Back to likable science, live from the EcoDays Symposium. I'm your host Ethan Allen and we're broadcasting today from the East West Center of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. The East West Center is hosting this EcoDays, which stands for ecological dissertations in aquatic sciences, I believe. And with me today, I have two participants, Whitney Beck from Colorado State and Aaron Larson from Columbia. The other part of New York. And you guys, I gather actually our collaborators already. EcoDays is all about bringing collaborators together. You already were collaborating before the EcoDays, right? Correct. Yeah. So Whitney and I share a common ancestor. So her advisor, Laura Popp is also on my dissertation committee. But funnily enough, here at EcoDays, we're working on two very independent projects and getting to know some other folks as well. But it's also a fun chance to reconnect. Excellent, excellent. Isn't that cute the way people's pedigrees or in science sometimes, very different people in very different places end up having common ancestors as you put it, sort of. Excellent. So let's start by maybe a very brief, non-technical explanation of what each of you, what your project really is. Wouldn't you want to start? Sure. So my project is about stream algae. I study freshwater algae that grow on rocks. You might have been fishing or swimming in streams or lakes and got it caught in your fishing line or slipped in a stream because it's so slippery from the algae. But I study nutrients in streams, so fertilizers that may become from agricultural fields or wastewater treatment plants and how they influence the growth of algae and how to prevent issues with water quality, like what we're seeing in Florida, for instance, in some of the freshwater streams where there's a lot of nutrients and that's fueling growth and leading to fish kills and things like that. So I'm conducting experiments to try to understand how algae, algal growth, responds to nutrients under different conditions, like different temperatures and stream flows and things like that. So it involves a lot of field experiments up in the beautiful Colorado mountains, but also some quantitative models from larger data sets. Excellent. Excellent. And Erin? Yeah, so I work a little bit up in scale from Whitney in terms of the animals that I study. So I work on stream insects.  Also mosquitoes, true flies that you might not like quite as much. And so what I try to understand are the processes that shape how many different species of those types of stream insects we find in a stream, especially things like landslides or floods or other types of what we call disturbances that might influence whether we see a lot of different types of bugs in one stream or just a few. Yeah, okay. So I can see your work interestingly complements one another, certainly at this point. And so going back to your work, the talk of the pesticides and fertilizers, in some sense, those things are sometimes putting sort of counteracting influences on the algae. Some of it may be harming the algae, slowing its growth, others of it may be feeding the algae and enriching its growth. But all in all, disturbances probably are making the algae growth different than it was before the land was being used, right? Yeah, that's right. So I don't study as much the pesticide side of things, but and I don't think as much as much is known in that area about how pesticide runoff is influencing algae. Maybe it's influencing insects that feed on algae, but definitely the nutrient side of things. You look up in the Colorado mountain streams, and you would actually expect them to be a lot more pristine than lower elevation streams. But in fact, what we do in the lower elevations influences the conditions in the mountains. So we have cattle farms and concentrated animal feeding operations that are emitting nitrogen and nutrients into the atmosphere, and those end up in the mountain streams. We also have car emissions in the Colorado kind of lowlands, and those bring nitrogen up into the atmosphere, and then it gets deposited as rain in those high elevation areas. So they can be even more polluted than streams in town. Well, interesting. We tend to think of everything as running downstream. It's really counterintuitive. You can see the atmosphere. Again, this is a great reason why you want to be at EcoDays here. I get some atmospheric scientists working with you to help track those sources and quantify the transport, right? Yeah, and I'll mention that there was a really great program at my university that was funded by the National Science Foundation. So I came in as a fellow in this program, and it was meant to get atmospheric scientists, watershed scientists, and social scientists to collaborate together on water issues. So I made friends in engineering and atmospheric scientists who I've been able to work with on different projects, and that's been so helpful at my university, and I'm extending the net here at EcoDays. Excellent. And of course, all this then really, it has implications, clearly for the health of the streams you're studying, right, in terms of the fish populations, and then the viability of the streams and the usability for people. Yeah, there's no point in fishing a stream where all the fish are dead, right? Of course. But also it really then deals with water volatilities, right? Yeah, so in the newspapers recently, I've been seeing pictures from Florida where lifeguards are wearing gas masks. So there are toxins that are coming from the algae, and they get aerosolized. They're in the atmosphere and people are breathing those in. So there's signs on beaches telling people with asthma or telling small children not to go in that area. And the algal toxins coming into the air is something I hadn't thought a lot about because we don't really get that in Colorado, but in places like Florida that's been a real problem. Although actually I was reading something fascinating a while ago that pointed out that the ocean and the viruses that they've discovered now in the ocean are so numerous and get blown off the ocean surface basically and get up into the upper atmosphere and they circle a globe and something like every square meter of land on earth gets a load of something like 875 million viruses per day landing on earth. But these are amazing that we can resist that. We think we'd rather be up tarnished in viruses, but fortunately they're very small at all. And so I guess in a sense we're going to look at some similar issues with the insects.  Big deal. So the fish eat a little bit more, a little bit less. Who cares? What's the impact of this people? Yeah, so that's a great question and one that people often ask me about because I think when we think about aquatic insects a lot of people think about mosquitoes or black flies or some of the more mean to humans aquatic insects that'll bite you or transmit disease and things like that. But actually a lot of aquatic insects play a really important role in the carbon cycle. So when we think about those headwater streams you might also often think about a stream that has trees over it and so when those leaves fall off the trees and go into the stream insects are the ones that are eating the leaves and playing a really important role in how carbon is transported in the system. They also feed birds when they hatch out of the stream in their aerial farm. They're little like nutrient bags. They have a bunch of fatty acids in them so they're really important for a lot of bird populations and spiders and other types of terrestrial animals. So you can often see birds flying low over the streams right exactly. They're essentially snatching what's hatching right off the surface there. Excellent. And again they're very much dependent on what runs into the stream right so we touch on pesticides and we said she couldn't really speak that so much but do the pesticides and actually influence these larval stages of these insects? They do yeah so a pesticide is designed to kill insects right and so they also kill aquatic insects when they enter into streams and so a lot of people we don't have as much data on aquatic insects as we do on terrestrial insects so things like bumblebees or other important insects like that but we do know that when pesticides get into streams they can kill a lot of the insects that live in streams as well. So I was just reading recently a rather alarming report that suggests that a lot of insect populations of lots of different kinds of insects in lots of different places in the world but most of them are terrestrial that have been studied so are the insect populations are just crashing massively in some cases dropping 10 fold 50 fold just in a few decades. Are you seeing any of this in in stream insects? Yeah that's an awesome question. I wish I had a better answer for you but I'm going to try and answer it to the best of my ability so one limitation with aquatic systems is we just don't have quite as long in a data record so when you do a study like that where you're showing that something's declined you really need data from before we started impacting those systems and so we have seen some evidence that pesticides and other types of pollution are affecting aquatic insects we know that it affects aquatic insects and that different ways of basically hurting bugs home so harming or rearranging streams in different ways does affect their biomass or the amount of them that we find in a stream but we don't right now have quite enough data to do those really big global scale synthesis of like okay do we know that aquatic insects are declining? My sense is yes and I'd love to explore that further with my research for sure. I would think some records like the fishing records from streams could probably give you some insight right if there used to be a lot more people catching a lot more fish out of the river it suggests that that there might be yes you're getting at this idea of like okay that fishing to eat food so if their food is no longer there and we're seeing less fish but if people have been taking the really big fish out there's all kinds of things that can lead to us finding more or less fish so yeah it's hard to say if that's caused by insects or not. Again this is a great a great reason though to be here at EcoDays right now you talk to other people look at some of these other factors could help key some of that out eliminate some as a possible compound and track others it might be really worthwhile and might be very meaningful in your work right? Yeah definitely yeah it's been fun to meet a lot of different folks thinking about aquatic systems especially since we both study streams meeting some people who think more about saltwater systems and you know the ocean or coastal estuaries and things like that and how the processes that are going on there might be different. But of course all your streams ultimately, ultimately they all feed in the ocean right? It all goes to the ocean exactly. There's classical ecology lessons right that everything is connected to everything else you can't really pull one piece out without starting to unravel further right? It's a great summary. It's intriguing. So how do you get sort of started I mean you seem sort of like odd things to be studying in their own way I know all scientists sort of seem to be studying odd things but can you keep for people who might might not be so familiar with