sixth King of Rome roughly 575 to 535 BC and then when we look at the archaeological evidence and we look at the major tracks of that wall that had been preserved, let's say by the train station, let's say by the Aventine hill. The material used, and this is fun in archaeology, this is like one of those things that everybody knows when they study archaeology in Rome, the material used is a particular kind of tuf, this natural material that's formed through the eruption of volcanoes about 30 kilometers from Rome. So you have big eruptions, down comes volcanic material, kind of settles and then you've got first of all the Hills of Rome, that's what they're made out of, and then you get people pouring out that material into blocks and making the Hills of Rome. So the earlier sections that we can identify, they go back to the regal period, are made with one kind of tuf, as we call this volcanic material, the stonework that eventually also be tunneled through to make the catacombs. And then we have the majority of the impressive sections of the Serbian wall preserved made of grotto oscura, tuf. Well they come from Vey, and Vey is not conquered by the Romans until 396 BCE. That's well beyond the time of Serbius. So what's going on here? What's going on here is it seems that A, there is an original circuit of the regal period, and B, what we have has been either a modification, reparation, an extension, or a bit of both after Rome conquered the southernmost Etruscan city of the Etruscan League, and that is Vey, a mere handful of miles north of Rome. So we want to keep that in mind as a real critical piece of information. So yeah, somebody asked if the walls have names, and the answer is yes. So they totally call this the Serbian wall, modus servituli. So that's the name that's described to it. The excavators find big sections with the unification of Ili in the 19th century, and they say we found it. We've now uncovered things that by the time of Augustus had been forgotten, and now we've recovered them. That's why they're in such good shape, because they get buried and forgotten as Rome extended beyond the walls and the scale of the regal of Republican city. And there are actually, yes, a lot of, there are a lot of, there are a lot of entrances. I don't actually want to spend too much time to get into the gate systems, which is a great question. But essentially, if we do look behind me, you can start to see even in this map, very clearly the gates, the Irianic wall, which we'll get to. And then we can see lots of openings for the Serbian wall surfing, but lots of entrances, lots of ways to get into the city, of course. And then somebody asked, what about the campus marshes? Why is a huge area of the campus marshes that we know it's so famous? There's the Pantheon, Piazza Devona, the Mausoleum of Augustus, and so forth. Why isn't that inside the walls? Let's never forget that the campus marshes, look what it's next to, look what goes around it, the Tiber River. So the Tiber River flooded frequently. Like imagine every five years or so in much of the Republican times, and it slows down a bit. But let's say that's not where you want to be living. That's not, that's not a place that initially you want to live. As Rome extends, as Rome harnesses and takes better care and puts up some of its own flood walls in ancient times, then you start to build out more in the campus marshes. But the campus marshes was a flood plain, and in the dry season, right through part of the year, you could practice your military maneuvers, you could exercise, you could ride your horse, and so forth. And it was first regal property under the tarp winds, and then it becomes city property. But it's outside the city limits for a very, very long time. Those are great questions, great observations. That's what this is all about. Did any of the walls ever fall down? Absolutely. In fact, we can see examples of reparations throughout the circuits. And think about the Aurelianic walls. Even when Rome under the popes didn't want to be part of the unification of Italy, those walls were still being used. So they've been damaged, they've been rebuilt, they've been damaged again, and they've been rebuilt again. And so when you go along the circuit, one day I'll take you guys on a scooter ride or something, we'll film the entire circuit, or we can walk along them, that takes a while. Because the outer wall circuit is a 12-mile circuit, then you'll just see so many different phases in rebuilding over time. But it is magnificent, and it is spectacular, especially when we're talking about the Aurelianic wall circuit. And we can turn to that, I think, with the remaining time. The Aurelianic wall circuit is built in a time of crisis in the empire. And the wall circuit is built between 271 and 275, and circling about 3,000 acres. It's brick-faced concrete instead of the older circuit, which was cut blocks of tuff.  So this was just a monster. And a sixth century catalog tells us there were 383 towers, over 7,000 trendulations, five posters, 116 latrines, 2,066 external windows. Wow, what does it encompass? The 14 regions. The 14 regions were created delineated by Augustus, and roughly then those 14 regions are encircled in this wall circuit. And the height is doubled subsequently. So it's going to get taller and more imposing with the passing of time. It includes the 14 regions of Rome. That is, the campus marshes and Tristevere. You see a big wedge of Tristevere. The other side of the type of river is included, top of the Geniculum Hill ridge, and then of course all these major hills of Rome, including also down south there, the Emporium and the Hordia, the warehouses, and even Multistacio. A big dump of fragmented amphorae. That's just an artificial man-made hill, which we can talk about another time. So the route was chosen, it seems, due to pretty much their topographic concerns, economic concerns, strategic concerns. So you're not just blindly following these 14 regions, because we don't exactly even know what those delimitations were exactly. But you're definitely concerned about weak points, you know, high points, low points, where can people attack you very easily. You're concerned about the type of river, people using that to get across. You're concerned about ultimately, you know, not ruining your city economy, so you don't want to leave out certain parts of the city and building areas. And so yes, this, the really Antique Wall is the largest circuit. It's this big one right here that we see behind me, including campus marshes, all the hills started off by the Serbian Wall, and then going beyond, right? Going beyond. And then you can see the shape, certain things start to pop out. So the reason why you can build something that large so quickly is that you start to encompass buildings that already exist. So what could you incorporate? What could be in its path that could serve still as a defensive, as a defensive, you know, purpose? So what about the big tomb of Sestius that looks like a big pyramid? What about the amphitheater in the Cessaurian palace? What about the Castor of Pretoria? The Castor of Pretoria is over there up above me by the Porta Nomantana. And then you can sort of make out that that square is rectangular, is kind of outline. So you incorporate places that already have walls, you incorporate large structures. You incorporate some of the aqueduct channels, the big impressive arcades of the arches of the aqueducts. You just fill them in, and they become part of your wall circuit. So you really are being smart. And you're doing this because times are uncertain, Northern Italy has been invaded. There's a breakaway empire in the western part, and there's a breakaway kingdom in the east. You need to consult your power, and you're afraid that Rome, the power base, is going to be, you know, devastated. So again, the Rhinianic wall is the biggest wall. It's also the tallest wall. And exactly even houses, let's say apartment buildings, we have some examples of that, were incorporated into the wall. So you know these insulari, these multi-story structures, they, some of them, are filled in, blocked up, and then become part of that circuit. So the Romans are very practical. The Romans are very smart. And so they're thinking about, you know, we've got to get this done. We've got to get it done quickly. What can we do? What's in the way? What do we not want to tear down? And so forth. So it really was, I think, a very successful enterprise. And you know, ultimately, when Rome, and throughout the rest of antiquity, is going to be sacked, let's say, 410 famously. It's not because the walls are being dismantled. It's because you're simply bribing someone, and they're letting you in. That's generally how these things are going to be happening. In addition, so you've got Aurelians below the walls, Maxentius to Enorius, they're going to be doubling at the height. Felisarius, we're told, in the Gothic wars, in the 530s, is going to dig a big ditch in front of the wall. So that means if you're getting close to attacking the wall, then you're going to suddenly find that wall much taller because you entered into a big ditch. The Renaissance popes continue to restore the wall. And more than anything, it's that size and scale of it serves as a long-term deterrent, balancing out the fact that Rome itself as a power is lessened with the passing of time. So the gates, the famous gates of the Aurelianic wall, one of the standouts on the Via Appia, is the Porta Appia. So you name a lot of these gates after the roads, Porta Flamenia, Porta Salaria, for the Via Salaria, Porta La Montana, and so on. And then in the Christian era, these gates get renamed, they get Christian names. So the Porta Appia famously becomes the Porta San Sebastiano, because it's going to take you out to the Catacombs of the Church of St. Sebastian, for example.  