What's up guys take down here. This is story time number five. Hope you guys are enjoying this series I'm glad I get the opportunity to do it this one as the title says is Fighting the art teacher now. It wasn't a physical fight, but let me explain So where do I really start with this story time? In high school, I wasn't in Art class I didn't get the opportunity for art class until the 11th grade which the art teacher Suggests if you're gonna take her class even though it's just art in my opinion That you have to take the ninth grade 10th grade and 11th grade. So since going into the 11th grade as the first year I took Art she wasn't too happy. She wanted me to switch. I said no It's an easy credit to get she didn't like that. I said that My opinion art is an easy credit to get I do like art as I've stated before on this channel, but Anyways back to the point So she wanted me to switch to the ninth grade class. I said no I'm not taking a ninth grade class. I don't need a ninth grade credit I want this 11th grade credit because I'm in the 11th grade to me mentally that made sense So anyways, we stuck through it She didn't like my style of art As I stated before too, I like more of a tattoo design. That's what I was really into back then I'm still into it now Just I don't get the chance to draw as much because I'm always making videos But I used to draw a lot of skulls tattoo designs stuff like that stuff that she didn't like But in my defense She was the type of teacher that she only liked people to draw or do anything art related as long as it's her style If you were doing anything that she liked or her style, you were her golden child She loved you as a student If you didn't like her style and you like to draw your own style She hated you. She hated your guts. She Would give you less grades for it in my opinion. That's not something you can do as especially as an art teacher because To teach art you should be teaching that Um students can choose different ways to express themselves different style of art Not just sticking with one style art that you so happen to like now what she Didn't know is that I was gonna pass the class. She's kept saying I wasn't I wouldn't do the weekly sketches I would just brush that off. That was minor credit like a pop quiz at the beginning of math class or something stupid like that But I managed to pass the class Um, she didn't know that I was gonna choose art for the 12th grade too And the first day whenever I went into class Um, one of the first things she said to me is uh, what are you doing here? This this is my class. I'm I'm in class right now And she said yeah, but why would you choose art again when you barely passed last year? My response to that is uh to prove myself Not to you, but to prove myself that I can enjoy art So we stuck with the hate relationship through all year. We've had a few yelling matches She degraded a lot of students. I know one of my close friends At the time Was in the 12th grade with me But because he never took art before and it was a grade 12 9 split half the class's grade 12 half class's grade 9s She put him in the grade 9 spot, which to me was embarrassing and She should have not done that basically just took it easy on him But one thing I did enjoy about being in the 12th grade now is I can draw whatever style I want It's an open, uh class now so I can do whatever style I want It so happened that I stuck with the skulls and the tattoo designs and that kind of stuff Which she didn't like so she didn't grade my work appropriately She would grade it Less than other students because it was just tattoo designs skulls stuff like that Even though some of my work in my opinion was really good really thought it really creative Because it wasn't her style. She didn't like it. So she didn't give me the grades. I um thought I deserved Leading into the end of the second the semester um Is the second semester so graduation is approaching rapidly um At this point. I am just failing I'm I'm on the borderline of pass and fail And near the last two weeks is kind of catch up period So she's given the students an opportunity to come to her ask her during class outside of class or whatever What they can do what projects they can do to bring their grade up so they can have a passing credit She did that with every student, but when it came to me whenever I asked her in class What do I need to do to pass? her response was Don't worry about it And then she went on to the next students walked away and was talking to another student about whatever they were talking about So I went up to her and I kindly asked Uh, I kindly said to her no um As a student You're given an opportunity to everybody else to uh, ask and you're answering their questions of what they need to do to pass I'm not That far under the line to fail and i'm not that far behind. I just need a few things What a few things projects haven't I done? throughout the year That I could do to pass Oh, her response was Oh, don't worry about it.   This is happening.  It's the most comical thing you could ever see Basically, we're yelling back and forth and my argument was I'm the effing student I'm just failing There's a few things I could do to change that As a teacher you're giving everybody the opportunity Opportunity and tell them what they can do to change that but you're not giving me it and you're telling me that I'm just going to fail What do I need to do and we're just arguing back and forth Then what happened was the fire alarm went off We had a fire drill. Of course schools.  We the whole class went out Stood in our designated area and then some of the student came up to me Said You really pissed her off. I said, yeah, I know but my points valid and they're like, yes, they are and they're like But did you know today is her birthday?  It's her birthday.  I do work all day. That's it I was extremely bored Sitting there doing nothing. So I went to the principal. I said, look, I'm not sitting here all day I'm not doing this all day I'm calling home America does a regular suspension. I'm going home. I'm not I'm not dealing with This I could just and I lied. I'm like, I could just do some work at home on my laptop I have some of it there. I can do more stuff there than I can do here Basically, I just wanted to go home. It was bullshit I didn't I've never had an in-school suspension let alone a suspension and because of that teacher I did So I didn't see the purpose of having to stay at school for it So I called home or maybe the principal called home dad came and without knowing Dad wanted to have a meeting with the principal.     It's never really been But this time unknowingly he was And he went in there and he was yelling and screaming at the principal because dad knew what was going on Dad stood up to the principal. I can't remember exactly what the principal said But my dad's response is Uh called the teacher something. I can't even remember what it was to say it It was so long ago. Um, maybe three four years ago But I can't remember what he said, but he said something that principal's face went red So I got to go home for the day. Um, my dad's argument was he's going home That's going to be on his record. Well, to me it didn't really matter because it's a high school record I was one of the college anyways, at least not yet might in the future, but um So they they took that off and then Instead of me going back to the class Since it was so close to the end of the year They um told me I didn't have to go so it was kind of like a free period that day Or during that hour, which I was okay with I didn't really care. Anyways, I didn't want to go back to the class Anyways, but I did want to finish what I started which is the class And the principal because they knew and they heard from numerous students. What happened that day? That went so wrong In the teacher's eyes They knew I was right The teacher should have gave me Or at least told me what I can do to pass which is what a teacher's responsibility is to help their students pass She failed to do that So even though I was failing the principal changed that even though I missed about a week of the class the last week of class um He gave me the credit and because because what she did was wrong She should have told me what to do and that would have changed everything I would have been able to pass on my own But I was given the credit which I didn't really like at the time But I thought hey, I still haven't failed a credit I haven't failed a class and during my whole high school. I didn't fail the class so This is a story time. This is number five of me arguing with this Art teacher fighting the art teacher, I guess Um and the story behind it. So I hope you guys did enjoy. Hope you guys are enjoying the story time Um series. I'm doing on my channel.  I could do a story time about that Um, it's really opened my eyes. What possibilities I have on this channel, but I will see you guys in the next one peace


In fact, there's no paper that I wrote as an author or a co-author, which does not have your name on land, which does not have your name in the references. So I was wondering who else that is the case. Whose side is Professor Alun once or regularly? Just so you have a sense of... Okay, okay. So for some of you, it's not a known name. Okay. So we also have quite a group in the middle. Great. Well, let's start with the formalities of who you are according to those. It's not working. Here. Yeah. This one is yours. So is this better? I don't hear a difference. No, you have to get close to it. Yeah, but it's just the height is very inconvenient. I need to shrink a little bit and that I'm not even that tall. So your official coordinates, Professor of Development, Resource Management and Governance at the Department of Food and Resource Economics University of Copenhagen. So that there's a lot there that makes you very relevant for the people here. And your research focuses in terms of property, local politics and state formation, in particular social legal processes of conflict over land and natural resource. And I think if people are wondering social legal, what is that? I think your talk is going to make that crystal clear. Now, as part of my introduction, I thought I might, for those of you who don't know you or not that well, just make reference to two of your works that you wrote with others and that I think are really important for everybody to know. So one of these from 2011 with Nancy Paluso on the shifting frontiers of land control, actually all my students get to read it, your introduction, get exam questions about it. Because I think even though it's 12 years old, it's still very relevant and certainly in this context in which we are today of climate adaptation. And why do I say that? Because in that work, again, for those of you who haven't read it and are perhaps contemplating whether you should, you show how land and forest and water come under the control of new actors through a combination of environmental regulation, legislation, but also violence and how law and violence intertwine. And this remains relevant as we think of how land and forest in the global south are targeted for. And as I've learned from my colleague, David Pech, have been committed by their governance to things like carbon