So we are here at KubeCon and Cloud Native Con and we have with us today Tim Hopkins from Kubernetes.  What are you doing at KubeCon? What am I doing at KubeCon? I'm here to talk to people. You know, a big part of what I do in the community is work with developers and people who have ideas and people who have needs, users, and try to find ways to solve those needs. This is a great meeting point where everybody comes together where I can actually meet face-to-face with people, which is infinitely higher bandwidth than GitHub, and talk through problems and get details about what sort of issues they're facing, what their use cases are, and try to help, you know, ideate and come up with some solutions for them. And also to meet with developers and just say hi, thanks for all the work you're doing and, you know, socialize and build sort of team conradery because what we have is a worldwide team of thousands of people, which is sort of amazing. But you're involved with Kubernetes also of different levels, so can you just talk about that? I mean, I've been involved with Kubernetes sort of from the beginning. When we first had the idea to do Kubernetes in around 2013, I was working in Google's infrastructure teams and working on Borg, and we had this idea of like Borg for everyone else. Wouldn't it be neat if we could make a Borg product, but we didn't really know how to do it because the technology really wasn't there in the upstream kernels and weren't sure people were ready for it, we were going to adopt it, people were very into their VMs, which is something we just skipped over in Google, we never did VMs. But the more we talked about it, the more sort of passionate we got about this idea, we started writing some product ideas for it, and then Docker happened. And Docker took this idea of containers and it just planted a seed that really took root and lots of people all over the world started talking about Docker this and Docker that, and we said, how can we use this, right? How can we leverage this into taking the ideas that we want to push even further? And so some of the folks at Google and Google Cloud did a prototype of this thing that eventually became Kubernetes, and they took these ideas and they slapped it together and they put together a demo, and we said, that's it, that demo's amazing, let's do that. So we got some permission to work on it, a few people, very small, like four people, we worked on it for a few months, the team grew a little bit, but not very much. And then we sort of announced it at DockerCon, the same day Docker announced their 1.0 release, and the response was sort of overwhelming, people immediately they got it, they wanted to be part of this, they knew what it was doing, and we got involvement from folks like Red Hat and other community people, and it just took off from there. It's been on a rocket ship ride ever since. When you look at open source word, things come up as an alternative to something that exists, but Kubernetes, the case was sort of different, there was nothing that existed. At the same time, enterprises are kind of hesitant in adopting these kind of technologies, so what magic happened with Kubernetes that suddenly everybody is behind it?  Yes, it's true, and it's something we were very concerned about at the beginning of Kubernetes, who are we targeting, what were the use cases we were willing to try to tackle, and how did we think we could get adoption? So one of the big important strategic things that we did was we didn't start with a big drop of code from Google, right? Let's open source Borg. Well, that's millions of lines of code that nobody would be able to decipher that really wouldn't be useful, and I don't think it would have gotten an uptake. We had a lot of arguments about what language should we write this in, should it be C++ or should it be Java, should it be Go. We decided that Go had a really nice community around it, had really nice tools, libraries, and most importantly, Docker had been written in Go, so there was a community in this space already. We'd like to tap into that, and that all talks a little bit to how developers approach it, but how do you get into enterprises? Well, you don't at first, right? The first few group workloads that we targeted were stateless. They were web servers. They were startups. We did a lot of touring around Silicon Valley, talking to startups about how communities could maybe make their lives easier. And there was a lot of reluctance at first, for sure. People, you know, they don't want to bet on a new horse. They don't want to get in. They don't want to be the first consumer. And I think what was really a huge leg up for us was some very early adopters like Box, Sam Goads from Box, came to one of our really early meetings, and he took a look at what we had done, and he said, you guys are crazy, but I want in. And he stepped up, and he helped us rewrite our command line tool and really said, Box is in. Like, we're committed to making this work. And they've been a great partner ever since. And as sort of a high tech forward enterprise, they've been an awesome example of things you can do with Kubernetes. And then from there, it becomes a snowball, right? Little enterprises, and then sort of more technology-focused media companies, especially web-centric sorts of things. And then before you know it, you're talking to banks. And last year, even Docker, they adopted along with Swarm. So that's impressive. And for this Docker, when Docker 1.0 came out, then you announced Kubernetes. And Docker 2.0 came out. And the highlight is that it supports Kubernetes. Kind of, yeah. That's kind of a cycle, isn't it? When you look at all this massive adoption, Open Stack Committee went through that. They saw the use cases. So they kind of narrowed their focus. They learned from their mistakes. So what has Kubernetes, because your use cases are also just all over the places. So what are you doing to ensure that? So we talk regularly with Open Stack people. In fact, we do this every KubeCon. We sit down with Open Stack veterans. And we have a sort of War Stories session, where we just trade experiences. War Stories? Yeah. So we have this War Stories session, where we meet with some of the Open Stack veterans. And we talk about the things that went right and things that went wrong in Open Stack. We talk about problems that Kubernetes is facing. We talk about the technology that they built around Open Stack to make continuous builds and those sorts of things. Successful, we talk about how you manage plug-ins and how you manage APIs and how you manage vendor relationships and those sorts of things. They've been really insightful, really helpful. A lot of people compare Kubernetes to Open Stack, sort of the same rocket ship adoption, the same media frenzy around it. And we want to be careful, because there's some things that we think went wrong with Open Stack. So one of the things we're doing is we're focusing really aggressively on extension points and making sure that the extension points are not go replace this whole subsystem, but you can tie into those lifecycle moments when you need to do things. And making them possible for vendors to go off and do the vendor-y thing that they want to do, but also encouraging community participation and encouraging open source, but not necessarily demanding it and not putting ourselves in the way of every change that a vendor wants to make. Another place is we really are aggressively focused on setting the limits for what the system is. We call them swim lanes. We're going to stay in our lane. This is all we're going to do. We're not going to do things outside the box. And over time, in truth, the swim lanes will change a little bit, but so far, we're four years into it, and we're pretty on track with where we set out the swim lanes at the beginning. Yeah, it's more like, no, it's also about what we will not do or what we cannot do. It's really important that we leave room for the ecosystem to thrive, for companies to grow and make businesses on the back of Kubernetes, because when they're successful, we're successful. But it's also important that we provide a consistency of experience and some guarantees of portability that are actually meaningful. Users really, really should be able to take their workload from their on-premises cluster and run it on their Google Cloud cluster and have it just work. Because also, when new use cases come with, that's what happened with OpenStack. Everybody was doing everything, and they lost track of it. So that's good. OpenStack, I think, tried to be too much to too many people. Because there's so many use cases were coming on, they did not even know where to go. So they're like, oh, let's do that. Let's do that. And it's only it was. And to be fair, it's challenging. And that's actually good because they did not have a play book to follow. So they have to make mistakes and learn. The good thing is that they learned from the mistakes and they're evolving. Yes. We're now facing use cases as we get bigger and more adoption. We're facing use cases that OpenStack solved and that Kubernetes doesn't have an answer for you. And people are coming