science can you sort of say a little bit about how you got involved in this? What grew you into it? Yeah so I'm at Colorado State University right now but I grew up in Maryland and spent a lot of time at the beach and fishing in lakes and streams that feed into the Chesapeake Bay which is one of the largest estuaries and has been in decline for a long time the fisheries and the oysters are declining there's a lot of nutrient and sediment pollution that's leading to algal blooms in the bay. So from an early age I learned a lot about that system and I started going to the University of Maryland as an undergrad and began an environmental science program and my family was like Whitney you're going to save the Chesapeake Bay that is your destiny and it was just this responsibility I was always interested in water and how it connects from the agricultural farms to the streams to the estuaries and that whole cycle how pollutants could be transferred and how the biological systems depend on what happens outside of the streams as well. So it was a fascinating topic and we had a lot of great case studies and courses at the University of Maryland that got me started but then I interned at the EPA's office of water in Washington DC and kept hearing people talk about nutrients and algae and I was like don't we have this solved yet I've been hearing about this for a long time there have been plans for 30 years to save the bay so what's missing and that's why I decided to go to graduate school to complete some experiments try to create better models so that we can predict and present prevent these algal blooms essentially. Yeah so I have a maybe slightly similar slightly different story and I grew up on Long Island Sound in southeast Connecticut and so I grew up similarly by the beach but I spent a lot of time diving as a kid in high school and so I was always really I love fish and I loved fishing I liked seeing fish in the water and when I went to undergrad I went to college in New Hampshire and wasn't near the ocean anymore but got to work on freshwater systems in Colorado and started to get really interested in streams, learned more about algae actually so went from the very big to the very small and after college kind of was at that point where you don't really know what you want to do with your life which might be a permanent state of being and so I went out to Idaho and worked for the Idaho Department of Fish and Game went back to fish and learned a little bit more about how we manage natural systems at a very local level and that got me really interested sort of similarly to Whitney about how I could learn more to help solve the problems that we were thinking about at fishing game I was always thinking about what about the things that the fish are eating what about the things that are eating the fish like sort of the system as a more sort of large connected whole and that's what got me back to grad school thinking more about things at a community and ecosystem level with my research at Cornell. Excellent excellent and these both tie in nicely again to looking at sort of why you're doing the science in terms of sort of the betterment of human beings right which is great science you're always sort of I think just got in the back with Ted right is really wanting to make the world a better place not not not the contrary right and it's it's intriguing that both are looking at these these issues of water that is very interestingly parallel work going on here in Hawaii they're now trying to figure out the groundwater reservoirs of Hawaii because again it seems like something that should have been solved a long time ago right so you should know how much water is here but really the models are typically using 80 year old models and they're really very very crude and simplistic uh and so it's uh again people continue to dig deeper into them study the more now we're trying to use modern techniques so are you guys are finding collaborators here at EcoDays people who can help you look at their streams from elsewhere or other systems that are related to your streams or monitored output of your streams yeah that's right so I found a really fun group to work with we're interested in using a large data set that was collected by the Environmental Protection Agency as well as state partners like Hawaii and so the data set include thousands of points from lakes streams coastal areas and wetlands and we're interested in looking at what drives the nutrients in those ecosystems so we're going to look at how land use and climate might be influencing the nutrients in the water and then eventually connect that to the biology like algae and insects that's that's such a hot trend these days is taking existing data sets that were gathered for some other purpose and reexamining them now through different lens and say look what can this tell us about my question so that's that which is really exciting because we spend so much time and money collecting this data and then if it's just going to sit on a shelf somewhere it's useless but when you get people who know streams and lakes and coastal areas together in one room we can really take a big picture view across those ecosystem types I'm really excited to be working with this group excellent excellent yeah it sounds great again with the history of this group has this being the 13th eco days we probably have people who were asking related questions from some of the early cohort to now have access to other other data sets you might like find interesting right yeah that's why it's good to keep talking to people exactly never know what somebody else gathered right exactly it's one of the real issues we find these days right is there's so much information out there you how do you look it up how do you access it to a poll that the key signal that you want out of the noise of this overwhelming uh daily use of information right that's it's uh that's that's challenging yeah let us know when you figure that out we're working on it don't worry that's the plan goal so um your advice for aspiring scientists yeah um my advice is that science can be one of the many hats you wear being a scientist um and we're all people we're all living on the same planet um we're all stressed about maybe slightly different things but as a scientist I am stressed about climate change I want to figure out solutions and figure out ways that we can have an equitable society um and where we live on a healthy planet and so don't don't forget that scientists are people and that it's okay to also be a mountain biker a knitter those are some of the other hats I wear and other things as well balance the science you do and the things that really bring other types of joy to your life as well excellent excellent and for myself I'm thinking more of incoming students at the undergraduate or graduate level who are interested in doing research and one regret I have in graduate school is that I did not bring in partners um stakeholders who would be using my research until the very end of the project and um we've been taught more and more as graduate students that that's not what you're supposed to do you're supposed to help the people let the people that are going to be using your research help you formulate your research questions and participate and um work in the field with you and that sort of thing and so rather than just publishing an article and hoping that someone uses it I would encourage people to get um the users involved early whether that be talking to your local state water quality managers or local nonprofits or even environmental education groups if you have modules you're producing for instance get people involved in what you're doing and excited about it excellent yeah that's on uh in this uh fscore project that's studying Hawaii groundwater that's one of the things that pushing on now is being sure that every project has can identify what is it going to give back to the community what is that concrete product or process or information that they are going to contribute so you can talk to the community's value of it excellent and um then I'll tell you what I've got I've got my my question I often asked at the end of the end of the shows here as we're coming to the end real quickly it has nothing to do with science great no problem like what you said about gotta be have a life too right if you could have the super power of flying or being invisible which would you choose and why oh man I think I would pick flying because first of all it would be carbon neutral maybe depending on how many how much to be able to do it um yeah and there's just so much of the world I've been lucky to explore so much of the world for my science and there's so much more that I'd love to explore and flying would be a fun way to do that cool I agree I was feeling very guilty coming here to Hawaii because of the carbon emissions on the airplane and I probably travel once a month for work or pleasure my husband and I love to travel to different countries so just being able to get there while seeing everything along the way would be an awesome win-win yeah excellent well thank you both Whitney Aaron so much it's been great having you here and thank you another great episode of likable science this one live from eco days I'm your host Ethan Allen and we hope you'll join us for our next episode


Cat lovers around the world will all agree that their pets bring them joy and entertainment, and they wouldn't trade them for anything. Having said this, they also have some very irritating habits. There are things that cats do that range from mildly annoying to nearly maddening, but the next moment, they do something that makes the anger subside.  They are also therapeutic, clinically proven to lower heart rates and blood pressure. Cats have so many redeeming qualities that it's easy to overlook their lesson during habits. Cats like to take charge. Most cats come to you as sweet little kittens that steal your heart and make you think that they can do no wrong. As they grow and mature, many of them develop a take charge attitude. They like to rule the roost and unless you are firm in training your cat, it will treat you as though you are the pet and it is the owner. While there are times when this behavior can be amusing, it can be highly annoying. This is particularly true when your cat tries to boss you around. They may not speak the English language, but your cat knows how to communicate with you. If you're not a cat owner, you may not get this, but anyone who is knows exactly what we're talking about. You suddenly have a second shadow. Despite their reputations for being aloof and somewhat detached creatures, cats really are dependent on their owners, and some are even clingy. Cats go through phases when they feel the need to stick to their owners like glue. Sometimes it's nice to have the companionship and attention, but when you want some alone time, and your cat is feeling clingy, you may not be able to escape. They are known to follow their special person everywhere they go, including the bathroom, the laundry room, the bedroom and any other room in the house.  