capture of benefit sources of energy, etc. What uses and users is this displacing? How is the law complicit in that? What forms of violence are used? So those are the questions that you open up in that paper. And the second one that I think is relevant for this community is your work with CECOR on property and authority in settings of legal pluralism. It's a quite analytically refined and deep way to engage with these dynamics. That's very relevant to for anybody, basically, working on land registration and registration in context of legal pluralism. And that goes way beyond forum shopping, which is sometimes what people think legal pluralism is all about. So yes, people turn to different authorities to pursue their claims or to find a solution to their conflicts. But in doing this, they strengthen the legitimacy of those they turn to. And with their choices, they shape the relative power of these authorities and institutions. And by seeing where people go, we can learn a lot about what are the institutions and leaders they have confidence in. And so it's not a lack of knowledge that, for example, make people turn to customary actors. But it's their calculations about what will work in view of tenure and how best to address it. So that's just a snippet for those of you who think, OK, why is that word so relevant? But it's high time to give you the floor and to talk about this interesting topic, an air of legality on Indonesia and beyond. So the floor is yours. Thank you very much. Big applause. Let me see if I can make this. Oh, yeah, that one has to go away. Yeah, that just has to go down. Can you hear me? OK. So thank you very much for this very generous introduction. I can recommend all my writing, not just those two pieces, but all of it. It's shockingly good. I am well aware that this is the last slot on the last day of something that has taken a lot out of you. Somebody referred to this as the graveyard shift. I've heard it referred to as the track of death in a race course. So I'll see if I can keep you, if not awake, at least alive until the end of this talk. But I'm going to talk about something that I've been pondering over for some time, the role of law and what role law has if we are in a situation of rightlessness. And it's always called an air, that's not one of this, an air of equality. And it is sort of based on experience and research in Indonesia, but I think it might resonate beyond. So this is from the outskirts of Medan in North Sumatra. You can see this man who put his land up for sale. You can see Medan is coming racing toward the countryside here. Either he sells the land and gets a little bit of money, or he doesn't and he doesn't get any money. This is inevitable, this will turn into something quite different very soon. And for him and for most ordinary people in Indonesia, rights are a faint promise and justice is just a rumor. Most people actually live in a situation of rightlessness. People lose their land in all kinds of ways. This is from North Sumatra as well. This was one fine morning when an oil palm company which had received a plantation lease moved its equipment onto village land to level it, to basically turn it into an oil palm plantation. This picture looks like Lord of the Rings with, this is Mordo basically, right? This is destruction and any of you who have had a biscuit during the day are part of it, because there's palm oil in the biscuit that you ate, I'm quite sure. So you're part of the picture. But this is a company that moves into land that people used to farm as smallholders back in the 1930s. They were evicted by the Dutch for a plantation. The Japanese occupied most of Indonesia in 1940. And people would move back onto the land to produce food for the Japanese army. 1945, Indonesia becomes independent. We have a very, very violent social revolution, especially in North Sumatra. People are fighting to keep the land. The new Indonesian army kicks them off.  They stay on the land during the late 1950s and they get residence permits. Not deeds of ownership, but residence permits. In 1965, there's a military crew and Suharto, Suharto is taken out and Suharto takes over. And everything that was written during the Suharto period is now no longer valid. So people get evicted again. And in 1998, we have this big democratic experiment in Indonesia, known as reformasi, and people move back onto the land. And now we're in 2016, and there's a company coming and saying, look, guys, we have it on paper, we have a lease for 35 years. Could you please just move? This is happening everywhere and all the time. So we might wonder, why do people who have experienced so little consistency in legal rights still appeal to the law and use legal means when they claim rights? And why does a company that needs to farm power on 10,000 hectares, why do they even bother to have a lease when they are in cahoots with power? Why do people, when they know they're defeated, still appeal to law? And why do companies who know that they were going to be victorious bother to get a lease? I want to say a few things about the types of rightlessness that people experienced. Just to cut it down to three types, basically. It has a colonial legacy in Indonesia. You have something called the Domain Verklang, and you have the agrarian law from 1865 and 1870, which basically says that all land that cannot be rightfully claimed with proper Dutch documentation belongs to government. I mean, we think we're dealing with land grabs now. This is a real land grab. This is basically to say the entire colony, whatever you think is yours, it's not really yours anymore, this belongs to government by the stroke of a pen. So legally, the law is favoring government over its citizens. That's the first step of the rightlessness we're experiencing here. Secondly, the actual legislation is incredibly complicated and incredibly contradictory. If you have a good lawyer, you can make the law say what you would like it to say.  Honestly, the land legislation in Indonesia offers a variety of options that can be argued. And whoever is best at arguing that in the right context will actually be entitled. And I'm not just saying that because I don't understand the law. This is from lawyers themselves. It is incredibly contradictory and convoluted and complicated. It is not accessible for the ordinary person in the country. We call that hermeneutric injustice, but just think of it as a kind of deliberate complication of the legal system. And the legal infrastructure in both colonial societies, but especially in Indonesia, is basically captured by the elite. Courts, judges, the whole legal system is in the hands of very few people.  If you're a few ordinary persons organizing in a movement, you have a better chance. But if you're an individual, good luck. It's not really possible. So we have this paradox that I mentioned. Why do ordinary people appeal to law if the cards are stacked against you to this extent? And why does a company even bother to get it in so they can just as well make an agreement with the local governor? I want to talk about three interconnected phenomena for the rest of the time. One is law's attraction in itself. One is the presumption of legality. And then I'm going to talk a little bit about ways in which people legalize their claims, despite laws in accessibility. So what do I mean by law's attraction? I think there are two fundamental things that make law very attractive. First of all, when you have a claim and you can convince the government or the state or political authorities, that this is not just a virtuous claim, but it's a right. You shift the responsibility of defending this right from yourself to government in principle. If you have a deed that says that government endorses this land claim as a right, it is on government to defend your right. That makes it really attractive because otherwise it's very hard work to defend your product. If nobody will defend it for you, if no government institution is there to say, look, by the power of government, you have to go because this person actually has a land right here. So it's incredibly attractive to be recognized by law. The other thing is that law also promises to lock in a decision over time. Now, for many of us in this room, it may not seem like such an urgent thing. But if you're Indonesian and look back, you will see that every 30 years there's been a regime change more or less. Actually, if you look at your watch right now, it should be time for one very soon. So it's super important that what is yours before and after a regime change is the same. And law promises that. It doesn't always do it, but at least it promises that if you have a land right, it is your right even if government changes. Sometimes it doesn't, depending on how government changes, but at least it has this promise and this attraction. The other thing I want to say a little bit about is the presumption of legality. The legal holder of state power has the presumption of legality on his side. Basically, it means that we presume that government is legal and what it does is legal. So whatever government decides is legal has the power of law. Of course, that's not always true. Sometimes governments do illegal things, but there's a presumption that government and law are connected. It's not always given. Sometimes it's merely a presumption, but a presumption it is. We do presume that government or state and law are somehow synchronized and connected. It means that if I consider legal, they're likely to enjoy the protection of the state. That's what I said just before that if you can have your interests considered a right, you can enjoy the protection of the state. But this works both ways. It also means that if interests enjoy the protection of the state, they're likely to be considered legal. So whatever the government protects as a right is presumed legal. I'm sure you can all come up with an example where this is not true and that's the whole point. It's a presumption, but it's a presumption that really works. So I'm going to skip these four slides because otherwise I'm not going to make it. So if we have this idea that there's rampant lawlessness on the one hand and still a sort of hope or confidence in the idea of law as something that can protect your interests as rights over time, but law is inaccessible for people. What do they do? How do you make things look legal if you have no access to the law? Social inequality makes knowledge about statutory law and access to formal institutions and trained lawyers an exception for most people. Most people don't see lawyers very often. That also goes for most people in this room probably, right? But we would know how to go about it. But for most people in Indonesia, this is not a realistic option at least. So what do you do? You resort to legalization by other means. I'm going to talk a little bit about representations because people use representations of government, of state, and of law in creative ways to give their claims this air of equality to make them look legal. So if you set out on field work and somebody asks you, what are you going to study?  