in saying, well, OpenStack solved it this way. Can we solve it in a similar pattern? Or do we need to solve it in a different way? What's the cloud-native way of doing this? And the sort of Kubernetes style instead of infrastructure style. And some of these are really hard discussions. Because sometimes it's a good idea, but I don't know the answer to the solution. And sometimes I don't know that it's a good idea. And so we have these discussions. It's always case by case. And we try to keep it very technically focused and very user-oriented. We really want Kubernetes to be an application system, not an infrastructure system. At the same time, as I said, there are lanes. But at the same time, you also want to leave the room for further evolution of the project. Absolutely. We're tool smiths. We can't tell people what they use the tool for. What are the new use cases that either you're excited about or worried about? I mean, to stay on topic with the OpenStack question, like the topic of NFV, network virtualization, is a really challenging topic. There's a lot of people out there who have built solutions around the idea of NFV and a lot of enterprises who are building their security policies or their infrastructure stacks around how NFV works. Kubernetes doesn't have an NFV model. It has a very flat network model. So we're having a lot of discussion for quite a long time about should we adopt a multi-network model? Should we model it as networks? Should we model it as resources? Should we model it statically or dynamically? Well, how does hardware fit into this? How does virtual software fit into this? It's a very challenging topic where, basically, for every feature intersection, there's somebody who wants that. And we're trying to limit the scope and figure out should we do this, how should we do this, and how deeply should we do this. Right. When you say that these discussions happen, the Kubernetes is hosted by CNCF, which is part of Linux Foundation. And you have different governing models. Anybody can become platinum or gold member. So the decision about the code, where does it happen at the top tier or near where developers work? Much near developers. There's no influence from CNCF on the Kubernetes technical process. So no company can just become a CNCF member and buy influence? You can't buy a seat. No. You can buy a seat on the CNCF board, and that will help CNCF decide. I'm not saying you can buy a seat on the CNCF board. You buy a membership to CNCF. But you can help the CNCF decide which project it wants to govern and how CNCF will run. But it's very explicit in the charter that CNCF has no technical influence over Kubernetes. And what Kubernetes has is our own steering committee, which was bootstrapped by myself and others who've been around the project for a very long time, but is also augmented by a bunch of people who were elected, literally elected by the community. And we set forth rules for who's allowed to vote and how the voting would work. We advertised it like crazy. We had great turnout.  And so now we have a group of 13 of us who meet on a regular basis. And we work through retooling and redefining and clarifying how the community's governance works and how the delegation of responsibility works. And so, for example, delegation of technical authority is granted to our SIG architecture. And SIG architecture is run by a small number of people who have very deep focus on the background. But it's an open group where we have recorded meetings. And anybody who has technical issues, they bring to SIG architecture. You want to create a new subsystem, you bring it to SIG architecture, and you talk about it. You want to change the API?  Right. And also, I think CNC also decides where to have these events, what kind of... So it's totally different. Because sometimes there is confusion. People believe that, oh, somebody can buy and influence the company, but that's not how open source work either way. The only way open source work is like, if you want to influence, give more contributors. Give more developers. We have this conversation with, especially companies all the time, who come in and they see communities and they say, how can we get our changes adopted more quickly? And it's the wrong question to ask. The right question to ask is, how can we be part of the community more? How do we earn cred? How do we chop wood and carry water so that people know who we are so that when we propose features, people say, oh, that's an idea that's worth considering. When I started my journalism career back in 2005 and I was covering open source from early on, one of the challenges was to tell companies why you should use open source, what are the benefits. Today, everybody's using open source. But the reason I was asking is that, but today, all these companies who use open source don't know how open source works. So do you come across this problem?  Well, it's important to differentiate between people who are going to consume the product and people who are going to participate in the product and try to sort of make money or build business on the product, right? I don't expect the consumers to participate quite as heavily as I expect the partners or I call them partners. Spotify's keynote today was fantastic. And I sort of feel bad that he feels bad for not participating more because Spotify is mostly an end user. I expect orders of magnitude more end users than partners. They're not expected to have to participate. Exactly. That said, they're welcome to and I'm happy to help them and anybody else be successful. On the flip side, you've got all these businesses who are trying to be part of the Kubernetes ecosystem, right? The hardware vendors and the software vendors and the security vendors and they, yeah, you want to play in the Kubernetes space, come to the community meetings and talk with us.  Exactly. When I talk to Linus Torvalds, you know, and the basic question I ask, you were like, a lot of people, they are just using the, I mean, if you're not making any changes to the kernel, you don't have to be, you know, just go out and you shouldn't be aware of the process. Exactly. Red Hat, different story. Susie, different story, you know, or Google different story, but so if you're not making any changes, you don't have to. You should not feel bad that you're not contributing. Exactly. Any other, you know, from this conference, what was the, because first of all, this is one of the biggest, I think. This is the biggest one yet.  I mean, so far it's been a great conference. We're only day two. We had our contributor summit the day before, which was great. It's like a party with hundreds of my best friends. It was great to talk to people and go over sort of what's new in each piece of the ecosystem and catch up on things. The project is far too big for me to read every pull request at this point. The conference itself is great. I go to the Google booth and I just talk to people and I get such great insight just from hearing people on the ground. What are you doing with the system? What problems are you having? And some of the problems are real and really hard. And those are the problems I wanna be able to focus on. And in truth, you know, I work at Google. I don't work at a bank. Banks have different problems than Google does. And so when people come to us with these enterprise problems, these hard problems that I've never seen before, I love it. I wanna think about it. This really excites me. I think this is what makes the project successful is the ability to just sit and talk with these people very frankly, very openly. And again, to reference the Spotify keynote this morning, the fact that they're willing to publish what they're working on and talk about it in great detail helps everybody because we're, you know, all of us are smarter than one of us. And we're all facing the same problems. And honestly, there's really not that much business to be had on building your own infrastructure. It's just a money pit. Let's all work together to get past the money pit so you can focus on actually making money. And then yesterday CERN was also there, you know, to young- CERN keynote is awesome. It's amazing.  You should be looking at it. Anything you can point out? I've had a few that have come up today that are mostly around networking. Networking seems to be- We already discussed about NFV, yeah. Yeah, I mean, networking seems to be the hardest problem sort of in the space because every network is different and everybody uses it differently. You know, we have some long-lingering issues around networking, not even just around NFV, but around legacy applications and sort of bridging the divide between things that assume they have static addressing and containers which sort of assume you don't and how to make those worlds map together. Yeah, because a lot of things exist before communities came into existence. So they expect a lot of things from you. Anyway, I think we had a great discussion and hopefully we'll see you again in the future. We're running short on time, but we'll catch up with you again in the next Q-Con or maybe some other open source. We'll see you in Seattle. Thanks for your time.