Your cat won't care about that because when he's in cling mode, it will be hard to ditch him. They are a tripping hazard. You can go along for days or even weeks without tripping over your cat. He may be perfectly content to mind his own business for long stretches of time. Then it happens, he goes into a needy mode and suddenly, he's consistently under your feet. Nearly every cat owner has gone through these exasperating moments, and it's usually at a time when you're stressed out to begin with, compounding the situation. It's important to understand that your cat isn't trying to get under your skin or cause bodily injury. They are emotionally sensitive animals and when you are stressed, they sense that something is wrong. Cats feel anxiety too and when their favorite person is off, they instinctively gravitate towards you to make sure that everything is okay. Sometimes, the only way to get close to a busy owner who is on the move is to rub up against your legs, and when you're already in motion and distracted with other things on your mind, you may not see the cat that's just trying to get your attention to see what's the matter. A lot of swear words have been uttered by cat owners who have either stepped on their beloved pet or nearly broken their necks trying to avoid it. Cats will argue with you. If you're a cat owner you know that the more talkative varieties know how to stand their ground. And they do so vocally. When your cat first engages in a verbal argument with you it's a novelty and it's downright hilarious, but as time goes by, the attitude can wear thin. Vocal kitties will talk back when you scold them for something that they shouldn't have done. Cats can be stubborn and when your cat is comfortable with you, he will talk back. Some of these conversations can go on for a long time, and when you exit the room, don't be surprised if your cat follows you to keep the argument going. When it goes on for a while, it can become quite annoying. Hello. This video is sponsored by Beemix Pets. Are you looking for high quality cat collars at an affordable cost? Check out, BeemixPets.com. Use coupon code KittenLife, to get 20% off. They will chew on your body. This isn't actually as terrible as it sounds, but it can be very annoying. Cats like to chew, perhaps not as much as dogs, but some are really horrible with this habit. When you're playing with your cat, he is likely to chew on your fingers.   Most cats will learn that they're not supposed to do this if you use the right training techniques, but some are so bullheaded that nothing can dissuade them. One of the worst things about this habit is that they are even apt to chew on your hair or socks while you're trying to take a nap. Definitely one of the more annoying things that a cat can do to a human.  Getting licked by the sandpaper rough tongue of a cat can be torturous. Not all cats are lickers, but most give it a try. If your skin is salty, or if you just came out of the bath or shower seems to be when they are the most interested in licking you. Some people believe that it's a sign of affection, while others believe it's their way of getting back at you for some perceived wrong. If you haven't been licked by the rough tongue of a cat, then you probably don't own one.  They jump on top of you.  They are professional molars and they will walk all over the top of you. Cats are also rollers. If you're wearing your favorite sweater, you'd better have a lint brush ready because they will push and roll on your lap until they find a comfortable position. Cats are also famous for springing off of ledges and shelves and landing on your shoulders. It's nice to be loved, but cats will push you to the edge with their need to be on you at all times. They wake you up at all hours. Cats don't really have a certain time that they value over another when it comes to play. If the mood strikes them, and you're asleep, well, too bad. This is one of the most annoying things that cats do to people. It doesn't matter if you're just trying to catch an afternoon nap, or if you've turned in for the night. Your cat decides when it's time to sleep and when it's time for you to wake up and give them some attention. Play isn't the only reason that they wake you up, if their food dish or water bowl is empty, it won't matter to them what time it is. Their incessant crying will force you out of bed to investigate what's going on. It seems like cats will find any reason to deprive you of your sleep. They are the things that go bump in the night. For whatever reason, cats love to play hard in the middle of the night. After all the lights are out and the house is quiet, you'll swear that a burglar has broken in and is rummaging through your things. Cats are generally smaller animals, but they certainly can make a lot of noise. Be prepared for them to jump on countertops while you're snug in your bed. If there is anything lying around that they can possibly knock over, nighttime is their favorite time to do it. You can also hear them running up and down the halls and making loud bumping and knocking noises as they jump up and down, or bat an object around the floor. They meow at the worst possible times. If you have a baby in the house, you can count on your cat to make racket just as soon as you put the baby down for a nap. They are experts at meowing loudly and waking up small children. You may wonder, how do they know? Some cat owners think that it's just a coincidence, while others believe it to be a sinister act of passive aggression. Perhaps extreme quiet and the house bugs them and it's a signal that it's time to liven things up.  Cats headbutt you. Hands down, one of the most annoying things your cat can do is to give you a headbutt. Almost every cat owner has been the victim of this and it isn't much fun. A light bump is one thing, but cats can get a little too carried away with this, and coming head to head with a frisky cat can be painful. It doesn't seem to phase them much, but you could end up with a bruise or a small knot on your forehead.  In case you're wondering why a cat does this, it is simply an aggressive act in order to get your full attention. If you enjoyed this video, kindly press the like button. Also don't forget to subscribe with notifications on, so that you don't miss out on videos like this. Thank you for watching.


Hello friends and how are you all today? My name is Priyanka and the question says, integrate the following rational functions. Now here the function which is given to us is 1 upon x into x raised to the power n plus 1. Now when we are dealing with trigonometric functions it is always good to see if the numerator in the fraction can be obtained by differentiating a component in the denominator. We know that derivative of x raised to the power n is n into x raised to the power n minus 1. So multiplying the numerator denominator by n into x raised to the power n minus 1, we get 1 upon x into x raised to the power n plus 1 is equal to n into x raised to the power n minus 1 upon n into x raised to the power n minus 1 into x into x raised to the power n minus 1, sorry plus 1. Now integrating both the sides we get integral of 1 upon x into x raised to the power n plus 1 dx is equal to integral of n into x raised to the power n minus 1 upon n. Now x raised to the power n minus 1 when it gets multiplied by x we will have the answer as x raised to the power n into x raised to the power n plus 1 into dx. Now the numerator that is n into x raised to the power n minus 1 is clearly the derivative of the component x raised to the power n in the denominator. So put x raised to the power n equal to t and therefore differentiating both the sides we will have n into x raised to the power n minus 1 dx is equal to dt, right? So the above fraction will become 1 upon n into 1 upon t plus 1 dt. Now 1 upon n will be a constant so taking the constant out of the integral we have 1 upon n integral 1 upon t t plus 1 dt. Now 1 upon t t plus 1 can be solved by using partial fraction method. So we have now let us solve it by using partial fraction method separately. So we have 1 upon t t plus 1 can be written as a upon t plus b upon t plus 1. Now taking LCM we have and equating the numerator is equal to 1 is equal to a into t plus 1 plus b into t. So we have on equating the constants so it will be equal to a that is equal to 1 and on equating the coefficients of we have a plus b equal to 0 since the value of a is 1 so value of b will be equal to minus 1 isn't it? So we can write this as 1 upon n integral the value of a was obtained to be 1 so it will be 1 upon t plus the value of b was minus 1 upon t plus 1 into dt. Now taking integration sign separately with each term we have 1 upon n integral 1 upon t dt minus 1 upon n integral 1 upon t plus 1 dt that is equal to 1 upon n log mod t minus 1 upon n log t plus 1. So it can be also written as 1 upon n log t upon t plus 1 plus c. Now substituting the value of t as x raise to the power 1 we have 1 upon n log x raise to the power n divided by x raise to the power n plus 1 plus c. And this was the required answer to this session. Hope you enjoyed and understood the whole concept well. Have a nice day ahead.


I'm with Jessica Siekaliber of Black Box Biometrics. What do you have to show us today? So this is the Lynx Impact Assessment System. It's a piece of wearable technology that measures impacts in sports.   Yep. And what it this does, it slips into a specially designed headband or skull cap. So two pieces of soft goods that athletes are already normally wearing. And it measures in real-time impacts that they're sustaining. And all that data is sent to our mobile application. So a parent, a coach, an athletic trainer can get real-time feedback on the athlete on the field. Oh wow, that's really cool. Yep. And all of the data is also securely sent to the cloud, which means there's access, secure access anytime, anywhere, creating a personal record of that athlete's impact history. So how do you measure impact? What kind of metrics are you looking at? So we have proprietary algorithms that are based in our product. We also measure linear and rotational acceleration. And all of our proprietary algorithms are based on historical health data. So we've looked at lots and lots of accepted data based on concussion rates and used that to formulate the algorithms. So rotation two would be for neck injuries, that kind of thing? Yep.  It can swing side to side. So it's really, really important to capture linear and rotational acceleration. So you said real-time. How does it do it real-time? Is it Wi-Fi enabled or how's that work? It's Bluetooth enabled. Okay. Okay. So I'm playing football. I got it in my headband. I'm wearing a helmet and I crashed into somebody and my coach can know how bad that injury was. Yep, yep. And also really important, it's not just the severity of a singular hit. It's cumulative impact. So research has shown that it's not just one hard hit, but multiple hits over time that can cause damage. So that's why it's so important to measure and capture every hit and then store that in a secure place so you're capturing all of that. Yeah, yeah. I can see that. So who are your customers for this? So our product is officially launching at the end of Q1 and our target is youth athletes. And the reason for that is they don't typically have an athletic trainer or some sort of support system on the sideline to help with injury management. A lot of times they're lucky if a parent's a nurse and knows what to do if an impact happens. So that's our main target, but this product can certainly be used from amateur to all the way to professional sports. Wow, this sounds fantastic. Very good luck to you. This sounds really interesting. Thank you very much.