Then people ask, so what do they look like? You come home from a dusty day in the fields, you're sweaty, but really happy because today you saw the state and you also saw law. What did you actually see? I mean, what did you write down in your notebook that today I admit the state or today I saw law? We only see these, these are abstractions, we only see them through representations. So what are the representations that we have a shared understanding about as something that signals state law government? I think it has to do with visibility. How do you create legal visibility? How do you create demographic visibility, physical visibility, political visibility, economic visibility, service use of visibility? So in my field work in Indonesia, what was really interesting to me at least was how proud people were that they had a census sticker in the window. I was talking to people who had settled on a plantation. They argued that it was actually their land that had been occupied illegally by the plantation. The plantation said that these people were swatters and then you had to go. Nonetheless, they had small houses with windows and a small sticker from the census bureau. Why were they so happy about this sticker? It's because government knows we're here. This is a sticker I received from government. Government knows that I live here. It's not a deed, it's not a property deed. It doesn't say that I own the land. But government can't come here and say, what a surprise you're not supposed to be here, we didn't know you had to go. Government knows exactly where I am because they wrote it down in a little book and gave me this sticker. And every four, five years, there's going to be another sticker next to the first one that consolidates this mutual visibility between me and government. That's not exactly how they expressed it, but that's how I see it. That there's a kind of social contract that you establish of mutual visibility between government and the resident. Some people have addresses. I mean, everybody in this room has an address. You don't really think about it. But what is an address? It might not be where you live, but we have addresses. An address is basically a flag up in the air telling everybody and government that I'm here. So people, they try to give names to their streets, even though it's in a squat in the middle of a plantation or in an urban residential area, it's important that you give your name or give your street a name. And you should give your house a number because your neighbor did. And you can't say 123 because that's his number, so you're going to say 112. And what's the truth that you have an address? How do people prove that this is not just a number, that it's a real address? They ask for a cousin in summer to send them a postcard. And if the postcard arrives, it means that this is a real address. This is a bona fide address that I can show to people that I live here, even the post office knows that I'm here. I'm not here in hiding. I'm not a big fan of Jim Scott's book, How to Not Be Governed. I want to be governed. I don't want to be invisible. I want to be visible. I want to pay tax. People, this is also sometimes really difficult to explain to people back home that a lot of people are adamant about tax pay. They go to the local district tax office and say, look, this is my plot. I'd like to pay my taxes. And in many cases, the authorities will say, no, no, no, you can't do this. First of all, despite your little funny stick, you're not supposed to be here. This is not your land. You can't pay tax for it. But sometimes at the end of the year, there's no money in the till. And you need a bit of funding for the running cost of the district, so people accept tax payment. And you get a receipt.  This is not proof of ownership. And what that means is this is proof of ownership. Anybody who's buying and selling land will have to provide the tax receipts for the past couple of years to show that I'm here in a regularized fashion. I'm not a pirate. I'm not a criminal. I'm not a rebel. I'm an ordinary citizen in Indonesia trying to make my way into society. So of course, I've got my tax receipts. And they will follow the land if you buy it.  But this YouTube clip is also the birth certificate of the place that you are inaugurating. Some of the places I've seen people were delighted because our Hamlet is on Google Maps. The Google car came up and down the street. It photographed it. We can see our houses. And it even registered the name that we gave to the street. We're on Google Maps. We don't care about government maps. In the government maps, this is a forest. But in the government map, even Bogor is a forest, right? So we're happy we're on Google Maps. That's what people use anyway. And now people can take a taxi. They can arrive to the right destination. We exist. This is endless. All kinds of representations of existence also do this. Signboards, public events, harvest festivals where you invite dignitaries and so on. All of this are representations of something. Not necessarily of property. But there are sufficient representations of a government recognition that there's a community living here over time. And that, if you can't get a property deed, this might have to do. I want to say a little bit about representations because it's an interesting thing. Think about it. Re-presentation. The word itself somehow suggests that we have reality here. And then we are presenting it again. We're re-presenting it. But first we have reality. So we have something real in the world. And we make a re-presentation of it. That's the whole sort of mental mechanism that starts in our heads when we hear the word representation. But sometimes the representation comes before what it represents. Sometimes the echo comes before the cry. Sometimes the proof, the agreement, the speech, the inaugural talk and so on comes before or at the same time as what it represents. It makes it real. It's not that we have real history here and then we have a re-presentation here. The representation of reality actually conjures it up. That may be quite busy because you can actually see it in many places. But let's just stay with these settlements here. But it means that property and legality comes into actuality through representation. It doesn't exist before. It exists through this representation. And it means if you are clever, you're smart and you make this representation, you're not just representing reality, you are forming it. And that's why this is a very crowded place. Many people are engaged in making representations. And of course they're not all coherent.  You will have one sign from the army saying that this is a terrain for army practices. And you'll have another sign saying, no, this is the village of so-and-so. And you'll have another sign saying that this is an old palm plantation. So representations are really important in the creation of reality. I'm going to show you a couple of examples of what I call improvised legalization. So this is from a plantation in West Java. People had been evicted from this plantation and they moved back onto the plantation. Not all of it, but a little bit. And they realized that they actually needed a school for their kids. So they began to mark out how much space do we need for a school. And then they applied to the regional ministry of education. Now the regional ministry of education in this area, they don't have lunch with the regional ministry of plantations. So they had no idea that this was an occupied land. So they grounded the money. And it was only when they were putting the roof up that people in the ministry of plantations began to make noise. But at that time, the embarrassment would have been too big for the regional governor. So he came and inaugurated this school and you've got the most solid plate of marble here with the letters and the sculpture of the Indonesian state. Look, this is not a communist red star. This is basically the signature of the state, which is chiseled in marble, commemorating the day when the governor came and opened this facility for the education of yet another generation of Indonesian citizens. This is not happening in hiding. This is as loud as these people can speak that we are Indonesian citizens and we are on this land with justice. The teachers, they showed me into the senior common room. I'm not sure you can see it very well. But in the corner, they had this table of trophies. This school enters into all kinds of local and regional competitions with the students. And the trophies you can see here are one for handicraft, where they came third. One for environmental drawing, also came third. And one for a relay race, which was the kindergarten. I'm not sure they finished, but they got honorable mention. So these... I mean, you can enjoy the aesthetics of these trophies. They're more elaborate than the World Cup. But what do they do? They basically say, we're not rebels. We can steal this land. We are part of a community. Our kids participate with all the other kids in this school activity. And we are decent citizens. This is what this says. We're not proud that we had to take the land back by force. But that was just a condition that what we really are is proud parents of the future citizens of the country. But it's not just small people who do this. This is a picture of an old plantation. And it goes on and on and on and on. Even these companies, they create an air of legality around their activities. If you want to have a plantation in Indonesia, you need to get a plantation lease or what they call a Hagu, which is a legal right to farm a particular crop and a particular piece of land for 25, 35, sometimes 40 years. In order to get this permit, you first need a location permit. Then there's a whole series of steps you need to perform. You need to have an enormous impact assessment. You need to have a social impact assessment. You need to have a financial plan. You need to have a business plan. You need to have a contract of loans from the bank and so on. So a whole list of steps. And then you can get your actual lease and then you can start your production. What happens in most cases is that the company says, okay, let's get the location permit and tell people in the area that this is actually the lease that they should get lost. So they're basically curating the location permit as if it was the lease. Few people can tell the difference. And if you are convincing enough and you can pay the local police to come and evict, then it works. And after a while, you can't tell the difference between illegal and non-legal plantation because the paperwork that was yesterday, now we are producing and this is how it works. So to make things look legal is not just to preserve of small people. It's also a strategy of companies. I want to show a couple of pictures from an urban setting before I finish. This is from Bandung. So Bandung is on Java and there was a railway line going into Bandung built in the 1870s. I won't just say 70s, but maybe that's not exactly true. But it was discontinued in 1980. Not enough passengers, all transport was moved to trucks and this railway line was just idle. And people began to ask the local station master because even though you didn't have an active railway line you had a station and you also had a guy turning to the station. I don't know how that's possible, but I mean he was there. So