Let's see. Looks like the reporting is in progress. So welcome everyone. Today I'm going to go through a quick overview of Balsa and then we're going to talk about the conformance test suite. So first and foremost, I'm going to talk about what a unit of conformance is and sort of its boundaries and why it's important to understand what a unit of conformance is when we're talking about things like Balsa and the conformance test suite. So it's a little bit of information I like to go over because after all that is the cornerstone of the software development efforts regarding the phase technical standard. So once we talk about what a unit of conformance is, I'm going to talk about Balsa. I'm going to talk about what it is, what it can be used for, how it's organized and then just some additional information regarding it. I'm going to show a couple of diagrams just to kind of show why it is the way it is and then after we take a short break I'm going to talk about the conformance test suite. I'm going to go over the testing methodology and the approach to testing with the conformance test suite. We're going to talk about project configurations, tool chains and then preparing a UOC for test, running a test and then I will actually demo it in real time show you using a Balsa UOC the test being executed. So unit of conformance or UOC it's mentioned a lot in the phase technical standard. A lot of people hear it thrown around but basically it's a software component built according to the requirements in the phase technical standard. That's pretty much it. If you've defined a defined and developed a software product aligned to the standard it at its lowest level is a unit of conformance. The unit of conformance requirements can be found in section 4.11 of phase technical standard edition 3.1. I believe it's 3.11 and 3.0 because we iterated the chapters to introduce a definitions chapter in edition 3.1 and then segment specific UOC requirements can be found in the following sections for all of the segments. But at the lowest level there is the unit of conformance requirements and then depending on what segment your UOC targets you have segment specific requirements that a UOC must adhere to. So that's these. I just wanted to kind of show this for familiarization and to so that everyone understands exactly what is meant by a UOC and how you're meant to navigate the standard when building one. So a UOC is essentially depending on the programming language you use in its state is essentially an object a service or a package. In terms of object oriented languages it's going to be an object and more procedural languages like C it's typically going to be a service it can be a package consisting of several services and it can actually be deployed as a UOC package in which multiple capabilities are deployed with it. A UOC may only use the interfaces defined by the face reference architecture so for data movement you know the TS interface for input output the IO service and for using OS specific methods and functions the OSS APIs and it's important to note that the UOC itself is not a standalone executable parts of the face technical standard do go over you know the concept of the external client which is expected to produce a main and that kind of fits more into the more object oriented approach that was introduced in 3.x. Now with unit of units of conformance with p triple s and pcs UOCs because they interact with the TS interface and actually move data you know in and out of itself those particular UOCs must provide a data model to model its message syntax and semantics and this is going to be in the form of a UOP supplied model defined according to the face data architecture. TSS, iOSS and OSS UOCs also have to provide implementations of the face interfaces that they that service entry points to the services they provide and what this means is that when it comes to the face technical standard a UOC is both a provider and a user of a face interface and if you look at this diagram at the bottom you have just a very basic mock-up of a UOC using a TSS interface and then a UOC that provides the TSS interface you know kind of within that UOC boundary and so on the left the TSS implementation would provide the TSS interface whereas a p triple s or pcs UOC would use that interface so it's very important to understand that concept and of course because the UOC on the right is going to use the TS interface all its data exchanges have to be modeled in accordance with the face data architecture and supply a UOP supplied model when it comes to conformance. So now let's get into balsa now that we know what a UOC is and kind of its boundaries and you know kind of the reason for the madness so balsa or basic avionics lightweight source archetype just because everyone loves an acronym it's a set of UOCs that provides the following first and foremost a face computing environment which is basically an instantiation of the face reference architecture a face computing environment provides the minimal UOCs in certain segments in order to integrate new p triple s and pcs capabilities so the face computing environment provided by balsa has TSS UOCs it has iOSS UOCs an implementation of the OSS configuration services it has an HMFM service implementation it has a centralized logging p triple s UOC it supplies the face interfaces defined by the face technical standard and it also provides implementations of the face support classes and these are defined in appendices of the face technical standard include things like fixed string and sequence and then also in addition to the face computing environment it provides a set of p triple s UOCs that use the face computing environment in order to demonstrate a very basic avionics process I believe there's I think four p triple s and pcs UOCs other than the centralized logging of course that basically combined position and tail number data to you know kind of you know show an ad sp out process and it's got a mock p triple s when I say mock it's that it because it doesn't fulfill all of the requirements of a UOC in the p triple s but we call it the ad sp in and basically it's just to read back in the data going out over the wire and show that full loop so I do I do have to acknowledge that when it comes to balsa there is one mock p triple s UOC that's just there for demonstration purposes it does not fulfill the requirements of a true p triple s UOC here's the face boundary diagram for balsa at the very top of the portable component segment we have a pcs called the atc manager and it communicates with the balsa tss the balsa tss consists of a tst a adapter UOC which provides the ts capability it also features a type extraction uoc that provides the abstraction capability distribution and configuration the platform specific services segment has four platform device services the egi controller the aircraft config the ad sp out and then even though it doesn't satisfy all of the p triple s requirements we do include the ad sp in on the diagram just to kind of show it and then for platform device services within the p triple s we have a centralized logging UOC at the IO services segment we have a implementation of the generic IO service and it provides a udp read and write capabilities that communicate with the ethernet device driver and also there is an implementation of the generic IO service that just does file input output and that is used by the centralized logging UOC to actually write out its data at the OSS the operating system that is assumed is linux or some form of the linux kernel the config there is a configuration services UOC provided by balsa which I mentioned on the previous slide and there is a health monitoring implementation it's one for those of you that are not so familiar with the health monitoring there is two ways it can be implemented either one in a posix pure environment using the health monitoring C style declaration that's in the face technical standard however if you're using a-ring 653 you are required to use the health monitoring apis that are provided by a-ring and if you are providing a mix of posix and a-ring for your posix processes you are expected to implement the health monitoring api as sort of a wrapper to the a-ring 653 methods so that's the boundary diagram now as far as kind of more specifically what balsa is and why it is the way it is it's it's written in c++ with some c services it uses the posix safety base api set it was developed using sentos 7 however we've tested it on other operating systems sentos 8 i think linksos and a couple of rtosses i can't remember which ones other than deos rtems it uses a multiple inheritance pattern to inherit and implement the face interfaces at different levels of inheritance it uses base classes and it also implements the factory pattern in its design especially when creating new connections in the tss and in the ios s as well so the factory pattern has has proven very useful in abstracting different services at different levels and for providing better extensibility and reuse we originally used the joint strike fighter coding standard i i say originally used because it's had so many iterations along the way that i'm not 100 confident that we are 100 compliant with that coding standard however we originally did write our code according to that style so yeah that that was just something we chose and it we also implement a very strict set of compiler settings we use pedantic and we use all warnings as errors to ensure that it compiles as clean as possible we also provide shell scripts for launch operations you can launch it as one uoc per executable or you can launch them as a group with the adsb in being outside of the one executable that instantiates and manage the life cycle of the rest of the uocs and just for information all uocs do pass the face conformance test suite however they only there is a certain test suite that we last tested with there are two new versions of the cts per 3.0 and 3.1 and we haven't fully tested it with those because we delivered balsa to the face consortium before those cts came out so what is it used for as far as the consortium the consortium gets a lot of use when it comes to balsa in the form of vetting cr content and testing changes it proves to be a very valuable test bed now for government and industry partners it can be used for developing new products learning about the face reference architecture and kind of understanding you know patterns and you know an approach to developing face uocs because you know a lot of people tend to learn by doing i know i'm i'm one of them i like to see a pattern implemented before i you know can