Gravy is... Gravy is... Gravy is an American, as you can get, it is the quintessential sauce. It's a lemon tree. When you think of gravy, it feels warm and cozy. It's Sunday dinner, it's family, it's friends, it's comfort food. My name is Todd Coleman. I'm a creative content director at the Spruce Eats. I'm going to make a classic turkey gravy. Today I'm also going to show you two variations on gravy, an uber luscious mushroom vegetarian gravy, and my outrageous 24-hour gravy. Once you learn all three of these recipes, from the classic to the mushroom to the 24-hour, you're going to really understand what it means to make and serve the best gravy. This is the most classic or fundamental of gravies, the one you need to learn first before you can stray off the path. So the first step are my drippings. Heather, drippings are the magic leavings in the bottom of the pan that come for your turkey or chicken. You really can't make an intensely flavored gravy without them. These look amazing. Gold and it's rich, so you have like bits of bird and juices and just absolute rich loveliness. Do you ever just like sneak a piece of that? It's like so sweet. That is just packed full of flavor. Make sure that you watch Heather's episode of It's Elementary and see how to roast a turkey to be able to get this golden pan. I'm going to send you the invoice. Send me the invoice. So the first step of this is we're going to need to sort of separate the fat from the broth. If you don't have a centrifuge, which most people don't, I have a little trick for you. Pour the broth into this bag. All right. Then I'm going to bunch it up here. So I have all the broth and drippings and leavings from the turkey in here. You can see the fat is starting to collect at the top. So what I do is I have two measuring cups and then I'm going to click this and then we'll let all the broth drain out. When it starts, the fat starts to come down. I quickly move it over here and this is what I use for the fat. In genius, I know. Ready, go. Oh, fat. It actually worked, but it's messy. So I'm going to bring the pan over here. I like to use the cast iron pan because the bottom is thick and so the heat is distributed evenly there. So we're going to heat it up. I'm going to pour in my fat. So we have our fat kind of popping here. Now it's time to add a little bit of flour. I'm going to sprinkle it over the fat. I'm going to start to stir this to make a roux, which is really just a fancy name for a paste. The fat coats the flour, which helps it disperse in the liquid. It's okay if it's a little bit lumpy. All right. I'm going to pour in our broth, our drippings, our loveliness that came from the pan. Thank you, Heather. This would not be the same without it. So I like to add a little bit at first and start whisking. Smells really, really, really, really good. It's starting to bubble. I'm whisking in our paste, our roux. You can see it coming together. It's very, very, very thick. All right. So like I have a little bit of broth here on the side that is just basically store bought. I'm going to use this to loosen up a little bit. You have to always have this. If you make your gravy in the morning for Thanksgiving, you're serving it at three or god forbid at six o'clock. When you reheat it, it's going to be very thick. Whisk while it comes to a boil. Okay. So you see I'm starting to push it through.  And you see that it's held its line. So we're good to go. This is an essential test. The next step is we want to season it. So salt and pepper, those are our basic seasonings. But be careful with this because if you're using drippings from a bird, all of that salt and seasoning is going to go into the bottom of the pan. So I tasted it first to see if it even needs salt. Often it doesn't.  Wow. I don't say this lightly. This is kind of like my grandma's gravy, right? Which is old school home cooking, which is very hard to get these days. Drippings are the key to this gravy. And you need to be able to roast a whole bird in order to get them. Don't use one of those disposable pans. It's very thin at the bottom because your drippings will all burn from that. So this is our basic turkey gravy. And now we're going to move on to a vegetarian mushroom gravy. The big question here is how do you make something as flavorful as the meat-based one? And the answer to that, mushrooms. These are nutty, woodsy, packed with flavor. And that word's going to come up again. Umami packed, right? Get the pan nice and hot. We're going to chop up an onion. I do a little v-cut to take the root out, which makes it easier to slice. This is my tip for doing. I start sort of as a v and I move over. This is a basic technique, okay? Slicing. Let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go. Knock it over. Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. Boom, right? They just all fall apart because of that v-cut. So easy. So now I'm going to take butter. Throw it into the pan. The butter you want to use because it's full of flavor. The milk solids are going to start to caramelize and brown and mimic the pound drippings, you know, from the meat-based one. You're going to have some people who prefer this gravy. Starting the brown there, we want that. I'm going to add the onions. Get those sizzling. I like to season as I go. Salt, salt, salt. Pepper mill. You see these little brown bits here? That's from the butter. Again, the milk solids are caramelizing and it's mimicking the drippings in the bottom of the pan. Keep that going, rip-roaring heat. Next, we're going to chop up the mushrooms. I'm using cremini mushrooms. You know what cremini mushrooms are? You know portabellos? These are the baby ones before they grow. I have this technique of once I start to chop and I make a flat end. I'll flip it over on that flat end and get those babies into the pan, sprinkling, sprinkling, sprinkling. I'm going to add a little bit of seasoning. I'm going to tell you a secret about mushrooms. Have you ever had canned mushrooms? They're kind of bloated and pale. That's what will happen to your mushrooms if you add them and start stirring like crazy. We really just want to leave them alone. It's so hard even for me not to stir but you've got to have some patience with this, right? Because we're building flavor here. This is the point where you're going to be like, ooh, I need to stir, ooh, I need to stir. Don't, don't, don't, don't, don't. Give yourself a couple more seconds. Fight that urge. I'm going to sprinkle on my poultry seasoning here, right? Poultry seasoning. That sounds like a pretty weird thing to add to a vegetarian gravy, right? Well, there's no poultry in here. But what is in here? They're herbs of Thanksgiving. Sage, marjoram, thyme, oregano. It is a secret weapon for me in the kitchen. Now we're going to shake the pan and we're going to flip. See, see what I'm talking about here? Brown and caramelized. The parts that look a little darker are going to become light brown once you add the liquid. All right, next step. We're going to add our flour. We're making a roux again but with salt ingredients in there. Same thing. Go ahead and start stirring. It's going to start to get a little clumpy. The flour is adhering to the mushrooms and the onions. So you can see here that we have a mess of mushrooms and onions. We're starting to get bits on the bottom of the pan. Now I'm going to add the liquid. What I like to do is add a little bit first. Start to stir it. Loosen the roux a little bit. Not add it all at once. Right, I'm stirring. Starting to thicken. You see that there? Really lovely stuff here. Really lovely stuff. I'm going to add my soy sauce now. Soy sauce, you know, fermented soybeans. This is a friend in the kitchen. You can use it in so many things. It's one of my secret ingredients to my marinara sauce. I'm pouring a little bit more in. You can see it's starting to come together. Look at that. Wow. Again, you're going to let this come to a boil to let the flour thicken properly. If you just think it's done, once it looks sort of thick, you're not there yet. And it's going to have a raw taste. And it's just not going to be the experience that you want. I'm stirring really just to get up those yummy bits that caramelized on the bottom of the pan. The bubbles are starting to pop up. Pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop. That's a professional term. So while that's happening, two finishing moves. Number one, a pat of cold butter. And that will taste very different than the cooked butter in this. And I'm going to swirl to incorporate it. This is called mounting in butter.  If it just melts in, it'll be kind of greasy and broken at the top. Next thing is the lemon. Fresh lemon juice, people. I'm going to hold the halved lemon up like this so that when the juice runs through my fingers, but the seeds, hopefully, will fall fall into the palm of my hand instead of the food. All gravies have super long cooked flavors. So you want to finish it with something that will brighten it up. You want it to hit a lot of different notes, right? So here we're going to add some salt. Of course, some pepper. Final test. It's called the nappe test. Nappe means the coat in French. See that line there? It holds. That way we know it's going to lightly coat our turkey, our stuffing, our mashed potatoes. This is our mushroom vegetarian gravy. I like to make two gravies at Thanksgiving. This one is especially good for the darker, richer meats, like the drumstick or the thigh, whereas the classic with its long cooked flavors from the drippings will really super enhance the breast meat. You know, that typically, no matter what you do, is kind of dry. So next, we're moving on to the 24-hour gravy. What is this? It's a pull out all the stops gravy.  What's going on here? We have a million different ingredients. Exactly. It's mission impossible here, right? The first step is when you make a stock, you want to use bones, right? We're not going to go out and get bones in the supermarket. So we start off with what? Chicken wings. These look great. They're going to add a ton of body to our broth, which is the beginning of our gravy. Okay. Moving over here, right? We've got a croquette or a stockpot. We're putting our chicken wings in our fat. Don't worry about it. Everything should go in there. And look at these pan drippings. I'm doing right by you guys, okay? We're going to deglaze those with what? Red wine. Pop that on there. You want to scrape these bits up into the wine. You can also just add water or broth or any liquid. Typically, you want to put this over a gas flame to help release it and help it boil, but you don't really need to do that. We're putting a lot of flavor here. All right. I'm going to pour that in with the wings. Okay. Now we're going to start our pinceage.  