they asked the local station master would it be possible for us to grow a few crops on the land close to the tracks? We're not going to settle there, we're just going to grow a few crops and the station master said, well yes, if you promise to leave if the training begins to run again. No problem. So people began to farm small crops on the track. I mean you know it's warmer during the day and sometimes you need it. So people began to build small shelters so you can have a nap during the midday. Otherwise it's not possible. But this was not a permanent structure and few people began to cement floors in those small shelters and built more solid walls. And every year the station master would go up and down the line and people would greet him and say what a lovely civil servant who was helping the population to enjoy the benefits of the country and he received small gifts. After a while people began to build more solid structures. You see the rail here? This is a mosque by the way, right? Because they also needed a little bit of space. This is the rails going in through the back yard of an alley. Here you've got the rails. Nobody ever stole the steel bars and sold them. This is not our property. The rails are still there but you can see them and I mean the train's not going to run here anytime soon, right? Here's another one with... I used to have a picture of a badminton court where this rail line is going straight through. So what do people do to get a plot? Well, you get a plot through the station master who's a representative of government. You get an address as I talked about by sending yourself a postcard. And then people also go to the local... the lowest level of local administration be Erti or Ermi because they can issue an identity card. They can say that you live here. It doesn't say that you own the place. It just says you live here.  You can apply for water or electricity. That was a little bit tricky because the electricity service and the water service said, look, we're not supposed to put in meters on land without the approval of the owner of the land and this is railway company land and people in the area said, well, we understand. We don't want to get you into trouble but could you come Saturday and just bring your tools. So all the meters were put in during the weekend by the people working for the electricity company and the water company, but not during office hours because that was kind of dubious but during the weekend you can get a lot done. So everybody has the water and the electricity read by the local agencies and they pay. Rent out land. This is very tight. Nobody has their own sort of toilet facilities or anything. So there's a communal set of toilets and they're constructed by an organization which is half governmental, half NGO, half paid by the World Bank and they constructed these amenities and people participated in the ways that they were supposed to and when I talked to this agency they said, well, you know, every year we get audited and the auditors they come and they look at this and they say, you know, you're actually not supposed to create public infrastructure on land which is under dispute but it is not corruption and that's it. So it's not really legal but it's not so bad as they want to bring anybody to justice for it. So you now have a kind of modest sanitary infrastructure in this neighborhood. Yeah, let's keep this one. I think this raises a number of paradoxes and I think they're not restricted to Indonesia. On the one hand we have multiple institutions and multiple norms that guide how people behave, how things are sanctioned and so on and there's a plethora of these things in Indonesia but in many societies. On the other hand, there is somehow a shared idea of a single law in a single state. It's very abstract but people have an idea that the law is somehow there we just need to apply it. The state is somewhere there and benign we just need to rid it of those people who somehow occupy it for nefarious reasons. There's also in many ways an idea of law's universality that it covers everybody. We are all subject to law. Even though people know that half of us can't access the law and the other half is protected by it even though they do illegal stuff. That's also kind of a paradox. How you can keep this cognitive dissonance in your head is beyond me but I think we practically do it all of this most of the time. We know that reality is not really what we imagine law and state to be. We have this idea of its universality and no full will that is not. That is at best an ambition. We also have this presumption that law is legal. What else should it be? We also have everybody everybody I talk to can come with a dozen examples of how they themselves or their uncle try to sort of just circumvent the law in a way to make legalities in just a little bit. We also often have this idea that law is fairly permanent but at the same time everybody that I've talked about here are incessantly working to construct and tinker a legality where all the legal paraphernalia and rituals and documents can produce this air of legality. On the one hand we think that law is old and stable on the other hand all engaged in manipulating it. This is kind of the same but maybe phrased in a nicer way. Because people refer to the law we all do that as if it was fixed but by referring to the law as if it was fixed we're actually building it bit by bit. We're constructing it bit by bit in our sort of social intercourse with each other. And we're constructing something that we believe to be already there.  It's exactly the enduring legalized exclusion that people experience and the fact that benefits of property rights are so tightly connected to the Indonesian state that makes law a promising proposition for people because they know that law is hard. Law is defended by the state. It is unlikely that I will enjoy it but I'm also entitled to try my luck. So in a funny way the abuse of law by the Indonesian state makes legal opportunities attractive for people even though they are almost out of reach. And I think I'll stop there. Thank you very much. Fascinating to listen to. We have two discussions while you all have questions to comment on ahead. You are starting. I thought you could start but be brief. Not because we don't want to hear you but because it's also very... Down and brief. I have my reaction in my mobile phone. So we just read it. I will skip so many things because Christian explained it already. I'm Bosman Batuban. I'm working in this university as a postdoctoral researcher at the Human Geographic and Spatial Planning Department. Thank you. Thank you, Januile Mpenke and Mayor for giving me this chance to discuss Christian article and Arab illegality. I also thank to my colleagues at Lubaunium with whom I discuss your article. Christian's paper identifies a paradox or so many paradoxes in the relationship between state, law, property, land, and people in Indonesia. For example, the paradox is even though the law is most often against them, people see law as vital for them. The article combines law attraction, rightlessness, and improvised legalization of those paradoxes. Christian explained already what these three are about. In Indonesia, the colonial state established itself as a major authority on land, including through two laws, forest laws and agrarian laws. Then forest and agrarian laws can be seen as instrumental for land dispossession. With that, the colonial government establishes itself as the owner and regulator of the land rights. Christian vividly captured what is going on and brought it to us in a very well-telling piece of article of how the state hegemonically controls the political imagination of Indonesia with no exception of its activists. My short comment on this, perhaps Christian is right that the state hegemonically controls the politics through law. Beyond land politics, I think, or I feel like, there are a lot of people in Indonesia including myself who are avoiding something that has relationships to court, police and hospitals. Nevertheless, I admire Christian's article. For me, this article is a massive contribution for Indonesian land or agrarian studies for revelation. I'm saying this not for the sake of academic politeness, I'll elaborate my argument through conversation on more than Marxist primitive accumulation and more than Lenin's capitalist development. In terms of theoretical conversation, Christian and Iroplagality helps me to understand that the land dispossession since the colonial up to the post-colonial Indonesia is more than Marxist primitive accumulation. Marxist primitive accumulation, by margin, basically has two sides. Land grabbing. Christian talked about that a little bit and the comparison of dispossession into wage labor. The question of land and the question of labor. What Christian and Iroplagality tells us, yes, that was or there is a land grabbing through colonization and it keeps moving in the post-colonial era. And there is a comparison of dispossession into landless to say the labor power but not only those the dispossess somehow was also insulted. I can add if the dispossess becomes the rule to urban migrants as I encountered many in my own research in Jakarta they are not absorbed as wage labor by the formal sector and have to find their own ways. By reading Christian's article I can see the Indonesian person of modern Marxist primitive accumulation which is the combined interaction of land grabbing, pro-italianization, insulting, and the production of pro-active surplus population. Second, landing capitalists in development. By my reading, the dominating discourse in Indonesian agrarian studies is class analysis for differentiation in the countryside. Learning's explanation of Russian capitalist development somehow defines the analysis of Indonesian agrarian scholars. According to Lenin there are two types of capitalist development in Russia. The first is Russian part in which the borderline developed themselves into agrarian capitalists. The second is American part in which the rural smallholders become the agrarian capitalists after our competitor of fellow smallholders. In Indonesia, I think that is not always the case. The rural landowners did not really expand into agrarian capitalists. Their smallholders are invested in other sectors, for example to send their kids to advance education in cities to later on become civil servants. This is another example of how strong the state is. People included themselves into the state rather than develop their own business. Of course, there are exceptions. The inclusion of agrarian elites into the state goes hand in hand with the fact that the state is the biggest landlord in Indonesia as Christian articles help us. It is exactly in this point I admire Christian work even more. Building on Christian work I can now ask a question as my attempt to bring the conversation into a different level. If the state is the biggest landowner and the trend is that the rural landowners do not really invest their support under agricultural business why then the learning influence capitalist development analysis of class dynamics in Indonesia is so persistent? If the existing theorists such as Marxist-Lithu accumulation and learnings capitalist