That becomes the Porta San Paolo, because in that direction, going through that gate, you head out to St. Paul's, outside the walls. So I think that these are some of the main points I wanted to cover today. Let's see if there are more questions in terms of, yep excuse me, Porta Asinati is right there by my shoulder, by St. John Latterin. Some names are a little more tricky or curious than others. But definitely what we have here is an impressive, actually the largest monument from ancient Rome. It's not the Colosseum, you know, it's not the remains of the Circus Maximus or whatnot. It is the wall circuit itself. So that's worth a view. It's worth taking a look at our video on the gates, excuse me, on the Ariana Wall Circuit, on the Serbian Wall Circuit. And certainly we have a lot more to share with you within the walls of Rome. Coming up next week, we'll be talking about, I think on Sunday, on the Roman Triumph. Then we're going to be pivoting to the Seven Hills of Rome. We'll do a walkthrough of every single one of the famous Seven Hills of Rome, the ones that are initially encircled by the Serbian Wall. Get more familiar with these things. Of course, if you want, we encourage you to go to the YouTube channel or go to ancientromelive.org and read and see the videos and read about each one of those seven cities as well. And we'll take a little tour through it together. Let's see if there are any more questions. The stretch is called the Michelangelo's Bastion. Yeah, I mean there are a lot of different sections that are attributed to a lot of different Renaissance artists. So I think that one in particular might be, according to his design or attributed to him. Sometimes not everything that's attributed is able to be ascertained, but I believe he had a hand in some parts of it as well. I think, for example, he had the design for what we call the Porta Pia, the nomentona gate. That was initially his design, of course, looks much different nowadays. The doors and the wall sections being preserved and someday at risk. Well, I've got to tell you, I remember that I've seen a section of the Aaronianic walls maybe 10, 15 years ago. I've been here quite a while and I remember this section just poof fell apart. So they're always working on them. They're always cracks. There's always caper plants that are growing on the walls. There's always a fig tree that's very invasive. So the work in the maintenance is constant. There's just a video today from a particular sale that showed how they're going to be doing more work, conservation work on the arches of Tamiya Severus. These things need to be protected. Of course, being the largest monument in the city of Rome, the city walls need a lot of work. And some sections have been recently restored. Other ones are going to be continually needing them. No, so yeah. So why is it really a building in this wall? Well, come back to Ramius in a nutshell. Ramius builds his wall because this idea of the primordial city has to have walls. You're on a high point, Palatine Hill, and you want to protect yourself from attack. You get more confident to go down below. You make the form. You start to trade with people. You have a bit of an emporium over there along the Tiber River by San Amalbona, kind of area of Formuarium. And then you start to extend that wall circuit to protect more people that are living there. And you eventually protect, you can close the seven hills of Rome. And then the next iteration is you start to live beyond the walls because you're very confident about yourselves. You don't even need to live within those walls because you've now conquered the peninsula of Italy. But you have your own civil wars and people are dying Roman against Roman regardless of the walls because they're already inside the walls. Then we progress to when there really isn't necessary to have those walls to protect you because you've got this empire and imperial period in particular until the power it starts to wane. And this is this period of crisis in the third century. And at a certain point, cities that never had walls in the imperial period are getting walls in the third century. And that's what happens with Rome, the barbarians at the gate, this kind of thing. And so up come the Orinianic walls, they remain in use all the way in some form or another with the unification of Italy in the 19th century. So I think those are great questions, great observations. Do people still live within the walls? You're looking right at them. I live within the walls. And that's one of those fun things. I'm in the campus marshes near where Julius Caesar was assassinated. So I love living in history. Love sharing history with you. Please, please subscribe to the YouTube channel, share it with your friends, share it with your students, share it with your colleagues. And please subscribe to the newsletter to get more updates on the weekly videos and hromelive.org. We ask you both to do these two things and then pretty soon we'll be rolling out a more concerted effort asking you to sustain this however you can. But we'd like to keep these webinars going. We're going to be going outside so we're scaling up. And we want to keep this momentum and this outreach to all of you, sharing Rome history, its relevance today, and just a lot of learning opportunities for you and your students. Thanks very much.


What is up guys and welcome back to the Johnny Q channel. Thank you so much for watching. Okay, today's video is gonna be pretty epic.   It's more specifically on this drill. Right here, the Milwaukee drill. This is gonna be a huge piece. This is a 30 by 40. I've never attempted a piece this big. Let me show you what it looks like. It's massive. It is, it's big. Here it is. This is the piece that I'll be attempting. It doesn't look big, but I'm five foot eight. This is 30 by 40. This is a giant 30 by 40 piece. I'm going to attempt to make spin art out of this huge piece. Let's get it. I got everything. I just gotta put the paint on the canvas and go for it. So here we go. Maybe if I post it like this. Oh yeah, okay, okay. Oh baby. All right, here we go. Let's get it. The biggest spin canvas. The biggest canvas I've ever done. Gonna happen right now. Ooh baby. Here it is, the moment of truth. Here we go. Oh man. Okay. Giant piece. This freaking goal. That turned out way better than I expected. Honestly, I'm lost for words. I'm just pumped that I was able to happen and work out. I'm just so happy I made that happen. I hope you guys liked this video. One of the biggest pieces that I've made doing spin art, a 30 by 40. Maybe I'll go bigger. We'll see. As always guys, thank you so much for watching. I'll catch you in the next one. Peace. I gotta do another one. I gotta do another one. Oh my gosh.


Hi, welcome back to Analyzing Software Using Deep Learning. We are now in part three of three in this module on token vocabulary and code embeddings. And what we'll do in this third part is to look not only into how to learn embeddings for tokens in a programming language, but how to learn a joint embedding that covers both natural language information and programming language information. This third part will be mostly based on this paper that you see down here, which is called Deep Code Search. So if you're interested in more details, please have a look at this paper. The line of work that we are talking about here is motivated by the observation that software is not just code. In practice, there are a lot of other artifacts associated with code. And in particular, there are many natural language artifacts. So think of documentation that comes with code or comments that are written into code or maybe some requirement documents that are describing what the code is actually supposed to do. Now, if you want to analyze software in its entirety, so not just the code, but also this natural language information, we need to reason about both the programming language information that is given in the code and the natural language information that is given in some other form. For example, we can do this for an application that we'll also look at here in this lecture, which is to predict some code snippet from a given natural language query. So it's essentially a search engine for source code that takes natural language queries as an input. Another possible application where it is useful to reason about both PL and NL information is if you want to predict or maybe check comments against code. So in the prediction case, you would take a piece of code and then try to automatically predict a suitable comment for it. In the checking case, you would take a piece of code and a comment and check if the two actually match or if maybe the comment is outdated or just not describing completely what the code is doing. A third possible application is to learn from API documentation. So for example, you could try to learn from a given piece of API documentation how an API should be used and then try to predict this in a learned model. So now the question is, how can we reason about both the programming language information and the natural language information? And here we will look into doing this on the level of tokens and words. So the program is basically represented as a sequence of tokens, as in the rest of this module. And the natural language information is represented as a sequence of words. The key idea here is to learn a joint embedding space. That basically means that we are not just learning and embedding for programming language tokens or another embedding for natural language words. But we're trying to embed both programming language tokens and natural language words into the same single vector space. So the goal here is that