So you do lunch, most of the people they come in down for lunch. So you're doing medication if it's requested. Some people if they need shopping you're going shopping with them or you will have a list. Absolute care plan, so you need to record everything in a care plan. It's lovely. This is how my day is. Usually I'm working from the morning and I don't really feel like I'm working. It's so amazing to chat. It's so quick that the day goes quite quickly. You don't even feel like you're working. You started in the morning and it's evening, your day is finished. Absolutely lovely.


Hemant, this is Louise from STTV6. Thank you for joining us from our partner TV studio in New Delhi. We understand that the Indian Supreme Court has very recently cancelled the environmental clearance granted for the development of an international airport in the globally celebrated and popular traveler state of Goa. What was wrong with the said clearance? Well, legally and strictly speaking the Indian Supreme Court did not cancel the environmental clearance but suspended the same with the direction to expert a prison committee to re-examine the sanctions made by it in favor of the clearance. The court felt that there were many procedural failings in the said clearance. The court expressed the concern about the prevalence date of the environment and the need to reconcile it with the public development projects. The court was definitely certainly not against permanently disavowing the international airport construction in Goa. But I felt it was inclined towards imposing perhaps such additional conditions which will effectively save God the fears amongst the... But Hemant, this talk about new airport in Goa is going on for almost two decades now. The existing Dublin airport is quite overburdened and could break down under the mounting capacity of passenger traffic in Goa. What do you say? I agree but the Indian Supreme Court found certain infirmities in the whole process of grant of environmental clearance including lack of public consultation. The court actually noted that the public consultation is a process which is designed to hear the voices of those communities which would be affected by the activity. They may be affected in terms of the air which they breathe, the water which they drink or used to irrigate their lands, the disruption of local habitats and the generation of environmental ecosystems which define their existence and sustain their livelihoods. The court actually equated the health of the environment to the right to life as enshrined in the constitution of India. Thank you, Hemant. See you on the other side of the break.


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Welcome everybody to this IID hosted event discussing the global goal and adaptation how to make the glasswork program inclusive. I'm Catherine I'm the coordinator at IID and I'll be providing technical support during this event so welcome. So I'd like to now hand over to Emily Beauchamp who's a senior researcher at IID and to be our moderator today. Thank you Catherine and welcome everyone to our webinar today I'll be your moderator for this webinar. But much more interestingly, we are glad to have today with us. I'm delighted to have four amazing panelists next slide that will allow us to go more in depth about their perspectives and experiences around some of the issues about the glass and the GGA. So thank you very much to be here with us today we're looking forward to very stimulating and rich discussion. We have today with us Cindy Singh, a climate change advocate from Tunidad and Tobago, and for the Small Island Development State. We have Mokoina Franci, the director at the Lesotho methodical services and co-coordinator on adaptation for the Lease Developing Country Group. We have Maria del Pilar Bueno Rubial, a professor at the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina, and the National University of Rosario and an ex-member of the Adaptation Committee. And we have Funanami Moremi, direct deputy director for international climate change at the Department of Forestry Fisheries and the Environment in South Africa and a member of the Adaptation Committee. So thank you for being here. But before exploring the views of our panelists on the priorities and processes that can ensure that the glass and ultimately the GGA can be most inclusive. We will turn to a brief commentary from the incoming Egypt and the outgoing UK Presidencies on this topic. So please. Mariam alum, who is the climate adaptation negotiator for the COP 27 presidency, and Morgan to chair to chair, sorry, climate adaptation negotiator for the COP 26 UK presidency. Mariam and Morgan the floor is yours. Sure. Thank you. Thanks very much. And yeah, I just want to say thank you to ID for organizing this event and really for providing this additional space for exchange between parties and non-party stakeholders. I will be very short, just to say the outcomes and adaptation are central to the Glasgow Climate Pact and the Glasgow Sherwood Sherwood Work Programme on the global golden adaptation is the recognition of the need to deliver on adaptation and to show effective progress. The Glasgow Pact makes it plain that the world needs to do more and to work effectively together. I also wanted to say thank you to parties who reiterated in many of the submissions that inclusivity and transparency among others were essential to successful work program, but also to non-party stakeholders who shared their views and send submissions as well. This morning and there was seven submissions from admitted NGOs and sometimes as groups and alliances, one from admitted into governmental organization and one from the UN system, so it was a really welcome to help inform the work program. I also want to mention also I think ID in framing the event, you said you put on there on the event page that without diverse voices being heard and integrated the Glasgow remain an empty exercise and just say we very much agree with that with that statement. And because the main point of today is to listen to everybody else's views, I will stop now and hand it back to my different area. My name is Emily Catherine and Morgan, you have put it very nicely Morgan as a start so you make my task way easier. First of all, on behalf of the COP 27 presidency, we are very pleased to be invited to this important event. Myself being a former negotiator as well for the African group I recognize and the presidency as well recognizes the body of work. And I think all of the civil society organizations have brought into the process, especially when it comes to adaptation and the global role and adaptation. We look forward to building on the success that has been achieved by parties together with all non state actors at COP 26 through the Glasgow climate pact. In the presidency, our co president designate has included in all of his pronouncements that the participation of youth and civil society is key, as well as all our decisions on the way to come to all our interactions and decisions on the way to an ad COP 27 will be transformed by science and need to be transparent and inclusive. And we have indeed heard the priorities of parties including on adaptation through the hots delegations consultations that we have held together with the UK earlier this year. We have also heard the priorities of parties as well as the non governmental organizations, most recently in the main ministerial on climate action, and we we aim to make progress across the board, balance progress across all thematic areas and agenda items, but what has also popped up very prominently is the importance to make urgent and timely progress on adaptation and this is informed and substantiated by the findings of the IPCC working group to report. So, without without further ado, will be keenly keenly listening to all of the interactive discussion that is to come through this event. I would like to thank you on behalf of the presidency for inviting us and for convening these discussions through such platform and I give the floor back to Catherine to kickstart the discussions. Thank you very much. Thank you so much, Morgan and Maryam. This is really quite an inspiring start. And we hope to have a really catalyzing discussion that will be at the level of your expectation and those of our quite varied, varied audience that I see today. For the purpose of also new comments to the topic of the GGA. I will now give a very brief background on the GGA in the glass and