you know can safely say that i understand it and then also it's useful as a test infrastructure it's it's out there for use by companies and government as sort of you know a way to have a test infrastructure that we don't have to go out and procure your own procure or build your own tss or ios s for for for example it's it's there for that use because after all in face you're designing to interfaces not to implementations so there's benefit in that now how we organized it so being that it's in c++ we have the ability of separating things by namespace the only thing that's in the face namespace is the is the are the interfaces and things defined by the face technical standard so we implement nothing in the face namespace we just use it for the headers and the implementations of the support classes simply because um most of the support classes are in class form and so um hands are just kind of tied there but uh as far as the face support classes and their implementation these are considered integrator provided aspects um some os s's do provide them um and certain products that you can procure have them as well so in order to not overload the face namespace we created yet another acronym fia or face implementation architecture and that's where we've implemented all of our face interfaces as far as the um tss ios s and os s you will see uh we also create component base classes in the fia namespace and then in the balsa namespace we have our application specific adapter services for things like the tss and ios s we have our tst a infrastructure we also have the balsa component classes and pcs and p triple s base classes now once again each of these um base component classes inherit interfaces at different levels for instance that the component base class all components are assumed to use the configuration services so they inherit the configuration injectable interface and then you know more specifically at the pcs and p triple s levels um they inherit the tss base and then pcs and p triple s you will see classes in themselves where you get into actual instantiations of specific services then you inherit your type ts injectables and also we have external clients which provide main they instantiate the uocs to resolve the uoc dependencies via the lifecycle um no i'm sorry the injectable interfaces and then they also manage the uoc lifecycle now one extra little tidbit about balsa balsa does implement as much of the face technical standard as relatively possible and in doing so we have also implemented all of the lifecycle management interfaces except for the uh framework uh connectable interface so we implement the initializable configurable and the stateful interface some bonus features when it comes to balsa there is a user's guide and it's complete with cts instructions on how to compile and test use uh test the balsa uocs with the conformance test suite an early version of a balsa 3.0 uoc did successfully pass face the face verification authority and i've i know you can't see it but you know down on the right hand side that is the statement of verification that we received back from the face va um asserting that their review was success successful and they have not sure what the correct term is for how it passes their level it's not conformant yet because it hasn't been through all the levels but it did pass face verification so i believe that's all i can say about that um and then also it was part of the source distribution of balsa there is a tss benchmarking tool called ping pong where it is used to basically measure the data flow rate and latency uh of of tss messages on a particular os that you're testing it on so that was very useful for us in kind of showing um the tss latency on different os's i know we tested it on on both sentos and raspberry pi not sure if it's been tested on any other os's and then another bonus balsa has been successfully deployed on a face conformant art os so it is portable to a uh art os with slight modification now going back to talking about inheritance this is kind of a bit of an eye chart i i'm aware but this is a um l class diagram showing the inheritance at different levels in balsa components now this does not include an example of a um of a pcs or p3s that provides a service this is strictly the base class architecture at the lowest level kind of in the middle the biggest one the fia component inherits the configuration injectable it also inherits the lcm initializable and configurable going down one more step to the balsa component it inherits the lifecycle management components uh stateful stateful instance sorry um simply because the stateful interface is tied to a data model so it's a little bit less abstract which is why we grouped it in the balsa namespace because it's specific to the balsa data model and then at the pcs and p triple less level is when you inherit your base injectable so this is sort of the inheritance structure that we used and once again at the actual service level of the pcs and p triple less classes is when you inherit your type ts injectables how it looks when it's running this is kind of a a mock example of what balsa looks like when you run it with one uoc per executable it basically just creates a bunch of terminals and prints out the data that's you know that it's processing and if everything works the adsbn which you can see on on top on the left on the right is the centralized logging component which you know just prints out like a like a message or two and then it just kind of just awaits in the background the adsbn is showing everything that it's got and if you have correctly implemented everything then it will be getting adsb data which you can see displayed on that console window okay that's it for the balsa portion


We're approaching the 15th of August and many of you must be remember that this date, 15th of August last year, marked an important moment in the history of both Asia and that of the world, in fact. After an offensive that began in the first of May, the Taliban suddenly took over the whole of Afghanistan. The government with the former government which had been backed by the United States crumbled, collapsed, Ashraf Ghani left the country. This was even before the U.S. troops had left the country with as per an agreement with Afghanistan. So one year later, where does the country stand? What are the issues that actually dominate the region? How has the Taliban negotiated with various regional powers? What is the U.S. doing? We'll be discussing all this in this episode of Mapping Fault Lines. We're joined by Prabir Pukhaisar. Prabir, so we talked about this last year, the kind of lightning offensive with which the Taliban took over Afghanistan. More correctly, the lightning collapsed of the U.S. forces. Right, absolutely. Of course, the U.S. government over there. But let's face it. It was the collapse of the U.S. forces or the withdrawal of the U.S. forces that led to that rapid collapse of the rapid capture of the Taliban. Absolutely. So that point we've actually talked about how, of course, they've captured power. But now is where the difficult part starts because there are so many issues for the Taliban to take care of. The whole country was in a state of complete collapse. One year down the line, quickly let's quickly go through where Afghanistan stands today in terms of what was promised, for instance, in terms of what the expectations were. You know, first is, of course, the United States will claim what we promised was in the context of what Taliban would or would not do. So they have captured the whole of Afghanistan. And we don't have to agree to it. We owe nothing to Afghanistan. That's the formidable part of what they can say. The reality is that NATO, led by the United States, entered Afghanistan, took power. Really, the argument was this is only because of bin Laden. But the reality is they took over the whole country. And for almost 20 years, in fact, a little more than 20 years, they ruled the place. Not only did they rule the place, they essentially broke the existing structure of governance that existed. They created forces which are supposed to be loyal to them, but really bought with money. On top of that, there were the continuous aerial bombardment, so to say, by which targeted assassinations, using drones, using other mechanisms, continued. And we don't know what the numbers are, but it could be as large as 20,000, 25,000 people were killed while the occupation was on. So it wasn't a war, which was a war of trying to take over the country, take over the governments. But it was also a war in which there are summary executions, so to say. And also that the American forces who were embedded in Afghanistan, they were fighting really this aerial war. They had the bases, which were quite insulated from the local population. They even had food and other things prepared by people who came from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, other places. And not the local population, because they're quite scared of them. And then, of course, they were basically doing what's called the drone war and various other missile strikes that were being executed on the ground. So this was the war which really broke the back of Afghanistan. And it was an unwinnable war. Afghanistan is not kind to people who want to come and rule it from outside. It's a very difficult country. It's a large country. And the 40 billion people of Afghanistan is also not a small population. So the expectation that you could come from outside and rule it is that the expectation has never been fulfilled in Afghanistan. The British tried, they failed. And nobody really wants to get into Afghanistan to fight a land war over there. And the US thought that since it was doing an aerial war with some ground forces and with money, they could actually remake Afghanistan, which, as you know, has really not succeeded. The problem is that having done that, the US basically has said, we have no more responsibility for Afghanistan. Even the money that the Afghan Treasury had with the US Central Bank for $8 billion was seized by the United States. An act which is really unparalleled in history except the earlier seizure of Iran's money, which was there in US banks, not of this amount. But it was about, I think, what one billion is what Iran had claimed later. And then, of course, as we know, the Venezuelan gold and just recently, of course, the Russian $300 billion lying with the US Treasury, US banks and with European Union banks. So these are the new face of imperialism we are seeing today, by which you can see the country's assets, country's money, which is lying with the US Central