any token and word that is related to each other will be close by in this space. So we will not only have related tokens close to each other and related words close to each other, but we will also have tokens and words that are related to each other close by in this vector space. As one application that is built on this idea of a joint vector space, let's have a look at so-called deep code search. So what this approach is essentially doing is to take a natural language query that describes something, some piece of code that you're looking for. For example, it could say, read an object from an XML because you want to find some code that shows you how to read an object from a given piece of XML. And then there is this learning-based code search engine, which will give you some code snippet that matches given natural language query. For example, for this given query here, it might return this piece of Java code, which if you look closely is actually about reading an object from a piece of XML code. Now what is interesting here is that even though this code actually matches the natural language query, there are not many words or terms or tokens that are the same among the query and the code snippet. So there are terms that are similar. So marshalling or un-marshalling, for example, means to read something from a file, but it's not the same word as read. So if you would just compare the words with each other, it would be difficult to find this piece of code given the query. But because this deep code search uses a joint vector space of natural language words and programming language tokens, it is able to see that reading and un-marshalling are somewhat related, and therefore it can return this code snippet. So let's look a little deeper into this green box that shows this natural language query to code search engine and let's have a look how it uses this idea of a joint space where we embed both code and natural language information. So what I'll give you is an overview of the approach and then in a minute we'll also look more into the neural network models that I actually used here. So what we get as the input is two things. One is the source code and the other is some natural language description of the source code. So you can think of this description as a query that someone might insert into the search engine, but it could also just be some kind of documentation or comment associated with the code. And now for each of those, there's some neural network that computes an embedding of the given piece of information. So here we have a code embedding network and we'll see in a second how exactly that works. What it computes at the end is some vector that represents the given piece of code, so a code vector. And on the other side, we also have a description embedding network. So another neural model that takes the given natural language description and also summarizes it in a single vector, which is here called the description vector. And now given these two vectors, the model compares them and basically looks at their similarity by looking at the cosine similarity between these two vectors. And the overall goal of this architecture is to find the two vectors to be very similar to each other if the description is actually a description for the code. And these vectors should be not similar at all if the code is doing something very different from what the description is saying. Let's now have a more detailed look into how these two embedding networks look like by having a better look into the neural model used in this deep code search approach. So on the one hand, we have the code. And the way this code is represented is a little bit different or unusual in the sense that they do look at the tokens, but they only look at a set of tokens. So they do not really keep the order in which the tokens appear in the method, but just look at the set of tokens. So let's say we have this token at T1, T2, and T3, and then some others. And then what happens next is that each of these tokens is given through a fully connected layer. And these layers are all the same. So you can basically think of these layers as an embedding that is trained jointly with the rest of this model. And then what comes out of this layer is a vector. And because we have multiple vectors, one for each token in the set of tokens, we need to combine these vectors in some way, and here max pooling is used. And then what comes out of this is finally the one code vector that summarizes all the information about the sets of tokens in this piece of code. In addition to this, the actual approach as described in the papers using two other pieces of information, namely also information about the method name and information about the APIs that are called inside the method. But I'm just focusing here on the tokens because that's the main theme of this module of the course. On the other side, there also is the description. And this description is modeled as a sequence of words. And the way these words are then reasoned about by the model is as follows. So we have this sequence of words, W1, W2, W3, and so on. And all of these words are given into one recurrent neural network, which essentially works as we've described in an earlier module in this course that was specifically about RNNs. And then what we get out of this RNN is the hidden layer of the recurrent neural network after each of these words has been fed into the network. So we could just take the hidden layer at the very end, which summarizes this entire sequence. What they do instead is to take all of these hidden layer states, basically after feeding each of these words into the network. And then again, these are combined using max pooling. And now this max pooling results in one vector. And this is then the description vector that summarizes the entire description. And then given these two vectors, it basically looks like in the overview figure. So given these two vectors, cosine similarity is computed so that hopefully after training, if code and description are similar and the description describes a piece of code, then the cosine similarity is high. And otherwise it should be low. So let's now have a look at how this model is actually trained. So the idea for training the model is that the approach looks at these triples of a code snippet, a matching natural language description or query that describes what this code snippet is about, and a non-matching description that describes something else but not what is really in the code. So we have these triples of the code C, the matching description D plus, and a non-matching description D minus. And then what we want to have is that for the matching pair, so for the pair C and D plus, the predicted cosine similarity should be high because this description is actually describing what the code is about. Whereas for the non-matching parts, so C and D minus, this cosine similarity should be low because this code and this description are just not supposed to be similar. And this is what is expressed down here in this loss function. So ideally, the loss should go very close to zero. So if the model works well, the loss will be very small. And this loss is computed as the sum over all of these triples that are created from the training data. And then we have two calls of this cosine similarity where we call the model that contributes to the loss. What contributes positively, so what will incur additional loss is if the cosine similarity between C and D minus is high. Whereas the cosine similarity between C and D plus only contributes negatively because what we want at the end is that for C and D plus, this cosine similarity is pretty high. To make sure that this loss per triple is always positive, there's also this max function here. And then all these losses from each of these triples are added up to get the overall loss. Finally, let's have a look at the results reported in this paper. So they have trained their model on 18 million Java methods and corresponding natural language descriptions, which they extracted from comments associated with these methods. So these comments are not really exactly what a query might look like that is given to a code search engine, but they basically take this as a surrogate for these queries because it's difficult to get millions of queries associated with code, but it's relatively easy to get millions of comments associated with pieces of code that are written up in a method. And once they've trained the model on this data, then they evaluate whether the model actually works in the intended way by picking 50 questions that people have asked on Stack Overflow and basically checking if the text that is given in the question, if you feed this into the search engine, actually retrieves a code snippet that also showed up in the answers to this question. And what they found is that the correct code snippet is actually predicted at position one or two for most of these queries. So the way these positions are computed is by basically querying this model that we've seen multiple times, each time asking, hey, is this code similar to this given query or is this code similar to this given query? And then the code that is most similar to the given query is ranked at position one. The code that is second most similar is ranked at position two and so on. All right, and that's already the end of the third part in this module on how to actually model the token vocabulary of a piece of code. And what we've seen specifically in this third part is that sometimes it's not only useful to model the tokens that you have in code, but you also want to model natural language information. And in this case, even embed both of these pieces of information into the same vector space. Thank you very much for listening and see you next time.


