Okay, good evening to you all. So I hope the audio and video is clear. So today we will try to see some environmental current affairs from 2022 to 23 for the last one year. Some of the major current affairs we will see. So how we will go about this, we will start with biodiversity, some of the important conventions and newses and then we will get into some of pollutions and finally we will get into climate change and also we will try to see anything major that is given in the budget of 2023 related to the environment. So first we will start with some international convention related to biodiversity. So it is the conference of party 15 of convention on biological diversity. So that is a, you know that that's one of our important convention related to a biodiversity. You can say it's a master convention. So the 15th conference of party actually it is called Quinming Monteriel Declaration. So why it is called Quinming Monteriel? This convention actually it has happened in two part. The part one in the last year 22 it happened in the Quinming of China. The part two it was concluded in Monteriel. So it has actually happened two times. So that is something called Quinming actually Monteriel Declaration. So what is the main thing about us? We have to go for a new global framework. So what are the new global framework? So before in CBD we had one target from 2010 to 2020 that is called ICHI target. I hope you remember. So the target is over. So ICHI 20 target. So India has taken the 20 target into 12 national biodiversity target and it was completed by 2020. So after 2020 they have taken a new target that is called post 2020 new biodiversity framework. So actually the target is for 2050 that's a long term target. The short term is 2030 because we have our sustainable development goal that is by 2030 agenda. So that is how we have taken this 2030 target. So that is it is called as global biodiversity framework, GBF it is a 2030 target. So in 2030 that is without within 2030 we have to achieve 23 target that is subdivided into four goals. So that is our idea. So here it is not possible for you to remember all the 23 target but at least you can have one glance of this 23 target. So what is what way it is going to be different from the ICHI target as so they say that ICHI target according to convention it is a failure because of two reasons. The one reason why ICHI target is a failure is it is lack of budget that is lack of finance and the second reason what they told about ICHI target is. There is no clear indicator because whenever you set a when you set a target that should be a very clear target clear indicator should be there in terms of measurable. So it was not there in the ICHI target that is what the CBD convention says but in the global biodiversity framework they say that this two problem will be rectified. So the 23 target whatever they are going to keep it is going to have some clear target that is clear indicator at the same time they are going to give more fund for it. So for this under the global environment facility they have created one fund especially for this particular declaration it is called special trust fund especially to support the GBF. So we can say that comparing with the older ICHI target this 2030 global biodiversity framework target. I will say that it will have comparatively much more better clear indicator number two it will also have better funding for it. So that is a difference it comes. So what are the key points? So first thing is 30 by 30 deal. So under this the key target is within 2030 that is 2030 agenda 30 percent of the land and 30 percent of the ocean we want to bring it under the protected area. As of now 17 percent of the land and 8 percent of the ocean is not under the protected area but so sorry it is under the protected area now we have to increase to 30 30 so that is called 30 into 30 deal. The second important target is we have to stop the extinction of species by 2050. So right now the system you know that the sixth mass rate extinction is very rapid so we have to control the sixth mass rate extinction. So for that reason at least by 2050 we have to reduce. So in that as a target they say that we have to reduce at least 10 fold times the extinction rate. The third one is we have to reduce the risk of pesticide by 50 percentage because pesticide some or other way it results in water pollution as well as in soil pollution and also you know that many pesticides is a carcinogen mutation and also sometimes some pesticide may also contain some nutrient. So pesticide control is another one and then we have to reduce the loss of nutrients to the environment by 50 percentage. So soil nutrient loss which is also soil erosion soil degradation is also major one so that also we have to control. The next one we have to reduce the pollution risk and also pollution risk and negative impact of pollution on all the organisms because today if you take any biodiversity so whether a plant or animal can take pollutants yes they can take pollutant within a particular limit. So here we are not completely so the target is not completely eliminating the entire pollutant we have to reduce the pollutant to a level where the biodiversity can sustain. So that is how it is given that is not harmful reduce the level that are not harmful to the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and then we have to reduce the global footprint of consumption. So it is related to the agriculture consumption. So here overconsumption should be controlled and at the same time foot waste so that also should be controlled. So as a target we have to reduce off foot waste. So these are the some of the important target apart from that the next important target is to manage or control agriculture and agroalide. So agroalide like aquaculture fisheries and all forestry. So you know that some these activities sometimes we take it in a very unsustainable way. So we want to make it in a very agroecological basis at the same time biodiversity friendly basis. So that's one. Then the next one is to tackle the climate change by nature based solution. So by going for afforestation by improving the blue carbon ecosystem. So that is another target and we have to control the next target is to control the invasive alien species at least by 50 percentage because you know that the main reason for the system asset extinction the first and foremost reason is a habitat loss. The second reason is invasive species. So more the invasive species it will drastically reduce your biodiversity. So control the invasive species we cannot completely remove it because invasive it's not possible to completely remove the invasive because once you remove invasive it is something a position like we cannot keep it at the same time we cannot remove it. So at least 50 percent reduction we want to commit by we have to bring it by 2030 and then the next one is about the trade on wildlife. So anyway we are doing some trade on many wildlife plant and animal specimen for certain commercial benefit for medicinal benefits. So we want to have a very safe or probably a controlled secured trade and coming to the urban so urban we have to increase the green spaces that's what green up of urban spaces. So these are the some of the major target that was taken in the quinming declaration totally. As you see as a target it will be around 23 targets that is divided into four goals. So what is what you can expect from this quinming declaration the first thing is as I told you money funding. So the signatory what they have accepted is we have to mobilize 200 billion dollar of money we have to channel for the conservation. So that of course it's not immediately in a long term from the government sources even from the private sources because we want the private also to participate in it. So 200 billion dollar is something ultimate goal we have. But as of now we want because we want to apply the concept of CBDR common but differential responsibility country like India and all we told very clearly that CBDR should be there because biodiesity laws is not happening only because of the country like but because of our because of the developing country. Only developed country has done a lot of biodiesity laws before that is start from the industrialization. So that is the reason we want a commitment from the developed country to give fund to start with 20 billion dollar at least the developed country has to fund by 2025 30 billion dollar by 2030. So if you directly see for the climate change in the green climate fund it is 100 billion dollar. So you can keep in mind 100 billion dollar for the climate change 30 billion dollar for the global biodiesity framework for the CBD convention. The second one is the Quinming declaration the Quinming Montreal declaration says that big companies the big companies large company large infrastructure project they do an activity that disturbs the biodiversity. So we want a reporting system. So every country should control their company's infrastructure company so that before a company any company or infrastructure company start any project they have to provide a clear assessment how their project is going to affect the biodiversity. We want a complete report and at the same time the government has to the country government has to ensure that the company have a proper mitigation for proper sorry proper mitigation plan for the conservation of the biodiversity because of their project. So that is a second important thing. The third one is subsidies. So here subsidies when you come to subsidies you know that many countries are giving subsidies for fertilizers even India we are giving fertilizer. So now fertilizer will result in you know that one is in eutrophication because more the fertilizer goes to the lake goes to the ocean creates an algae bloom harmful algae bloom and all. Second more the fertilizer enters into the soil that also results in denitrification process you know denitrification process some hydro sorry some pseudo monosandol when they react on the fertilizer they produce nitrous oxide which is a very powerful greenhouse gases. So controlling subsidies will control your aquatic ecosystem will preserve your aquatic ecosystem as well as climate change. So that is the reason we want to control. So here the countries have committed not to immediately remove it at least phase down and reform the subsidy. Anyway by at least by 2030 you have to control around 500 billion dollars of subsidies. So you have to slash out those subsidies you have to control it. So that we can expect from the pin being so it's a very measurable target. Then we can see the monitoring and progress system. So in this convention or probably in this Montreal declaration it was told that every five years once the country has to report so that we can see what progress it's going on in that and at the same time national action plan also should be created by the country and it has to be reviewed but anyway in this you know in the climate change even in the Paris agreement also every country has to come out with a national action plan that will be reviewed but here some of the members of the CBD convention they said that it should not be something like a sort of you know deadline or commitment. So countries will prepare their national guideline that is national action plan that will be submitted. So it can be reviewed but there should not be any form of a legal commitment for it. So that is what some countries told it. So these are the things you can expect from the Quinn Ming Montreal declaration mainly 30 by 30 deal. Now the next one the latest one the next one in the current affair is the CITES convention conference of party 19 it held in Panama you know CITES it's a convention on India international trade in endangered species of wildlife flora and fauna. So here it is an intergovernmental treaty it's a legal binding treaty to control the legal trade to control the trade yes of course the legal trade. So here some plans and animals are being traded from one country to another country for some commercial even for many you know for commercial or medicinal purpose. So we don't want the trade to happen in such a way that at one point of time the species becomes extinct. So it should not the main idea is the trade should not survey the should not threaten the survey of the particular species. So that is the reason under the CITES convention we have appendix one appendix two and appendix three you know that appendix one is something where no trade is allowed trade is completely prohibited appendix two is something controlled trade I can say appendix three it is protected at least in one country. So what directly will directly go what has the what is the resolution they have taken in that particular conference of party. So more than 52 proposals was made related to the regulation of some of the species on the international trade especially on certain mammals like sharks or sharks reptiles even hippopotamus hippos and even in the rhinoceros and more than 200 species also was included in that more than 52 different types of proposals was made. So in this if you want to see the key one India will come to India. So we have a tree called Shishang it is also called as Indian rosewood. Most people who cannot afford teak you know the teak is very costly people who cannot afford teak most of the time they go for this Indian rosewood but the original rosewood is something very costly Shishang it is also called as Shishang Shishang it is an Indian rosewood. So we want we made a proposal that that rosewood has to be put under Indian rosewood that Shishang has to be put under appendix two. So by that way it was also put under the appendix two. So the benefit is because we are using for lot of handicrafts and other thing even for furniture and all so that it will boost our Indian exports. So anyway finally it was accepted and today it is going to boost our Indian handicraft exports. So keep in mind Shishang. The second one is sea cucumber. So India gave a proposal of putting sea cucumber in the appendix two. So it is also accepted. So Tamil Nadu you can see that it was the highest number of you know seashells we found especially the marine wildlife species and even in the last year more than 4 crore worth of sea cucumber was about to get smuggled. So it was stopped by the WCCV wildlife control bureau. The second one is about the sea cucumber is a marine species. The third one India has proposed one species that is called Batakur Tachuga. It's called the red crowned roof turtle. So it's a freshwater turtle. So we want to put it under the sites convention. So it was welcomed by the party members and also they appreciated the sites members also appreciated the WCCV the world sorry the wildlife control bureau operation turtle. So it is nothing but to control the poaching of turtles and tortoise that was also appreciated and the last one is about the ivory trade. So coming to the ivory trade. So countries like Namibia, Botswana, South Africa and even Zimbabwe. So they want the ivory to be traded the elephant ivory to be traded. So normally how the elephant ivory traded in the sense some if sometimes if I any seizure of any ivory or sometimes any dead elephant ivory and all they want to go for a trade they want to have a systematic trade under the sites. But whenever they put for a vote for a trade generally it will be rejected. So if you take India for the last 30 years of time we oppose this ivory trade because if you allow a trade automatically you can see more demand will increase automatically more you know poaching and all will happen the chances of poaching will increase more. So that's a reason India for the last 30 years of time we didn't support the ivory trade but for the first time we didn't vote against the ivory trade. So when Namibia moved forward actually we didn't