on the topic before we turn to our panelists. So, as most of you know today, the Paris Agreement established a GGA in 2015, and leading up to the Paris Agreement developing countries stress the need to increase focus on adaptation actions towards having parity with mitigation actions and efforts. So this is very much the spirit of the GGA that was established with the aims of enhancing adaptive capacity building resilience and reducing vulnerability. Today it was accompanied by several other provisions for scaling up work on adaptation and sets of tasks that were given to constituted bodies under the Union of Tripoli in 2015. However, there was no specific guidance for operationalizing the GGA and while progress has been made over the past six years, it has been slow and work has largely largely been taken, taken place into silos. It doesn't help solve the methodical and political complexities of designing a global goal that can capture the multifaceted and very contextual realities of adaptations across the world. So now, during the glass, it's very much time to break these silos and make sure that all actors work together. So just after the GGA ever set up parties have launched a Glasgow Shamil Shake work program, or, as you've noticed the glass to do further work on the GGA. So this is a great opportunity to bring everyone together. And this is the establishment of the glass is really a successful outcome of COP 26, and a significant step towards progressing the GGA into concrete actions. But to get concrete actions that will work for the whole of society, there must be engagement from the whole from all the access that are parts of society and the design of this framework and in accompanying processes. So, while schematalities and activities have been established for the glass by the subsidiary body for scientific and technological advice, and by the subsidiary body for implementation with the support of the secretariat. And there are still some key aspects to look into. We welcome a very useful informal event on May 5th, held as part of the glass program.  So, while the SIPSDA and SBI with the help of the secretariat will jointly carry the program. There's a lot of other actors that are invited part of the UNFCCC but also outside the UNFCCC. For example, there are the Presidencies the adaptation committee, the working group to have the IPCC are the constituted buddies. And while the work program is very specific that it should reflect the country driven nature of adaptation and avoid creating additional burdens for parties. It should still be carried out in an inclusive manner with the involvement of party but also on the basis of equitable representations should also add, have observers, civil society experts and practitioners. That is a lot of people to get involved. And this is also the glance must take into account traditional knowledge, knowledge of indigenous people and local knowledge system and be gender responsive. Because without taking into account human rights across the most marginalized and vulnerable vulnerable communities in the world. How can the GGA leverage and enhance adaptation actions that will be fair, equitable and address their needs. Without further ado, it is within this context that today we will turn to our four panelists to kick off the discussion. The format we will address for overarching questions for which we will allow time for debate exchange of views towards sharing their perspectives from their countries regions but also from their own experience as individuals. And I'd like here to formally flag that the views presented and discussed today by our panelists should not be taken as formal parts of group positions but rather as an exchange of views between people who deeply care about this topic in their careers, but also in their daily lives. We will also have time for questions from the audience at the end. So please if you have any questions, please use the Q&A function also use the voting system to help elevate the questions that you think that you are interested in. Now, on this note, we'll be taking down the PowerPoint to focus on our panelists, and let me focus, let me kick off the discussion by asking our panelists first. According to you, what are the priorities of your country in regions under the glass, and how do you think priorities change between actors. I've seen Funanani first please go ahead. Thank you so much, Emily and I'm happy to be participating today and happy to be discussing with friends. I think I know everyone who is in the panel for this discussion today. I think first of all just allow me to take a step back before responding to say that I think in my view when the GGA was being discussed in 2015, the idea was really to motivate for a political will that will help to ensure a much needed means of implementation for developing countries in implementing their adaptation action. And then, diving in into the question that you have asked, I think the vision should be that over time as a global community we should be able to then understand the direction of travel for adaptation and also importantly understand the kind of efforts that are required. This is mainly in relation to technical financial and technical support in order for developing countries to meet their challenges. And then in terms of the priorities for the work program, I think for South Africa and I will also speak, although not should make a disclaimer that I'm not an African group negotiator coordinator, but I do, I am part of the Africa group, is that we should at least have an understanding and in understanding of the elements of the global goal on adaptation as contained in article 7.1 of the Paris Agreement. As well as we, it is also the view that this should be informed by decisions that have been taken after the MPATIS established the GGA, such as your Katowice decisions and so forth. I think it's also important as a priority that there is an understanding and definition of tools that will then be being required to actually then practically operationalize the GGA. This is in terms of the guidelines that would need to be in place. The methodologies that would then be also relevant for each of those elements that parties will then have highlighted in the first priorities that I mentioned. I think also of importance is the complementarities of the virus communication and reporting tools that are currently there and that the UNFCC will see that then can assist us in the Paris Agreement. I think I'll just stop then and hear what my colleagues would say. Thanks Finan and Isindy, go ahead. Thank you very much. And thank you to Catherine and the rest of the IED team for organizing this webinar and for inviting me to share views in relation to these questions we have before us. It's also an honor to be among these panelists who you know I've also worked with in different ways at the negotiations over the last few years. To respond to your first question, I think against the background of the latest scientific evidence that we have from the AR6 in particular the Working Group 2 report. Small island developing states are in a particularly bad position. And this has been said and now we are seeing the impacts of this manifest. There are two report notes that climate change is contributing to humanitarian crises where climate hazards interact with high, you know, they interact quite closely and climate and weather extremes are increasingly driving displacement in all regions with small island developing states being disproportionately affected. And the Working Group 2 says this with high confidence. So this is something that is very real for small island developing states and those who live on these islands. For SIDS, implementation of adaptation action is therefore critical and remains a priority. Many calls have been made for nationally led adaptation action and for community led adaptation to be undertaken to be enhanced and scaled up. And for action to empower and enable communities to increase their resilience and ability to respond to changes being brought by climate change. And these changes are not somewhere in the future but rather taking place already. Therefore, I would state that enhanced implementation of adaptation action is very important. And as this is one of the objectives of the glass, the work of the glass industry guard is particularly important and ultimately should result in enhanced implementation of adaptation action. So all of the work that we expect to do under