Well, it's just another crazy French term for mirepoix, which is onions, carrots, celery. All caramelized in the pan with a bunch of oozy gooey goodness. And that's going to form the aromatic base of our 24-hour gravy. So we have a pan here. I'm going to start with some bacon wine. Bacon's delicious. Again, I'm telling you, I'm putting everything in this. I'm pulling out all the stops. I'm going to add a little bit of olive oil to help this bacon render. Wow. This is smelling amazing. So we've got that going. I'm going to take my carrots, and I'm going to roughly chop them. I like doing like a little roll cut where I just cut down the middle, make these kind of oblique shapes. Throw those in. I'm not worried about the bacon being totally ready because this is going to cook for a long time. I'm going to take a head of garlic as well. I'm just going to split that in half. All this stuff is going to get strained out at the end. Tons of herbs here. Time, fresh thyme. Rosemary. Piney, resiny. Bay leaf. Slicing up our onions. All right. Throwing in the onions. Throwing this up. Getting it going. Getting it brown. While this is cooking down, I'm going to add a little bit of tomato paste. Tomato paste is a concentrate. It's going to make everything dark and rich. All right. So I'm stirring this up. You see it's starting to brown. It's starting to cook down. Okay. If memory serves me again with French, pince means to caramelize. So a pinceage is the thing that's caramelized. But let me know in the comments if I got that right. Something has been right here. I think I missed something. The celery. Oh my goodness. All these ingredients are there for a reason. So leave one of them out. It won't be the same. Wow. See that jammy? See that jammy caramelized bit right there? That's what you're looking for. What are we going to do next? We're going to take a whole bottle of wine. We're going to add the whole thing. That's right. The whole bottle of wine is gone. It's in the pinceage. We're going to start boiling this down. You don't want to use cheap wine or wine that you wouldn't want to drink. This is going to make a big difference. So this is going to start to simmer. And this is going to start to reduce. We want to get it to the point where it's almost syrupy. The pinceage with the red wine is taking a little bit of time to reduce. I'm putting an empty pan on the burner. And heating it is screeching hot. I'm going to pour our syrupy pinceage in there. It's going to reduce really quickly. This is starting to get really syrupy and yummy. This is going to go in with our wings. I'm going to pour this in. Next step, I have dried shiitakes here. We're going to add those in. We're going to add some bay leaf. Then we're going to make a big bouquet garni which is just like parsley, tarragon, thyme, sage, fresh herbs. I'm going to tie them all together. That's going to go in here. Now we're going to add water to create our broth or stock. It needs to go like four inches above the surface. I'm going to cover. Bring it to a boil. We brought our delicious multi-layered broth stock that will eventually be our gravy up to a boil. I'm going to turn down the heat. We're going to simmer this for eight hours. When this is done, after eight hours, you can cheat, maybe do six hours. You're going to let it cool. You're going to put it in the fridge. Let's sit overnight. Here we have our broth or stock that we put in the fridge overnight. Then we took it out, peeled back the fat, added that or saved it for another use. We had to heat it up a little bit so that we could strain it. I've improvised here with some cheesecloth. That's wet, which makes it easier to strain. We're going to mash this down to release the liquid. We're pushing it through. You can see it dripping in here. Put our solids over here. I'm going to bring this over to the stove to heat up. Now we're going to make our gumbo roux. What's that? It's basically the roux I've showed you how to make already. We're going to cook it for a long time until it becomes a consistency of peanut butter or almond butter. We have a miniature cast iron skillet here. We're going to bring it onto the heat. We're going to add our butter. We're going to melt that down. Again, we don't care if it browns. It's going to be browning during this process. Swirl the butter. Just waves of splendid butter pleasure right here just folding onto itself. Fantastic. I'm going to dump in the flour. Sprinkle that over the top. Stir that in. As you can see here, the roux starts to look a little bit like our basic or fundamental gravy here. It almost looks like a caramel sauce. We're cooking this for about 10 minutes. You can see it's really gotten the consistency of peanut butter or almond butter. I'm going to move this off. I'm going to move our strained broth over. Boom. Now I'm going to take our gumbo roux and I'm going to pour it into our broth. This is basically the gravy of your dreams. Now I'm going to turn this down and let it simmer a little bit just to thicken up. Look at this. This looks luscious. This has 24 ingredients. But let's not forget the other ingredients. The ones that are always there helping us out during Thanksgiving. Time and love. We put a lot of time and love in this. We're not done yet. We want to balance this gravy. It's a delicate, precise thing. First, we're going to do some mounting of cold butter, which is a technique I've already taught you. Again, the butter must be cold. That's looking great. Now we're going to really up this. Plus, plus, plus, plus. Turn it up to 11. I'm going to take some Frank's hot sauce. A couple of drops. Don't go crazy. I'm going to take a little bit of soy sauce. A little bit of sherry vinegar. Again, just a couple of drops. Don't forget the salt. Pepper. Looks great. Now it's time for the taste test. That is so good. What's Thanksgiving if you can't show off for your friends and family, right? This is going to knock them over the head. Thanks so much for joining me today on our gravy extravaganza. I've showed you how to make it three ways. Number one, the basic gravy. Rue and drippings. Number two, vegetarian mushroom gravy. Strong backbone from the sauteed mushrooms. And number three, the show stopping 24 hours, 24 ingredients, it's elementary. Make sure you like, comment, and subscribe to The Spruce Eats for more it's elementary episodes and more great cooking videos on every subject. Thanks for watching.


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We've just been doing some company-level boat training. So the guys driving the boats are coxswans. And then from there, you just have one man, two man, three man, four man. And then the guys sitting next to the coxswans, the eight coxswans. So it's just another asset that we bring to the Marine Corps. And so a small element that can push out by themselves with no support for clandestine landings. We'll launch from a platform, either from an LCU, LPD, or LSD from there. We hit our IP insertion point. And our navigators will have a heading for us. We'll follow a course. They'll push to the 500, release the scout swimmers from there, scout swimmers will swim to the beach, clear our BLS, and then they'll just start waving in waves for us to start landing. Successful boat raid would be to bring everybody back, conduct the raid, do what we have to do. Everybody makes it off the BLS. We'll be back to 1,100 and I get accountability and we're good.


What piece of microbiological knowledge should the whole world know, should everybody in the world know about? I would say wash your hands and be careful in your food preparation. Okay, so very practical advice. I would say it's the fact that not all organisms are pathogenic, but for the pathogens I think one of the most important things for people to know is about antimicrobial resistance, which is very important. So when that knowledge is gained you can question or ask the rationale from your general practitioner for example why you've been given antibiotics and that will help everyone to better use antibiotics and probably that will reverse the current trend of antimicrobial resistance. So I guess some of the problem is that people don't know that there's a problem and it's that sort of previous step of making sure they know about the problem so that they can then think about how to fix the problem that is the thing. I agree with that and there was a session today about the One Health approach and I like the punchline which I tweeted which is how, why and when to use antibiotics is the real issue and people need to just know how, when and why so that when they know they can ask questions and when questions are asked people tend to adjust their behaviour to do the right things basically. Okay, Jay's a behaviour around it as well. What one piece of microbiological knowledge do you think that everybody in the world should know about?  