vote it. So we didn't vote against it. So that means we supported for the ivory trade. So why India has to do it it's only based on the national interest because Namibia has requested we got cheetah from Namibia. So Namibia has requested not to vote against for the ivory trade for that reason we didn't vote it. Anyway the Namibia proposal was defeated so ultimately it was not accepted in the sites but it's one important thing that India decided not to vote against the proposal to reopen the international trade in ivory. So these are the things we have to keep in mind especially in the conference of party 19. So let's move to the next one slowly we'll come to the wildlife come to the Indian context yes wildlife protection amendment bill. So we have gone for there is a wildlife protection act you know that it's one of a very powerful act for the wildlife 1972 it was established for the protection of wildlife against poaching and as well as illegal trade or any sort of a poaching illegal trade or whatever it may be and we did some amendment in 2003 and all. So now there is an amendment bill of 2022. So anyway Rajesh Abba has you know has moved forward this bill. So what are the major provisions of the bill why we have to go for the amendment is first thing is we have implemented some of the provisions of the sites anyway site is a legal binding convention but the kites convention itself says that it does not take the place of national law. So that means you have any national law related to wildlife protection so it is not going to be an alternate. So some of the sites provision or many sites provision was not included for example in the sites we have appendix one appendix two and all whether it is reflected in the wildlife protection act in the original act no not directly. So in this way today now we want to implement some of the provisions of the sites so that was included number one number two under this act now the central government is getting more power. So how in the sense is now the central under the new amendment bill the central government can create or designate management authority. So this management authority only will grant all the imports and exports or any trade of wildlife all wildlife specimen. So management authority is a very important authority you can find the second is the central government will also have a power to regulate or to control to regulate or prohibit the trade or possession or any proliferation of invasive species invasive species or alien species. Now the central government will have a more power related to invasive species so that it can be a little in line with your Montreal protocol that's not the sorry Montreal framework that is the Aquinic Montreal framework. So that control of the invasive species will come under the ambit of central government. The third one is the central government will also have the power to declare or notify a conservation reserve. So you know that protected when come to the protected area under the wildlife protection act we have national park wildlife sanctuary conservation reserve community reserve even tiger reserves also we have national park wildlife sanctuary can be created by any government state government can also create central government can also create but when come to conservation reserve community reserve it was included in 2003 amendment so it was said that it is one of the most of the time it's the state government declare a conservation reserve community reserve so any land adjacent to a national park or wildlife sanctuary. I hope you know the basic provisions under the new amendment the conservation reserve can also be notified by the central government the next one is they're reducing the number of schedules now this is where a lot of controversy comes so here in the original act actually we have six schedules you know schedule one schedule two is a high protected schedule three schedule two is a less protection schedule schedule three schedule four schedule five is a vermin category schedule six is a plants prohibited from cultivation some medicinal plant like cute plant picture plant vanda plant this is the original one now from the six schedules we are changing to in the new amendment they are changing to four schedule so schedule one it is sorry it's a higher level of protection schedule two it is a lesser protection lesser degree of protection like certain nail guys and all will come schedule three they brought a protected plant species mostly the picture plant cute plant medicinal plants and all will come that is you cannot cultivate those plants no one can cultivate the plant without the permission of a chief wildlife warden because his authority the fourth schedule is being kept for appendixes that is sites appendices so now we have made we have included some of the sites provision that is one and now vermin is removed completely so here there is a lot of news that came during the period of time when this amendment bill was proposed even in down to earth and all it came they said it's a vermin politics so what is that vermin politics says normally vermin you know that vermin under the original act any wild species that is nuisance to the wildlife so even sometime you know we can say bat crow everything commander and normally what the central government will do is if any state government request a particular species schedule three schedule four species to put under vermin category they will put it now the concept of vermin category is not there so does it mean that we are coming completely rid away from get rid away from vermin no it's not like that the interpretation says the activist the wildlife activist for us actually says that now this is giving more power for the central government to declare any animal as a vermin category so that is what the interpretation says so here the procedure for declaring the vermin also becomes very easy because it is not under the any schedule so central government can declare any species as a vermin category so that is a concern we have in this the next one is control of sanctuaries by the chief island of water which is already is given here and then if you want to register any live specimen of a any scheduled species so that can be only done from a certificate from the management authority so which we have included in the provision so these are the some of the provision and apart from that suppose by chance anyone has any species any captive animal or something they can come voluntary surrender to the chief wildlife warden chief wildlife warden is authority that's called voluntary surrender of captive animal if you surrender voluntarily so compensation doll will not be paid so that the amendment says that there will not be any provision for compensation or anything nothing else and the next one important addition in this is they have given exemption for live elephant that is the bill allows for a commercial trade in the live elephant but if you see previous act the original act it completely prohibits trade any sort of a trade in the wildlife but for especially in the captive and wild elephants and all but here they have given a they have given a provision for allowing some of the trade here so especially then comes under the sanctuaries that is falling in the scheduled area that is in the fifth schedule so they told that if any sort of a sanctuary if it is going to fall in the scheduled area a proper management plan should be created so we have to oblige to the forest right act so in that line you have to get some sort of a concern from the gramshaba okay any sanctuaries that is falling under a scheduled area and penalties also they have increased it normal for general violation and all so the penalty from 25,000 they increased to 1 lakh and for the specially protected animal they have increased from 10,000 to 25,000 rupees so these are the some of the provisions they have increased they have done okay what are the issues with the thing so there are some few issues the first issue the parliamentary win this particular bill has went for the parliamentary committee the parliamentary committee headed by mr Jayram Ramesh he told that so he especially come to the elephants so that should be a very clear indication that it should that elephant should limit only to the temple elephants that is kept for religious purpose for other reasons and all you know the live elephants and all should not be traded so that is the one criticism was put under the second type of criticism vermin category so since vermin category was removed now it seems that the center will have a very easy hand on the vermin so they can declare anything as a vermin so they will they don't need any special procedure to declare a particular species as a vermin so that that is another concern that was raised and at the same time the bill also severely curtail the grazing area across the pastoral spaces so by that way some of the pastoral community like one gujas and all the tribal community they may get impacted so these are the some of the criticism that has been put on the wildlife protection act amendment bill of this 2022 the next one the next amendment bill is the biological diversity amendment bill of 2021 so we have a biological diversity act 2002 so we brought this act in order to oblige the CBD convention since we have signed the CBD convention this act was created the purpose of the act is nothing but the purpose of the CBD convention so here if you come to the CBD convention once again if you come to the CBD convention so basically the convention objective is to convention objective or the biological diversity act objective is to conserve the biodiversity, sustainably use of its component and the third one important is the fair and equitable sharing so for the fair and equitable sharing of genetic resources they brought one protocol that is something called Nagio protocol i hope you know it so now this amendment bill what it tries to do so now we'll see so here it seems that we are trying to include some of the provisions of Nagio protocol so that means the changes in the bill some provisions of we cannot say all the provisions of Nagio protocol some provisions of Nagio protocol will be done so that is what gently they say that the reference to Nagio protocol has been given to the biological diversity amendment bill so what are the major provision the first two provision is they are exempting some of the Aayush practitioner and even the people accessing the codified traditional knowledge from the prior intimation of state bio diversity board so you know that the original act says that there will be three level of organization NBA, SBA, BMC i hope you know that national bio diversity authority, state bio diversity board and state bio diversity board and the bio diversity management committee local level federal government, state government, government so normally any foreigner and all if they want access they have to come to the NBA any Indian any Indian or Indian company when they want to do an access research or something they have to come and ask for the SBB and anyone you or me a common man wants to take any resources no need for any permission so here now what they have done is anyone who do Aayush practitioner or one who have an access to a codified traditional knowledge some of the Aayush also will have it they don't need to do any they don't need to give any prior intimation to the state bio diversity board for accessing biological resources so by that way what we try to do what they try to do is they try to open up the resources for more research and more exploitation so what is the codified traditional knowledge so that's very important so it is a it is given in a you know IPR intellectual property right even the WHO the world health organization what they say about codified traditional knowledges that is it is a sort of a traditional medicine that has been disclosed in the ancient scriptures so that should be a return one so for example if you take a Ayurveda so Ayurveda whether yes Ayurveda it is written in Sanskrit you can see and even some Chinese traditional medicine also it is written in the script and if you take Ayurveda and all we have 44 authorized texts we have approximately they say that authorized books we have even for Siddha we have more than 29 authorized books for Unani you know that there are more than 13 authorized books that is something which is written in an ancient scripture it should be in a written form that is something called codified traditional knowledge it is a system of medicine so for Chinese medicine we have Ayurveda Siddha and all codified traditional knowledge suppose there are some medicine which you don't have a scripture you don't have a script or something you don't have a book an ancient sort of a book most of the time that come from oral tradition from one generation to another generation you know the very period and all how the Vedas came from one generation another generation by oral tradition suppose if it comes in the oral tradition that is something called non-codified traditional knowledge so here we have only given for the codified traditional knowledge because we believe that codified traditional knowledge will have some some sort of a scientific relevance so especially Ayurveda and all so anyway Ayush they are getting covered under it that is number one number two the bill is exempting all the cultivated medicinal plant from the purvi of the act so earlier so if you want to cultivate any medicinal plant and all it will be you need a permission and all now so they are exempting it so it is now free number three is they want to fast-track research because we want to go for a bio prospecting exploitation of bio diversity so as per the mega protocol so in order to fast-track the research patent and all so fast-track the research patent and all they have made some provisions in that there is a third one and the fourth very important is if you are doing any violation in the law during the access of biological resources and all in the earlier act it was a criminal offense so jail imprisonment and all was there but now they are made into a civil offense that means it will go with a penalty so that means I can say that many people will easily enter into bio diversity research go for bio prospecting and also the fifth one is also they try to improve some investments especially in the research especially in the research of the bio diversity so that's how we want the foreign companies to come so foreign investment how they have made in the new amendment is the foreign investments yes foreigners can come but the one condition is they have to nesses they have to come along with the Indian company especially for a bio diversity research but foreign entity approval should come only from the NBA natural bio diversity authority they are approved NBA authority sorry NBA approval is mandatory for the foreigners so this all in turn will go into boost your Indian system of medicines and also it is going to fast track your research patent and other thing and at the same time it will also give a boost for the farmers to cultivate the medicinal plants so that also is because it's a it's something medicinal plant from the cultivation so these sorry these are the some of the provisions they have made okay so what some criticism we have so what are the major criticism what we have is so first thing is some of the activists they believe they see this as something this amendment bill is more of a economic oriented something like you know trade and other thing but the core object of our convention on biological diversity or the biological diversity act is to conserve bio diversity conserve bio diversity is sustainably exploited but rather than conserving bio diversity they believe that this changes and all is going to lead to unsustainable exploitation of bio diversity second