the Glasgow-Shammelshake work program to enhance and have greater understanding of the GGA to discuss and unpack approaches to assessing progress towards the GGA. All of this is actually premised on actual adaptation action being undertaken in countries and in communities which are already on different lines. And therefore, you know, it is my view that the need to engage in discussions with parties and technical experts is very critical and is a key expectation for the Glasgow program. In order to not only enhance understanding but for us to work on this, what approaches will be appropriate, how those can be made use in small island developing states in terms of how we assess progress towards the GGA. I would think those are some priorities for small island developing states for the glass and all of this to also help small island developing states to be able to develop robust monitoring evaluation and learning systems in relation to their adaptation goals and actions being undertaken. One of the key pillars required for all of this is for SIDS to be able to access and make effective use of support including financial and grant based support to undertake adaptation action. And whilst we've had a promise at Glasgow for the support to be doubled from 2019 levels to 2025 levels, this will still fall far short of what will be required so it is a good place to start but certainly not enough. One priority for the glasses to be able to catalyze support for adaptation as we unpack all of these issues that we've listed in the objectives. To answer your the second part of the question I would say the priorities do not change substantially in my view among different actors. They may run different actors may run these priorities differently or articulate them with different words, but it's the importance to enhance implementation of adaptation action and the ability to be able to afford to undertake this action remains of paramount importance to small island developing states. Thank you very much Cindy. Thank you Emily thank you for the invitation as well as Catherine and I'm very happy and I feel honored to share the panel with all these amazing speakers. We share some ideas coming from Latin American region and of course also from the Caribbean if, if I am allowed of course to share with Cindy there, but she may, of course, highlight if we agree. First of all, I think it's, it's quite important coming from from the last report of the IPCC working group to to understand that one of the main issues here is that our region has limited information and some lake of data that really need to be filled. So, we understand these are these gaps and like of data is quite critical in particular related to impacts and risks on climate change in critical sectors such as water food production. Even if we consider that our region is is an international food producer so and Indian geopolitical context is even more important so that that need to be understood. So the glass is is an opportunity and for us is a priority to identify better these these gaps, and to make it possible and structure plan, and a cooperation in the region and of course globally in order to build reliable data that that really can be monitored, and can assist the planning and implementation processes and of course the M the M and E and mail processes. Also, as Cindy said, we know and also IPCC, and identify that in a very clear way, financial support is, is the biggest barrier for Latin American and the Caribbean region for implementation action. So for us is quite important. It's probably the critical issue here that that glass can be an opportunity to promote equitable access to financial resources for adaptation, according to the needs and priorities of the global south and from my region in particular. And when we talk about these we are, we are referring to, to the quantifiable part of all this discussion. So this is quite related to the new financial goal, and these conversations can't be taken in isolation that's that what we have so far. GST financial goal, GDA like conversations in isolation so we really need to have other kinds of approach during SB 56. Also other topics very quickly because I know that that we need to, of course, to give some time for Makana to say that for us it's also very, very important to have some, some approach that also include regional cooperation during, during the glass or during the work program so this is also something important to take into account. So to, to, to be very clear in terms of sectoral national local transboundary dimensions. This is already clear in the objectives but we need to implement that so how that is implemented is quite important. And just very quickly two points that maybe I can take later in the discussion to say that I understand that they are there are. The needs are not so different, but they are, they are amplified at the local level so we can have the same need for for planning for implementation or to develop an M&E system, but the, if adaptation finance for example is quite limited is quite limited in our region. It's, it is even more limited for local actors. So it's, it's the same issue, but the approach and the level of the problem is not the same. So that's also need to be understood. My very last is the important of cost of adaptation. And I will take that in, in, in the next round, if it's possible. Thank you. I'm sorry for taking too much time. Okay, and now I'll turn to Mokwena and that is all welcome other participants to our panelists to respond to each other. Mokwena please go ahead. Thank you. Thank you for the invitation. I was wondering if you, when you're doing your invitations you looked at the issue of gender balance. Anyway, I am happy to be part of this group of discussion and I am happy to be among these beautiful people who have presented before me. Let me go straight to the question that we have asked. The beauty of speaking last is that you just align yourself with whatever that has been said. The, the most important thing is to understand the extent of vulnerability, and therefore the need for adaptation. And that understanding will go back to my fellow colleague who just spoke before me, but to understand the extent of vulnerability you have to, you need enough data set so that you can do the assessment of how vulnerable your country is or the, the, the community is. So that understanding will also lead us to financial needs for adaptation. Whatever you're talking about whether it's a community or whether it's a country or a region. When we have a deeper understanding and of the vulnerability and adaptation needs, then we can also have an idea of how much is required. What kind of technologies needed and what kind of knowledge is required for us to be able to implement or reduce the vulnerability. So, meaning the issue of data, whether it's meteorological data or climate related data and socio economic data is very vital for us to be able to understand what is going on. I also want to touch on the issue of reporting or measuring progress. It's one of the most important issues that we have to address to be able to measure progress because it is through that process that we can be able to say whether we are moving towards our goal. Or we are, and we are moving with the appropriate speed. It is through that we will be able to say whether we have to pick up or because we might reach our goal and outside the timeline that we have put for ourselves. The other thing I want to say is that we think priorities differ from actors. Actually we understand adaptation is it differs from region to region from country to country. It also differs within the country from community to community, even household to household. So it can also differ from individuals. So we think it just, it greatly differ from actors. Allow me to say this is my intervention for now, thank you. Thank you so much everyone and I'll merge a bit discussion into the second. If you want overarching question about, you know, how to make sure to integrate local and vulnerable voices because we've heard that it's, you know, it's really important to have to do, you know, to hear the very real problems of the lack of adaptation for the SIDS and we've heard how, you know, local needs and local priorities, the issues felt at the national or global level are just amplified locally. And, you know, as our last part is as McWainers mentioned, the views on what is needed can differ between subgroups and, you know, they are, they