Bank because that's where people stored their dollar balances. So that is unfortunately the other part that post-war Afghan government, Taliban government, whether we like it or we don't, is ruling Afghanistan. There is no challenge to it as yet. Yes, small disturbances here and there, resistance as there, Pansheer Valley having some occasional strikes taking place. The Islamic State Khurasan, as it says, is also carrying out few assassinations. But the reality is the Afghan government on the ground, if it has to give food and other resources, other facilities to its people, it desperately needs money. Afghanistan does not produce in the current context of the war, Afghanistan is not going to be able to produce food for itself. Where does the food come from? How will they buy? These are all the questions which are there. Yes, Afghanistan has a lot of resources, but how do they actually get into that is the issue. And this is, I think, something which the world knows to Afghanistan. But unfortunately, the US position is, I have no more responsibility. I have destroyed Afghanistan in trying to pacify it. You know, this is the other part of it. In order to bring peace, I had to destroy it. But after having destroyed it, I have no responsibility towards it. This is really the crux of the issue. And the impact of it is not going to be in the United States. It's going to be in Pakistan. It's going to be in South Asia in a larger sense, but also in West Asia and Central Asia. And I think that's the key problem. All these countries can be destabilized. You're looking at 40 million Afghan people. It's not a small number. Absolutely. This actually brings us to the next question, which is very relevant and which is also something we flagged at that time. That considering that the US and the NATO had withdrawn, the responsibility was really with the Central Asian powers, the Central Asian countries, Afghanistan's neighbors. And we've seen some amount of diplomatic initiatives over the past one year, several meetings, the Taliban actually at some level. Although its isolation has not formally been ended, it has nonetheless been able to achieve some amount of representation here. So how do we see that situation today one year down the line? See, it's a question of having or learning to live with the Taliban. None of the surrounding powers, even Pakistan, is happy with the Taliban as it exists. Even Pakistan knows that Taliban is a destabilizing factor on its borders, that there are forces within Pakistan who also have ideologically similar positions to Taliban. Would like a completely Islamic Pakistan rule the Taliban away, shall we say. So it's not something which Pakistan is comfortable with. Yes, it would like India to be out of that. That is a short term goal it might have. But having Taliban on its borders with the Pashtun population in Pakistan, which is larger than the Pashtun population in Afghanistan itself, that's not a very comfortable situation. Then you have Iran, and there's a long conflict that Iran has had with the Taliban. Again, they have now sort of made up. So that tension is relatively less. But nevertheless, there is a tension over there too. Then we have Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan on the borders. All of them have a stake in Afghanistan. All of them also are worried about what would happen. And let's not forget also China, because this is also bordering. Though it's a very small border, Xinjiang. So all of these areas have that issue that a destable, unstable Afghanistan with 40 billion people who might have to, a large number of refugees might have to leave Afghanistan because it cannot sustain itself, is not a situation conducive to the stability of the region. So how do you stabilize Afghanistan? The reality is, of course, as we have discussed, the Taliban is essentially running Afghanistan today. And there's not any serious resistance to it. And having caught that position, can they actually maintain it in a way that they can rebuild the Afghan state? And what does it cost the Afghan people? Because the Taliban ideology hasn't changed. They are still what I would call a medievalist force with guns. They have a modern power in the sense they have the state. They have the guns. They have certainly military dominance over the situation. But the ideology that they have is not conducive to quote unquote a modern society, any sense of the term, a modern nation in any sense of the term. How do they do it? Would it not lead to other divisions coming up? There are thick divisions in Afghanistan as well. Will that come up? This time they seem to have a larger sweep. Earlier it seemed the Taliban was more confined to the Pashtun speaking people. This time they seem to have got the roots in other communities as well. So to that extent, it has a larger base. But can they really build again a modern state on the basis of what could be considered a medieval ideology is really the crux of the issue? And how do the surrounding powers, and I'll put the key ones as Iran, of course Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan is the immediate powers. But also, as you said, China and Russia. And let's not forget the spoiler in the game, which is the United States. Because the United States may decide, OK, we couldn't do anything. We'll ensure that nobody does it either. So we'll have to see what do they do because the US role at the moment, if you look at the central Asian larger picture is that they can play the role of a spoiler. But they really don't have any strong allies in the region who are willing to go with them and against others. So given that, that you have Iran as quote unquote enemy of the United States, you have China and Russia who they see as global competition. Do they have any roots in Central Asia itself? And I think for them, therefore, since not having a stake in the region could also make them feel destroying whatever peace existed, this is in their favor. And therefore, Afghanistan to be kept as a pot, keep it stirring, keep the Taliban stirring over there, keep the Taliban pot stirring, not let them stabilize, is also the position they could take. And in this, what do the other Central Asian republics do? It would be a very important question. What does Pakistan do? Because Pakistan itself is the definitial and political crisis. And as I said, Pakistan itself is not in a very comfortable position internally. These are even its internal Talibanized sections. So given that, these are the dangers that is there, India may feel that, okay, it's a zero sum game. Pakistan lost something in Afghanistan. Taliban initially was favorable to Pakistan. Now there seem to be some tensions, but it's not a zero sum game. It's everybody's interest to bring peace to Afghanistan. And reconciled for the time being, what the Taliban is the military power over there. And how do you bring Taliban to the second half of the 20th century? Forget the 21st century. That's really our challenge. Absolutely. And Prabhu, this brings us to the final question, which of course, last year when all of this happened, a big question mark came over NATO because there was divisions between the Alliance, Emmanuel Macron and the French, for instance, raising issues. And we see one year down the line, the Ukraine war has happened. NATO has acquired some fresh wind, seeming as belligerent and bellicose as ever. So how has NATO sort of, you know, revamped itself or pivoted in the aftermath of Afghanistan and now with Ukraine? Well, you know, this is a very interesting question that you're posing. Any time the US policy fails, it seems to revive with a fresh war. So it seems to need a war to be able to revive. So as you can see, it has the last 20 years. How many wars has it fought and lost? Iraq war, okay? Iraq war, they still formally have an occupation status in Iraq. They still are able to maintain their forces over there under an agreement that they have the right to do it, which the Iraq Assembly Parliament does not want to continue past resolutions, but the US is not leaving, okay? Even today, they have some outposts in Syria and they are siphoning off oil from Syria as the recent pictures show. So that this, the war in Syria is also one of those wars. I think we should add it to my list. But the other one is, of course, Libya. Still destruction of Libyan state, that was mission accomplished. Have they got a stable Libyan state today? No, civil war continues over there. So destruction of Iraq, yes. Destruction of Syria partially successful. Destruction of Libya fully successful. So destruction of Afghanistan is also successful. But where is the new state which emerges out of the destruction? The answer is none. So the failure in Afghanistan was that they had to leave before the deadline, that they actually could not withdraw without their forces almost at the edge of being overwhelmed in the Kabul airport. And if Taliban wanted, they could have actually done it. They let them go. So if we look at that, that breaking countries destroying them, that's possible for United States. But building a new state, building a stable new state, that doesn't seem to be possible. So we are in the same situation in Ukraine now. In this kind of wars, the U.S. is very good. In the destruction of an existing order, destruction of an existing state. And in this case, fighting Russia to the last Ukrainian, which is not my statement. Lindsey Graham has virtually said this, that the last Ukraine will fight to the last man. So he's virtually endorsed what critics have said. So I think that is where the United States gets a fresh lease of life. In a new war, again coming out with this, basically saying, we will bring defeat to the enemy. No longer peace to the region. I think that's where the Ukraine war is also headed. To one of these intractable wars which will go on as long as the Ukrainians are willing to pay with their bodies for what the NATO wants them to do, which is weak in Russia. See whether a part of Ukraine can be grabbed by ultimately Western capital if not the full of Ukraine. Thank you so much for being. So it does seem that the United States has moved on to a fresh war creating fresh tensions, creating for fresh disasters in yet another part of the world. Meanwhile, the people of Afghanistan, like you've seen in this video, going through a massive humanitarian crisis. Will the powers of the region be able to work together with the Taliban as it's necessary to actually bring some relief to the people remains to be seen. We'll be taking a look at similar issues in future episodes of Mapping Fault Lines. Until then, keep watching NewsClick.