is now we are opening up more for the exemption of codified traditional knowledge knowledge and all there could be a possibility of bio piracy okay because without a prior intimation they do it immediately they come and take a patent and all so then bio piracy can happen the third one important provision is if you see the total total amendment in that the BMC so earlier if they want to do a research or any sort of exploitation the NBA SBA will consult the BMC and then only they will do it but then the new provision it seems that the SBA the SBB that is state bio diversity board itself can you know represent BMC in order to determine the benefit sharing agreement so that means BMC has been marginalized so that is a third criticism comes and the fourth one is sidelining the local community so here when we try to say that certain for certain large companies and all they are giving a prior approval for sharing the benefit now when they go when you allow cultivation and all we cannot ensure that the local people will be involved so sometime massive cultivation of medicinal plant will happen local people may be there but benefit sharing may not also happen so that possibility is also is a criticism which has been highlighted by the conservation activist okay so that is about the biological diversity act and they have given a reference to the Nagio protocol the next one come to the bio diversity forest we have brought a forest conservation rules forest conservation rules so it is coming out of the forest conservation act you know that forest conservation act basic idea is to the main idea of forest conservation act any forest land when it is diverted for non forest purpose it should get a the state government should get a prior approval from the central government so the fundamental is otherwise the state government for the purpose of revenue generation they may they may divert the forest land for some non forest purpose like plantation palm plantation something so because of that the bio diversity will decline the forest cover may also decline so that is the reason any forest land when it is diverted for any non forest purpose prior approval of the central government is needed so here under that in 2003 they brought a forest conservation rule now the rules they are doing amendment that is called the forest conservation rules of 2022 okay what are the changes they have done in this rule the first thing is they brought or they formed a certain committee so the first committee it is called advisory committee this advisory committee so any any forest land diversion so advisory committee it will be created by the central government it may contain around six members and it will meet for every every month so most of the time it is the advisory committee only they will grant approval for forest land diverting for non forest purpose okay so it's come to the scope of central government the second is they will form another committee regional empowered committee so this regional empowered committee it is also created by the central government so two times a month they will meet most of the time they are the one who will examine the project so normally first we have to examine what type of project is going to come so whether for the project it is worth to divert the forest land for non forest purpose that we need to see for examination the project proposal and all so actually for the project they are the one our regional empowered committee is created then the third one is project screening committee project screening committee it is created by state government it is created by state government so they are the one who will advise they are the one who will advise for the proposal of the project okay they just propose it regional advisory committee only will examine it finally grant will be given by the advisory committee so they brought three like three committees three structures okay so normally project screening committee they will generally do it for all the project except the project that comes in the comes in less than five hectares so that's a standard they have given it okay now so what they say under this forest conservation rule so first thing is compensatory of forestation so you know that when forest land is acquired by any corporate or government organization they have to pay compensation so that compensation money how to be used that is given in the compact now normally that compensation money what they can do is they can do afforestation normally that is a fundamental idea you get a money you take a land you give the money that money go for the compensation now sorry the money go for the afforestation so coming to the afforestation so what is the rule says is suppose if any corporate is taking corporate or any agency is taking a forest land now they want it is their liability to do afforestation suppose if it is something a forest land is taken from a hill or mountain range so what the mountain range that covers two-third of its geographical area so you're taking a mountain or any hill range so you're taking area which is two-third of the geographical area or probably one-third of its sorry if it's a state or a unit territory if it has one-third of its geographical area then what you can do is the compensatory afforestation no need that you have to do it in that place you can also do it in some other place some other state or some other unit territory where the cover is less than 20 percentage so simple you're going to do in Himachal Pradesh let me say that the Himachal Pradesh has got a the particular area has got two-third of the areas coming under the forest region so then you can also propose an Andhra Pradesh suppose assuming that Andhra Pradesh or some other state has 20% less than less than it in some other place also you can do afforestation so that is one so you don't want to do afforestation in that state that's what it implies number two it is also allowing private plantation so let me come let me give an example suppose we will allow the state government will allow the private to acquire a land and do a plantation suppose a corporate takes some other land some other forest land they want to do afforestation now what they can do is they come to the private land they come to the private man they can pay the money they can get that afforestated land so that is what allow private plantation the rules make a provision for private parties to cultivate plantation and sell them to a land sell them that land to company who need to meet compensatory afforestation target okay so that is also allowed so in this then the third one is no need for no consent of Gramshaba needed so here this is a one of the biggest thing that happens now the forest conservation act the forest conservation rule says that if they have decided to acquire any forest land so whether you need to get approval from the forest normally as per the present procedure any acquisition of a forest land we have stage one clearance stage two clearance so normally before the stage one clearance itself they will get a concern from the Gramshaba then only the acquisition and all will happen but the new procedure says that no need to get a clearance stage one even in the stage two after stage two clearance you can get a concern from the Gramshaba okay if needed so that is a another provision they brought that means that is something they are diluting the Gramshaba that is what the meaning it implies then apart from that the forest conservation rules also says that you can also allow building in forest so especially structures and all for structures related to the forest protection later the forest procession and residential unit up to 250 square meters it is allowed as a relaxation it will be allowed so these are the some of the major changes they are doing in the forest conservation so rules so that they want to you know they want to ease that forest land diverting for non-forest purpose if it is needed for development activity or not so what are the criticism major criticism so there is only one criticism once this particular rules was brought the national commission of tribal affairs they have sent a notice to a ministry of environment stating that it is diluting the forest right act so it is violating the forest right act because no need of no consent from Gramshaba but anyway they said that the particular commission on tribal affairs says that so the recognition of right actually should happen before stage one at least after stage two at least you should have but it's completely removing the provision so for that the ministry of environment says anyway if you take a land anyway the land is taken or any project is cleared after the land acquisition so even in the forest right act or you take Indian forest act so in that if a land is taken most of the time say they will appoint a settlement officer for a settlement officer climbs and all they will do it after that only they go for clearance and all so they say that it is not going to impact this forest right act so this particular forest conservation act or the particular the forest right act it is something a parallel process so it's not going to affect it anyway we are going to pay the compensation if a land is just like that we are not going to take a land we are going to take a land by paying the compensation so why unnecessary need of concern for the Gramshaba so that is their stand we are going to pay a compensation we are going to take the land so that and all is going to be done after that only we are going for a clearance and all so in this way so why there should be a need for Gramshaba so that is a argument that has been put by the ministry of environment so that is a one criticism that has happened so local people participation seems to be negated in this particular forest conservation rules okay that is one the next is this year we brought a forest conservation amendment bill so in the FC act itself we are being an amendment so what are the major I'm sorry major amendment is they want certain activities so the same way forest land when it is diameter for non-forest purpose we want some of the we want the concern from the central government so here the central government wants to do relaxation for certain projects certain project they don't want the clearance from the central government so what are the different types of project we will directly go for the type of project which has been given so the one is ecotourism so relaxation has been given to ecotourism the second is zoos and safaris the third one is selvi cultural selvi cultural activity for that is forest development activities and all and if you want to bring any land situated suppose land situated 100 kilometer along international borders because sometime there is a possibility that they can give you some list they can ask you under the forest conservation amendment bill which are all exempted so for the purpose of national security if it is a land situated 100 kilometer along the international border so directly it can take no need for prior approval from the central government and also security related infrastructures security related infrastructures even defense related defense related and public utility project obviously central government that is proposed by anything central government brings public utility project and also when come to the sorry infrastructure project rail line rail line or any sort of a public road but the condition is it should be less than one hectare of land because rail line and all you're not going to take a very big land so if it is less than one point one hectare of land so for this and all so exemption has been given so no need for a permission prior approval is not needed so main idea is especially for the defense related projects and especially infrastructure projects and all the government related project is getting delayed because of the clearance because it has to come to the from state government to start to come to the central government so it has to come to the ministry of environment that's a come there is a section so it will take more time so they don't want a delay in this project so this project has to move smooth so for that reason they brought this amendment bill anyway so the only concern is so sometime there is a possibility of exploitation in the ecotourism even some of the forest under government record will also get exploited so that is also another concern we have in this forest amendment bill conservation act amendment okay so the next one is community forest right so community forest right it comes under the section three of the forest right act that is a schedule tribes and the traditional dollars recognition of rights act so here we are exclusively organizing rights if you take a forest right act so we have four types of rights they have the one is the ownership right we have a use right that is they can take minor forest produce and all they have a relief right by chance you are taking their land you can you have to pay a compensation and then forest management right so i can say that the fourth right is something forest management right it comes under that that that is what in the form of a cfr community forest right so what is the major news is so here the first state to give a community forest right under the section three is udisha shimli park in the shimli park they have given it the next one comes the chattisgarh in the chattisgarh kang there is a national park kangar gati national park the kangar gati national park is a second protected area chattisgarh has got the community forest right so what is the provision so first thing it's a it is a normally a forest land that has been traditionally protected by the tribal people or community people so that is something that type of randomly we provide a community forest right the main thing is it can the very important is it can be any type of a land so whether it can be a national park reserve forest tiger reserve does not matter you have to provide the right community forest right will be applicable there so no restriction so whether if it is a national park or wildlife century no there is no restriction at all any land can be any forest land reserve forest whichever forest it can be brought okay now once the community forest right is given so they can have a rights on the non-timber forest produce and all they can ensure the sustainable livelihood and more important is the gram shaba will have more power so that is the ownership of the forest land will go to the gram shaba instead of the forest department so that is a very important provision so controlling it and all management of the creating a management plan so how to formulate rules everything will be done by the community so that means it allows the community to formulate the rules and regulation and the gram shaba will become the nodal body so that is very important norm shaba will become the nodal body for the for the management of the particular forest and one important thing is the gram shaba what they can do is they can also adopt some of the local traditional practices for the conservation that is something called traditional knowledge we call it as so they are they are living with the forest for a long period of time so they were in harmony with the forest the tribal people are traditional the layer so they can use the traditional method they can also use the traditional knowledge for the conservation and management of that particular forest so that is a aim of the community forest resource right so cfr so we can also call it as a cfr order so first one was the Udisha the second is the Thangirgati Chattisgarh the next there was a news about the eco sensitive zone so according to the wildlife action plan so the ministry of environment has stipulated that every state government they have to declare 10 kilometer surrounding a national park or wildlife