development do not really treat with the Indonesian context or theory can explain Indonesian capitalist development what kind of capitalism exists in Indonesia. I am doing this question for the state of questioning for me they are theoretical questions as well as practical ones politics with good theory if we don't know what to revolve on how can we have revolution learning himself said that without revolutionary there can be no revolutionary movement it is in this point I don't share similar view with Christian I tend to see the paradox or those paradoxes you identify as contradiction or the seemingly contrasting conditions but they have the electrical relationship the notion of paradox for me does not really push you to identify the next move it doesn't bring the revolutionary element of the so-called question at least that is how I see Christian article the notion of contradiction or dialectical relationship always comes with the so-called question so what it pushes you to think through the possible synthesis that comes out of the existing contradiction to close for the sake of next move therefore before asking what revolution do we need like the question posted by Landa conference last year please allow me to take a step back to ask question what revolutionary theory do we actually have thank you some big questions there all you need to do is situate yourself in relation to Marx and Lenin and we will be done but not now because we are first hearing okay I think I have a very loud voice so I will use that be a bit close record it thank you I will start from the argument that we are all lawmakers that really stuck to me in your argumentation also from your article and I would like to introduce a hypothetical case say that the Dutch government has 1 million euro to improve land rights in Indonesia or say in Africa and they go to the cadastre we have this organization and they are determined to get it right so they put a lot of experts in the airplane they go to Indonesia the land administration department and they try to sort it out the chaos that you described and they also send a few planning experts because they think that more integrated bureaucratic coordination can significantly improve the situation of people and bring development I am starting to doubt whether that is working in Indonesia and I say well maybe we should just give this money to a bunch of NGOs which will make and give them a few stamps and let them produce all sorts of representations and we should also fund different organizations so we create bureaucratic competition so people can actually have more opportunities to create an error of legality would that be a good idea? that is my question to you professor Lund or would you go with the option that we have already tried? thank you would you take a minute to respond to some of the points and then we open it up for you well it is hard to say which of the two questions were most revolutionary first of all I think it is interesting to be in a conference like this with people from so many different positions in a way it is not just a university academic conference there are NGOs there are activists there are all kinds of people who have an interest in them and I think that is a very silent and healthy thing because it is too important to leave just one kind of discipline but I will make two cheap answers to those two questions I think Lin's question was to you know it is not really for me to say what should Indonesia do Indonesia Indonesia will have to figure out what is going to happen and it is in a way also an answer to you I think if the Dutch government has a million euros and it fills an aeroplane with technicians it is because they see the land question as technical it is not only technical it is super political but it is not only political it is also super technical the first thing you want to do when you go to the Cadastre is you want to say so what are we registering what kind of rights are we registering here and then there will be some you know American consultants say ownership and then there will be a European saying what do you mean by ownership we are talking about rights here and then we will have to park them outside of the Cadastre for the difference between a right and ownership and is ownership absolute and how absolute is absolute and how is it how do we transact things that are owned compared to things to which we just have a right and then once we figure that out we are going to take another week in the Cadastre trying to figure out so who should have this right and then we will have to ask Bosman back in and he will come in with Lenin under the arm and say look the recipe is here but it is not really it is really complicated to see who is supposed to be entitled the agrarian law in Indonesia stipulates that every person should have the right to two hectares of land if you take the population of Java and give everybody two hectares they will all be in the sea there is not enough land to give everybody two hectares so that has to be a very practical thing when you talk to the kids who went to the secondary school much to the lament of their parents they don't want to be peasants they want to go to Jakarta and make homepages a lot of them will end up in the countryside don't worry but I mean it is not a huge aspiration we are talking about things which are we will dilute ourselves if we think it is only technical or only political and we will also I think prepare ourselves for huge disappointments if we use the word solution in this it is not one solution there are ways of managing this contradictory politically tense problem right and I think just for the sake of argument with Lenin and the I think what you have in Indonesia is basically government has the power to allocate land to companies and government employees receive kickbacks according to where they are in this hierarchy that is a combo which is difficult to break up but you have to start by talking about it because it is not really it is a way of cheating the rest of the population out of their land rights and many people can enjoy land without actually farming cassava on it taxation is not a bad proposition but it is also not an easy one how do you tax people who have access to land maybe that is a way to go to say that the income from agricultural production should also lead to some kind of land taxation and land taxation should not just evaporate when it hits the local governor so there are many things to deal with at the same time but I think fundamentally it is not for an occasional observer from Denmark to say how Indonesia should solve this problem all I can do is to come up with inconvenient facts about the thing that is not just technical it is not just political it is not just one solution Java is different from Borneo Borneo is different from Sumatra and so on and maybe the decentralization experiment from 1998 should also be tried out on what kind of rights can government allocate to people or businesses and so on one of the things which is really strange in Indonesia is that it only recognizes individuals not communities that change might actually make a lot of a difference the Indonesian law recognizes a company which is also kind of a community but not a community so maybe there are some technicalities that can be looked at there but I think there is room for more than one plane of Dutch experts to chip in on this issue thank you let me send you the energy in the room who is dying to ask the question who is dying who is eager who is eager to ask the question there is at least one two, three, four we will take those try to be brief I should say that to you as well I guess and that is where we will conclude the formal part so I saw you Kay, you can go first a brief question I don't know how far the actual law is seen when you talk about it it was very interesting you know it is universal like a law as universal because it it can be also read as a story of plural understanding or the laws of legalism that people deal with so maybe I was actually thinking about the concept of legal pluralism rather than the universality so maybe you can clarify what you mean by so that is one Mark thank you so much for your wonderful talk one of my KAC students studies legal consciousness in post-colonial Bangladesh and she is found with very empirical research that many people understand the state law as the thing to which they need to attend and to mediate their lives and to orient themselves around and to play with to their needs but the real law is Islamic law is religious law and that is fixed and so I was wondering how does the legal consciousness of the people you are working with with respect to the land how is that shaped by their religious perceptions of law no, I knew that I was one of the first oh yeah yeah, a very short question I am just wondering the concept of digital material rights I was point by 50 years ago how does it relate to improvised legality thanks to Christian for a very interesting presentation you mentioned Jim Scott book the art of Nuffin Germans the people I work with are not subscribing to that they want to be visible I was wondering do you think there is a sort of a tipping point when people feel that their vitamins bind in so many times that they do move into this art not being covered or is it much more messy again and some circumstances want to be seen by some parts of the state and in other times not to be covered all right wonderful question let's deal with Jim first in his book he basically says this is an argument of a historical nature writing about the beginning of states and how people reacted to that at that moment a thousand years ago in the Anaheim Highlands it was still possible to escape the state I don't think it is possible to escape the state at present I don't think Jim thinks it's possible to escape the state I think his argument is really sophisticated I think it's a great book I just think it's a good book also to play up against because everything that he writes where people are trying to speak a different language from the state to be visible to not pay tax to be a surprise to the state is almost point for point the opposite of what people seem to behave here people don't want to be left behind by the state, they don't want to be neglected by the state they know that the state is an also fierce adversary but it's better that the state knows that I'm here than by some accident doesn't I'm not sure whether it's a tipping point maybe we're talking about a tipping point the state technology of how to manage personhood that has changed a lot over the past thousand years now every citizen has a smart phone it's really difficult to pick off the grid so I think there is a tipping point there's also the question of democracy and how to make the state work for you and make the state accountable to you and of course if you have sorry if you have talking about smart phones often if you are I don't know how are you going to do that how are you going to do that how are you going to do that what was I saying it's a big point yeah if democracy if you can hold government to account it's a whole different kind of state than what Jim Scott was talking about and it's also a whole different kind of state than what I've been presenting