A horse with the speed of light, a call of dust, and a hearty hyo silver! The lone ranger! With his faithful Indian companion, Tuttle, the daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The lone ranger rides again! Mon Silver! Let's go big fellow! I own Silver! In the foothills of the Sacramento movens, many small ranchers had settled. The two largest ranchers were those belonging to Hank Comstock, who raised cattle and horses, and Josh Kinney, who raised sheep. The bitter feeling that had at first existed between the two ranchers had turned into indifferent tolerance, though neither the ranchers nor their men were on friendly terms with one another. The bitterness broke out anew one morning when the sheep ranchers' foreman entered the ranch house with a skull on his face. Good morning, Land. Sit down and have some coffee. I ought to have bad news for you. Three lambs were killed during the night. Three lambs killed? How? I'd say they were killed by that great dane owned by Hank Comstock's boy. I thunder if it was that dirty hound. Before I go accusing that dog, what makes you think he did it? Well, I found big dog tracks near where they were killed.  That great dane is the only big dog in the neighborhood. Right. Come on, men. We're going over to Comstock's place right now and see what he's going to do about it. Meantime, Hank Comstock was at breakfast with his wife and 10-year-old boy, Lee. Lee, how many times do I have to tell you to keep that dog waiting at the table when we're eating? Down, Duke. Go lie down. Duke was waiting at the back door when I opened it this morning, Lee.  Yes, Mom. I did. Well, next time, make sure the door is closed tight. Understand? I don't want him yelling around at night disturbing the hands and all. All right, Dad. May I be excused now? Yes, as you run, Longson. Come on, Duke. Come on. That great dane just worships the ground, Lee walks on, seems like. You know, Lee's been a different boy since he got that dog. Well, I reckon the dog is good for a boy, that. Well, I'm going back in the range. Look over those new horses I bought yesterday. One of the mayors has a mighty fine black and white coat. Lee might like to own and take care of as soon as it's weaned. Oh, Hank, Lee will be mighty happy to own it. Somebody coming. I'll see what he is. All right, Hank. Well, Josh Kitty, what brings you and Len here? Nothing's pleasant you can figure on that. All right, get to the point. I haven't any time to waste. We lost three lambs last night. Len has reason to believe they were killed by their dog-yos. That's right. Now, wait a minute. Don't come here yapping about something you can't prove. The sheep-tender heard a dog barking during the night out there. And Len found dog trackers. Well, that doesn't prove Lee's dog did it.  You might as well get back to your filthy sheep and let him... Well, I'm going to tend to my own work. I might have known you'd talk that way, Hank Comstock. But I'm telling you, I'm giving my men orders... to shoot that great dain on sight if he comes in our property. Come on, Len. Let's go. After the two sheep men had left, Hank called Lee into the house. Dad? Yes, I do.  What have you to say to that? Golly, Dad, I don't believe it. You wouldn't do a thing like that. I know he would. Well, I'm not so sure. By Jiminy, if I find out he did do such a thing, I'll shoot him myself.  Yes, Dad. See, he's locked up every night like I told you. We have enough troubles it is with those sheep herders without having that dog bring more. Now get him out of my sight and see if I get no more complaints. Yes, Dad.  Lee left the house with his dog and walked down to the ranch gate out by the trail. He sat on a boulder and scuffed his foot in the dirt as he stroked Duke's smooth coat. Suddenly, the dog growled and barked as two horsemen approached. A past man in an India. That's a fine dog you have there, son. Well, I think so, mister. Are you outlaws? No, we're not outlaws. But you wear a mask. That's so real outlaws. Can't recognize me when I help capture them. Oh, look.  Perhaps he knows I like dogs. Here it is.  Funny, though. He doesn't like everybody he meets. I think dogs have a way of knowing people who like them. What's your name, son? Lee Comstock. I live in there. I've heard of your father.  But I know he didn't. I see. Was he out last night, Lee? Well, he did get out of the shed. Where I keep him. But I'm sure Duke wouldn't kill lambs. The best way to be sure, Lee, is to make certain Duke can't get out at night. Then no one can accuse him. That's right. Is it because of what was said about your dog that caused you to sit there looking so sad, just now? Well, mostly I was thinking about something else. Mum told me just a while ago that Dad was going to give me a black and white colt he bought with some other horses yesterday. Now maybe he'll change his mind. I hope not, Lee. I saw that colt yesterday. Gosh, he's a beauty. I reckon he grew up to be almost as nice looking as your horse, or the Indians. Well, of course. Well, we'll say goodbye now, Lee. Perhaps we'll see you again sometime. Goodbye, mister. Goodbye, Indians. Adios, fella. Come on. That night, the lone ranger and tanto made camp in a grove on a hillside. The moon shone brightly, and they had rolled in their blankets and the shadows. When they heard a thundering noise in the valley below, they got up and walked to the edge of the grove. Now that heard wild horses running through valleys. Yes, tanto. They're heading for the safety of the hills. Well, let's go back to the camp. The two men once more rolled in their blankets. But only about an hour later, they were again aroused by distant shots. Hear those shots, tanto? Yeah, me hear them. We'll saddle the horses and go investigate them. Quickly, they saddled Silver and Scout. Then started out in the direction from which the shots had seemed to come. Monterey! Yeah, what's that? As they rounded a bend in the trail, tanto's keen eye saw a figure lying beside the trail. As they approached, they heard a dog whine. That dog beside trail! Oh, it's the big fella. tanto's Duke. The great dane that belonged to Lee Comstock. Uh, him get flesh wound from bullet. We fix it. The mask man and Indian carefully bandaged the wounded dog, who then tried to get to his feet, but was too weak to stand. It's all right, Duke. We'll take care of you. We'll take him back to our camp, tanto, until we find out what this is all about. The following morning, tanto went to town for supplies. When he returned at noon, he brought news. Oh, scum! Oh, fella! Easy scum. Easy fella. Did you hear anything about the dog, tanto? Ah. They say sheep herders see dog near flock. Him shoot, but dog get way. Then him hear bleaken. When him go look, him find another lamb killed. But we know Duke couldn't have done that. That's right. And me hear something else, Kimusabe. Oh? Well, during night, some of Comstock's new horses stolen. Thieves driving down valley where, while herd, leave plenty tracks, so them get way. That was smart. Ah, but Comstock blamed sheepmen.  The situation is getting tense between Kenny and Comstock. Others may be drawn into a range war. That's right. We'll investigate. I'd like to find out who stole those horses, and also who or what killed those lambs. That noon at the Comstock ranch, the boy Lee again faced his angry father. Lee, from what they say, they got the goods on that dog of yours. I told you to lock him up and make sure he couldn't get out of that shed. I did lock him up, Dad, but I found a loose board in the side of the shed where he got out. He didn't come back this time. Well, good riddance. Caused enough trouble. Because of him, you lost that black and white coat I was going to give you, too. Those sheepmen stole him along with the others. Oh, golly. You shouldn't accuse Josh and his men of stealing those horses. After all, that's a serious charge. Yes, and horse steal is a serious business idea. Shares out with a posse scouring the hills trying to find him. I sure hope we do find him. Catch some of Josh's men red-handed guarding him. No, no, I haven't a dog or a cold either. Well, it serves you right. Not going to do any good going around blubbering about it.  When I find Duke and the cold, I'll take good care of him. No, I'm... Poor little fella's broken hearted about losing both that dog and the cold, Hank. Well, he'll have to get over it, that's all. I'm going to ride over into the hills, find the share of the posse. I want to be with him when and if they run down the thieve and polecats who took those horses. That afternoon, the boy Lee left the ranch house and headed for the hills. He was determined to find both his dog and the cold, which would have meant so much to him. After a time, he left the hot, dusty trail and climbed up the hillside, gradually going further into the wild foothills. He must be around here someplace. I just know he is. After a time, he gave up calling the dog. He was hot and thirsty and his short legs were weary. Finally, he reached the top of a rocky ridge and sat down to rest on the log. I just can't go any further. I can't. Tired by the constant walking and the long climb, Lee gradually dozed off. When he awoke, long shadows were deepening on the ridge and the hill tops around him. He realized it was almost sunset and got to his feet. I have to get home. Golly, it'll soon be dark. I better hurry. For a short time, he walked hurriedly in the direction he thought would take him home. Then, as he stopped to rest, he saw the same log. That log? That's where I sat down before. We lost. Those noises. Maybe wild animals up here. I have to find my way home. I have to get home. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger adventure. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Now to continue. Intent on finding his dog and the stolen colt, the boy Lee Comstock had wandered into the rough foothills. As sundown approached, Lee became panicky as he realized he was lost. Meantime, in a small canyon not far away, two men who had camped under a ledge were preparing to break camp. Their riding horses already saddled were ground hitched nearby, while five sleek horses and a colt grazed a short distance away. Hey, hear that mountain lion whistle? Yeah. We better keep a close watch driving those horses toward the border tonight. He's not going to bother us when we want to move, eh? Don't forget, he may be the same one that started the trouble between Comstock and Kenny over that dog. Yeah. I reckon we're the only ones who know the dog actually chased that mountain lion away from those sheep. The millen flock covered over the lion's tracks, but they found a few dog tracks and sold the dog, so he got blamed. And it worked out again, boys, when the wild horses passed through, so the tracks of Comstock's horses couldn't be found. You know, I didn't get the idea of grabbing those horses until I learned about the dog. I decided we could wait till those wild horses passed through the valley like they do so often, then steal Comstock's prize horses and let the sheepmen get the blame. You think they will get blame? Sure. Comstock will think they did it to get back at him for protecting his dog.  Soon as the moon comes up, we'll start moving them. The low ranger and tonto had gone in the direction of the foothills in hopes of picking up the trail of the horse thieves. The herd of wild horses that roamed the territory complicated matters, since the mask man and Indian had no particular marked trail to follow. Finally, at the base of a ridge, the two men pulled to a stop. Who's who? Who's down? What color? Well, Tonto, so far we haven't had much success. No. Horse thieves have plenty good start, Kimosabe. True. But the logical thing would be for them to hide the stolen horses during the daytime and move on at night. That's why I hope to find them in these foothills. It isn't long until sundown. I suggest you go down about a mile and ride back along the ridge from there. I'll take this trail up the ridge here and ride to meet you. Look in the canyon for the horses.  Come on, Silver. When he reached the top of the ridge, the lone ranger stopped and dismounted. Leading Silver ground hitch, the mask man walked toward a cliff edge to look into the canyons below. He passed alongside a rocky peak, the sides of which were covered with jagged formations and ledges. Suddenly he was startled by an unexpected happening. The lone ranger swung around, and it was then he saw the boy Lee crouched on a log. A short distance away, a tawny mountain lion stood on a ledge ready to spring. Lee, don't move! The lone ranger's quick shot had slightly wounded the mountain lion, which turned in fury to face the approaching man. The lone ranger moved in for the kill. His eyes were focused on the infuriated animal on the ledge. When his foot struck an exposed road, he lost his footing on the sliding shale and crashed to the ground. But a glancing blow from a jutting rock had momentarily stunned the mask man and he lay without moving. The valiant horse Silver had heard the snarling and saw his master fall. As the mountain lion crouched for a spring, the intelligent stallion started forward at a gallop. Just as the animal leaped to the ground, Silver galloped between him and the lone ranger. The great stallion reared and took the offensive by slashing at the lion with his front hooves. The boy Lee watched in wide-eyed fear as Silver battled the infuriated beast. Silver met every snarling attack with flailing hooves and squeals of anger. The lone ranger's mind cleared as the stopping and the noise of the furious battle resounded through the hills. Silver, fighting the mountain lion. Getting hurriedly to his feet, the mask man picked up his guns, then moved over beside the boy Lee. He waited a chance to use his guns but feared to risk hitting Silver. Finally, with a loud squeal of rage, Silver reared high and brought his sledge like four feet pounding down toward the snarling yellow beast. It was then that the lone ranger fired. Silver, Silver, good work boy. Yes, I know. The lion would have killed me maybe if you hadn't come. What are you doing up here in the mountains? I was hunting for my dog and my black and white colt. Then I got lost. Your dog is all right, Lee. Todd and I found him slightly wounded. He's at our camp. Oh, golly. But if they know he's found, they'll shoot due because of the lambs. I don't think so, Lee. Oh, here comes Todd. Oh, Scott, huh, fella? He's this guy. He's this guy. Kimusubby, we hear big-fighter animals. You all right? Yes, Todd.  That good. And Kimusubby? Yes. We see two men in small canyon back yonder. We see five horses and colt with them.  Yeah. But why did this boy appear? Briefly, Lee told Tonto about coming to search for his dog and the colt. Then the lone ranger spoke. Well, it's still not enough to see. I'll take Lee on silver with me and we'll ride back to where you saw those horses and men. Let's go. The mask man and Indian rode down the ridge a short distance. Then, leaving Lee with the horses in a place of safety, they moved to the edge of the canyon wall. Look, them down there. Yes. They're getting ready to leave. It's only about 20 feet down to the floor of the canyon. I'll tie my lary to that stump over there, then we'll go down. Come on. The place where the lone ranger and Tonto slid down the rope was in the shadows, and the two crooks, Wes and Al, didn't see them. The crooks had packed their supplies and their saddlebags and were preparing to mount. I wonder what happened back there in the hills, Al. It sure sounded like a couple of animals having a terrific fight. Yeah. As long as they keep away from us, let them battle.  They're acting kind of poor. Freeze! Bull of you! Hey, look! Near that boulder of mass, Donbury. Yeah, they're trying to grab the horses from us. Him and that engine, use your gun, Wes. Hold it! You drop gun! Oh! Oh! We'll take care of you. Tonto, abandon your wounds and tie them to their mounts and go to the Comstock Ranch. Ah. Me go up wall, bring silver and scout here. A short time later, Tonto and Lee arrived at the place in the canyon where the lone ranger was guarding the two wounded crooks. Then, driving the stolen horses before them, the masked man and Indian started with a boy and the crooks along the canyon in the direction of the Comstock Ranch. Before long, they left the foothills and moved along the main trail. There was still enough twilight for them to see. As they rounded a bend, they saw a group of horsemen approaching. Look, horsemen coming. Maybe you're posse. Gosh, I think I see Dad with a sheriff. Dad! Dad! We found the horses! As the two groups met, they stopped. Here, I'll help you, Lee. The sheriff and his men held guns, as the sheriff asked. What's that? Who's that masked man? Not Indian. They must help steal the horses. Oh, wait a minute, Sheriff. The masked man and Indian aren't crooks at all. They saved my life and caught the two men who had stolen dance horses. Son, I heard from one of my men that you were missing. That's why we were heading back to the foothills.  The boy went to search for his dog and for the colt, Mr. Comstock. Well, that dog has a bullet waiting for him when he does come back. The dog didn't kill, Kenny Sheep. We are not taking the word of a masked man on that, Mr. Kenny's men saw that dog and even fired at him last night. But he got away. What's more, you haven't explained that mask. Use your comments, then, Sheriff. Why would we tie these crooks and bring them and the stolen horses back here if we wanted to get away? That's right. Just what's this all about anyway? Let me tell you, Dad. Lee told in detail what had happened. A man listened intently as he described the fight between Silver and the mountain lion and how the lone ranger and tonto went down into the canyon to capture the thieves. He finished by saying... And the lion would have killed me, Dad, if the masked man hadn't come along. And he has dug at his camp. He says most likely the lion killed the sheep. By thunder, Mr. and spite of your mask, I'm thankful to you for saving my boy. Hold on, Hank. We can prove the boy's story by backtracking to where they left the dead lion. But it doesn't clear that great day to killing Josh's lambs. Sheriff, didn't the sheepmen see the dog and fire at him last night before any lambs were killed? That's right. They missed him and he went back later. No. The dog was wounded and we found him unable to walk. We took him to our camp and attended to his wound. The dog is still there. Then he couldn't have done the killing that took place later. That's right. All the killings must have been done by the mountain lion. He, in turn, attracted the dog to the scene. Jiminy, I reckon you're right, Mr. That does put Duke in the clear. See, I told you Duke wasn't to blame. Well, I'll be to go. Sheriff, the masked man and Indy and our friends and you ought to be glad they caught the horse thieves. I am because I got my colt back. If dad will let me have them. Why, of course, son. And we'll ask the masked man where to pick up your dog, Duke, too. I reckon Duke will sort of know I am misunderstood. Tuttle, I'll take a shortcut to our campsite and get Duke. We'll leave him at your ranch as we pass by, Mr. Comstock. He'll be there by the time you reach home.  We're glad we could help, Lee. Take good care of Duke and the colt. Someday we'll stop by to see you again. Josh Kinney is sure going to have to apologize for the way he acted and the way he blamed Lee's dog for what happened.  I'd say you have some apologizing to do, too. He's got you there, Hank. Well, I reckon the best thing is for Josh and me to get together and forget the whole thing. That's what I hoped you'd say. I'm sure you both take care not to be hasty in your accusations again. Being friendly will help both of you to prosper. Adios, Lee. Adios, everybody. Goodbye. Hey, wait. About that mask, I wanted to find out. Look, Sheriff, here. He said you'd know what the mask meant if I showed you the silver bullet he gave me. Silver bullet? Why should... say... he said, come on, silver. And the Indians' name was Tonto, and then that white stallion and all. Sure, now I know. You know what? That he's the Lone Ranger. This is a feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated, created by George W. Trendle, produced by Trendle Campbell Muir Incorporated, directed by Charles D. Livingston, and edited by Fran Stryker. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer.