sanctuary as a ecological sensitive zone under the environment protection act of 1986 so basically this is uh based on the supreme court judgment some few years back so supreme court told that if you have a national park or wildlife sanctuary 10 kilometer you have to minimum 10 kilometer you try to declare suppose if it is a very economy sorry if it's a ecologically very fragile zone the central government can also declare more than 10 kilometer also but possibly 10 kilometer you have to declare so once you declare as a ecological sensitive zone so here what are the activities will be prohibited what are the activities are permitted or regulated prohibited some of the major commercial mining and all is completely prohibited even saw mills and all the industry anything causes pollution will be prohibited so for a pollution the sense air pollution water pollution or noise pollution and major hydroelectricity projects also will be prohibited and also commercial use of the wood exploitation is also prohibited so these are all prohibited what and all regulated is filling of tree cutting of tree so here the forest department will control so how much trees to be cut so filling of trees will be regulated they will allow some hotels and resorts and all for developing tourism for local income local people development so that will be regulated natural water commercial use will be regulated and apart from that certain electric cables some of the basic infrastructures and all widening of loads even for some changes in agriculture and all that and all they will regulate it and what they will permit it so permitted activity so any ongoing agriculture activity horticulture activity that will be sorry permitted rainwater harvesting organic farming and the use of renewable energy sources and adoption of any green technology that and all will be permitted if you declare as a ecological sensitive zone so here why we need to create it basically we are trying to control the man-animal conflict that's a major one so here we want to minimize the impact of development activity so that is the first thing second is we want to better improve the inside to conservation because natural park wildlife sanctuary tiger reserve so all are some sort of an inside to conservation so you have a buffer zone it's going to be like a shock observer zone by that way better the particular zone will be conserved and at the same time forest depletion also is conserved and more important is it's going to be a smooth transition so you have a national park or wildlife sanctuary nearby you have a village or you have a town so you can see a huge human activity a completely secluded forest so it will be going to be nearby so when you have a forest region where you have a buffer zone so the transition between the risky to the low risky so urban area or sorry any sort of a town is a risky area so that risky to low risky the transition also is going to be smooth for that reason only they brought it that is what the supreme court has brought this particular gave a judgment related to the ecological sensitive zone now what is the issue we had last year i hope you know that kerala more than 10 protected area in the kerala they are not able to create a ecological sensitive zone because according to the the ministry rules or even to the supreme court judgment 10 kilometer at least 10 kilometer you have to create a ecological sensitive zone like a buffer zone or shock observe zone but it seems that in kerala many protected area 10 kilometer they are not able to give it so what the kerala the kerala government is justifying us the kerala the remote sensing environment center says that approximately 29 percentage or 30 percent of the kerala the state comes and falls in the ecological sensitive zone so that is very difficult where you have a lot of residential building commercial buildings and all and almost it is reported that more than 115 villages with a lot of tribal settlement more than 83 to 80 to 85 tribal settlement falls in the ecological sensitive zone so such a massive displacement of people so definitely it will create more trouble in the state second is copying such a compensation also will have more burden for the state government and also the state government says that as for the 2011 census if you see the number of people it is going to be 860 people per square kilometer so if you see population wise so that means it is twice the population density in the country the population density is also more so in that sense creating such a 10 kilometer of ecological sensitive zone where more people are there where to shift the people shift such a huge amount of people is also very very difficult so that is the reason at one point of time supreme court told that just give one kilometer even for that one kilometer also they say that it is not possible for that itself we have to you know vacate many number of people so where it is not possible lot of chaos will happen compensation paying compensation resettlement rehabilitation appointing a settlement officer doing the activity itself becomes very very difficult so that's the reason the issue is going with the ecological sensitive zone the protest is going happening in the kerala regarding the ecological sensitive zone okay the next we will come to the next forestry so here we have one of a very important forestry congress that is last year it is a 15th world forestry congress that happened in the seoul so it's called seoul declaration so here more than 141 countries have participated so this world forestry congress it was mostly it is it is done in the auspice of united nation fevo food and agriculture organization so normally it happens for every six year once every six year once because it's one of a very important congress and one of the important report there is a report called state of world forest report so last year the 2022 state of world forest report was released okay so what in this declaration first we first we will see what has happened to this declaration then we will see what is the report says we will see only the major key finding of the report so in the forest congress all the countries first they discuss about the investment in the forest so they they are planning to they say they they took a resolution that we have to triple the investment in the forest then only there is something a green investment we have to do so improve in the forest cover or better sustainable use of forest so by that way we will be able to reach many target for example in the convention in the CBD convention we have 13 to 30 so if you want to reach the target even if you want to mitigate the climate change even land degradation so we have one bone convention so there are also 350 million acres of deforested land we have to we have to restore it so if you want to achieve all this target at least we have to even for climate change mitigation and all we have to increase the investment into three times in the forest forest and the landscape for the restoration that is number one number two the congress also decided to move towards circular bio economy so circular economy you know that it is something we have to you know reuse and recycle it so ensure that the reuse and recycle happens in a cyclic manner it should not happen in a linear manner so it's called circular bio economy and also to achieve the climate neutrality because that is one of the biggest threat for the forest resources and the third one is we have to make a healthy forest because many pandemics are connected to the forest forest and forest loss so in future this seoul declaration this world forestry congress says that food and agriculture organization says that more pandemic is going to happen because of the forest loss so controlling the pandemic controlling the forest loss and improving the forest will reduce the pandemic so these are the major one in related to the forest and also human health so for this so two sort of a plan initiative they brought the one is called affirm so affirm is nothing but it is a risk management plan so what is the risk management plan is it is something we can take example from other countries see every country has a has their own forest management i'm right so some countries they do better management so two things when you want to improve the forest when you want to manage a forest protect the forest so you have to invest more money either investment in form of money or investment in form of ideas so two things are there so some countries even without investing more money through ideas through better practices they can also they also conserve so the affirm initiative is all about what we need to do is we need to bring all the ideas together and also so that when you bring all the ideas by that way we can understand what are all the risk associated with the forest and how to improve the forest so that is something called affirm that's called assuring the future of forest with integrated risk management that is number one number two is about safe initiative so what is the safe initiative sustaining on abundance of forest ecosystem sometimes they can ask you in one word safe initiative is related to what so world bank FAO so just keep in mind affirm safe initiative is nothing but to increase the capacity building so as of now investment in forest today under the climate change one of the biggest investment is going to come through the red plus program so you know the red and red plus program so through the red plus program we have to further develop the red plus program and we have to increase the capacity building of the red plus program red plus program is nothing but the rich country is funding the developing country and poor country to conserve the forest so here we are predicting in the near future another 20 30 years of time there are going to be a big carbon market because of the forest so they are going to the rich country is going to give many billion dollars we are expecting many billion dollars or million of euros will be moving from rich country to developing country or poor country to conserve the forest because as of now for every five second a football ground size of a forest is being cut tropical forest is cut so when the forest is cut a lot of carbon dioxide trapped carbon dioxide from the soil is emitted at the same time carbon sequestration is also controlled so the only way is to stop the cutting of forest so that for that the rich country is transferring money to the developing country or poor country to stop the cutting of the forest so that is something called red initiative so here under the safe initiative they want to improve the capacity of red plus so that better forest conservation can happen this is a two important sort of initiative they have taken now come to the report so what the report says we will see only the key finding of the reports see this report is very essential because in the last conference of party 26 the countries have in the Glasgow that is conference of party 26 of year of Tbilisi in the Glasgow they have taken a Glasgow leaders declaration on forest and land use more than 140 countries have pledged that by 2030 they will completely eliminate forest loss they will stop deforestation but India didn't sign this particular thing because we feel that this declaration is something connecting to trade so anything connecting to trade we don't want climate change and trade to come together trade means we want only we want that to be discussed only in the world trade organization so anything connecting trade and climate change we don't want because of climate change where trade is affected so our economy will get affected so in that sense only we didn't sign this certain declaration even during the Glasgow also there is a fact dialogue that also we didn't sign so here globally many 140 countries have signed this Glasgow declaration so the state of forest world forest report is something very important for the Glasgow leaders declaration so in what way is first thing this report is published by annually and this is one of the most important report for forest it's the most important I can say stock take on the forest ecosystem so what this report says finding alone we will directly see so first thing is key finding it seems that between 1990 to 2020 so in a 20 years period that's a key crucial period where a lot of development took place you know that after 1991 and all India LPG liberalization program and all many countries liberalization all happened so in this period more than 420 million hectares of forest land has been deforested but actually what we have is only 4.06 billion forest land this is the hectare of forest land we have but in this 20 years of period we can see 420 million hectares of land we have lost so just you can imagine there is second is the rate of deforestation so whether it is increasing or declining between 2015 you know that from 2015 Paris agreement and all came so anyway the consciousness from 2010-15 onwards deforestation rate has declined so the rate of deforestation it is declining okay but we have lost more than 10 million hectare of forest every year between 2015 to 2020 so comparing with previous previous period anyway the deforestation rate is declining but every year we are at least losing 10 million hectare the second is it is projected that this report projects between 2015 that is 2016 to 2015 we may lose anywhere around 289 million hectare of forest so you see that 289 despite of taking many measures because under the Paris agreement we are bringing many red plus program we have taken a Glasgow declaration and all despite of that it is predicted that 289 or 290 million hectares of forest forest cover or forest will be deforested between 2016 to 2015 especially in the tropical country alone that is what he's they say within the tropical country alone we are going to that itself will result in 169 gigawatt ton of carbon dioxide emission suppose if you don't take action so that is another one and the last one important thing is infectious disease it seems that if you take a infectious disease 250 infectious disease we have approximately emerging infectious disease related to forest 15 sorry infectious disease we have in that 15% of the emerging diseases comes or linked with forest so especially COVID-19 and all COVID-19 or drug resistant infections even Zika virus and anything that is reported from 1960s some or other way we can attribute to deforestation and land use so that is what the world report says forest report says so they say that we have to control the forest that is we have to control the deforestation so that is a key finding of this report the another one it's connected to poverty so that is one and next one is very important GDP dependence so how much percentage of GDP is dependent to forest so forest in general they don't say in terms of forest they say that at least 50% of the world GDP 50% of the world GDP some or other way it is tied up with ecosystem services so we have four different types of services i'm right provisioning services the regulating services supporting services and cultural services so if you calculate more than 50% is directly or indirectly dependent on the ecosystem services so in that forest plays a very important role so that is what this report says these are the key finding at least the key finding alone you can have a look at it okay now we will come to some ocean and water so ocean and water there are many many reports and all was there but some of the important report alone we will take it the first one is the UN United Nation Ocean Conference 2022 that has happened last year so this conference is a conference related to ocean ecosystem it was co-hosted by government of Kenya and Portugal it is co-hosted by government of Kenya and Portugal from the Indian side the Ministry of Science Ed Sciences