The diverse hardiness of them, yeah okay. I find that truly amazing, yes. And it is amazing, yeah. Again I'd like to be greedy if I may and first of all, in terms of medical microbiology I would say the world has been changed by us adopting and using wisely vaccines, long may that continue and in terms of environmental microbiology if I might, the biggest change that we could make globally for the well-being of all societies and for economic development would be clean drinking water. It is simple, it's achievable, do we choose to do that globally? And Hilou? They're great answers, I'm a bit jealous now. I think I would say that remind people or if they're not aware that micro-organisms, single-celled life forms, first life forms on planet Earth, three and a half billion years ago and from them and from their growth they shaped the entire planet and made it inhabitable with the rest of us and they continue to be essential for every aspect of our daily lives. I guess that unbroken chain of replication all the way back to that first single-celled organism leads to everyone in the world so it's a good thing to know about. Isn't it just mind-blowing actually? Yeah, fantastic. Well I think what everyone knows about is the fact that bacteria can cause disease and that antibiotic resistance is a real problem and there may be some populist dictators somewhere that don't believe that indiscriminate antibiotic use is causing problems but antibiotic resistance is a huge problem particularly for aging populations in the developing world because bacterial infections are not going to go away and sadly there's been very little development of new antibiotics or new antimicrobials in the last 30 years. So I think most people that read newspapers are aware of this problem. Okay, but hopefully we should make sure that everyone knows it. Yes. Okay. What is the one piece of microbiological knowledge you think everyone in the world should know about? Well that's a very good question and I think it's something I've been reflecting a lot and I think that should be that we all came from microbes. So what we know usually about evolution, what everyone knows, it's as if my favorite comedian said, you know, if you have to tell people about evolution you're being a bit boring. You're saying, yeah, well basically there was a big bang and then we all came from monkeys. Straight up. Yeah. But I think if you tell people that we all came from microbes that puts both microbiology and evolution and the whole natural world at different perspectives, it makes people understand and try to think, but what is the similarities between microbes and us? What was between the microbes and us and you know, everything, ecology of microbes also whether they are friends or enemies and what are the similarities between us and them and how can we manage them? Everybody in the world, I would use microbes to illustrate evolution as the most successful process in probably in the universe. Just life on earth as it is is almost four billion years old. So we have a process based on the principle of evolution that is practically immortal. The products are ephemeral, but the process is so robust that it is practically immortal. Four billion years. Yes, exactly. And we know that when the life started, when we have last universal common ancestor that it looked very similar to a bacterium and it was a single celled organism that reproduced its genetic and therefore functional information and that's how the life started to grow like. And eventually became all of us as well, you know, eventually reproducing every human alive today, which is amazing. Yes. Absolutely. That we have a uninterrupted tree of life over four billion years starting with something like bacterium and to the people like you and me talking now. Everyone should know that there are more microorganisms and on earth are stars in the universe. They are trillion of millions species in the world and only one. Those are numbers that I cannot pronounce, but it's one to the ten to the thirty number of microorganisms on earth and there's one to the ten to the twenty one stars in the universe. Wow, okay. So that can give you an idea of the diversity of the microorganisms and the important roles that they are playing in the environment. Well, so they outnumber the stars, they outnumber all of us. They are bigger than everything. Yeah, and they are more diverse and we only know 99% of all the microorganisms are not no. We don't know what they are doing in the environment. So we just know that there's so much we have no idea about. Exactly. Okay. Exactly. Fantastic. Yeah. Wow. That's a good question. Microbe never die.  Because they can divide and they can survive and also they can enjoy such a huge diversity among us in nature and sometimes they can get to be an enemy to each other, but they can cooperate as well. Okay. So there's kind of no sharing about the diversity and also they're helping each other and also sometimes we can have a conflict. However, they have the good reason to solve all the problems. So I think we should learn a lot from those microbiological societies are not anything that people know much about outside of science, are they? They talk to each other, they have a community. They have little wars and factions, but they do end up solving many of their problems very efficiently. Yeah. And I could say not only amongst the microbes, but also with the other organisms also. Like you can look at ourselves. So actually we are living together with a lot of microbes inside as well as on the surface as well. So I think without them, we cannot survive probably. So I think from this sense, I think only people would understand how microbes are fascinating for work with them. So we need them more than they need us. Yeah. We are helped for a long time and probably we will. So yeah, sometimes they can be harmful, but if we can make it a control, I think we can have a good harmony altogether. Yeah, a wonderful, harmonious relationship with the microbes in us and around us. I think everybody should know the role of microbial communities in our daily life because, okay, now we are getting aware of the role of the gut microbiota, but people that are not familiar with microbiology in these years is getting more confident with the idea of having a gut microbiota functionally developed, et cetera. And so I think this concept is already getting to the people, but I think that in general people should know that there are also other systems that are directly related to their life. And these are, for example, plant microbiome interactions, so microbiota living with crops, for example. And with our food source and around their roots. Exactly. So everything we eat is strictly related to microbial life, so I think this should be important. That's a good one. Whenever I give a talk to kids, I always make sure they know that antibiotics are running out and that we really need to be careful with using them. So I guess to make sure everybody is aware that antibiotics are just for bacteria and not for viruses, and that you need to make sure you follow the doctor's advice to them and we don't run out because then we're going to be in big trouble. Yeah, because we need those antibiotics, don't we? Exactly. And you give talks to children, then, about science? Yeah, I've done a couple of outreach talks with Surinperial to school kids, which has been quite fun. So what ages? Young or old ages? Yeah, I've done one for six farmers, which is good, and then I did one a couple of months ago for, I think, year five, year six, so 10 year olds, and they loved it. I had all of their hands went up at the end. Wonderful. Tons of questions. Yeah, they're all fascinated by the bacteria. Lovely. Now, that's an interesting and difficult question. I think if I had to pick up one answer and one concept, it's the fact that microbes are everywhere. They're in us, they're in animals, they're in plants, they're in roots, they're in the soil, they're in oceans. We don't notice them because we usually don't see them for good reasons, but I think that people should take into account the fact that microbes are essential parts of ecosystems and they are suffering as much as the rest of living creatures from the bad evolution, pollution, global warming, pollution, antibiotics spread in the environments, and I think we are just starting to see the downsides of altering the microbial populations in ecosystems, and that's going to be more and more visible, unfortunately, if we don't do anything. So I think it's an emergency as much as any global warming and other ecological issue at the moment. The vision of microbes, wherever you go in Europe, in Africa, people think microbes are bad things, they cause diseases. So I think we have to revert this and make people understand that microbes are essential.  Well, I guess I've done a lot of teaching and a lot of interacting with lay folks, and I think it's probably better known now than it was a few years ago, but for many people, the only thing they knew was that bacteria made you sick and you took an antibiotic and killed them and they went away. They had no sense of how many bacteria we have in our intestine, what an astonishing number that we're covered with bacteria that they're absolutely everywhere. The microbiome is an influence on all kinds of factors of health. And I think that part of it is now better understood now, but I think there are many people, the world I live in is probably heavily still populated by people who have some amount of education. I think there are a lot of people who don't understand there's this unseed world out there. And the other thing for me that was important, I think, was that that's so much of evolution happened at the level of bacteria there, first life 3.8 billion years ago, and eukaryotes didn't come around for a long time, so it's not surprising that amino acid biosynthesis and principles of DNA replication and translation and ribosomes and everything were all worked out in bacteria. And I found it fascinating that, especially in the earlier parts of my career, things like DNA repair and stuff like that, that the counterparts were either there directly as homologs in mammalian eukaryotic cells, or they was convergent evolution and come to the same solution, but using a different protein or something, that the power of the bacterium is a model for other things. And both Miro and I did work with mismatch repair. I sort of got mutants in MUDES and MUDEL, which are key components of the post-replicative mismatch repair system that improves fidelity after DNA replication. And when I cloned them, I tried to publish it back to back. I contacted a group who I thought had the same gene, it was called HEXA, but from streptococcinemoniae, we could see there were homologs, and I tried to publish it, I think, in PNAS, and the reviewers said this was of absolutely no interest, it should go in a specialty journal, so we published it in Journal of Bacteriology. The sequence came out and my phone started to ring by people who were calling me to tell me that mammalian cells had a MUDES homolog. Ironically, one of them was located, I think, on the other side, right beside dihydrofolate reductase, and in the old days, we didn't know so much about DNA, so they'd sequenced in the wrong direction initially, and they had an orph of unknown function. And since then, people went on within about a year or less than two years, people had understood that hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer, which is now known as Lynch syndrome, or the familial susceptibility to colon, probably ovarian cancer, comes about, in some cases, by defects in the mismatch or parasystem, and you accumulate mutations at a much higher rate. And that was the case where the work in bacteria directly informed our understanding of humans. So that was the other aspect, microbes as microbes and their role in that, but also microbes as model systems to understand what happened in evolution and gaining insights into humans, too.