Welcome traders to this week's weekly market live analysis and trade session with me, Patrick Munley. Just going to give it another 20 seconds here, let people get in. If you can hear me and you can see the Tick Mill welcome screen on your screen. If you could type a Y in the chat box that would be great so that I know we're ready to roll. Okay, so that's one o'clock UK time, and we are going to get going here. So, before we do jump into today's content, as always want to adhere to the risk disclaimer, importantly for today's presentation, the views expressed by me or opinions expressed by me here today are solely mine. They are not indicative or representative of Tick Mill UK or Tick Mill Europe limited, just to be clear on that. For those that are here for the first time today, a brief introduction to myself, my name is Patrick Munley and after I graduated from university, I joined a city PLC consulting firm. After a couple of years learning the ropes I left with some colleagues and went on to co found and successfully exit a consulting startup post a merger in late 2004. I then moved on to explore my passion for markets with some capital to play with and some time on my hands I started day trading or more appropriately day gambling the S&P 500. After some early beginner's luck I racked up some pretty solid gains, however, as is often the case, my beginners luck ran out. As the market phase changed I began to average down into what would prove to be significant losing positions. Obviously giving back all my gains and experiencing a six figure financial hit to my personal capital. I got wrenching and sobering experiences and understatements, and it was at this point I really have to stand back and figure out if it was feasible for me to make a living from the market. So I decided to get serious about trading and sort out a mentor with an excellent trading track record, working with my mentor for a period of 18 months to two years. Which I not just my technical game in terms of researching and developing a strategy that suits my personality extensively back and forward testing that strategy and developing a rigorous risk management approach to underpin it. Most importantly, during this period of mentorship I significantly developed my mental game. And probably the most important watershed shift I made was from being a highly goal orientated individual focused on financial gains to becoming purely process oriented. What does that actually mean? Well, it means I had to stop focusing on what I could make from the markets and start focusing solely on managing my mindset to allow me to consistently execute my trading strategy, oftentimes in the face of negative feedback from the form of losing trades. But once you become process orientated and have a professional trading mindset, understanding the true nature of trading being a numbers game, in which you're simply playing the probabilities, you lose that emotional investment and a hellish emotional rollercoaster of living and dying by the outcome of individual trades. I'm no longer concerned with the outcome of individual trades or a string of trades. My focus is on the next hundred trades because I know if I focus on excellence and execution, my edge will demonstrate itself over an extended series of outcomes. My multi strategy approach has delivered profitable annual returns since 2008. So 2013 I've been managing investor capital through a managed account service delivering annual positive returns and you can see the performance data for that on the screen. I'm currently responsible for managing a multi million dollar portfolio. Since 2010 I've also personally mentored over 100 private traders of all experienced levels from complete novices to former CME floor traders in developing the technical and mental skills to reap consistent returns from the markets. I've consulted numerous brokers and trading education brands contributing written content, webinars and live presentations on a range of topics from market analysis to trading strategy development and execution. In addition to my fund management and private mentoring, I'm also resident market expert Tick Mill where I provide daily market analysis and trade analysis. So you can actually access this through the Tick Mill blog posts are made each day or you can put your email into the email window there and subscribe and you'll get the updates delivered directly to your inbox. Another passion project is as head of trading and trading education for a leading trading education brand called fxchriswap.com. We offer both development and funding more importantly to retail trading talent. For fxchriswap we don't just develop retail traders market and trading strategy knowledge. We work on mindset development through a structured program that culminates in managing the firm's capital at zero personal financial risk on a profit share with those that are interested. You can see on the screen there there's a number you can call the trading desk in London, or you can email the guys to request further information about what it is we do at fxchriswap. They will get back to you at a timely fashion with with all the relevant information. So that's that's a flavor of where I'm coming from and now let's jump into the charts. Before we go through looking at some specific charts that I've marked up with where I see some potential opportunities. But I thought we do today because I've had a bunch of questions with respect to how I identify potential trade locations I talk quite often about symmetry swings quality swings, Fibonacci timing levels. So what I thought I'd do is I'd get rid of the the markup here that I've got on the dollar index chart because this is the one I've been tracking very closely at the moment. What I do is actually walk you through how I identify potential trade location or potential action area. And, and so then you can start to see how it is. I develop or understand where the potential opportunities are with respect to the market. So this is the dollar index. This is the broad based dollar index versus six other currency pairs. So if you want to track the dollar index or certainly to understand where the dollar is is because the dollar is responsible for the majority of transactions within the global foreign exchange market. So if you're going to be trading any of these major FX pairs, the major counterpart is always going to be the dollar. And so to really understand and grasp positioning the sentiment within the market, you always want to have a finger upon where the dollar index or certainly have an idea what phase the dollar is in, and that will inform then your trading with respect to, to these other FX majors so this is the just pulling up the recent phase of price action in the dollar so as we can see here the last swing was in the end of September, we had a down draft corrective phase here, and then we broke down again, and, and also we made a low here at the beginning of the year. And so, when I look at this chart, what I'm looking for is the is what I want to identify is the last impulsive move. So when I talk about the positive move it means that the last trend move within the market and so clearly to my, or to my mind anyway, we have this swing high here and then we have this breakdown. And so this is the last impulse leg that we have. And so when I talk when I'm thinking about impulse legs what I ideally want to be able to do is identify a swing and an earlier wave cycle.  And then that's going to give me the impulse leg that we're currently potentially trading against. So this is the last down move that we saw in terms of the dollar index heading into this January low. Once we've got this piece of information here in terms of the last trend move, then what we're thinking about is a corrective phase. With respect to corrections, what we're looking for is at a minimum ideal is going to be a 50, about a 50% correction of the last leg down. So if we bring in the fit tool here, and we just overlay that versus our swing high and our swing low. And then what we're going to be looking for is how price corrects against that that impulse move. And more often than not what we're looking for is a three wave corrective move. Okay, so that in an early way in terms it's a it's what they're referred to as an ABC move. And what I like to also do to help give me some targets with respect to those corrective moves is identify the last corrective leg in terms of a symmetry swing. But what I mean when I talk about a symmetry swing is I'm looking at this phase of price action here. So we have this was the last major correction prior to the move to the downside so what I'm anticipating is in terms of scope and scale once we've got this low in place. So the working idea what I'd like to see is in is a symmetry swing in terms of the certainly the price movement more often than not you'll they'll be replicated in time but certainly the price level is of interest to me. So once I, once I've got that, and I'm able to identify that swing. So let's say, what's called the trend based fib extension tool, and I just overlay that versus the swing low. And so that gives me another price target. So, just to recap, I'm looking for a minimum of 50% retracement. So what I'm looking for, ideally a test of the lot of a symmetry swing objective. And also what I'm looking for is what I call an equality objective and the quality objective is simply an equidistant swing so once we have a swing high and a reaction low in this, I'm overlaying the extension tool to measure an equality move versus this swing here against the swing low. So in this instance the quality move would have taken us up to 9176. We don't necessarily always trade to the PIP into that area but certainly within 10 PIPs or so if we see a reaction there, then that provides an interim trading opportunity. And you can see here we traded up just shot we got to 9162 we were looking for 9176 got this bearish outside reversal candle, and we rolled over. What's important here is, and I cover this in many of the weekly market reviews that I do, is that we didn't make a new low in price before the RSI stochastic started to check up again, and we took out the prior swing here. So what that suggests to me then is that I need to remeasure my equality swing versus the new swing low. So let me just get rid of that. And what we want to do is we want to pull this down to here, and this over