has led the delegation so in this conference India the Science and Technology Ministry has given a provider as promised that we will provide science and innovation based to solution especially for the you know marine marine related technology related to ocean exploration and all so that type of technology the Ministry of Ed Sciences the Ministry of Ed Sciences has given a commitment so anyway this ocean conference is in line with our sustainable development goal because we're all working for SDG 2030 am i right 17th sustainable development goal so in this if you take SDG 14 life below water life below water that's a SDG 14 so it's nothing but related to the marine technology and marine and ocean marine diversity so this conference is directly related to the SDG 14 okay now we will see what is the key discussion that has happened the first thing they acknowledge the triple threat of climate change so to the ocean see climate change how it is impacting the ocean if you see when the temperature increases first thing the ocean becomes very warm you know the ocean temperature changes the marine biodiversity pattern is also changing the second is when the thermal pollution is increasing then the temperature is increasing the dissolved oxygen level will reduce am i right so the devol level reduces so it's a second threat the third one is when the carbon when the carbon dioxide increases you know that most of the carbon dioxide is absorbed by the ocean 70 75 percent is the ocean so by that way the ocean acidification also also happening it is becoming more acidic so this is what triple threat so warming carbon dioxide increase ocean acidification and the third one is about the oxygen level is reducing so what is the consequence you know that when the warming happens the water expands sea level rise happens second is when the carbon dioxide goes and dissolves it will acidity increases coral bleaching is happening and the temperature increases acidity changes you can see the algae pattern will change some of the phytoplankton some bad diatom bad dinoflagellate will flourish so that will result in harmful algae bloom red tides and all so that's another problem when the oxygen level reduces you know many marine biodiversity will decline their habitat is lost diversity biodiversity loss is happening and at the same time the fishery resources is also getting declined so first thing they acknowledge the triple threat of the climate change because that is a very important one okay what are the outcomes so what they decided anyway they just it's not a very legal binding they took some resolutions so first thing they decided to have a moratorium on the deep sea mining because you know for the electronic industry lot of rare earth minerals are needed so for the deep sea exploration is going on first and foremost that deep sea mining do a more damage to the ocean ecosystem so they want to put a moratorium second is they want to improve the ocean or the coastal ecosystem for carbon sequestration so it's nothing but a blue carbon so you know that mangroves if you take a mangrove promoting mangrove is one important aspect because mangrove soil contains two to three times more carbon than the tropical forest because the soil organic carbon in mangrove is very high the second one you take a seagrass bed so today they say that for a climate change mitigation seagrass bed coastal ecosystem plays a very important role because seagrass capture 35 times more carbon dioxide than the tropical rainforest so in that way even promoting the coral beds so if you take a any coastal ecosystem marine coastal ecosystem that is something a very good carbon sequestration at the same time it also improves the biodiversity so that is number one then blue deal it is nothing but sustainable exploitation anyway so without economy we cannot survive so anything you conserve should have some sort of a sustainable exploitation so in this they call it as a blue deal so what is a blue deal is we have to use the ocean resource for economic growth especially sustainable way so in that way trade investments and all okay for a resilient ocean economy you have to do it and then there was also talk on the high seas anyway we will see a one separate topic on high seas see today the high seas is not regulated anyway right now we have one agreement one sort of a legal binding is going to come bb and j we will see now under the UN clause so some talk on the unregulated high seas because there is no comprehensive framework legal framework we have the high seas that's the discussion went on the last one is they want to they also discuss about the triple threat of the ocean they want to control their ocean pollution apart from that very important pollution is a plastic pollution apart from general pollution or global warming marine acidification and all plastic pollution lot of plastic waste because by 2050 a billion tons of plastics is going to be from the ocean and at the same time micro plastic so that's a second concern we have so that also they had a discussion so that's one confidence related to the thing okay now the next one is UN treaty on high seas once again UN treaty on high seas okay so first thing what is territorial water so if we take a country every country will have a exclusive economic zone that is their territorial water for example from the country land uh anywhere around 200 nautical mile so approximately 370 kilometer from the coastline it is considered as a territorial waters so they have a complete jurisdiction on the living and the non-living resources so beyond that we call it as a high sea so here no country is responsible for the protection and management of the high seas so in this line in around 1958 there was a Geneva convention on high seas so in that they said that it is not included in the territorial water so that is what it said but a concrete resolution was not there and then 1982 we have a UN clause so I hope you'd have heard about the united nation convention on law of sea so that was asserted so even in that so basically they talk about high seas but there is no clear or comprehensive legal framework for high seas so there is no so it is not it's something global common it's not directly related to anyone so no one will have a control or any sort of a uh uh legal authority over the high sea but the concern is climate change now when the climate change global warming when it is increasing so in that time the marine biodiversity is affecting high seas is getting affected so that is the reason today definitely we need to have some sort of control on the high sea second thing they want to exploit the resource that is also another important thing because high seas has got more than 70 percent or 60 65 percent of land it comes to the soil the surface area comes out of the high sea so that is the reason they want so in 2015 in the united nation general assembly okay they have developed they have they have planned to develop a legal instrument for the high seas under the UN clause so for that they created one IGC intergovernmental conference so to create a legal instrument on the high seas it is something they created one uh talk so agreement agreement is done but it's not fully completed it is something called biodiversity of area beyond national jurisdiction that is called BBNJ so that is beyond the territorial water diversity whatever we have so that we need to bring some sort of a legal agreement that IGC intergovernmental conference in the talk only this marine biodiversity of area beyond national jurisdiction BBNJ it was created so recently in the New York the discussion took place the treaty is yet to formally adopt so the members are but it's a legal binding treaty the members are yet to ratify it so once it is ratified it's going to be a the BBNJ is going to be a legal binding treaty under the UN clause so okay why high seas so first thing more than 60 as I told you know 60 percent of the ocean area so it is a no one's land no man's land so it is something off of the earth surface area so where you have a huge diversity resources so right now it is not under the control of anyone so we don't want anyone to take a direct control of it and also more than 2.11 lakh species are in the high seas and it's very important for the planetary regulation basically and at the same time there is a biggest ocean wealth we have so in terms of raw material genetic medicinal resources so in all the aspects you have different types of ecosystem services is done by the high seas so that's the reason we want the BBNJ a legal binding treaty to come so okay what the suppose if this legal binding is ratified so what and all the basic provisions you will find what are key features you will find the first thing is access and benefit sharing so here they will form a committee access and benefit sharing committee so now the committee will decide how the benefits or how the access should be given to a country to exploit the resources to maintain it at the same time how the benefit will be shared to everyone so here no single country can have exclusive right so through them through the committee only the access will be given and the benefit sharing agreement also will be done based on that so and most of the time we have to ensure that whatever the country do activity in the high sea it should be peaceful related activity so that committee will ensure that is number one number two environment impact assessment suppose a country any country is doing some sort of activity on a high sea any exploitation or anything they have before the activity they start they have to conduct a EIA sort of an environment impact assessment so like the same thing like a screening scoping and all should be done and they have to prepare like a environment management plan so how it is going to likely affect how the preservation will be done so that and all should be assessed or that should be done that's a sort of a EIA should be conducted then suppose if the particular region is comes near as any indigenous people so here the resource sharing to the indigenous community should happen sometimes it can be island or whichever it may be so that marine resources so the state whichever the state is exploiting they have to equitably share with the genetic resources or something to the local community that also we have to ensure so no state can claim jurisdiction and all then the next one we will be having a clearing clearing house mechanism so the clearing house mechanism is nothing but so if anyone want to do a research or something so first thing they have to come through a clearing house mechanism so they are the one who gives approval and other thing and at the same time they will create a fund so under this they will create a conference of party and all so in that funding will be done so that how the funding will be used for the conservation of that high sea and also sustainable sustainable exploitation of the high seas so this will also support our 30 by 30 target the CVD convention card 30 by 30 target also it will support it so because it's also because 30 percent of the ocean should be covered because already we have one submit called one planet submit and we had a one ocean submit so in that itself we desired 30 by 30 30 percent of the land and 30 percent of the ocean should be conserved by 2030 so this UN treaty on high seas will also be in line with the the older one planet submit or one ocean submit you can see that high ambition coalition so india also joined this so first thing for this some of the developed country because you know that during the covid period and all we couldn't take any action so at 2022 that is last year fuburavari itself there was one one ocean submit was happened so that time itself some of the rich countries has proposed one coalition that is called high ambition coalition on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction bb and j so to principally they want the countries to come and accept it so that later point of time we can bring as a legal binding under the UN clause so one ocean submit so in that time itself india has gave a proposal india has accepted that high ambition coalition and we have joined that high ambition coalition okay for the day so these are the something good so we'll just we'll have just a five minutes of a break and then we'll go to the next water conference just two to three minutes okay we'll start so related to water so we have two reports so two are very important report one is by the united nation and one of the another by the united nation organization that is wm so first thing is united nation 2023 water conference so it happened recently in the march month of march so this is a it's a conference that has happened after 46 years they brought this conference it was co-hosted in newark only it happened it was co-hosted by the government of tajiristan and netherland so the first conference it was supposed that this is the last you cannot say it's first conference the last conference has happened in 1977 in argentina so the time in 1977 they took a global action plan so related to water for safe drinking of water for everyone because every year we are getting one question or sometime one question related to water ground water something we'll get it so so 1977 after that so now in 2023 we created this we have brought this conference so what is the reason for it the reason is we got a report that is something called sort of a report water for sustainable development 2018 to 2028 a un-based report it came in that report it was told that the united nation the united nation realized that recognize that the countries are not doing much effort or not taking much effort to meet water related demands that is nothing but sustainable development goal 6 so it's related to water it is something you know it is a water for drinking water for everyone so regarding the clean water and sanitation for everyone by 2030 for that the countries are not working so if you go by it so definitely clean water and sanitation for everyone by 2030 cannot be achieved so that is the reason they brought this particular conference again so here the conference team is our watershed moment uniting the world for water so that is a thing so again it is to support the 2030 agenda at least we have to take some drastic action from 2023 to the next 2030 to achieve our sustainable development goal 6 anyway here we have brought water action agenda so sometimes we can ask you water action agendas related to water it is related to un conference 2023 anyway no legal binding commitment for it okay so what and all the decisions they have taken so somehow the major decision alone we can see so first is they have taken a water action agenda so this water action agenda is a little large one so more than 713 voluntary commitment came from many governments philanthropic government philanthropic NGOs corporation corporates and all so more than 713 different organization have come together and created this water action agenda so under this first one they said they will support technology because today we have a special innovation or probably specific innovation in wastewater management treatment solar treatment of water so those technologies and all is not accessible it's a present in some of the rich country in some developing country but it is not accessible to the remote area and poor country so in terms of technology they will try to share that is number one number two so the world meteorological organization has committed that they will try to give some cost effective datas and modeling for especially through sensors or through satellites for data analysis of water so that where the water is more where the water is less water related management for that we need to do some data collection for that the WMO has given a commitment to provide a sort of a data as