What's good josh aboard Ross back again with another video. So You guys have been just Bombarding me with tweets Instagram DMs and even messages on YouTube while we was live streaming you guys were typing in the chat That the PG era It's over in WWE. We're gonna talk about it man. Appreciate everyone that hit me out Appreciate everyone that was letting me know y'all know I was gonna make a video about this We're gonna be checking out an article from Bleacher report calm WWE rumors raw to have a TV 14 rating starting July 18th Which was previously? PG let's get right into this one man WWE Monday Night Raw is set to film Set to shift from a TV PG rating to a TV 14 rating starting on July 18th According to the wrestling observer Andrew Zarian starting July 18th. This is a Twitter WWE Raw will have a TV 14 rating moving forward on the USA Network. The PG era is over Raw which airs on the USA Network has been rated TV PG since 2008 July 2008 Per cane a night of cage-side seats Since then the company has attempted to become more family-friendly by catering towards a younger audience and avoiding any instances of extreme violence and blood WWE has openly criticized its competitor AEW for a match earlier this year saying what occurred was Gory self-mutilation the shift to TV 14 rating could lead to a return of Edgier Programming similar to what was seen during the attitude era of the late 1990s However time will tell whether or not that shift would produce more compelling story lines that will draw in more fans each week and that That last sentence is what we really need to discuss Now I am definitely Happy that we're going back to a TV 14 radio Which hopefully in turns means we will get more adult themed story lines Not to say that some of the story lines we've gotten in the past didn't have some adult themes Interjected into them, but we all know WWE Since 2008 wanted to go to more family-friendly route which has worked for them financially But it is taken it's kind of I guess you could say alienated some of the hardcore fans that grew up watching WWE it's kind of pushed them away because of now they're seeing you know like These kiddie type scenarios or these family-friendly type scenarios, and it just doesn't hit the same What AEW they knew from the gate what they were trying to do they wanted to touch Tapping into the hardcore fans, which works. You know, that's why they started off with a TV 14 radio or a rating But WWE it's always been more about trying to get these sponsorships and and you know self-merged to the kids Which nothing wrong with that get to the back, but I hope this is a Good start to some change within The I guess you could say the storyline and the characters that are on these shows because when it's all said and done This is supposed to be a choreographed fight Me personally if I'm trying to fight someone for a championship I'm not trying to be friendly. I'm not trying to be buddy buddy I'm out there to try to kick your ass and win that title now Let's add a storyline to it. Maybe you cost me the title Maybe you you try to injure me I've always felt if someone tries to injure me whenever I do come back My second goal is to try to end your career and sometimes when you do that Blood may may be present. There may be some flaming tables There may be you know a little bit of carnage there because you're trying to fight somebody depending on the stipulation So I feel like you can kind of add a little bit color to some of these stipulation matches Which honestly makes the match overall better and in a sense of Hard-courtness, you know, we're not hard-courtness, but in a sense of like in the realm of reality, you know Having a hell in a cell matching. There's not really much blood from each wrestler It not to say it's a bad thing because we've gotten so used to it You know it and that little a little color that little flavor to it could definitely enhance the overall feud in my personal opinion Doesn't have to be gratuitous don't have to be bucket the blood and all this other stuff You don't have to go too crazy, but to give that sense of like this was a battle. This was a war This was intense. So I think this TV 14 rating opens up the door for them to really get into their Their adult themes like that's really I think could possibly help the company Just in a hole to gain some of the fans that they've lost to AEW or people that just don't watch wrestling anymore People that prefer to watch UFC This UFC is bloody like they're beating the crap out of each other faces as damn They're tearing off But people want to see that people want to see combat people want to see two fighters go at it And I'm not saying WWE has to do that, but I'm saying it just opens up that space that realm of oh man They're about to have a Hell in a Cell match or they're about to have a A TOC match there may be some blood there, you know saying, you know there or prime example a last man's standing match We've been joking for weeks now with Roman Well, I know I've been joking Roman and Brock Lesnar they're having this last man standing match I want them to try to murder each other. I want there to be a flaming table. I want to see blood Well, we may not get the flaming table But we may see some blood at their match this year for SummerSlam, which I think is fine You know granted we've seen no, you know, well We've seen Roman and and Brock Bleed in the past so you can say well that doesn't help any bit But you get the point you get what I'm saying just adding that little bit of edginess could help You know in certain characters in the company or wrestlers in the company have the benefit of Being able to be edgy because of the position in the company and what I mean by that is now that we're going with TV 14 radio Rating we could possibly get better promos more Realistic authentic promos where people may curse a little bit more I'm not saying you got a curse every five seconds But they can kind of get their stuff off and we're not just talking about the Roman Reigns the Brock Lesnar's and the John Seniors these guys they can literally go out there damn there say whatever they'll be fine You know saying because there is the status of where they at in the company Randy Orton's one of those people as well in edge But you can kind of get you can incorporate more people into that group of they can kind of get off They're more aggressive or edgy side like for example, I want to paint a scenario say for example You're over there in a championship match and all of a sudden someone interferes they interfere in a championship match They cost you to match and then they injure you which we've seen plenty of times storyline wise they injure you all for a few weeks You come back you come back you attack them you try to brutalize them hell You even bust them open you cause them to bleed which would be awesome and then y'all setting up a match or a feud and you say What I did to this person this is only the beginning they screwed me out of a title match I don't want no regular match.   It's over for you pal You're going down like they're overly scripted like these PG generic lines like nobody talks like that in real life if you screw me over You know saying I'm a you know, I'm gonna mess you up I'm gonna I'm gonna do I'm gonna do some bad things to you and there may be some curse words there You know I'm saying so I don't know I think This overall is a good step in the right direction Now the only caveat to this whole thing Why in this video? Vince McMahon is still running things Vince McMahon is still running the shows They still have the same writers out there not to say that all the writers that they have are bad, but Some of them some of the writers at WWE hires. They definitely don't know a lick about wrestling not really so None of this really matters if The right people don't get pushed younger talent don't get pushed and they don't Actually start enhancing these storylines so these characters can get over none of this matters Because you can have a TV 14 rating and still produce a bad show you can have The ability to be more edgier, but you still make the same stakes booking wise You know saying not putting people over that need to be pushed not you know Letting these wrestlers. I think they need to let these wrestlers put more faith in these wrestlers to cut their own promos Make their own promos and you know give them guidelines and let them go out there and be themselves I think that's what we need to see more of we need to see more less of the micro managing more of the wrestlers Doing their job being wrestlers giving them a chance giving them that opportunity to get their character over You know and that's what the real test is gonna be but we're heading in the right direction So I do think this is a win. You know, I will see how things play out. So When I ask you guys a question Monday Night Raw Is coming up and I usually don't stream Monday Night Raw Unless it's like a a go-home show or the show after a pay-per-view I may stream it But I may stream do a live stream reaction of this Monday Night Raw since it's gonna be the first raw in Many many years that's gonna have a TV 14 rating granted I know they're probably not gonna have too much of a you know a big shift in how they run the show But we will see you know if there is any type of noticeable change So what I want y'all to do let me know if you guys want me to do a live stream reaction on Monday I will make sure I try to set some time to do a live stream reaction of Monday Night Raw just to see What if they have made eating subtle changes or any changes at all since the rating is now TV 14 And I also want to know down below What your guys thoughts and opinions on this? Do you guys think this will create some type of change within the company? Or do you guys think just because they changed the rating is gonna overall be more or less the same stuff? Let me know I really want to know what you guys think about this, but this is really exciting I'm really interested to see how all of this plays out and I'm This is this could be potentially what WWE may may have needed to create better storylines I don't know we will see I appreciate all love and support roll to 90k appreciate y'all kicking me see our next one


Okay, thanks, Justin. I think probably we can start. Okay, so hello everyone. Thanks a lot for joining the session. Today we wanted to share a bit more about the Dora Mentor Summit, how we did this year with the event, what things we can improve and so on. So I'm Yonah. I'm part of the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion team and currently I'm also the DI advisor. I've been with the team for quite a while now and some of the things that we are so very excited. This year that we have organized is the Dora Mentor Summit and also the Dora Appreciation Week that is still happening. So if you haven't joined already, would love to see some more contributor stories there or some favorite memories you have with the community. And Akash, do you want to also introduce? Thanks Yonah. I'm Akash Deepthal. I have been contributing to Fedora Project for around four years now. I started off as a volunteer but I'm now working in the Red Hat community platform and training team. That has not been, I'm not volunteering of course. I have been behind things like Fedora Website Snaps team and like Yonah mentioned a bunch about mentorship and that is something that we will be talking about over to you Yonah. Thanks. So Fedora Mentor Summit this year was the second year that we organized it actually but it was the first one that we made it to have it in person. For those of you that don't know about the event Fedora Mentor Summit started last year as a virtual event as a way that we wanted to work a bit more on the mentorship culture. It's not that we haven't done you know other things regarding this in the community because we have the ambassadors program, we have the joint SIG and many other initiatives but we wanted to work a bit more on it since we see it as a very fundamental part of Fedora's culture and also connected to the Fedora Council objectives that we will also get a bit to it later. So this year it was the first one that we did in person and it was together with Glock so it happened in Cork, Ireland and this is the group photo actually of the whole conference that we did. So when we gathered with the team to work on this year's event we wanted to know to check again the goals that we had for the event, why we are doing it and so on and of course that we headed basically connected with Fedora's Council strategy that if you haven't already checked I definitely suggested to check it out and it's connected to the objective where in Fedora basically everyone has a mentor and everyone is a mentor. So we wanted to work a bit more on basically supporting and fostering the mentorship culture in our community and not only as a way to basically have more mentors in Fedora but more to work also improve ourselves you know but of course that we can do both to be hand in hand together but also when we share the experiences with each other we can get better on it