it doesn't mean that it's impossible to hold government to account there is form of democracy there are democratic there are political parties they do engage in some kind of debate and the possibility of a democratic accountability accountability cannot be excluded but it's just a lot of hard work so I think as a historical book and as a book to think about the social contract between citizen and state it's magnificent I just think when you look at what ordinary people do in deprived situations when they hope for rights and justice it's not really what he's saying they're basically saying look we're right here please recognize us so legitimate rights I don't think I write about legitimate rights and I think I stopped doing that a long time ago because I don't know what they are but what I do write about is how can you legitimate claims and want them to become rights and I think it's not easy to say that this claim is legitimate and this is not legitimate this is basically something that is being hammered out in social political confrontation every day but it's important the important part of Max Weber here is that everybody knows that it has to be legitimated you can't just say I want this you have to say I want this because I'm entitled because my grandfather was here or some other cult of authenticity is being invoked but you have to argue and it's in the legitimation of your claim that you can compare things but I don't think I would end up saying okay this is the legitimate claim I don't think that's possible I think you can maybe in the best of all worlds reach a level of let's reclaim the word equilibrium from the economists but some kind of balance where where your claim has to be legitimated it can somehow be accorded but you can't go over a certain boundary because then other people's claims are being undermined but I don't think that it's something that you can write down in a textbook honestly brief and say this is the equilibrium we're looking for I think what we have to look for is the way in which people legitimate their claims and sometimes people have very good arguments and sometimes they really don't it's really the hollow argument that you are using to legitimate your claim to this piece of land so I think legitimation is really important but that's more a processional dynamic than a heart concept and universalism, pluralism and religion yes of course what I've said today is a simplification of a simplification of a simplification right but again if you say that people in Bangladesh they have some reverence toward statutory law but they have their faith connected to religious law it goes back to the question of legitimation how are claims legitimated and I think for the people you're talking about they know how to play it on two pianos at the same time and I think it's the same here it's not that I will deny the existence of legal pluralism but I think in the abstract people have this idea that law is a good thing that law is a resource that we all should have access to in reality we don't and that's why some people go forum shopping and some people do all kinds of stretched legitimations of their demands but I think there is sort of a general belief that law and rights are something fairly universal there's a really good passage in Hannah Arendt's book The Organs of Totalitarianism where she says that we were not given equal rights at the beginning equal rights is something that we established as a combination to have an equal society it's not something that existed and that we can just take for granted it is something we need to fight for but I think most people if you sit down two and two they would argue that we should all have that I think that's a beautiful Hannah Arendt statement so thank you all you can sit back and relax and look at this


Hi everyone, Joe for JasperiesCaseBreaks.com coming at you with another four box break of 2022-23 Bowman University Chrome basketball, random letter break number 47, the second third of the case, and four extra spots being given away. So we only sold 13 spots outright, and we're going to randomize those 13, and top four we'll get extra spots after six, one out of five, one, two, three, four, five, and six. We got Daniel, Nathan, Nathan, Nathan, congrats to you guys, extra spots going your way, put those symbols there so you know those are your winning spots, those are the letters now, what's going on here, wake up computer, there's all the names right there now, let's roll it and randomize names and letters three and a four seven times, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven and final time, got Nathan, down to Nathan, three and a four seven times for the letters one, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time, we got S down to F, now it's a pretty exciting time to be doing this Bowman University boys and girls because a lot of these players that we're seeing in this set, we're hearing their names called tonight's NBA draft, Nathan with S, Matthew with J, Nathan with T, Craig with P, Travis WZ, Nathan BC, Matthew with V, Nathan EG, Daniel ANO, Travis with K, Matthew with M, Daniel with RLH, and Nathan with D, and Nathan with F, let's order these alphabetically by letter and we're going to pause the video just for a little bit, when we come back we're going to see if there's any trades, they don't have the break, stick around BRB, alright welcome back everybody, no deals were done, so let's get into this break, here's the final printout, hot off the presses, here on Thursday the 22nd, break number 47, and let's see what we got going on here, hopefully we'll find names of players, we've been drafted, that's what we want to see, should I have a draft list up, has there been any surprises in this draft, no, I don't think so, I think some people are saying Cam Whitmore sliding down the draft board was a little bit of a surprise, but I think there's some injury concerns there, and obviously Victor Wim and Yama went first, to the Spurs, Brandon Miller went to the Hornets, Scoot Henderson went to the Trail Blazers, this was kind of cool, Twin Brothers, Men Thompson went to the Rockets, and right after him, Asura Thompson went to the Detroit Pistons, Anthony Black went to the Magic, another guard for Orlando, Bill Kulabali was involved in a trade, he traded to Washington, Jaris Walker traded to Indiana, they just kind of flipped those seven and eight picks there, Taylor Hendricks went to the Jazz, Kason Wallace went to, well was traded to OKC, Jet Howard went to the Orlando Magic, Derek Lively was traded to Dallas, Center, I need that size in Dallas, Grady Dick went to the Raptors, Jordan Hawkins went to the Pelicans, Kobe Buffkin went to the Atlanta, Piantay George went to the Jalen Huchifino went to my Lakers, Jaime Hacas, UCLA's Jaime Hacas went to the Miami Heat, Brandon Podzimeski went to the Warriors, Cam Whitmore went to the Rockets, Noah Clowney went to the Brooklyn Nets, the 21st pick, Derrick Whitehead went to the Nets as well, that was their own pick, Chris Murray Keegan's twin brother went to Portland, Oliver Maxence Prosper, Olivier Maxon, my French is rusty, went to the Sacramento Kings, he's from Canada, Montreal, Marcus Sasser went to the Grizzlies, Ben Chepard went to the Pacers, Nick Smith Jr went to the Hornets, Bryce Sessenbaugh went to the Jazz, Julian Sother went to the Pacers, and the Clippers are on the clock and the pick is in, that's a quick run through of the year 2023 NBA draft all the way up to the Clippers pick, there's Mike Miles to 290, I don't think I mentioned Mike Miles, he wasn't drafted not yet anyway, that'll be from Matthew in the letter M, there's Jet Howard he was drafted, 218 out of 299, first rounder going to Matthew in the letter J, Derrick Lively, there's Cam Whitmore, J.D. Johnson, Katelyn Clark, and a sky scraping autograph, that's Chris Livingston I presume, I don't think I mentioned his name, he hasn't been drafted not yet anyway, so go to Nathan in the letter C, 34 out of 99, and Kobe Brown goes to the Clippers, and that's the first round, thanks. Adam Silver's done, the Deputy Director will go in and finish off the night, Ernest Uda Jr, I don't think he was on the first round list not yet anyway, 41 out of 50 or he won't be because the first round is over, but maybe he'll still be in the second round, letter E that'll be for Nathan, people are saying this is a deep draft right, there's a Jalen for my Lakers, he's kind of a, he's a big guard, 6-6 guard, I like that, like the size in the backcourt for the Lakers, they've been a little undersized in the backcourt, he's got some defensive skills, Jalen Huchafino may be, may be able to play right away, I think I'll be in Vegas for Summer League, ladies and gentlemen, I had a trip to see some family already planned, and then one of my cousins reminded me, hey, Summer League's happening, so I might have some inside scoop, the inside scoop on some of these players for you, when I get back, I'll do my research, I'll take some notes, I don't know if Victor Wembenyama is gonna be in Vegas Summer League, we'll see, or you might be actually, because I think if their, their national, if their French team, if his club team in France had gone all the way to the finals, I think it would have gone through or very close to the Vegas Summer League, and then they were gonna say, they were saying he might not show up until a different Summer League in a different city, I think in Sacramento maybe, but I think his team was balanced a little bit on the earlier side, which I think was unexpected, and I think that means maybe Vegas Summer League, I don't know, I'll have to find out, I've never been to Vegas Summer League, I've always wanted to, from what little I understand about it, I think there's like a early round college basketball tournament kind of feel to it, like you buy it like one ticket, or you can buy one ticket for the whole day, and you just watch a bunch of basketball games. Here is Jett Howard, he was drafted, nice, he was the 11th overall pick, going to the Orlando Magic, Orlando Magic racking up a bunch of youngsters here, if it all clicks that could be really nice. Gold Lava, five out of 50, it's gonna go to Matthew, Jett, whoo, Jett, Masha Alexander, I think there's another car behind you, oh there is, and it's autographed, nice, Julian Phillips, 20 out of 25, was he a first rounder? No, Julian Phillips not yet a, I think he declared though, I think he's in the draft pool, but not picked up yet, that'll be for Matthew, letter J, Matthew Black, definitely got drafted, there's my guy now, Kallel Ware, to 99, we've got a Rassier Bolton, to 299, I don't think I've seen his name just yet, that'll go to letter R for Daniel, oh Jett Howard was the first autograph, all right, another box, and the final four boxes of this case was down to two spots left, down to one spot left, we can do another one right after this one, if someone grabs that last spot, and then as soon as this break is over, I can post the next four box break, which is from a fresh case, all right, Detroit Pistons pick is in, I guess there was a train, that French Canadian dude, and James Najee, who won the Spanish Cup with Barcelona, picked by the Pistons, but maybe we'll go to the Celtics instead, all right nice, the