a model the third one is the UNESCO has developed on platform W12 plus blueprint this platform it is something you know to provide some of the case studies of various cities you know that many cities have done better water management and water conservation so those ideas and all will be put under this platform so that any cities or any government can take the idea from this platform for their water management that's the third one the fourth one is to have a capacity building for the water management specifically water for women fund so that's the fourth one they have established so this is a one this is a major outcome we can say apart from this lot of initiative was taken that is many governments I think you can just have a glance of it no need to see it because many government has given a commitment during this conference for example USA has announced a commitment of 49 billion dollar for climate resilient water and sanitation infrastructure even you can see the country Japan has announced for a quality infrastructures so later to quality infrastructure later to water especially in the Asian Pacific region so Vietnam has pledged for cleaning of major river basins even African Union also pledged that we will mobilize around 30 billion dollar by 2030 so like that European Union has given a commitment so many initiatives was taken but what is more important in this conference is this conference water action agenda so that is three things the WMO data and modeling technological sharing and the W plus 12 blueprint platform these are the major initiatives or major decision was taken in this so that is one number two is there is another small report from world meteorological organization that is called state of global water resource 2021 so this is a first report annual report this report is about the freshwater resources so what the world meteorological organization says is or the report says the reports focuses on three area if you take a freshwater you know that one it will be in the stream the river system number two the terrestrial water storage like lakes dams and all the third one is the cryosphere the frozen one so these are the three areas where you have water so what they say about this three area the major finding is we are first and foremost thing in the all the three area the water is reducing so the water management is poor and second thing the word meteorological organization says it if you see from 2000 approximately 2001 to 2018 if you take what are all the natural disasters happened in the world most of the natural disaster more than 74 percent of the natural disaster is water related and the report very important is they say that approximately 3.6 billion people so today we have 8 billion people in the 3.6 approximately 50 percent of the people at least one month they have inadequate access to water and it is going to increase by 5 billion by 2050 so when you reach 2050 the population may also increase so you can assume that more than 50 percent of the population will have a inadequate access to water and also they told that because in the 2011 so comparatively drier than normal condition was very high because of the climate change and the learn in effect because the precipitation pattern and all has changed it so this is a major finding so specific to India what they told us the Indus-Gangetic Brahmaputra so that belt is suffering a lot so you can see that there is a more evidences to show that because of climate change global warming the Indo-Gangetic plane is struggling a lot it can you can start from the Indus even from the east Pakistan to the northern India to southern Nepal to the whole of Bangladesh so there is a more impact on the water source because of global warming so what is the finding is because of the glacial melt the water flow has increased but the total water storage in the region has declined so even though you can see that the gaseous are melting so the water flow should be increased yes the water flow is increasing doesn't mean that the water flow increase has result in good water storage no so that is poor basin management so water storage is declined despite of glacial melt and increase so this is going to have an extremely worrying effort of the IGP because the IGP itself has nearly half a billion people across the four countries so more population was residing in that belt so the belt is a very very uh belt which is suffering a lot so related to the water resource that is a very key point in this report okay then we have some short news related to related to aquatic ecosystem and biodiversity shallow water mining so what is the shallow water mining is so any mining that takes uh in a depth less than 200 meters we called as a shallow mining see generally they consider the shallow mining water mining is something uh less destructive than terrestrial and also they consider this as a low cost and low cost low cost or low risk so right now it is underway in the Norway sorry Namibia Indonesia and also some new projects in New Zealand Sweden Mexico and all is going on but in reality in a shallow water mining you will be removing large amount of sediments so you know that sediments and all because of the erosion process sediment comes so it takes a many years thousand of thousand of years to come a sediment to come and form where the benthic zone is created with a lot of organism so when you disturb it many microbes and many benthic organism marine organism is getting affected and at the same time that is also resulting in spread of seabed material so when the seabed material increases sometime you can see the water will get more polluted and at the same time the marine environment is also affected so they consider it is not safe but generally people consider it as a very comparatively safe than the terrestrial mining and some of the species that was repeatedly coming in the news so one is about the red year slider turtle so you can see the near the year it is red it's called a slider turtle so India if you take we have 29 freshwater turtle and tortoise species so if you take in the global level 365 350s turtles are there so in anyway worldwide 80% of them are threatened so in India also threatened this is a invasive it's a non-native so basically it is a native of South America that is southeastern USA and Mexico so as a pet and all they have been brought but once when they keep it as a pet as a small they will keep it when it becomes larger generally people go and put in a lake or any other thing since it's an invasive it will do more damage most of the time if you see this habitat they can survive in the estuaries and coastal waters even in a brackish water they can survive even it can tolerate a difference in water quality even high pollutant level effluent also they can tolerate it's primarily aquatic but sometime it comes and bask on the land that is in the rocks and blocks so today it's in the least concern but now more numbers are increasing it is damaging the aquatic ecosystem okay then come to the marine protected area so India extended support so already in Antarctica marine protected area in Antarctica in Antarctica we have two protected area the one is the south Orkney island and the Rose sea there's a two one we have so apart from this some of the rich countries has proposed for another two marine protected area east Antarctica and Vettel sea so India has supported it so designating as a marine in 2021 and we have supported it okay most of the time the marine protected area generally we will not allow much activity first thing the discharge of waste will be completely controlled and prohibited and most of the time we'll close the commercial fishing so the european union has proposed this two region to be brought as a marine protected area so India has supported it okay dead zone so again it's coming in the news you know that in the process of eutrophication when more nutrients are entering into an any aquatic body whether it's a lake or whether it's a ocean so you can see after some point of time the biological oxygen demand decreases because algae died they go to the bottom DOD decreases sorry BOD Inc sorry BOD increases and the DO level decreases and after some point of time when the oxygen level is not there we call it as a dead zone it's also called as hypoxia reduced level of oxygen so the largest to dead zone so it is now in arabian sea so which is covering in terms of 63,700 square mile okay the second largest is gulf of mexico which is covering around 6000 so now the largest dead zone in the world lies in the arabian sea so already they asked on this eutrophication and dead zone okay then we have some turtle the one is the northern river terrapin it is called batakur baska so batakur kachuga we saw sites we have introduced batakur kachuga so another one batakur baska northern river terrapin so it is also in the critically endangered basically it's a reverend turtle native to southeast asia so today it has come to critically endangered so it's found in bangladesh india sundarbanskamporia and all so why it has come to critically endangered basically because of high exploitation so hunting poaching of x and poaching of poaching of the particular turtle for meat even for medicinal and oil property so this particular river terrapin northern river terrapin it's an omnivore has come to the critically endangered then there was a news about indian flap shell it came in pib so iucn status wise is vulnerable so it is in pakistan india shilanka napal and all most of the time it is found in the waters fresh waters of rivers streams lakes ponds irrigations and all so normally they prefer to be in the mud waters mud bottoms because of their tendency to borrow so right now the status is vulnerable so it's an omnivore so why this flap shell is very important conservation of flap shell is very important because they feed they they they reduce the pollution level in the aquatic body they have a very important role to produce the pollution in the aquatic ecosystem okay now come to the pollution so in the pollution some conventional part we have discussed about already we have discussed so here conventional part bs6 norms and c aqm commission on air quality management and the third one national clean air program so these are the three conventional part already we discussed in the class so there's three things you please advise it there are chances that this year they can ask on c aqm so anything now we will see in the pollution what are the current affairs that has come the first thing is national clean air program so here the original plan of this national clean air program see if you take ncap national clean air program barrage stage six and all we brought it after one report in 2019 2019 from who and ccac we got a report called air quality report in that report 20 they told so the india pollution is very worst so that is the reason we brought this barrage stage six and ncap so ncap idea original idea is to reduce at least 20 to 30 percent of particulate matter pm 2.5 and pm 10 by 2024 because actually original plan is 2019 to 2024 it's a fire plan original plan but actually originally we are planning for 25 years because such a program it is in china which is very successful which was which is a claim to be successful so that's the reason first we started with the fire national clean air program so to reduce at least 20 to 25 percent of sorry 20 to 30 percent of particulate matter 2.5 and particulate matter 10 in one 31 nonattentive cities so actually the numbers was changing so they said the numbers was earlier they told that 43 smart cities and one or two nonattentive cities then it came to 135 132 so news comes in 130 to 131 but the latest news what seems to be is 131 nonattentive city so what is that nonattentive city so these are the cities who failed to control their particulate matter that is n aqs the 12 pollutants especially particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide in the last five years so here we have done one small change so from 20 to 30 percent reduction the new target is 40 percent reduction by 2026 so earlier it is 20 to 30 percent reduction by 2024 now it is 40 percent reduction by 2026 okay so we have little extended it so that is updated one for 131 nonattentive city the second is there is a international day of clean air for blue skies so in the 74th session of UN General Assembly they adopted this in 2019 they adopted this international day of clean air for blue sky it is more of a awareness awareness collaboration and you know data sharing and all so this is to combine effort of all the UN members to you know to have a common framework for a common you know agenda for reducing the air pollution so here they host it so in this the Ministry of Environment has organized the third international day for clean air program sorry sorry clean air sorry international day of clean air for blue sky it's called swatch why you divorce so to raise awareness and all and to facilitate action to improve our quality under our NCAP itself so we are connecting to national clean air program so here in that what they told us out of 131 cities 20 city we have achieved the standards because these are the one the nonattentive cities are the one that 131 cities are the one that does not achieve the NAQA standard that is prescribed by the CPCB so here this 20 cities have achieved it through the national clean air program so the theme is air we share and they told that we have to so it is to highlight that importance of international collaboration cooperation and effective implementation because you pull it in one country another country to wear so all the country should have a equal policies and programs and implementation strategy to control the air pollution then only as a globally we can reduce we cannot one country cannot reduce it so that is a major idea of having this international day for clean air for blue skies then come to the report specific report so we got one report from UNEP annual frontiers report of 2022 last year because why this report is sometimes important is it's related it's a very controversial mention controversial we cannot say controversial report it's a controversial mentioning of a city moradabad in UP so here this report coming to the report they identify on three environmental issue the one is noise pollution urban noise pollution now it is a emerging pollution second is wildfires and also any phenological shift in the pollution so in terms of you know climate change pollution and all but here air pollution noise pollution is very important so in this we will directly come to the issue so what they told us the report compiles about the noise pollution deli jaypur kolkata asansol and moradabad so asansol in also in this Bengal so this four cities sorry five cities is mentioned in that particular report saying that the decibels 61 cities the decibel level noise pollution is more in this five cities it is more so what is the unusual thing as they told that the highest noise pollution in the city it is in Dhaka that is Bangladesh which is a value of decibels you know 70 to 75 is a prescribed level to have a better noise control so they told that in the Dhaka Bangladesh it is 119 in moradabad UP they told that the value goes up to 114 the second the nicest city in the world so noise pollution in the city mostly it is because of road traffic industry and high population density okay why it is becoming a very controversial is till now we didn't have any study to show that moradabad has this noise level because already we are monitoring noise and all but we don't have any such a data to show moradabad has got the highest noise level but in the world itself highest second highest noise level the reports as annual frontier report says that it is in moradabad so it seems to be little controversial so that in that way and normally