will be maybe similar issues but priorities may be different between individuals, households, regions, et cetera. Very much in that spirit. And how do we make sure that we integrate local and vulnerable voices to make sure that the adaptation with the framework designed by under the GGA integrate these voices so how do you think the glass can do that if and I would ask the panelists to point to quite concrete examples if there are suggestions. And Phuni please go ahead. Phunanani. Thanks Emily. Actually I wanted to just add more based on what other colleagues have been saying on the first question to say that. I think most of the people who are here would recall that prior to Paris, the African group was rallying behind the GGA. As much as we have been hearing that the priorities from countries to country, I mean Moukwana is an African immigrant neighbor, for example he just mentioned that from household to households the priorities differ. But I think it's also important that as country, and then implementing this two year program should not lose the idea that was there in Paris to make adaptation a global responsibility. And I thought maybe I should just, I should just highlight that because that is very, I know that's very important for, for example, for my region to maintain adaptation as a global responsibility hence the need for globally a political will and support, as I mentioned earlier so I thought I should just, just keeping a bit, she just said that. But over to you, thanks. Thank you Phunanani. So what I'm hearing is the GGA, there will be maybe multiple functions of the GGA for example at the global level it's really to showcase a global responsibility, and there will be a cascading maybe a cascading responsibilities going top down but also bottom up in how to address adaptation priorities and needs. And if I can ask again our panelists, how, how do you think that we can integrate local and most vulnerable voices in the adaptation frameworks that can be designed under the GGA and that's, I'll change it with the question, that can be, you know, during the glass during our next two years process but if you also have examples and ideas and how the GGA can be made more inclusive within your own country and in region how the design of these adaptation frameworks can be made more inclusive. So please go and address this point as well.  Thank you, Emily, and with respect to this question on inclusivity. I think that when you read the submissions prepared by the different countries and groupings, it's quite clear that there is a kind of consensus that we all agree that the process need to be inclusive, and need to be participatory enough. As I said, the issue is how to do this, and one step given in order to do that I think it's this mixed approach in order to have two in person events and two virtual events. So that's the first step. But then we need to recognize that the issue of inclusivity, it is about participation, but it's more than participation. It's also capacity building. Why, why I think is that that is the case because when you ask people, people that is not quite involved with the process because you need to be very involved with the process in order to understand all the discussions on the GGA, all the discussions on the GST, where this is coming as Funi share before Paris, etc. You really need to be very involved. So the majority of actors and actresses are not quite involved with that. They don't know the story. So if you say, okay, you're even if you if you're invited to an event. So how that all that knowledge need, how all that knowledge and ideas can be incorporated so I really think that that we need to develop these two sites approach for from one side to build an agenda that allowed local actors, regional actors, Academy, youth, traditional actors and many others local communities to be part of so to have specific panels in order to discuss the integration of all this progress and what is progress at each of these levels and spaces so that's need to be done but but at the same time we need to prepare that and in order to prepare that we need to do a capacity building process so trying to work with the networks of cities with the networks of Academy and research actors and all the others. So we need to prepare that process if we go directly to the SVs or we go directly to August or September workshops without preparing the field. I think that the problem will be will be the same. So I leave it here in order to avoid monopolizing the the word but but we can come back or I can come back. It's been wonderful. Thank you for that for this and I'll pass on to Moko in that but we also if we're passing I'd like to encourage our panelists to say you know when we when we say who we need to prepare for that and this needs to be done. Who's actually who is the we and who is the who needs to do what, because it could be the global we is that the UNS people see where are your expectations of where the actions need to come from please Moko in that please the floor is yours. And I think I thank you for the next question. I think I will, I would just support the point of pillar that we actually need to do capacity building. We have to capacitate all levels from close to up to maybe decision makers we we have to be, we have to capacitate. I think we have to use more of the bottom up approach where we collect this information, starting with the, the, the class with the local communities and maybe we can also try to explore if we can have discussion forums where there's no one who's right we discuss issues based on our different views and we collect this information make it a national view, until we get to the global view, which I want to support what I said that adaptation will be a global responsibility, but at the international level or at the global level, I, I think they should be different stakeholders parties and non parties people that should be given opportunity to to to give their views. We are taking vulnerable people indigenous people they should be part of of the process and I think that the modernities of how to do that. You might find that certain groups work better with certain modalities so I understand that there will be different modalities that would make it easy for different groups to work. And actually, the book that I have here is a National Climate Change Policy. It was published in 2017 and it has 722 policy statements. I just want to read three of them. It's policy statement number number number 1617 and 18 that says we have to promote participation of gender youth and vulnerable groups, promote participation of civil society and promote participation of private sector. So we believe that including all these factors, we, we will do well with, I mean, in class. Thank you. Thank you so much. And I cannot, I'm going to go with Cindy next before and I would also encourage you to give examples of if there have been any initiatives that your country or your region have undertaken as part of the GG in the glass, then I have included that I've been part of the read that I've helped to include more local and vulnerable voices and the voices of different groups. Please do mention them as well because I think, you know, talking about modalities and how this can be done is extremely important in making it happen. Cindy please. Thank you very much. I noticed how quickly time is going so I don't want to repeat some of the things that my colleague said before me. I want to concur with with with Pilla in her intervention, where she stated that it's not just about the logistics about communication and I think there is, you know, support across the various submissions that the glass work program be convened to be transparent inclusive and include many of the voices that we've listed gender, vulnerable groups, local community indigenous voices and so on. And sure, but the, the, the question of how to have them participate and be included in the conversation. I think that's where some difficulty lies lies. As far as small island developing states go where, you know, in terms of funding bringing people to a physical workshop. Generally, there is some constraint there and you know, small island developing states rely on the secretariat and whatever funding they can access to nominate and have delegates travel. And in many cases, you know, negotiators are prioritized as opposed to other actors and voices which are very important but then it becomes down, it comes down to how to allocate very limited