Bowman Chrome is sold out, so we'll do another one right after this, and then we'll post another four box break once I'm done with this break, so let's keep the draft night magic going, maybe we can get some magic out of these cases here, that'd be nice, you know, maybe get some of the top three picks here, there's Brandon Miller, Purple Shimmer, not numbered, but now that he's locked in, nice to see some parallels for the second overall pick, and there's Chris Livingston I presume, not drafted yet, it's going to go to Nathan, the letter C, Brandon Miller also goes to Nathan, he has B as well, second round should be a lot faster, my Lakers are at 40, Marcus Sasser to 399, I think he was picked, Marcus Sasser was a 25th overall pick by the Grizzly, that's what it was, I knew he was picked, that'll go to M, that'll be from Matthew with Marcus, and we got Marcus Sasser autograph, there we go, nice, speaking of the devil, 25th overall pick out of Houston, he's a senior point guard going to the Grizzlies, 25 out of 199, as an upper classman you would think that he might have the build and the maturity to pretty much start right away, only some guard help while John Morant is serving his suspension, I don't know if we've talked about it, shockingly short, only 25 games or something like that, I thought it would be like 40-50 games, it's Kendrick Davis to 299, that's for Travis with letter K, alright final box, good luck everybody, Spurs pick is in, so they got Wimbanyama obviously, and I think they got two more picks in the second round, they could fill out that team real nicely, Leonard Miller going to the Spurs, the G-League guy, if you were a high school NBA star, which all these guys are, what would you do, do you do the college route, you know go one and done in college, get the college experience, or do you become a professional right away, get involved with the G-League team, which may help your progression as a player, you're already playing against other professionals, not other college kids, not sure, there's Armando Baycott to 399, and we got Judimence from Syracuse going to Matthew Chiron the letter J, Charlotte's pick is in, that's to 499, Kaylin Clark for Nathan, letter C, and Jaylin Wilson is your final autograph of the break, going to letter J, that's going to go to Matthew, Black, Sasser, Jaylin Bridges at the end, there you go gang, another one in the books, I'm Joe for jazby'scasebreaks.com, I'll see you in the next video for yet another one, bye-bye.


Let's say you're trying to lose 20 pounds or boost your immunity or increase your ability to fight COVID, or even cancer. Well, the amazing thing is, with the right diet, you are well on your way to achieving these vital health goals. Welcome to the Nutrition Facts Podcast. I'm your host, Dr. Michael Greger. Today we have more information about the mycotoxins found in our food supply, and as it turns out, the overall cost-benefit ratio for mycotoxins depends on which food is contaminated. Ocarotoxin has been described as toxic to the immune system, developing fetus, kidneys, and nervous system as well as being carcinogenic. But that's in animal studies. Ocarotoxin causes kidney toxicity in certain animal species, but there's little documented evidence of adverse effects in humans. That's why it's only considered a possible human carcinogen. Big ag assures that current ocarotoxin levels are safe, even among those who eat a lot of contaminated foods. The worst-case scenario, maybe young children eating a lot of oat-based cereals, but even then, their lifetime cancer risk is considered negligible, with those arguing against regulatory standards suggesting you can eat more than 42 cups of oatmeal a day and not worry about it. Where did they get these kinds of estimates? They determined the so-called benchmark dose in animals, the dose of the toxin that gives a 10% increase in pathology, and then because you want to err on the side of caution, you divide that dose by 500 as a kind of safety fudge factor to develop the tolerable daily intake. For cancer risk, you can find the tumor dose, the dose that increases tumor incidence in lab animals by 5%, and extrapolate down to the negligible cancer risk intake, effectively incorporating a 5,000-fold safety factor. Seems kind of arbitrary, right? But what else are you going to do?  Can we just follow people in their diets out over time and see if people who eat more whole grains like oats, for example, are more likely to have cancer or live shorter lives? What is the association between whole grain intake and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality? Every additional ounce of whole grains a day is associated not only with a lower risk for cancer, but also a lower risk of dying from all causes put together, bottom line, as they don't find adverse effects confirmed in these population studies. This is not to say okrotoxins is necessarily harmless, but any such risk it does pose doesn't outweigh the known benefits of whole grain consumption, and in fact healthy constituents of the whole grains themselves, like the antioxidants, may directly reduce the impacts of mycotoxins by protecting cells from damage, so eating lots of fruits and vegetables may also help. Either way, a healthy diet can play a significant role in mitigating the risk. In summary, healthy foods like whole grains are good, but not as good as they could be because of okrotoxin, whereas less-healthful foods like wine and pork are worse because of the mycotoxin. Okrotoxin was detected, for example, in 44% of tested pork. In our next story we ask, is toxic mold syndrome a real thing? And what do we do about toxic mold contamination of food? In recent years, mold has been blamed for all sorts of vague, subjective symptoms, but we have little scientific evidence that mold has anything to do with them. However, this concept of toxic mold syndrome has permeated the public consciousness, perpetuated by disreputable predatory practices by those making money testing homes for mold spores or testing people's urine or blood, but all these tests are said to just further propagate misinformation and inflict unnecessary and often exorbitant costs on patients desperate for a diagnosis. The continued belief in this myth is perpetuated by those charlatans who believe that measles vaccines cause autism, that homeopathy works, and that fluoride in the water should be removed. Mold toxin contamination of food, however, has emerged as a legitimate issue of serious concern, perhaps even more important than other contaminants that might make their way into the food supply. Hundreds of different types have been identified, but only one has been classified as a known human carcinogen, and that's aflatoxin. The ochre toxin I talked about before is a possible human carcinogen, but we know aflatoxin causes cancer in human beings. In fact, aflatoxins are amongst the most powerful carcinogens we know about. For example, it's been estimated that about a fifth of all liver cancer cases may be attributable to aflatoxins, and since liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and kills so rapidly after diagnosis, the contribution of aflatoxins to this deadly cancer is quite significant. And once it makes it into food, there's almost nothing you can do to remove it. Cooking, for example, doesn't help. So once it makes it into crops, or the meat, dairy, and eggs from animals consuming those crops, it's too late. So we have to prevent contamination in the first place, and that's what we've been doing for decades in this country, because of government regulations, companies are almost always sampling for aflatoxin, resulting in nearly a billion dollars in losses every year, which may get worse if climate change worsens aflatoxin contamination in the Midwest Corn Belt. So on a consumer level, it's really more of a public health problem in the less industrialized world, such as African countries, where conditions are ripe and farmers can't afford to throw away a billion dollars worth of crops. Indeed, aflatoxin remains a public health threat in Africa, world China, Southeast Asia, affecting more than half of humanity, which explains why the prevalence of liver cancer in those areas may be 30 times higher, but it is not a major problem in the US or Europe. For example, only about 1% of Americans have detectable levels of aflatoxins in their bloodstream. Why even 1% though? Well, the FDA works to ensure that the levels of exposure to these toxins are not kept as low as possible, but instead as low as practical. For example, in California, there's been an increase in unacceptable aflatoxin levels in pistachios, almonds, and figs. Unacceptable in Europe, that is, so it affects our ability to export, but not necessarily unacceptable for US consumers, as we allow twice as much aflatoxin contamination. Figs are unique since they're allowed to dry on the tree. This makes them particularly susceptible to aflatoxin production. It would be interesting to know about the fig-consuming habits of the 1% of Americans who turned up positive for the toxin. If figs were to blame, I'd encourage people to diversify their dried fruit consumption, but nuts are so good for us that we'd really want to keep them in our diets. The cardiovascular health benefits outweigh the carcinogenic effects, preventing thousands of strokes and heart attacks for every one case of liver cancer. Thus, the population health benefits provided by increased nut consumption clearly outweigh the risks associated with the increased aflatoxin exposure. So, we're left with aflatoxin being mostly a problem in the developing world, and because of that, it remains a largely and rather shamefully ignored global health issue, where attention has been paid. It's been largely driven by the need to meet stringent import regulations in the richer nations of the world, rather than protect the billions of people exposed on a daily basis. We would love it if you could share with us your stories about reinventing your health through evidence-based nutrition. Go to nutritionfacts.org slash testimonials, and we may be able to share it on social media to help inspire others. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, or studies mentioned here, please go to the Nutrition Facts Podcast landing page. There you'll find all the detailed information you need, plus links to all the sources we cite for each of these topics. For a vital timely text on the pathogens that cause pandemics, you can order the e-book, audio book, or hard copy of my latest book, How to Survive a Pandemic for Recipes, check out my How Not to Diet Cookbook, which is my latest, latest book. It's beautifully designed with more than 100 recipes for delicious and nutritious meals, and all proceeds I receive from the sales of my book's go-to charity. NutritionFacts.org is a non-profit, science-based public service where you can sign up for free daily updates on the latest in nutrition research via bite-sized videos and articles. Everything on the website is free. There's no ads, no corporate sponsorship. It's strictly non-commercial, not selling anything. I just put it up as a public service, as a labor of love as a tribute to my grandmother, whose own life was saved with evidence-based nutrition.