noise since this report is a it has come in 2022 sometime there's a chance that noise pollution what are the problem it will create see normally first thing noise pollution will affect the sleep once the sleep is affected you can see the hormone regulation you can see important physiological process and all will change second does noise also directly connected there is traffic noise as a high risk factor for cardiac disease and also elevated blood pressure okay any sort of a heart disease and diabetes diabetes it's also linked to diabetes they say because of hormonal changes physiological changes and then you know it will create psychological stress so noise pollution how noise we control so here we had to be very careful that is in India we have an air pollution prevention and control act that is for it was created in 1880 1981 it is for air and noise so noise also generally get covered under the air pollution act but specifically we brought a noise regulation control rules 2000 so what they have done is so normal noise standards if you take a noise standards for motor vehicle air conditioner refrigerator diesel generator that is major things and all it is prescribed under the environmental protection act 1986 so because noise pollution is separately regulated under industry related noise keep in mind industry related noise alone comes under the air pollution and control of pollution okay general noise other major source of noise rules motor vehicle air conditioner refrigerant pollution sorry refrigerant noise diesel generator construction equipment noise and all directly come under the EP act it is not under the air pollution act okay the second one it's another small news about the underwater noise emission so a study has showed that the underwater noise emission is also increasing so here in Goa from the Goa from the 30 nautical miles from the Goa they have set up one hydrophone autonomous system so and they carried out a noise level so in that they found that the marine sound pollution is very high especially the underwater pollution is very high so most of the time the result the reason for the underwater pollution comes from the shipping activity military sonar oil and gas exploration decretion activity boating that and all because continuous shipping moment is one of the biggest reason for underwater noise pollution that's a major contributor so generally the sound pressure level underwater noise if you see it will be in the Indian waters it is anywhere around 102 to 115 decibels so the east coast has got slightly higher than the west coast so you can see some 20 points will be more in the eastern coast so eastern coast has got more noise comparing the eastern coast okay what is the problem with the under noise underwater noise emission so that is also major marine problem because it is also posing threat to some of the dolphins manatees some whales and certain dugongs and all because many animal under the marine so their reproduction or feeding foraging that and all is based on the sound so normally this sound will go and interrupt that sound that is something called masking most of the time the noise that come from the missionaries or from the ships or something that will go and overlap with the marine communication marine species communication so that is something called masking so by that way so all these factors like foraging reproduction everything is affected and also it will result in hearing ability behavioral changes so even in internal injuries and all also screaming so underwater marine noise pollution is also another new emerging threat we are finding sorry the next one is kuchi landfill site fire so landfill is a site you know that the waste material all the municipal sales place and all deposited and it is covered with the soil for a long term so we generally we do it so most of the time we will ensure that the landfill is separated from water groundwater surface water and all so that it is controlled that's what a landfill we call but why the landfill has got fire so first and foremost reason is unprocessed so in India we don't generally process the waste because if you say a municipal solid waste and all collection wise more than 18 90 percent is collected but processing happens only 30 to 40 percent so all the waste has been put together so since this unprocessed weight remains in a long landfill for a long period so that could be one source for it second is high calorific value because we are also using a lot of plastic plastic keep in mind it's a high calorific value plastic as even than the coal plastic as a high calorific value so generally if you take an Indian solid waste and all MSW 60 percent is biodegradable 25 percent is non biodegradable and 15 percent is something you know like silt and all so high calorific values material is also one of the reason and the hot weather so especially the hot weather dry it become inflavable the risk air increases so in the Kochi landfill what we found first thing we found a lot of air pollution so in that the more concern is particulate matter will come since improper combustion happens carbon monoxide level is also increasing and you can see sulphur dioxide nitrogen dioxide volatile organic compound and all will increase so that will result in you know respiratory diseases and it also creates smoke and during the monsoon it can also create a acid rain and apart from that the two important carcinogen that is dioxins and furon so it is also persistent organic pollutant it's a byproduct of it's a these we call it as an unintentional production that is when you burn a plastic in a low temperature this dioxins and furons also will come so it is a very serious pollutant so that also has come so it will immediately have a much more impact so sometimes they say that it is something equivalent to three cigarette packet smoking when you smoke that smog of this Kochi particular landfill second is groundwater also it will contaminate so don't think that is related to air pollution alone because this fire toxic chemicals and heavy metal that will leach into the groundwater ground and land so that soil contamination is also happening groundwater contamination is also happening the ecosystem aquatic and soil ecosystem is also getting affected and once the soil is getting affected plant will get affected okay and it will also have once a fire comes you know economic causes also that losses economic losses business losses so property some property is also it's lost that also happens okay and then deli pollution if you take so deli pollution main reason for deli pollution is lot of thermal power plant lot of brick industries bricklin industries and all and stubble burning so already we have discussed it again i won't discuss stubble burning is one of the major costs so all because of the air movement direction of the air movement and apart from that the winter time the temperature inversion cold water sink sorry cold air sinks so pollutants are getting trapped in the lower level and even some few months back two three months back and all why deli pollution was severe as wind movement is also poor when the wind movement is not wind movement is not good so stagnation of the pollutant is more so that creates more small than more sorry that creates more trouble in that okay then there is one report so this report is iq r report world air quality report so why it's a basically a swiss air quality technology company has brought it so why this report can be important is this report is first thing this report is based on data from 7200 cities from 131 country so it's a large study so they don't do any technical study most of the time they take the report they take the data from the countries and also they will take some data from the monitoring station that is operated by the government and other institution so based on that they compile and create a data so in this the key finding is out of that 131 cities india ranked eight in terms of pollutant especially pm 2.5 they closely monitor pm 2.5 the data itself is based on pm 2.5 because pm 2.5 is more dangerous so if you see that it seems the india pm 2.5 level is 53.3 okay grams micrograms of a milligram per meter cube but if you see the units what that is prescribed by the WHO is only five in delhi they have approximately it is 96 sorry 92 92.6 india average is 53 but the prescribed is five only the delhi is 92 comparing with last year it has reduced last year i think 2021 i think it was 96 it has reduced but still we are very very very very far away from the WHO so in that they mentioned about delhi actually they separated delhi new delhi so in that delhi seems to be the worst pollution state then comes the next emerging form of critical pollution so water pollution so it seems that nearing 50 percent or anywhere around 43 percent of the world river are contaminated with active form of cuticle that is medicine ingredient now it comes to another emerging pollution so definitely it will have a very disastrous consequence on the human health and so why in indian context is very important is they say that india is one of the world third largest producer of form of critical so it is anywhere around the 10 000 manufacturing unit form of critical manufacturing unit we have some more other way it is leaching into the water body so here hydra bat you know the hydra bat has the largest drug industries so more than 3 000 drug companies are there anywhere around 10 500 medicinal manufacturing units we have so most of the time how it comes it comes some people take consume this medicines men women children's and all consume this medicine you know through the excretion process it comes and also from the industry leaching so unused medicine we throw it sometime that goes landfill in turn comes to the water so it's all so how it impacts the ecosystem if you see the first and foremost thing if you take uh some of the pills especially estrogen estrogen related pills that is birth control pills birth control pills and all because when they took a sample of the water they found that estrogen level the birth because of the birth control pill medicines that content of the estrogen is very high comparatively very high in the water that is affecting the male that is creating a feminizing effect in the male fish so because of that male female fish ratio is changing that is one and also you know that post menopausal hormones and all we have so that medical medicines also is entering into the water body second is we are using you know a lot of antibiotic so we have a very huge population lot of antibiotic when this antibiotic finally when it you see summer where we take any antibiotic any sort of antibiotic excretion through urination it comes out so anyway it comes to the sewage so whether that antibiotic will be there so antibiotic when it is there automatically what it happens you see it inhibits the sewage bacteria because sewage bacteria is also very important am i right so organic matter decomposition that is getting affected that is the second one the disruption of sewage system the third one again it comes back to the drinking water because if you find the anything is excreted finally it has to come back to us so if you take a municipal sewage treatment facility or any water treatment facility it is not we don't have a very efficient treatment facility to remove this form of critical medicines so they cannot remove it so it will again come back to us in some form so which will have a serious health effect and also long term you know that it will definitely bio accumulate and bio magnify and especially antibiotics and all some form it goes inside multi resistant drugs so the bacteria whatever it's present it will create a infection so in India we find anywhere around 60 000 new born they die because of multi drug resistance so in future if you don't control the pharmacotical pollution they say that in future we will find more trouble with the pharmacotical pollution since India is one of the major drug producing industry the next one issue with the forever chemical it is the purr and poly fluoro alkali substance so it came in the news it's a it's also sometime called us forever because it stays in the air water soil for a long period of time so it's a man made chemical most of the time it is used in the non-stick cookware some stained resistant fabric cosmetic firefighting so in other products like grease water and all we are using it so they can easily migrate to soil water and doing the production and use and they will stay there for a long period of time so we have within this we have different types of p o f s the different types of purr and poly fluoro so some are classified in the some are classified as a p o p persistent organic pollutant so you know that p o p is very dangerous so it is a some are controlled especially p o p f o s is controlled under the stock home convention so mostly what they will do you know that always a persistent organic pollutant will have a very damaging effect so it affects the fertility developmental effect it will go and suppresses our hormones and you can see it will also change our cholesterol level and also some are cosmogen mutation it also increases the cancers so even a lower level exposure also will create more trouble so the united states and all they called it as a forever chemicals the next one is a biomass co-firing so in the last budget biomass pellet and all they gave a there's a budget they gave a impetus so here so we'll directly go to the issue so biomass co-firing so as a policy we want 5 to 7 percent of biomass should be used in the coal power plant so by that way at least 38 million tons of carbon dioxide will be reduced so this will help be helpful because when you're taking all the biomass when you when you use it as a co-firing most of the time the stubble burning and all will be controlled so that is in that way biomass can be helpful but we have some challenges so what are the challenges are basically we can we can say it's a cost effective method and all so it is a one movement towards decarbonizing low carbon strategies but the one thing is we have to change the existing coal power plant because the coal the same coal power plant the structures whatever you know the same structure we cannot use it we need to do some retrofitting and other changes in the plant then only it can be done so here we will directly go to the issues so what are the challenges you will find is it's good to mix coal and biomass but the problem is biomass has a high moisture content okay and also low energy comparatively so in that way you know the burning efficiency will reduce and also biomass storage is very difficult storage and transportation because immediately it will there are chances that it will catch fire and at the same time it will immediately it will accumulate moisture so storage and transportation is biggest challenge so converting into pellet transporting the pellet storage is really a challenge we have sometime we say that biomass cost whether it's a cost effective or something sometime what happens you see you're changing the coal power plant you're you're conserving the biomass because to maintain the biomass converting to pellet maintain the biomass itself storage at till you'll cost more so now finally if you see that cost and the petrol three coal burning cost sometime the biomass burning cost will increase so commercially viability some have a doubt but anyway biomass cofiring can be better so the problem always comes in the storage because during the storage also carbon monoxide can be released and at the same time in the storage accidents can happen that is fire can happen and also it will accumulate moisture also and at the same time once the moisture comes fungi microorganism will come so the question of long-term storage of pellet is very very difficult