So this video is probably titled something like I buy my girlfriend or my girlfriend buys me weird Nintendo Switch accessories. However, we've both bought things for each other this time and they're really not that weird as some of them are weird, but they're actually mostly cool. They're things that I actually am going to use and you might actually find some stuff that you might like and you might buy or not. I don't know. Do you want to say something? Where did you buy these? I bought them from a mix of Amazon and Etsy and Aliexpress and like all over the place. Some of it bootleg stuff? Yeah, some of it's bootleg, some of it's knockoff and then some of it is fairly legit, like Amazon legit. Anyway, let's just start. Okay, so the first thing when there's actually two of them, which is great because you can do one and I'll do one at the same time. They are real wood cases and I have been very, very excited for these. I don't know which is which, so you take your pick and you're going to try putting one on your Switch. I'm going to try putting one on mine. Oh, are they different colors? They're different designs and different wood grains. Okay. Oh, that one's cool. I know, they're both really cool. Oh, you might want this one, that's the Zelda. They're probably both Zelda, knowing me. Let me see. Yeah, they're both Zelda. They're both cool. You have that one though. You're right, I did like this one more. They probably work best on gray Joy-Cons because I think you're going to see some blue. Yeah, you're going to see my blue Joy-Cons poking out from underneath. I mean, does it look bad with this one? No, that actually looks pretty nice. Well, that was really easy to fit on. Again, I think it would look way better with gray Joy-Cons. I don't think it looks bad with the blue though, since it's Zelda, it kind of makes sense. You know what? Yeah, it kind of does have that like, the breath of the wild look to it too. It feels a little like strange. Overall, I think that's a really cool one. I feel like this kind of works with the Pokemon theme too, because it looks like little unknown symbols. Yeah. So I'm good with that. I really, I agree. I said, yeah. All right, that's one down. So believe it or not, these little guys eat way more than we do. And to keep them fed, we like to use the help of sponsors like Skillshare. He says I'm out of here. He's gone. These are spoilers. I'm going to have to blow all this out. If you didn't know, Skillshare is an online learning community for creators with more than 25,000 classes in design, business, video editing, video production. And I always stress those ones the most. I don't have to, I don't need to, but I think it's very relevant for what I do here. If you want to make YouTube videos like this and you have no idea where to start, then, you know, look at Skillshare. And Skillshare is super affordable, less than $10 a month. The first 500 of you to click that link down below, as always gets two months free. So you just, just hurry up because people are beating you to the punch already. But don't leave the video. Keep watching the video. Just click that link. Do what you need to do and come right back. Thank you Skillshare for sponsoring this video. Secret handshake. You told me to get this one. This was, I don't know if you remember.  You found this hilarious. I love it so much. Okay, so what it is, I'm not gonna talk until I have finished. It's a Pokeball case.  It would probably be switch cards, right? You'd think that. You would store them. It's for him. It's like one of those Russian, is it called nesting dolls? I kind of want like an even bigger Pokeball that you could put this one into. I mean, you do have to protect it, I guess. Kind of? I would rate this higher than these. Oh, no, no. It's front runner for me, so. Okay, well, we should be ranking these because we usually do. And my vote is this way up there at number one, but we can put them together as number one. Secret handshake time. Stop it. All right, I guess we'll do a weird one as that's probably what I did for the title. Can you actually tell what this is for starters and what it's for? Is it an oven lid? No, but I could totally see that. Yeah, I mean, yes, yes, it is. Is this Scarborough fair on the other side? Yes. Why? Do you know what game this is from to start with?  This is a Christian family channel. Kimberly, it is from Bayonetta. It's, I mean, okay, we'll put two and two together. It's a switch accessory. You can shove something in there. What do you think it is? Wow, okay. Well, well, there you go, it does fit. I don't like the way that sounded. Oh, you like it? Yeah, no, I think it's really cool. Everything's in the number one spot right now. Excuse me. We have a very strong disagreement on the cases at this point. What don't you like about this? I'm not even sure if this is like actual. I mean, I don't know if they said on the listing it is real wood. I just thought- It's in the box, in the box! That's true, that's true. But I still think it looks really cool. And I'm pretty sure it is real wood. All right, well, since we have so many winners right now and I saw that, how about we do... I think this is the only thing I ordered that is probably just bad, pointless. I don't, I mean, it depends. Here's the thing. There's no game that actually this would benefit from outside of Japan. So this is really pointless, but I just wanted to get one. It would probably really come in handy when you're on the eShop or like pumping in game codes or something like that. I don't know. What do you mean? I don't know. Well, now it's the worst cause it's not working. I guess it just doesn't work outside of games which makes it very pointless to me. So it's all the way down here. What a great purchase, moving on. These next ones I was actually pretty excited about and now I'm looking at them. I don't know why. Your Joy-Con straps. Why were you excited about this? I had these. They came with your switch. The only official Joy-Con straps you can get are black. Right. And these are colored and you can actually get them in any color online. And so I thought it'd be really cool since I have blue Joy-Cons now. To get a blue and red one? You have one job. One job. Moving on. All right. Anyway, you can get these all different kinds of colors. I'll leave links down below but be aware that the colors don't. I'm trying. Okay. Technically, the next cool accessory, wow, I'm out of breath, is this. Oh, you got one of the connectors. Wait a minute. Yeah. I got one of these. Actually, I ran downstairs to get this controller but I'm pretty sure this is only gonna work when it's hooked up to a dock. Little Mario brick design. And when you open it, anyway, we're gonna have to go downstairs with this so I can show you how it actually works. So let's do that. Please leave that in. All right, now this 8-bit do controller thing. I am really impressed by this. I tried to just set it up to test it out and immediately plugged little USB into the dock, went to the sync up new controller option, pressed like the options button and the home button at the same time but it being by the form, I'm using my PlayStation 4 controller on my Switch. I loaded up Resident Evil and all the button layout is just perfectly replicated from a pro controller or a Joy-Con or anything. It's just automatically mapped everything the way it should be and everything works. The home button goes back to the Switch's home screen. The only thing that's really weird to get my head around is obviously on Switch, the A button and the B button is backwards from the X and the O. Yeah, it works perfectly. I actually feel like I am playing my PlayStation right now, not my Switch. It's really weird to get my brain around it. Another amendem had been playing around with this wireless keyboard. It took so much effort to get this to work right, so much so that I hate the thing but I finally managed to get it to work.  The buttons are so small that my fat thumbs try to press like five at a time but it's definitely much faster than trying to do it without it. And we're back! If we didn't actually go anywhere or do anything yet so I don't know how that worked. Hopefully it worked great. This is the next one. I'm just gonna, whatever. This video is falling apart. But I saw this one online. I thought it was nifty. It's made from leather. So there's that. Leather? I kinda like how the Joy-Con stick out. It's adorable. It's supposed to in some way. There you go. I put it an upside down but you can't see that. Yeah, cool. All right, moving on. Rank it about here with the ball. You really like it. Way the hell over there. Can you stop with these are so good. You're right.  