and as I mentioned also before because since it's a very important part of our culture we wanted to know to work a bit more around that. So this was basically the main goal that we had for the event and we tried when working on the agenda or finding speakers and so on to have it connected to this goal. So as I mentioned we headed as part of FLOC which was really great because it helped us to get also more people on board that could join and share their experiences. We started with a keynote on the last day of FLOC to have it basically to kick off the event and to reflect on mentoring in Fedora community so how we have done like previously how we are doing with it and what are some of the things that we want to focus a bit more. Then we continued with the panel discussion where we had different mentors in Fedora community sharing some best practices how basically mentoring has worked for them and especially focused a bit more on mentor projects that are like Google Summer of Code or outreach and so on but not only. We followed with some more hands-on activities as well focused on DI. These ones were not recorded because it was like more hands-on activities that people could could do in person with the participants which helped also to know each other better because you know in this way it helps with collaboration in the community. Then we had the talk from Amy why you should join the community basically going a bit more deep on the reasons why communities are important how you can be part of it and why someone should join. And the last one was another interactive activity that we had the story stitch which was also another very great way to know about each other a bit more and get a bit more closer with the people that we work in the community. So this was kind of like some overview of the sessions that we decided to have for this year and basically we had eight sessions in total and 11 speakers that could join us about it. And now I will pass it to Akash. Thank you now. So these are the glimpses of the phenomenal Summit 2020. Our first in-person occurrence of this event and second overall occurrence of this event. We definitely plan on having more of that and this time around we had not only things about mentorship but we had people from other communities participate here as well which includes folks from Rocky Linux from CentOS project and Ansible apart from those of course from the Fedora project community. On the top left side you see a panel discussion happening with folks from QA team from Fedora design from Fedora infrastructure who have been longtime contributors in the community sharing their experiences about how mentorship has changed their careers their lives and how they would like to you know promote for certain practices the best practices that they would like to set us for that. Then the next we see is the diversity equity and inclusion workshops around things like unconscious bias, happiness packets. We took our time to actually write some appreciation notes for folks who were there and also for the folks who were not and it's I think a great exercise because sometimes all we need to do is be thankful for all the help that we get and that in turns makes us want to help others in turn. And finally we have a talk about joining a community by Amy and it was an interesting one because sometimes your projects need a community to back it up and there can be magic that can be brought about when people are with you. Next slide please. So here are some retrospective observations on the things that work just fine with this occurrence of Fedora Mentor Summit. As it worked we would like to continue doing them so the first is of course to organize this as being a satellite event to a major one. We have had troubles with bringing people together in the past and the best way to make sure that people come together is to make sure that events are organized in a continuous fashion in a group. So this time around we decided to have it with the clock to Fedora Greenway 3 and that was a good decision because we had a great participation of folks from across various communities participating here. So we'd definitely like to do something of that kind again and the next thing is to of course have more panel discussions. You can't imagine how important opinions people can have regarding mentorship and we'd like to hear to every single one of them if we get the chance. So definitely more panel discussions with a varied set of people from across communities if we get the chance. And finally to celebrate more social activities like I said about the ones that we did for diversity, equity and inclusion like happiness packets, discussion about anecdotes for unconscious bias. These things were not recorded but if you would have been there you would have understood how important these events were to understand the human nature of contribution as well as mentorship. The next slide please. Oh yeah the previous one the things that would work yeah there you go. Yeah so these are the things that would work down the line if we start doing it. So of course to stream more sessions live we would really like to have as many people as we can on board with our well events in the Fedora Mentor Summit. So live streaming definitely seems to be the best choice here for a hybrid participation. Then leading by example as much as talks and discussions can be a good sub-event we would like to have things like role-based where people are given a certain case study to enact and the best way of making it is by faking it to begin with. So if you're not a mentor or a mentee yet chances are that if you like to act like one to begin with given a circumstances you'd love becoming one down the road and then enabling hybrid participation just like the first point not only streaming things from our side but also taking your inputs from the ones who could not join us in person and you know using them as being the content for our event as well as you know making them feel like asset there with us in the room where the event is actually happening. And finally inviting attendees early this is an effect because we of course we try to invite people as early as we can but as the logistics go sometimes it's not possible to get things in hand as soon as possible but we'd like to we'd like to increase the capacity and we'd like to invite people early so as to make sure that we have not only more participants as attendees but more participants as organizers as well. So that is something that we're looking forward to and then developing on the feedback in some time from now we would be reaching out to you folks especially the ones who participated in the Fedora Mentor Summit 2023 to understand how you felt like participating in an event like this and what would you like to see improved down the road and we would really like to hear your thoughts about it and improve upon it as we go on and finally connecting to other communities. Sure we did that this time around but we'd like to do more of that and in a grand scale so assuming that we have speakers from places like our preachy or Google Summer of Code we'd like to hear their thoughts about mentorship. Next slide please. And finally here again this is a nitpick one of the reasons why I think that we could have gotten more attendees when we organize Fedora Mentor Summit is because we were competing for attendance with other exciting places other exciting events that I would definitely recommend people going to but I'm a biased person I would like people to be in Fedora Mentor Summit. So it might help us to have this a bit before flock I don't know but definitely deciding for some time where we would have most participation because even if you're not a mentor or a mentee you'd love to become one and you'd love to be a part of events like this which is open for everyone regardless of who you are. Next slide please. Yeah but that's all about the retrospect of the current Fedora Mentor Summit the one that happened in 2023. What about the one that will happen in 2024? So I'm gonna let that question be answered by Yona here so Yona over to you. Thanks a lot and before going to the next year event I also want to say a big thank you to everyone that helped with the event so the organizing team because I know it it was like a really big work that we had to go through and think about how to you know have it in the best way so it could bring some valuable knowledge to everyone but also to the speakers that could join us because it was from the feedback that we heard from 101s when being at flock it was like really great experience that they shared what worked for them and so on and all the participants so hearing you know all the I think the positive feedback that we got also from this year made us think that we should now work on actually Fedora Mentor Summit 2024. We already actually started thinking and having the first meetings about it when we had the Fedora DI meeting this week we started talking about that we want to repeat it again so we will have another Fedora Mentor Summit next year we don't know like specific details when and so on but of course you know based on the feedback that also Akash was mentioning until now yeah most probably it will be again as part of flock so in person and Mexico and if you would like to help us with it either to become a part of the organizing team or to give us some feedback what things we can improve how we can make it even better for next year here you have the link of our GitLab issue that we have open about it so we would love to hear you know some feedback and some ideas there so thanks a lot also for for joining and for listening to us we will be also checking the chat now in case you have any feedback that you want to give us like directly now but otherwise please do so in the in the link that Akash can you maybe also paste the link in the chat so we can have it handy yeah for sure and also folks if you have not opened up the fourth section we have some mentorship related course so please feel take them it really helps us to understand how we can improve on different events as well as how we can make the next event better but here's the link to the QR code if you don't have a phone handy or basically you're on a desktop device I think we most of us are on a federal devices and we can also check I see we have one question actually on the Q&A tab did you both have a personal favorite session or part of the mentor summit that's a good question it's like personally for me it's hard to choose to be honest because like one of the things that we were mentioning now was the also in the chat was the happiness packets which we also wrote it handy so maybe I will highlight that and why I liked it also because for me personally one of the things that why we also organize the the appreciation week is the gratitude part which you know expressing a bit more and saying thank you more to the people that we work so closely it's very nice it's a nice way how we can also make their day and why we also headed as part of the mentor summit because also having it written you know giving to that person one of the things that I really enjoy since some of them were also anonymous so I had the papers and I was giving it to people so when I gave the paper to the person that it was about just the smile in their face was like really really nice so there you know you see the impact of the things that you do and how much it helps someone else also to continue doing a great job on the things that they are doing and also you know after flock they can also have it for example in their working desk and sometime when you are having not a very nice day maybe you can also you know read that and it helps bring a bit more positiveness so maybe I would highlight this part the the happiness package that session that it was one of the things we had at the mentor summit but also the the panel discussion I would say because it brought so like many different tips that I think people could use in any of the things that they do in their job community or when talking to someone and what about you Akash thanks Yona um yeah so I can provide you with an unbiased perspective on this because mostly I had the boots on the ground operations role in this pedometer summit so the happiness package is sure as hell my favorite one but I'm going to talk about a couple more that are closely on the second and third position or probably you know tying on the second position basically story stitch and the unconscious bias discussion so yeah the story stitch literally helped people open up to people that they probably were interacting for the first time in an in-person event so um you know these stories can be you know sharing their vulnerabilities or sharing one of their happiest moments of their lives or about one of those times that they think that they were dealt with a bad hand but it really helped people connect like it never does you know sharing your stories with people about the things that you're thankful for as well as the things that um you think that could happen better um of course that happened at the end of the event so I