okay and definitely biomass comparatively carbon dioxide emission is less but particulate matter and sulphur dioxide and all it will emit so we cannot say that it will be completely clean so climate change related pollutant it can reduce but air pollutant will come okay now we'll go for the next section climate change so first we'll see the budget so what the budget says the budget says about India is moving towards the net neutrality am i right by 2030 so all the countries are planning for 2050 but we said that with our capability and with our capacity on financing and technology it is only possible by 2070 so already in the conference of party 2026 our prime minister has given a punch a bit change in the NDC so 2015 we gave the first NDC we have given a second NDC in the Glasgow in the last conference of party in that only we told the net zero that is the carbon neutrality we will reach only by 2070 so in that line so we have to work so for this what is that first thing our but our all our economic activity all our movement towards the climate change will be based on the prime minister principle of life so what is life lifestyle for environment so what is often we come come across this life so what is this life is it is nothing but lifestyle for environment we have to be we have to become an environment conscious citizen so under this they have under the life principle we have to adopt every common man every one of us has to adopt 75 lifestyle practices 75 lifestyle practices normally comes under the seven categories seven categories for example go for LED okay go for some of the thing I will tell you go for LED go for bamboos so go for bamboos even go for if you have any old books or something don't burn it donate it so that is one practices even TV remote TV after you see don't switch off with the remote go and switch off on the main switch so switch off the stabilizer so these are all some of the things okay go for drip irrigation and if you have any old electronic repair and reuse it so these are all the some of the sustainable practices so when when the people adopt it they call it as pro planet people when you adopt all those things we call it as a pro planet people because we cannot spend more money but see we country like India country like other countries and all we can we don't have much technology we don't have money so we cannot go by technology so we can change our life practices that is a concept of prime minister life so what is the ultimate goal idea under the life is so we have taken a commitment that at least it is to bring awareness and to bring a pro planet people or better lifestyle practices at least with 1 billion Indian people that is global global and Indian people between 2022 to 2027 between this at least we want to bring 1 billion people Indian and global both Indian and global to adapt this practices seven categories of 75 lifestyle practices okay and before 2028 we want to make within India 80 percent of the villages before 2028 80 percent of the villages even the local urban urban local we want to bring them as a pro planet people that is environment friendly practices it is a fire program so what we need to do is we need to change everything so here it is a even the government brings a as a policy so we have to see demand supply because the customer is a one who demands it now the customer has to change the lifestyle practices and supply the corporate has to change the distributor has to change so that is the reason they say it is a demand we have to work on the demand side we have to change the people we have to work on the supply side especially on the corporates corporates are the one who produce the product especially on the corporate distributors who are maybe in the supply chain at the same time government policy so we have to work on the three level to bring the 75 lifestyle practices this is what life so in the budget they told that our policy will be based on the conference of party 26 that is the Glasgow Conference of Prime Minister 26 environmental conscious lifestyle it is something green growth we will go for a green growth so under that they told that seven priorities will be given so what are the major one the prime minister sorry the finance minister has told us so we will focus first more on the green hydrogen mission so at least by 2030 five million metric ton of production of green hydrogen should come by that way because ultimately our objective is to carbon intensity we have to reduce so this green hydrogen can help us to reduce the carbon intensity that is one second is the prime minister sorry the finance minister has told about the green credit program so don't confuse with the green credit scheme 2020 we brought this green credit scheme that is totally different this is something called green credit program okay what is the green credit program say green credit program it is nothing but to reduce the carbon dioxide footprint so here under this the government is going to incentivize companies even a individual or even a sort of corporate or local body to add her practices lifestyle practice life practices under the environment protection act so if they if they try to reduce their low carbon and other thing so generally they will try to get a credit tip so for this they are planning for a viability gap funding and all so green credit program so it is to bring a behavioral change the third is they are focusing on mangroves misty scheme a budget is being focused on misty so this time this year mangroves they can ask question so we have to see about all the mangrove botanical features mangrove covering India and all so misty scheme it's a mangrove initiative for shoreline habitat and tangible income because we have come to know that mangrove plays a very important role in loss and damages second thing sustainable livelihood so it's now through the misty program so we will take up a lot of mangrove plantation so that is we go for a mangrove plantation along the coastline and salt plan and all wherever feasible wherever it is feasible and we'll try to converge Kampa and Naraga Naraga scheme so Kampa we have money you know Naraga scheme is something which is giving a you know for the 100 days of compulsory work so through the misty program we try to increase the mangrove cover so that no loss and damage it can reduce at the same time it's good good it's a blue economy is developed blue carbon is developed bio diversity is developed at the same time people livelihood is also main time so that's the reason the focus this budget is more on the mangrove the next one is about go bar down scheme so it is nothing but to create 500 you know waste energy that is nothing but bio compressed biogas plants so 10,000 crores they are going to invest so 200 compressed biogas plant they are going to provide so it's called galvanizing organic bio agro resource down scheme so here some exemption so for you know in order to cascade the taxes and all on the compressed natural gas some exception on excess duty GST and all will be done so that to promote so at least 5% you know compressed biogas mandate we have to bring so that's another one and there is another scheme for wetland Amrit Darohar so it is to include the local people in the wetland conservation because wetland is a very important ecosystem it's one of the high productive ecosystem so in the next three years we have to optimally utilize wetland conserve the wetland so that improve the carbon side because wetland soil has a very good carbon sequestration including wetland means it includes peatland and all today we are talking more about peatlands it's a very good important carbon sequestration carbon terrestrial sequestration it can give a lot of tourism opportunity ecosystem services at the same time it can also generate you know income for the local communities so this is another one so focus and also the last one is energy transition and storage projects so anyway we will see that here we are planning for battery energy storage systems with a capacity of 4000 mwh so which will be supported by the viability gap funding and to go for a net zero objective so all the budget objective is in line with the net zero 2017 now directly we'll come to the convention so convention part so you know that there is a one conference called stock home plus 50 anyway it is it does not gain much popularity so what is that stock home 50 the very first conference on environment is 1972 1972 1982 1992 yet summit only we have taken major vision 2002 2012 this is 2022 for last year so that is something actually it is supposed to be Rio plus 30 but they want to call it as stock home plus 50 so here the planet team the theme is healthy planet for prosperity for all so that is a planet team so responsibility and opportunity so what they have taken I think they have taken only general declaration so does not seems to be any specific declaration and all if you see last last conference 2012 it is called union conference on sustainable development so the time they took some declaration on green economy page and all partnership alliance that and all they asked it so like that this year does not seems to be any very specific so basically they spoke about sustainable development lifestyle practices circular economy they spoke about they spoke about partnership and developing fund for pro-planet people there has been it planet people prosperity they discussed more on zero pollution net zero and young people participation and finally collaboration of business especially for driving you know the striving the changes in the environment so the team alone I think you can keep in mind just you can have a look at it so much resolution was not taken then the next conference is about UNCCD conference of party 15 so that happened to the last year so it is a 15th conference of party that happened in West Africa so here you know that conference of party sorry the UNCCD is about land degradation and justification fight against reservation justification the agenda is about drought and land restoration so already we have one bone convention so 350 million hectare by 2030 so they're also working for 2030 so in this conference the team is land life legacy from scarcity to prosperity so what are the major thing they have taken is so they have taken more than 38 different types of decision so first thing is they created one working group called intergovernmental working group on drought for 2022 to 2024 two-year plan so in this it is based on one report drought in numbers in 2022 so that report has told that we are going for a more of a reactive approach for drought and drought mitigation drought mitigation drought management we have to go for a proactive approach so that is one the next very important is we have a plan of at least 1 billion hectare restoration of degraded land by 2030 so that is what the bone convention is different but as a UNCCD we have a plan for 1 billion hectare restoration but we are very slow on it so they said that at least in the rest of seven years of time we have to accelerate for 1 billion hectare of restoration of degraded land and then three key declaration they took one declaration that is something called abidjan for the long-term sustainability state and government long-term sustainability the third second one is on boosting equity in the successful land degradation gender equity sorry gender equity the third one is about the report global land outlook two so one is on the long-term environmental sustainability second is on the gender equality the third one is the on the direct on the the theme land life legacy that came from the global report that is the report come from the UNCCD that's global land outlook to report and then the next one they discuss about the green wall initiative if you see the green wall initiative only 18 percent of the project only has been achieved so just 18 million hectare restoration only has happened against the 100 million thing so we have to accelerate it for that green wall acceleration program they launched it so nothing much about so let us come to the last next one UNCCD sorry UN of Tbilisi evit conference party so in the class we have seen till glass go so we'll directly go to the issue what and all the major decision that has taken that was discussed or taken in the CUP 27 shamil shik the first one is loss and damage that's a key outcome so for almost for more than 20 to 30 years of time two to three decade we were fighting for loss and damage a fund for loss and damage so officially in 2013 in the UN of Tbilisi conference of party only they brought in Warsaw they brought a Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage so that time the rich country said that we acknowledge loss and damage okay but we will not provide any fund we will not give any commitment for funding for loss and damage that is what they told because already we have given a commitment in Paris agreement GCF green climate fund 100 billion dollar we have given a commitment so apart from that a separate financial commitment we cannot give it for loss and damage but that particular scenario was changed last Glasgow con in the Glasgow conference they brought a Santiago the Joe Biden has brought a Santiago network to work out on loss and damage now in the Egypt conference of party only they accepted for a fund for loss and damage we will provide a fund but anyway they told that a fund will be created but how much money will come how the agreement how the money operation will happen for what they are going to give money so that and all we do not know so we they have principally accepted there will be a fund for loss and damage so they are for that only they created a Santiago network for loss and damage last time itself this time they accepted for a fund but how the fund is going to come we do not know that's a second one that's a first one sorry the second one is on 1.5 degree Celsius so in the conference of last conference itself they agreed that even though the Paris agreement for 2 degree Celsius we have to work for 1.5 so in that we have to work towards 1.5 so for that every year we have to come and we have to you know discuss on discuss for the purpose of 1.5 so that is something called that is every year you come and discuss and you make a commitment that is something called ratchet mechanism ratchet mechanism is nothing but even though the Paris agreement says 2 degree Celsius is a target legal binding target but the countries have agreed that every year they will come they will make the commitment stronger towards 1.5 so that is something called ratchet mechanism so some countries have backed it many countries have not accepted it they said that they will not come for it they will not come for the commitment of 1.5 especially like Saudi and all that's a second one the third one coming to the fossil fuel so coming to the Glasgow itself Joe Biden told that phase out coal but that time we told phase down coal so this time when it came back so we said that so it was anyway accepted phase down was accepted principally but this time countries all the countries including India and all we said that we need to phase down all the fossil fuels not only focus on the coal but anyway so the debate happened but no decision was taken so principally they accepted rather than phase out we have to India and all standards only phase down okay then they spoke about low emission energy and all so in this the more discussion happened on the carbon capture utilization and storage carbon capture utilization and storage see there are two things one is carbon capture utilization carbon capture storage CCU CCUS so carbon capture storage means you are capturing the carbon like geosecustation capturing and storing in the ground something long term storage carbon capture utilization means you have to capture the carbon convert that into a us