Amazing, but they can write real wood on the package and not mean it at all. I am 90% sure it is real wood. 90% sure, yeah, wrong. You remember this one? You told me to buy this one. Yeah, I love this one. Very excited.  I like it. So it's Mario's overalls. Yeah, but it's like the big case that everybody likes. It's got a nice texture to this bottom and nice smooth to this top. But out of all the cases I've seen, this is definitely one of the best for actually storing your switch. Look at that. Oh, smell that. I don't know what that smells like. Really good though. Shoes. Yeah, it does smell like shoes. But new shoes. That smell of getting these crisp new shoes. Yeah. Smells like walking into a Payless or RIP Payless. Never been. Really? Don't know what you're talking about. You didn't have those? So there's a spot for your switch and I love how snug and perfect. All this frigging padding here ain't nothing happening to that bad boy. You can throw a pro controller in here. Your dock fits perfectly in here. I'm gonna guess that that is for these. It's literally your entire switch can fit in here and that would be for your charge cord. Yes. What does it fit in here? This is adorable. It's not something I personally have a use for but if I ever end up taking my entire switch set up anywhere. Strap, if you wanna wear it as a purse. And I'm definitely taking it this way. I'm saving my favorite until last but my favorite might not even work. I'm kind of expecting it not to work because it's one of the knockoffs from AliExpress or Wish or wherever I bought it from. This is another thing that you found. Oh, the thing that charges all the things. Does you wanna return it? Cause I totally just ruined the packaging. So it's a nifty little charging stand. And for those out there that only have a few switch games and they don't have like 200 of them. And you wanna keep them all in one handy location right near your switch. This will be perfect for you. It charges everything switch related that you have in your life. What does it charge? It charges your pro controller, contains your ball. I don't know if it charges. I don't think it charges the ball. And you can clip it all to the back of the switch. Would you like the instructions? No, cause I can't have you bothered. Here's the picture. Actually, you know what we could do? You do that. You build this thing. I have complete faith to keep this video moving along since I bought so much stuff. I'm just gonna tackle my favorite thing now. In my hand right now, as crazy as it is to think, I have like 30 amiibos. What a sin you might be asking. How can you fit 30 amiibos in the palm of your hand? Well, no, I'm not Game Store 81. I don't have the world's largest hands. They're actually tiny little cards that apparently work as amiibos. And for the purpose of this video, I have intentionally not used them because I wanted to see if they worked on camera. They're really nifty. The little designs on them are like their own little character I guess they made, but dressed up as all the different amiibo characters. So I think all of the ones I bought are Breath of the Wild ones. It looks like I have all of the Guardian people. What were they called? Excuse me, princess. Okay, so hopefully I cut out the last, like 10 minutes of this video because it took us both a while to get to this point. But I'm gonna try, I guess, one of the Zelda-y ones. There it is. It worked! It worked! That's so cool. Okay, let me try another one. That's so cool. Well, I could get so much free stuff out of all of these. I really like these because for one, they're really cheap. And I don't like opening my amiibos. Then it's a really cheap way of me having amiibos that I can actually use. I'm not sure what other ones they've got, but I'm assuming you could get pretty much any of them like this. And I did a really good job with the designs too. It is cool. I actually do like it. I kind of want to, I mean, well- It kind of looks like it would go in a car in like the center console. Yeah, it does.   So what do you go in here? Where's the picture? Oh, that, oh, weird. You know how I just finally managed to buy those NES controllers? It's for those, but it looks like it's specifically for the Famicom ones. Cause the Famicom ones have this very specific design that has that notch there. It's just something that no one has. Cause nobody's gonna have this either. Well, I mean they might. After this video, links down below. Oh, actually I am an Amazon affiliate. I could link my Amazon links. And then if you go and buy it through my link, I'll get Amazon money. So this next one, we're gonna have to go out to the car. Oh, you got one of those things. Yeah. So let's go, let's go to the car very easily. Okay. There we go. That doesn't look great. It's like 90 degrees out here. And I'm exhausted from setting this up. But I mean, this would be really great on road trips. Like legitimately, if I go on another road trip and like Billy's driving or whatever, I'm totally taking the backseat for a change and just sitting back here and playing switch like this. This is freaking awesome. Yeah, but you need a long one. You need a charge cord, plug it in, and you have endless switch playing time on charge while you drive. And it really is as simple as strapping this elastic band around here. Now I've messed it up, but yeah, that's pretty cool. I like that one. What do you think? I think it'd be really good for parents. Yeah.  Your kids could watch Hulu in the backseat too. Oh, I wouldn't.  Well, not if you're me and you have unlimited. 70 bucks a month, T-Mobile, not a sponsor. Also, this would definitely work in a car that had better head rests.  Great, cool. Let's go back in the house. It's really hot out here. And we didn't go to the car, but you watched us there. We did it at some point, just not yet. That's the magic of cinema. This isn't the cinema. I will admit that I was really excited for these Amiibo cards, and they lived up to my expectations. They were my thing I was probably most excited for out of all of this, but this, weirdly enough, was the thing I was secondly most excited for. So this advertised itself as the world's smallest, slimmest, most invisible, Invisalign Nintendo Switch case. It is so thin that it's supposed to be really the only case that you can actually leave on your Switch and still put in the dock without having to take the case off. And I believe that just holding this, because feel how flimsy that is. I'm really hoping that this all comes together in a way that doesn't feel cheap. There is almost no space in between the dock and the Switch, so just hearing that impressed me. You can have your Joy-Con color, you can have the Switch's color, but still have it be protected, and I just thought it looked really nice covered in this, this gloss look over. It almost gave it like a really neat look to it. Like, don't you think that shimmer and that shine, it kind of makes it look a little nicer in a way.  It reminds me of plastic's lip coverage you put on a couch. You don't like it? I actually really like it. It looks like it's like the packaging that you buy it in. I actually really like it. Like to me, it looks like it's VGA graded, like it's been put in this protective case. To keep it looking like pristine and perfect. The whole gimmick to this thing other than looking kind of nifty, in my opinion. Yeah, I mean, it actually, it makes it really sturdy in there. Okay, that's all of it. I think all of this is really cool, but if you had to pick a favorite, which would it be? Oh, me? Yeah.  That's really cool too, though. Oh, this case, the real wood case. Not yet, nope. I really like all these little amiibo cards. I really like this little plastic case. Honestly, I'm gonna be completely honest. My favorite thing is these. I know you hate them, but I just love the way they look. But each to their own. And that's the fantastic thing about life. It's that you can all make your own choices. You can all live by the seat of your own pants. You can all screw yourselves. If you don't like this video, like this video or hair flip. You wanna do it, Saimi? Hair flip. All over that subscribe button. I love you all no matter what. Some people don't like zombies. That's fine. Oh, thank you, Kim, for being in this video. I always, these are always my favorites when you're in the video. Bye. Oh, I delete that.