resources. But we've learned some lessons over the last few years and some of the events of the glass will be virtual so hopefully we can leverage that and capitalize on it in order to have voices that may not be able to travel to bond to participate in discussions and therefore I think it's important. How we prioritize and prepare for those workshops are, you know, the work that we do ahead of time becomes very important and that's where I, I concur with Pilar that those of us who are very much involved in this, you know, we're in, we're immersed in it today today, so it's easy for us to, to, you know, speak to the issues, understand all the background, understand where how the discussion has evolved but for other actors, whilst they are doing very important work, practical work on the ground, there is need for preparation in advance and that includes capacity building. And I'm saying that also because small island developing states we, well, there are different regions where we have small island states. And I would think that part of that approach and part of that preparatory work can be done regionally, and it's important for regional institutions where they exist where they have the power to sort of shepherd parties and also bring in those other voices experts academia community voices indigenous voices to, you know, to assist or facilitate in some of that prep work. So for example in the Caribbean region we have the carry come climate change center which operates out of the lease that coordinates members of parties in the Caribbean to have discussions and we have recently had meetings where other voices are the groups NGOs and so on brought into the conversation, very interesting because it's also an opportunity for negotiators and those who are formerly in the process to learn about other things that are being done in the region, and you know, widen their views on on the topic so I think that regional approaches and regional prep work could be very useful. And in the context of small island developing states where we have at least three regions that would be very useful and to conclude with what more queen also said that adaptation is so nuanced different groups different regions even at an individual level it's interpreted differently. So I think to agree with these speakers before me. We need to do a lot before we get to we get to those formal workshops. Thank you Cindy that's great.  Again the importance of capacity building, and I'm before passing to fun and I'm going to turn the ideas. Should there be a more official capacity building work stream added to the glass in order to enable some of the regional approaches that that Cindy has kind of given an example of fun and I need please the floor is yours. Thank you so much Emily and I would also not repeat what both the three of my colleagues said Pilla and Cindy and when I have said, and I think I agree with what with what they have raised. Let me just allow to allow me to highlight what we have done from the African region. Just after adopting the Glasgow I think we unpacked the, the, the, the work program with the experts that we have within the region just so that we understand what is it that would be required from us to make it more successful implemented. And I think that has really assisted Africa to prepare. And then, nationally, as a country as South Africa, we have a something that we call a technical working group on adaptation, where it's comprised of NGOs, business, labor, and down from a grassroots level NGOs, where we then also have taken the glass to go there to unpack it so that they can also inform South Africa's submissions and the views that we will be taking forward into into the work program. And I think those, that's one example that I thought I should, I should share that we have done as a country and also as a region, and I would have to agree that indeed more conducive modalities would be required to allow for a stakeholder to be able to to participate even beyond the ones that have that have been mentioned in paragraph 11 of the work program. And I think this can be done maybe for example to allow even a more in person engagement I don't know whether we'll call it a capacity building and so forth, because I would like to believe that beyond also the intergovernmental interventions, they are also at the role players internationally that can then provide a valuable input for them for the work program. Thanks. Thank you, this is great so we're hearing actually have quite a variety of potential ways that we can from the precipitation but not just personal engagements and capacity building can be done through the glass. You know that there could be as part of the glass more capacity building but also we've seen example in that Caribbean in Latin America, using centers, regional centers for discussion and exchanging views, having climate change national climate change strategies, such as the one in Lesotho having a technical working group as such as in South Africa. And this all together I think what I'm hearing is that really we need multiple strategies there is not just one strategy. It seems quite obvious, but there needs to be multiple strategies at different levels that are the responsibilities of the policy but also of countries themselves in in leveraging the processes of the glass. And please, dear panelists, if I'm putting words into your mouth, do let me know and do correct me. And I now see as you've mentioned the time flies. And if there's another thing that we can take away from here is that we need much more time to build capacities and to talk about these, these issues. Because this is how we're going to advance understanding and action on adaptation. And so without further ado, one of the questions of our audience is so that one of the concrete impacts of climate change is an increase in human placements, particularly in vulnerable regions such as the SIDS. So how are countries from the panelists engaged in when actors involved in migration under the glass as may I add as one of the voices and one of the issues that needs to be addressed in adaptation. So I can repeat, how are your countries are region regions thinking about the voices and the issue of people and actors involved in migration. How should that be taken. How is this taken into account in the glass or how do you think they should be taken into account under the glass. Yes, and I will after that I will volunteer Cindy as well being from the SIDS. So just as a heads up. Thanks Pilar. Thank you Cindy. Thank you Emily I was waiting for Cindy to start, but but I will break the the ice. Just, just to say that this is a critical topic in all our regions, but sometimes politically it's more raised by some regions than others. The, the numbers in current research and last studies with respect to to migration related to climate change in our region and many others is something really overwhelming. But this, this, this is one of the topics that need to be a cross cutting consideration and it's not really right now included in decisions see seven CMA three as something critical to take. So we don't have it in the objectives as, as one of the most important topics but, but let me raise that some of the submissions included. And also, some submissions are very clear in terms of the opportunity to have different tracks on discussion it's not only the workshops but also the opportunity to have technical discussions. Discussions about the specific topics a specific levels of action so I think that, along with this conversation of specific opportunities for local actors, a specific opportunities for for trans boundary dimension and many others is, I think it's also very important doing the after, after the first workshop and between this part and cops 27 the opportunity to have focus discussion on a topic such as migration and again to with the spirit of being equitable as possible in terms of geographical needs and approaches because sometimes as I said before this is quite focusing one or two regions or or different factors and actresses and that could be unfair for a global process. So, just that very general consideration for my part but I'm sure that Cindy will enlighten us with with more comments. Thanks. Thank you very much. While, while specialized talking and even as you repeated the question, it is a very interesting question and a tough one at that because it also makes forces us to start to think about the limits to adaptation, and where they are impacted to