to here, and then we get a new target level. So now you can see I was starting to build out this area where we potentially see price heading, and what where the area of interest for us now is at this 92 level of 50% of trades from just ahead of 92 got the symmetry swing at 9211. And then we've got the equality objective versus ABC at 9209. So we've got this, this cluster of fib ratios and swings and quality swings all lining up in this target zone. And what you would bear in mind is I was we were tracking this level from the point that we that we made this low and took out this swing high. So obviously this, you know, you can see, this is somewhat retrospective or high with hindsight here, but if you go back through my videos on the technical website, you'll see how I was identifying this well in advance, I was trading into this area. Now another tool you can use to help pinpoint where these potential reversal areas are likely to transpire is what's called a fit based time extension. And so it's really just using the same logic if we're looking at fiber tracements and fib extensions that it makes sense that fit time extensions should also come into play. And so what we have here is the fib tool that extends from this swing high to this swing low into the future with respect to a time frequency. So where we trade up here into the week, well we exceed the 50% retracement we trade just side of the 61.8% retracement and notably we're trading just around the 61.8% fib extension in terms of time from this swing low. So this zone here, so we come, we come within a day basically of touching that, and within a couple of ticks of touching the 61.8% retracement, and we get this big outside reversal camera. So what we had here, what you can, what you're able to achieve in advance is identify really a window. You can see. So if we think in terms of our minimum objective for a retracement from a fit retracement perspective, being the 50% level, and then we think in terms of the time zone that we're watching. So what we're really looking at is this 61.8% retracement, 61.8% extension in time, and then we have this cluster of fib retracement in terms of price, all suggesting that we should see the order is a high potential or high probability for retracement to occur or for this move, this corrective move to terminate in and around this 92 to 92.50 area. This purple line here represents the projected monthly range resistance. So that's an additional tool above that we just have the, the orange line which represents weekly projected range resistance. What we're going to do is build or give ourselves a zone where we're likely to see this corrective move potentially terminate. Okay. And by the time we get up here the RSI stochastic is into overbought territory. And we're starting to see the psych run into resistance as well. And then we get this big outside reversal candle. Or versus, or how I trade anyway, and that's what I'm looking for these reversal candles in these high probability or high potential reversal zones. And then once we see that, then we've got our signal in terms of potential for this correction to be completed. And you can see what we've seen a bit of a sell off here in the dollar at the moment looks like we'll probably get down now and test monthly range, sorry weekly range support down to that 90 130. But knowing this and knowing and having this information about the dollar about the dollar index, then you can, then you can sit then you can start to think to yourself right if this is what's happening in the dollar. And this means this should mean in theory that pairs like the euro sterling Aussie Kiwi Swissie are all likely to be finding some strength. So I can't find the range level indicator and that's the range level indicator is here. I'll just pull this up for you guys and you can find it. The range indicator on on trading you there is ADR high loan, and then that will give you these weekly and monthly, and you cannot if you go down into intraday charts will also give you daily range resistance levels. So that's how I identify these areas where corrections are likely to terminate. And so then that sets up a high probability trading zone or trading or potential trading zone to pay attention to So that makes sense to everyone if you've been able to follow along, could you just type a Y in the chat box that I know that that I've explained that to the best of my ability. Good stuff. Okay, so with that said, the dollar index has reversed from from this area we've also got also bring in a trend line here. We've just advanced about trend line. And so what we anticipate now, if we look at a trend line here as well, is that certainly we can get down into the weekly range support is the next downside objective. Through there we look for and this is in terms of in terms of the trading as well this is important when you're thinking about targets and you're thinking about objectives for your trades. The same principle in terms of using these prior swings is useful for identifying your targets because that you're getting a realistic expectation of what's possible for the next move. So these range levels work really well in terms of identifying targets. And then once you get beyond the range levels and the pivots, then you can think about testing trend lines. So that's pulling back here. Let's just start. I've got a bunch of charts marked up here where I see potential opportunities. I'm just going to run through these now. S&P 500 trading into weekly range resistance. Here's another example where we held the equality objective and I'll just draw this in for you so you can see what I mean, talked about this few weeks ago, but just to follow up on what we were talking about. And what the objective is A, B, C, sorry, A, B, and this is the C leg 3733 and we traded to 3720 before reversing. We've now taken out this trend line resistance. So we watch now to see how price reacts at weekly range resistance. If we get through there, then we should expect to trade up into monthly range resistance and the ascending trend line here. So we're looking at 20, 20, 40, 30 as the upside objective for the S&P 500. Bullish testing weekly range resistance. We can get through this weekly range resistance. Then the next upside objective is going to be these prior highs, 13,358, and the monthly range resistance, 13,444. We've seen the Dow Jones is taking out now this projected ascending trend line resistance. Note that we've had one or two, three, four. This is the fifth test of that trend line. And for those who are on the trading to the FX Korea swap trading to with me, I always pay attention to the third test. The fourth test is like likely to be the precursor for a break. So I've been looking for the Dow Jones trade up now into 33,000 territory. The DAX in Germany. Now the DAX is making a third test of this ascending trend line. We have the monthly range resistance 14,600. We have the weekly R3 at 14,600. So what I'm actually looking for here in the DAX is the potential for a pullback in terms of in terms of the DAX. We've got some nice momentum divergence down here. So watching for bearish reversal patterns here. And I think we could see, we could see a bit of a corrected phase in the DAX talks about the dollar. Check in with these 10 year yields. These yield charts are very important at the moment. It's driving a lot of the price action. And we can see that we're correcting here. I'm watching now for a test of this, this ascending trend line support. This is really defining the strength of the current trend. So any move back into this 140 area, what's for bullish reversal patterns. And I think we could be looking for the next leg to the upside in terms of these yields, ultimately looking for a test through 2%. The key to whether or not this this move is going to be terminating at current levels will really be is if we took out trend line support and the monthly pivot back down here at 136. That would suggest that we're heading back into the prior range at 130. But for now we made bullish these yields. We're going to be holding on 40 support. Silver. Sorry, gold bounce from the support area that we talked about this ascending trend line support. Watch now for resistance at this 1760 bearish reversal patterns here, I'd be looking at short positions to test the equality objective. And then talking about these equal legs so we have a B, and then the C is 1653. And then from there I think we could see a more meaningful correction certainly getting up to test 1800 silver. I'm running myself at the moment, looking for a move up to retest basically this 30 level in silver, and, and ultimately, we probably see a pullback from that third test, then on the fourth and the fifth test I'm actually looking for silver to break out to the right side versus this ascending triangle pattern that we're currently trading in in terms of silver crude. I'm still still looking for a test of this ascending trend line be the third test, and that will be a buy zone for me but nothing to do at the moment. I'm still consolidating but holding support at the 390 level and while it does, I think we get up into the top side of this projected ascending trend channel 460 is the level to watch there in terms of copper Bitcoin. I had a good week is testing the top side of the box now so we'll see here if we break out through prior resistance, then that's going to set up a test of this 60,000 level terms of weekly range resistance at the yearly R3 at 63,000 weekly R3, so this is the next target zone, if we can get through prior highs in terms of Bitcoin and would negate the idea that we get another swing down here looks like we will extend, but pay attention, we're seeing some significant momentum divergence develop. And so this next leg up could proceed a more significant correction in terms of Bitcoin, but ultimately still bullish. Dolly one pulling back from weekly and monthly range resistance, I'm looking for a test now monthly range support and the monthly pivot at 646, and that could potentially set up the next leg to the upside. So what are we trading this over here. Yeah. I got in order to sell this through these prior lows here at 10820 think we can easily get down into 10770 as potential support for the next leg higher and or potentially roll over and get a deeper pullback into monthly projected range support down at 10635 Swissy, I'm currently short this one versus this