Welcome to this session on China, U.S. relations, how things are looking with a new administration of the United States. To speak about this is a real pleasure to have David Dollar with us. David is very well known with economics profession. I've been familiar with his work for many years since he was at the World Bank. He's currently the senior fellow at the John L. Fortin China Center at the Brookings Institution. From 2009 to 2013, he was the U.S. Treasury's economic and financial emissary in Beijing, involved in facilitating the macroeconomic and financial policy dialogue between the U.S. and China. Prior to that, David worked for 20 years at the World Bank, as I said, serving amongst many other things as country director for China and Mongolia based in Beijing for five years. Also very extensive direct experience of China, and his most recent book is also on that subject to China at 2049, Economic Challenges of a Rising Global Power Timely Book. So with that, David is going to talk for about half an hour on a whole range of China-U.S. relation issues, and he will then welcome your questions and comments after that for about another 30 minutes. The entire event is on the record, and we very much look forward to your presentation, David. Over to you. Thank you very much. It's really a great pleasure to join by video, and I wish I could be there with you all in person in Dublin. That would have been a delightful long weekend. So my topic is U.S.-China relations in the wake of the 2020 election. And I have to emphasize that there's still tremendous uncertainty about the positions of the new Biden administration, the policy positions, and he's named many key staff, but lots of positions, staff positions remain to be filled. So we can speculate and identify a few things, but I do want to emphasize the uncertainty. If I were picking a headline for this or a summary for the talk, I would say, I do not expect any immediate dramatic change in U.S.-China relations, but I expect subtle changes that over time will be quite significant. So I want to divide the talk into five topics. First, I think one of the clearest things about the incoming administration is that it's going to put more attention on global public goods. President-elect Biden has made it clear that he'll rejoin the Paris Accord on climate change, the World Health Organization. He wants to get back into the UN deal on Iran and strengthen and extend that. And in dealing with these global public goods, he will inevitably have to deal with China. U.S. and China are the two biggest economies in the world. They're the two biggest emitters of carbon. There's no way we get to net zero by 2050 if the U.S. and China are not each strongly pursuing policies toward carbon reduction. It doesn't mean we have to cooperate closely necessarily. It doesn't mean we have to be friends, but we are going to be working together on global issues. And I would argue that was completely missing from the Trump administration. And in some ways, it sets a floor on the relationship. We have to work together on these global issues. And that does kind of put a limit on the hostile things you can say and do to each other if we're actually going to make progress on those global issues. And I agree with President-elect Biden that these are really the challenging issues, especially climate change. While I'm talking global public goods, I would also like to add in, I think, a less well-known one. Clearly, this coronavirus recession has had a devastating effect on developing countries. A lot of developing countries have excessive debt. We already have a debt service suspension initiative affecting the poorest countries in China, the U.S., the rest of the G20 are cooperating in that in a fairly effective way. Probably needs to be extended, probably needs more, but it's a good start. The main problem, it's really just focused on the poorest countries. So there are a lot of large emerging markets that are simply not involved in that. And in a lot of those countries, there are going to be debt problems. China is the largest official creditor to many countries. The U.S. is the largest shareholder in the IMF, which takes the lead in addressing these kind of financial issues. So I think of that as another global public good. If we don't cooperate on third-world debt crises, we're going to have spread of those crises. We're going to have terrible economic results. It's going to be hard for the rest of the world to grow. So that first point, I think, is good news in a way for the world that the U.S. is back in terms of dealing with global issues. And that will inevitably put us working together with China common objectives on many of these issues. Now, the second point I want to make is that President-elect Biden has made it clear that he wants to reestablish U.S. relations with our allies, move away from the America First policy of President Trump. And I think the key allies are our European friends like Ireland and the EU more broadly and in the UK now that it's left the EU. And then in Asia, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, these are key allies of the United States. And in talking about re-establishing those relationships, Biden's team has made it clear that that includes trying to develop a common approach to China. Now, that involves a lot of different issues. I think we will see more attention paid to human rights issues in China. Xinjiang, Hong Kong, what's happening with Taiwan. Some members of President Trump's cabinet have spoken out about these issues. But according to John Bolton's book, President Trump himself was not very engaged and in some sense encouraged President Xi Jinping of China to pursue authoritarian measures in these areas. I think you'll see a more consistent policy now among Europe, the United States, our Asia-Pacific allies.  So working more closely with them across a broad range of issues is not necessarily going to be a simple thing. Certainly the Asia-Pacific allies would like to see the US continue to have a strong security presence in the Asia-Pacific. So continue to do freedom of navigation operations through the South China Sea and push back in some sense against Chinese activity in the South China Sea or along the India-China border. I'm not going to presume to understand that well how European partners view that, though there is talk, certainly talk within NATO that China's rise is one of the preeminent security issues of the time. Now, if you think about the first two issues I highlighted, it starts to reveal the complexity of the US of the challenge of dealing with China because the US and Europe, other partners working together on global public goods, that's something that China should welcome because that's the only way we're going to deal with issues like climate change and the next pandemic and third world debt crisis. On the other hand, China is not really that comfortable with the US alliance system, thinks of that as a Cold War relic. And I think to be frank, I think the Chinese administration welcomed that aspect of the Trump policy that the US was moving away from its traditional alliance. So thinking about things from China's point of view, the first two issues I raised are kind of a wash where China should welcome the first thing I brought up but then not be so happy about the strengthening of the US alliance system. Now, the third issue I would bring up is that I'm going to start getting into economics, but quite a few of the things that have been done that have an economic effect in the relationship have been done for security reasons. So, for example, the United States has put Huawei on our so-called entities list. We're preventing American companies from selling high-tech inputs to Huawei. We've taken the extraordinary step of preventing the Taiwan semiconductor company based in Taiwan. We're preventing them from using previously purchased American equipment to make chips that they sell to Huawei. And I believe some other Chinese purchases are involved. We just recently put out a list of firms that are aiding the development of the Chinese military. And many of the firms on that list are obvious defense contractors. And that kind of firm has very little interaction with the US. So sanctioning those firms is more symbolic. But the list also includes the three big Chinese telecom companies. China Mobile, for example, is on this list. And the sanctions at the moment are not that strong. The key new sanction introduced just in the last few weeks is that Americans like myself, you know, we cannot buy securities of these firms. And for a firm like China Mobile, it's included in a number of popular stock market indices about Chinese stocks or emerging market stocks. So the most popular exchange traded fund dealing with emerging market stocks owns a piece of China Mobile. And that's now going to be illegal for Americans to own that. So either Americans are going to have to divest out of that popular security or else that exchange traded fund is going to have to rearrange its portfolio and divest itself of China Mobile. So we're seeing a lot of actions like that that clearly have some economic impact, but all of which are justified on security grounds. Now, I think and I would add that some of the things I just mentioned have been introduced by executive order since the election. OK, and it is frankly unusual in the United States for an outgoing administration to be doing major executive orders after it's lost election as it's leaving. You could argue that some of this is being done in bad faith, you know, tossing a bunch of hand grenades as you exit from the White House. So this is the first of a number of very complicated issues that the Biden administration is going to have to face. I would not expect them to reverse all of these security measures. I think we can be pretty sure they won't reverse all of these security measures, things like putting Huawei on the entity list, which was done a couple of years ago, some of the other sanctions of high tech firms. I think President-elect Biden and his team, they're going to want to maintain some of these measures that are aimed at protecting national security. And they would certainly come under bipartisan criticism if they moved away from all of those measures. On the other hand, the fact that a lot of this stuff is being put in place right now after President Trump lost the election raises questions about bad faith. So I would expect the administration to do a careful review of these different measures. And this is an area where I think it's easy to state rhetorically what the ideal policy should be. But harder to implement. Rhetorically, I like the phrase from the former U.S. Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson, who said that in this area of, you could think of it as technology competition or national security related technologies, the United States needs to have a small yard with a high fence. And what he means by that is we should identify a relatively small number of critical technologies that have national security implications and put up pretty serious walls, meaning pretty serious obstacles about investment mergers and acquisitions, the selling of U.S. high technology to relevant Chinese firms, et cetera. But then a part of that whole idea is that the yard would be relatively small, and that you would leave most of the rest of the economy open for trade and investment back and forth between China. And I think you may have heard this phrase decoupling, this word decoupling. I think the idea from Secretary Paulson is that there's never going to be a certain amount of decoupling in some specific technology areas that have security implications. But from his point of view, you want to keep that relatively small, and then you want to have open exchange essentially among the United States, China, other major economies. So I agree with that kind of assessment, which you get from quite a few thinkers in both our main political parties that any kind of radical or complete decoupling between the U.S. and China is completely unrealistic. For one thing, our allies, especially Asia Pacific allies, are never going to go along with that. Probably Germany wouldn't go along with that among our European friends because people are firms and workers are benefiting from the trade with China. And I don't think the key allies of the U.S. have given up on the idea of integrating China into the global economic system. So as I said, relatively easy to state the principle, harder. Now lots of different types of firms are getting put on sanctions list by the United States. And so I think the Biden team will take a hard look at that. And the end result will probably be some of that will be dropped, I would guess, some of these things that were added at the last minute as the Trump team is exiting the White House. But quite a bit of that will end up staying. The Americans, the general attitude toward China has definitely hardened. And Americans are worried about potential threat from China. And so you will see some of that national security related trade and investment sanctions. Some of that will definitely stay in place. Now the fourth issue I'm going to raise is the more general economic trade relations between the U.S. and China. And you notice that more than halfway through my talk before I'm really just getting to talking about economics. And to be frank, that's deliberate. I think it's just not the most important issue in the U.S.-China economic relations. I think the global public goods, security issues, human rights. To me, all of these are arguably more important than the economic relations. And to be frank, the economic relations right now are a complete mess. And so I think President Trump is leaving President Biden with a very difficult situation. And obviously the U.S. has lots of domestic challenges at the moment. The COVID pandemic is accelerating. The economy seems to be slowing down and needs more stimulus. We infrastructure, there's broad agreement on a need for some kind of infrastructure plan, more family-friendly policies. So you can count on the Biden team to be focusing on these more domestic issues certainly in the first half year, probably throughout most of the first year. And I think economic relations with China are just not going to be that high on the list of priorities. So what is this mess I'm referring to? Well, at the moment, the U.S. has a 25% tariff on about half of our imports from China. It's a pretty significant distortion. In order to avoid further escalation of that, China agreed to a phase one trade deal. The heart of the phase one trade deal is Chinese commitment to buy more goods and services from the U.S. And economists like myself, we felt the deal when it was announced nearly one year ago now seemed completely unrealistic. It would have involved China importing 40% more than last year during 2020. And then an additional 40% plus increase in 2021. We don't normally see macro variables growing at those kind of rates. And it turns out it certainly has not materialized during 2020. At the moment, China has imported through October about half of what would be necessary to meet the target for 2020. Obviously, we've had the coronavirus pandemic and recession. There are a lot of reasons. There were very specific targets. China was supposed to buy $50 billion of energy. But shortly after the deal was signed, global recession started. Energy prices dropped. U.S. firms are cutting back production. They were not particularly interested in selling to China at the prices that were prevailing in the middle of 2020. One of the big exports in the U.S. to China is the fact that there have been about 400,000 Chinese students in the U.S., mostly in universities, mostly paying full tuition, plus Chinese tourists. That was all supposed to increase under this phase one deal. But of course, it's contracted dramatically because of the cutoff in travel between the United States and China. So basically, that phase one deal, it's not really being implemented. And I think this is the kind of situation that President Biden inherits. His team, including Vice President-elect Kamala Harris, fairly recently, have been criticizing the tariffs. Federal Reserve staff did a study that U.S. tariffs on China have cost the U.S. about 175,000 manufacturing jobs. It always seems like a good idea. Let's restrict Chinese imports and protect our industry. Well, global value chains are very complicated. U.S. firms import a lot of parts and components from China. And the 25% tariff ended up being slapped on a lot of those. And then that hurts American firms. And then they lose customers because prices are going up. They lose exports because they become less competitive. They also lose exports because China, of course, retaliated in response to the U.S. tariffs. So U.S. has not really gotten anything very positive out of that. But President-elect Biden just did an interview with the journalist Tom Friedman. And he made it clear he's not going to eliminate those tariffs, certainly not on day one and not as an early move in his administration. Basically, I think that Biden team is going to leave that protection in place, let it play out for a while. I emphasize domestic priorities are going to be number one. And that's a big agenda. Also, I think we can count on the Biden team getting rid of remaining tariffs that have been imposed on allies in steel, aluminum, and various sectors. And I think that'll be very welcome. I think that would be a good statement from the administration is to get rid of the tariffs that have been imposed on various allies as part of this America-first policy. But then, as I said, President-elect Biden has made it clear he'll leave the tariffs on China in place for the moment. Now, I do think there's an opportunity for China to come with a proposal. And any proposal from the Chinese side will probably met with some skepticism in the US because we've been negotiating over these issues for a long time. My own view is there's been gradual progress in things like intellectual property rights protection, opening up more markets. China has opened up financial services and automobiles. There are other sectors that are relatively protected in China. There's still issues about state enterprise discipline. The penalties for intellectual property rights violations, there are a number of practical areas where China could come with a proposal and essentially put out an offer to move substantially on some of these structural issues in return for the US phasing out the tariffs on the Chinese product. So the potential is there for a deal. But I don't see the Biden team taking the lead in trying to bring that about quickly because they'll be distracted by other things and because the whole economic relationship with China continues to be quite controversial in the United States. Now, the last point I want to make is indirectly related to China. So, you know, leaving aside US-China economic relations for the moment, there's the issue of the US trade relation with the rest of the world. And I think the easy part of that is eliminating tariffs on products from allies, as I said. Also, the US has been blocking the dispute settlement process in the World Trade Organization. I think we can get a compromise to allow the WTO to