that point where they can no longer continue to stay in their communities and they have to consider moving elsewhere. And therefore I think in relation to the glass and in relation to adaptation generally and the GGA, we have to be cognizant of the limits, the limits are already being reached the IPCC report reminded us about that. To say all of that. Also, in relation to the to the glass and as included in many of the submissions, including the submissions from the Alliance of Small Island States where we've asked for the inclusion and active inclusion and engagement with expert bodies and international organizations for us to be able to have these discussions with them. So, I think there would be value and as as Pilar said, not just the formal workshops under the glass but other focus discussions, you know for the next three years in relation to this topic. And I can't say exactly what maybe regions that comprise small island states might be doing already or what conversations they may be having but certainly that is an opportunity for us to explore within the Glasgow work channel shake with program. So, additional to that I will, I will probably reiterate my point for regional discussions and approaches on this. Because this is also a humanitarian issue where, you know, communities individuals families have to relocate because they're being impacted. It's, it's yes. It's at the global level we will, we'll talk about it and so on but at the very real level in terms of administering assistance and assisting those who have to move that takes place at a local level so sub national governments regional institutions, and in many cases as well it includes having actors such as bodies churches NGOs and so on which render aid on a day to day basis, and so forth. So I think the opportunity is there we have to include this as a serious issue in the discussions under the glass and gauge with organizations international organizations. There are UN bodies working on displacement and migration issues already engage have this discussions, also not duplicate work where work is being done already and leverage those spaces where conversations are happening the four workshops per year under the glass will go by very quickly and we have so many topics to discuss so leverage other opportunities taking place in parallel to meet these actors have discussions and figure out what's the best way forward what what to put in place to enable those around different lines to be able to survive because that's what it comes down to people being able to survive. And continue to live in safe spaces. Thank you Cindy for this. Mokoina. And I see that we don't have much time. So I would encourage you to please keep it brief. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Emily. I just wanted to mention that the the LDC group is a group of heterogeneous country, countries where we have the, the system part of the LDC, the land to love the mountainous countries, part of the group so the issue of migration is the reality in the group. We, I think Cindy has talked about the migration happening in the small islands. For example, why is that even in other countries, there's a lot of migration happening, you see people moving from from the rural areas into the cities, because poverty and food security has been a challenge to extreme climate conditions and you also see crossing over to other countries, the sort we are like we have a big brother around us, we are totally surrounded by South Africa so whenever we feel the heat of climate change and when we cross the border we land in South Africa. So you see in time, in time country or cross border movement, due to impacts of climate change. I'm sure we have also heard that there's a lot of traffic in the Mediterranean Sea where a number of African are crossing Africans are crossing over into the Europe, because of challenges we are facing here. And this issue, I was just putting this examples as to show how important this issue is the issue of migration, the policy that I talked about. We have the last policy statement is to enhance social security or protection by managing climate in just migration. So it's very important. Thank you. Thank you so much. And I see we are at the area would like to give our last panelist if you if you have any comment that you would like to add, please do so before I will close on this amazing discussion. Yeah. Thanks, and then it's interesting was just interesting to hear listen to mentioning South Africa and typical example of trans boundary issues there, but allow me to just answer two questions that I see on this on on the charts. One is the work program about discussion events and workshop where is action and I feel like that is very important for example for South Africa we did a submission on the web program and we did highlighted that it is a challenge for us that is still treated as not understood while there is information at an international level, and also many African countries, all African countries in fact and many other developing countries have ranked adaptation as a priorities. Hence now this work program for us should result in a very substantive action, including at COP 27 that's very, very important for for Africa for South Africa, and I also like to believe for many other developing countries. In terms of the second question, which I will try to just attempt to answer in a second. It's about the include what, what could be the, the, the gaps of preaching between local and global. One example of when South Africa was doing the, the, their own provincial consultation on the national determined contribution what we found with the, the grass roots level is the interpretation of the scientific knowledge, which has been a huge challenge for them to contribute. So I think those are some of the challenges that are there. And that we should, at least from country, country levels, try to explore how then we can bridge the gap I gave an example of South Africa and taking the, the work program into different actors in the countries that we have when we came back from from Glasgow, which seemingly worked very well. Yeah, I'll stop right there, Emily, in the noting that we are two minutes out of time. Thank you so much. I think we could probably all stay here all afternoon, talking about this. And I'm very sad to have to close the discussion, but I'm actually very glad that even just within an hour. Still some quite concrete suggestions and concrete examples of what has been done within regions and within countries to actually take actions and suit to leverage and to get voices together to be involved in the glass. I've heard from all the panellists that actually this is still not enough and there needs to be more support more finance that can enable the capacity building and the integration of different groups of people within these regional processes and within these countries and international processes. So, bearing in mind some of the comments and the questions. I think that, you know, if we, there's a lot of, there's a lot of synonyms I think between what the panellists have shown in the importance of adaptation, and the challenge is how do we translate these into actions and focusing on who is this we who is this us that is doing the actions related to the global responsibility that we all have to address and promote patient, you know, across the world. So, I would, I would welcome our panelists and our attendees and our process but to keep on thinking about this. What are the actions that yourself that maybe your country that your region, and that the United Nations actually other bodies should take and to keep that in mind when continuing to engage in the next class and GGA activities, either for more or not for more because I think this is very essential in making in making an equitable and a fair GGA and a fair glass process. So, as a summary note, I thank everybody for for the participation and their engagements. Thanks to our lovely for panelists thanks to the two presidency supporting this process. Please note that this webinar will be available. Thank you for joining within the next 48 hours, please. We will be publicizing it through our ID social media and it will be on our webpage. And we welcome, as usual, ongoing communications please do email us if you have comments and feedback, because this is the only way that we're going to be able to advance and enhance adaptation action as much as possible. Thank you very much everyone and have a lovely day.