outside rejection candle and again thinking in terms of the dollar index and the potential for the dollar correction to be complete. I guess that the Swissy would also be be pulling back so we'll, we'll see how this one develops looking certainly for a test of 9211 and the monthly pivot from above at 9185 will be will be key then could set a base there for the next leg to the upside, but like I say short at 10635 euro. I'm currently long. Again, we came into an equal legs objective. So we had this is a BC and you can see, we basically traded to the people most and got some decent buying developing without trading into the weekly pivot seeing some profit taking we've got the ECB, the guard speaking likely to see a bit of volatility, but trades risk free for me now we'll see I'm looking for a test ideally at 120 here and then we'll see how the market responds but another example there of these equality objectives playing out. Here again. I'm looking for a test of the top side here 13050 area got weekly projected range resistance 168 extension of this price swing and the trend channel resistance so watch our price response here I think there's an opportunity to do something on the short side, looking for a move back into that 127 15 127 70 area. This, this one tested that big weekly trend line that I was watching with that since made an equal legs correction back into 8556 watching for bullish reversal patterns here to potentially do something on the long side. I was looking a bit more promising earlier a little bit week now but again, what I'm always paying attention to here is the close these are daily candles and I'm watching the closes only. You're all say this is a short I've got running. Again, this is, this is risk free. And again, thinking in terms of quality objectives, sorry, thinking in terms of both the quality objectives and being able to identify the trend moves. So where we have a wave one and two what I'm always looking for is once I've got a way for high in place, then I'm looking at a minimum for wave five to be equal to wave one. So in this instance as well. We can also look at the fifth extensions. So we get a 161 extension of the way for which coincides with the quality objectives so my target for this move now will be a test of this, this 149 19149 60, and it also brings in this descending trend line support as well. So the question fires about the euro Aussie. Hopefully that's, hopefully that's clear. Sterling looking for a test of weekly range resistance 140 34 from there I think we could see the potential for a pullback back into this, this zone here, the pivot cluster, and then maybe we set a base for the next leg to certainly test retest range highs with the potential to trade up into monthly range resistance 144 sterling yen. The area of interest for me is this trend line and weekly range resistance 152 to 152 50 watching for bearish reversal patterns there similar idea to the euro yen watching for reversal patterns to play for a correction to retest trend channel support 148 and month sorry weekly range support 149 Aussie. Seeing an upswing here, watch how we trade at this 78 just above 78 we've got weekly range resistance we've got the underside of this prior trend line support might might see a bearish reversal pattern here for a pullback. If we get through there then all bets are off and we should trade higher and ultimately get up into the 82 level for the Aussie Aussie yen. This one looks like it's going to retest prior highs on route to the monthly range resistance at 8750 Kiwi. We should test the 73 level and then there's a potential for maybe some head and shoulders type price action and some consolidation here. One trade the other trade I've got running at the moment is this Kiwi yen which I'm long. We're testing weekly range resistance if we get through there that I'm looking for a retest of range highs on route to move up into the 80 level, but again risk free position running there from last night. And the other one that's of interest here just last but not least is the cad yen. I'm looking for it to test its trend line resistance monthly range resistance and weekly range resistance 8680 is the area to watch bearish reversal patterns there and I will be looking for the cad yen on the short side. So that's a short this week this week as I as I want to tune in to listen to what Madam the Guard has to say at ECB in in a few minutes time. Are there any questions equally if there aren't any questions and in the chat box is useful so that I know where we're all on the same page and everyone's. Yeah, and I do think the dollar index has potentially completed three waves and is heading back down. So you'll have to you'll have to watch the recording fires, but essentially I'm short the euro Aussie, and I think we're, we're heading to a target zone of 149 90s, which would complete a fifth wave in this in this trend move. Thank you so much everyone for your time. I hope this was useful and we'll reconvene at the same time next week. Have a great week guys.


Hello everyone, this is financial author Amit Dan of amitdan.com on this channel You'll find financial travel and more videos just like the one you're watching right now If you like what you see, please give it a thumbs up and consider subscribing Hello everyone, this is Amit Dan of amitdan.com today. I'll have another episode of unboxing video and today I'll be presenting the Seagate backup plus sim portable storage drive So this is a 2 terabyte portable hard drive and this is a very slim and lightweight and This actually supports USB 3.0 including USB 2.0 and This is this external hard drive is a very it can be a very good travel companion So I'll be I'll be carrying this Portable hard drive with my next trip which is coming up on Next week and today I'll be unboxing this video and at the same time I'll be doing a sync with my laptop to see if it's a If it works right away without any problem or without any trouble so it should work or should I should be able to backup files or Transfer files should be just plug-and-play. There shouldn't be any problem But we'll go through that and we'll see how This product is easy to use or how difficult it is to use I would like to mention that this is not a paid or affiliated review. I purchased this with my own money So the opinions are honest and unbiased So let's get back at Unboxing and I'm expecting this video about 7 to 10 minutes long Okay, so here's the drive coming out and I'll set this aside here and As you can see it's wrapped in a plastic cover so there's a small brochure and I'll put it in here and This is the backup hard drive or portable hard drive looks like so it comes with USB cable so I'll just put it here for now and Let me go through some of the specs or if anything important here so it just gives you basic information how to connect and How to back up everything? Okay, so there's some instructions which I'll not go through. So let's open up. Okay, so this came out Here's the hard drive Here's the USB cable, which is USB actually data cable so I'll put this aside here and just take this out of this packaging This is wrapping a plastic package and Okay So here we go here we have the portable Storage drive and as you can see this is very tight very small and lightweight and It doesn't feel anything at all the weight in terms of weight. This is really handy and lightweight and There's something here. Okay. I'll try to take it out later on because it's not coming off easily So I think that shouldn't have any problem. So what I'll do let's I'll get my laptop here So here I have my Laptop and I'll connect this to the USB port here. So Okay, so this should be connected right here and then This should be going inside the laptop and I'll Connect this here. So this is not actually USB port. This is looks like some sort of proprietary port And it kind of looks like micro USB, but two of them together So it has to be some sort of proprietary port. So just plug it in here and As you can see that the connection is on right away. So it's taking connection from via the USB from the Laptop see this message after plugging the device Onto my laptop and then there's seagate backup plus drive choose what to do with the removal drive okay, so I'll just Configure this drive for backup configure storage setting Okay, open folder To view files. Okay, so I'll just choose that option so I have here start here for Mac and looks like for Here I get a Portable drive option which is right here. So I'll just click on here and See what I can do. I'll try to drag and drop my copy my copy this folder here, which is YouTube music and Let me see if I can remove paste this here Okay, so it looks like it's working. So I'm just copying the whole thing and putting it into the seagate drive and It's actually copying everything right now as you can see Okay, so It's everything in there. So what I'll do I'll just remove the hard drive or portable drive And I'll try to access the same files just going inside the Drive again. So in order to remove that, let's go here safely remove hardware or eject media so I'll just click on it and Here eject slim Drive, which is right here. Okay, so I disconnected that and It says that it is safe to remove hardware. So what I'll do I'll just Unplug this which is right here So as you can see that, you know, this is unplugged right now And I'm going to plug back in and I'll try to access the same files, which is inside here Okay, so I connected it again and Now I'll see try to open the folder. Actually it came up automatically so if I go here, I can see that the YouTube music is right here and All the files I saved Before is right here accessible in the drive So in terms of transfer speed, I gave me very good speed Speed, I'm not sure what is the speed, but it worked pretty well and it looks like it's a very user friendly I didn't have to do anything exceptional or it didn't take much time So this is very compact handy and travel friendly so when you need to Save up save up your backup files and stuff when you're traveling. So definitely this is something you should rely on or you should keep on and It looks very cute and handy too Very portable very lightweight. So that concludes the Unboxing and brief review of the Seagate backup plus slim portable storage If you like what you see, please give it a thumbs up and consider subscribing and there will be more videos coming up. Thank you