start functioning as part of that US kind of returning to international organizations. But President-elect Biden has made it clear that he would approach very cautiously any big new trade agreements. And that would include any talk about rejoining the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which President Trump dropped out of on day one. And I do think that politically, large trade agreements have become very difficult for the US. Under President Trump, you've definitely got some pretty strong protectionist elements within the Republican Party. There were always some protectionist elements within the Democratic Party. So now you have a kind of unholy alliance cutting across our parties, questioning the value of trade agreements. And I think, again, with domestic priorities taking first place, the easy thing will not be to pursue any new major trade agreements. First time President Biden goes to Asia, first time he talks to Japan, South Korea, I think he'll be hearing from these traditional American partners that they feel that the US is withdrawing economically from Asia. China is one of the 15 countries that reached agreement on RCEP, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Program. This is really an ASEAN initiative. I think ASEAN should get a lot of credit for bringing this to fruition. It's the first trade agreement, including China, Japan, and South Korea. It also has Australia and New Zealand. You can criticize it as relatively shallow because mostly it's tariff cutting without dealing with the new issues of cross-border data flows or intellectual property rights protection. But I think it'll solidify a lot of value chains in Asia and centered very much around China. So there's talk about getting value chains to leave China and reassure to the United States. I think mostly that's completely unrealistic. You will have some evolution of value chains as more labor-intensive parts of the value chain leave China, move to Southeast Asia, because wages are going up in China. China is now becoming one of the higher-wage countries in Asia, and it can be a very healthy process for those chains to evolve. But China is not going to be left out. China is producing a lot of the machinery and the more sophisticated components. So an important milestone in 2020 is that ASEAN moved into first place as China's number one trading partner. The EU is number two, and the United States has dropped to number three. And I think in the current environment, a lot of political elites in the US are probably perfectly happy to be dropping down on that list of Chinese trading partners. But China is going ahead, developing trade agreements. It's negotiating a bilateral investment treaty with the EU. And there is definitely a risk that the US is being left out of those agreements. So let me wrap up by just emphasizing how complicated this all is. If you think about the US administration pursuing relations with China, I started with what I view as relatively positive news that we want to work together with China and other partners on global issues that's been missing. We also want to rebuild our traditional alliances. European friends should be happy to hear that. But again, we have to see the details. The US has to be willing to compromise on various issues if that's going to be meaningful. I think some of the technology stuff is the most complicated. And I worry that wherever there's a question, we're going to opt toward protectionism on a kind of precautionary principle. And that would be unfortunate, because I think we're still better off with an integrated global economy. Don't expect the US to rush to actually sort out the trade relations between the US and China. There are other priorities. But if, under some scenarios, within two years or so, I could see the US coming back, for example, into the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Not right away, of course. But perhaps two years down the road, particularly depending on what President-elect Biden hears from his allies in the Asia Pacific and in Europe. So managing that very, very complex relationship with China, I do think that really is the biggest challenge that the United States faces. And arguably, it's the biggest challenge that the European Union faces as well. So hopefully, we can work together. Let's start by having a good frank exchange of ideas. Thank you very much.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you how you can find out maximum and minimum from an array by passing array into function using pointer. Before starting, you can note my information, you can follow or subscribe my YouTube channel through the URL youtube.com slash sanjaygupta underscore tech school. You can download my programming app Techimus which is available on Google Play. Now I am going to implement solution of this problem. So first time including a header file that is stdi.h. Now I am declaring two functions. First one is maximum. Its return type is integer and it will receive an argument that will be base address of array. So that's why argument type is integer pointer. So this is function declaration for minimum. Second function is declared same return type and argument type as maximum function contains. So this is also function declaration. So in this program I will be implementing two functions. One for maximum and one for minimum. So first time defining main function. Inside main function I am declaring an array, variable i, then max and min variables. With the help of printf the message enter 10 elements will be displayed on console. To read 10 numbers from user I am implementing this for loop which will repeat 10 times and it will store all the elements in a array. Now after reading operation I have to call maximum function. So max equals to maximum and inside parenthesis I am passing a array. So this statement is function calling. After this calling statement the result will be stored inside max variable. So I can print the result on console through this printf maximum equals to max. So in this function call I have passed array name. So name of array automatically pass its base address. So maximum function definition will be calculating the maximum value available in array and the result will be stored inside max. Then I have printed max on console using printf. After that I am calling minimum function and again I am passing base address of array through its name. So this is also a function call statement. Result will be received inside min variable. So I am printing that variable on console using this printf statement and then return zero. So now I have to implement two functions definition. First is maximum and second one is minimum. So first I am defining maximum function definition. So this block will be known as function definition. Inside this function I am declaring variable max which is initialized through the value 3, 2, 7, 6, 8 and variable ion. Now I am applying for loop which will repeat 10 times. Inside this loop I am going to apply the condition if asterisk p is greater than max. So asterisk p is indicating different locations of array through its address. So p is containing first time base address of the array. To receive value of that base address I am using asterisk p. So asterisk p is compared with max if the array is containing the element which is greater than max then I can assign that element into max using this statement max equals to asterisk p. So the element which is available inside array is assigned into max variable through this p pointer. After this operation I have to increase value of p through this p++. So p is containing base address. If this condition is true then value of p will be assigned into max then p will be incremented. If the condition is false then also p will be incremented so that p can point to the next locations of array. So this way I have calculated or I have find out the maximum value which is available inside array and that value is available inside max variable. Now after completion of loop I can return that max variables value to the main function where I have written the function calling statement. So this is the definition of maximum function which is implemented in front of you. Now I am going to copy these instructions. I am pasting it. Now there are two definitions maximum and maximum. So second function I am converting into minimum. So in place of max I am declaring min variable. So it is initialized with the greatest value that is 32767. Now I am comparing it with asterisk p less than min. So if the address containing value less than min then we have to assign that value into min variable. Then after this condition checking whether it is true or false we have to increase the pointer so that we can point to the remaining locations of array and after completion of sorry after completion of this loop I can return value of min to the main function. So this way I have implemented the definition of max and min functions in front of you. Now I am going to execute this code so that you can see the output. So I am entering 10 numbers. You can see the output maximum equals to 10 and minimum equals to 1. So the program is working properly. I have implemented this code by passing array into functions using pointer and I have defined two functions. One is maximum and one is minimum. I hope you have understood the logic which I have demonstrated you in this video. If this sorry if you want to watch more programming related videos you can follow or subscribe my YouTube channel through the URL youtube.com slash tanja gupta underscore tech school. You can download my programming app Techimus which is available on Google Play. Thank you for watching this video.