Yo yo what's happening fellas welcome back to the channel serious question how are you guys doing spring is hitting a little different this year so you know let me know in the comments below how you guys are doing if you guys are doing all right I myself have been decent not the best but anyways one thing that's been keeping me from going insane is just putting outfits together you know I kind of treat it like nothing's really going on and it's really honestly kind of calling me down a little bit and currently it's beautiful and warm outside spring is here so that is why in this video we are going to be talking about my top spring essentials for 2020 now the tips in this video is going to be tips I've been doing for the past few springs you guys don't have to listen to me this is just what I do I try not to make my videos come off like yo you need to do this you need to listen to me I'm an expert don't listen to anyone I hope it doesn't come off like that because fashion is subjective you do you everyone has their own different tastes so you can take my advice for what is worth and before we get into it I just want to let you guys know that this video is sponsored by cuts clothing but we'll talk about them later in the video so I'm going to get the things that you guys hear the most out of the way first because I understand it can get a little bit repetitive but let's just get into it I've been doing it every year and that is bringing out the light wash denim throwing on a pair of light wash denim that's cuffed is just the definition of spring to me it's super casual it doesn't absorb heat so it's not going to be so stuffy when going out some brands that I recommend are express uniclo or even Levi's and pairing in with a pair of white sneakers you've got that light chill vibe going on and that is definitely a vibe especially during these rough times next up we have low top sneakers so don't get me wrong I'm still going to be wearing my high cut Jordan ones during the spring and summertime but I won't be wearing them as much because that's like equivalent to wearing you know like a turtleneck for your legs and that's probably going to mean stinky ass feet for you so for low tops you can never go wrong with a solid pair of white sneakers for spring whether it be minimal leather sneakers or canvas white sneakers are a great way to add some lighter tones to your fit because they contrast pretty much against any color making for a lighter vibe to your fits these are from new republic and these are vans authentic can't go wrong with either both are pretty much the same except the leather ones you can dress up a bit more and if you want something in between roll with the Nike Air Force ones the easy power phases and if you can't afford those you can just roll with the Adidas continental 80s now the classic vans old schools are definitely a staple as well but you also need a pair of runners I don't know about you but I'm going to be wearing a ton of athleisure this spring it's comfortable I'm gonna be going on a lot of walks and runs because I'm gonna go insane if I don't and so you need a solid pair of runners that are going to go with your athleisure fits as well as your regular fits so that is why I recommend something like the Nike element 87s or the new balance 997s both are comfortable and perform really well runners go great with a pair of denim and they also go great with cargoes and track pants for that active wear almost tech wear aesthetic incredibly versatile some other sneakers I recommend are the ultra boost if you guys are still into that and also the Nike airmax 97s and the triple white those are hot if anybody has a size 11 or 10 and a half send the DM and going off that athlete's revive the next essential I'm going to recommend are windbreakers so I'm sure you may see others online talking about how you need a denim jacket or a bomber those are definitely dope for this time as well but I find windbreakers to be more useful more comfortable and if styled right more fly see windbreakers do exactly what you know the name of it is they block the wind and it definitely gets windy during the spring you know the hot air is causing a lot of wind and all that but not only that there are a lot of windbreakers out there from the north face to Uniclo that offer waterproofing to keep you dry because April showers are a thing except only here it's only precipitated once and that was snow everyone's monsoon season is a little different in Mexico it's around June anyways you could stay dry whenever you're going out for runs and a windbreaker will definitely give off a more athletic look which I'm sure will probably be a little bit more common this year rather than you know a bomber and Chelsea boots personally I like wearing a windbreaker with cargo pants for that more futuristic dystopian look don't let that stop you though Marquez Brownley does wear it with his J's these are versus how AF especially during times like these where people aren't trying too hard to look fly next up we got lighter colors see for the fall and winter it was cool to go with the more darker colors now I'm still going to be rocking darker colors during the spring don't get me wrong but you know bring some life into your days flowers are blooming right now we got cherry blossoms why not throw some lighter colors to your fits so as mentioned earlier light wash denim and white sneakers beautiful but also don't forget about the teas combining light wash denim white sneakers and a lighter colored tea my goodness you hit spring gold and I want to be your friend so whether it be an oversized tee or a fitted t-shirt lighter colors that lean more towards that pastel color palette are perfect colors are recommended are salmon pink cream is always a clean color way and maybe something like an olive or light pastel green shirt I'd say those are a great start then you can move towards those you know stone blues and dusty purples and for me I've been trying to incorporate more fitted shirts into the fits because I feel like they suit spring time a lot more than the fall and winter personal opinion by the way I haven't stopped wearing them completely as some of you guys may think Johnny I thought you stopped wearing fitted clothes you made a whole video about it well maybe you should watch it again they do get a few wears a week and if you guys also like fitted clothes I want to recommend you guys the sponsor of today's video cuts clothing so as you guys know the t-shirt is a must have in any wardrobe you can't be sure this all year round come on that's crazy and throughout my years of starting this channel I have had my fair share of shrink shirts bacon necks and just overall terrible quality t-shirts in general I'm sure you guys can relate what I like about cuts clothing is their modern take on a t-shirt as you guys know I've been incorporating fitted teas more often in the wardrobe and my favorite part about cuts and what makes them stand out is that they allow you to pick your favorite designs in a t-shirt you could go with the crew neck v-neck or henley and or you can choose your cut from elongated which I recommend for taller dudes the split hem which is my favorite choice or the classic curved hem and that's why I took on cuts clothing to sponsor this video because I feel like that makes them stand out and for me personally I like having a little bit of options when it comes to the cut of my shirt and for reference I chose a crew neck with a split hem in a size medium and I'm 5'7 at 156 pounds so I hope that helps some of you guys out they've got a variety of colors that are perfect for the springtime and they come pre-shrunk wrinkle-free and will hold its shape over time I've already watched these shirts plenty of times and they haven't shrunk at all and they still feel brand new what I also like about them is they lean more towards that lifestyle wear so I can wear this when I'm lounging at home or whenever I'm going on dates you know at home and everything in between I even wear this when I work out because you know they really nailed the fit so guys go ahead and click the link in the description you guys will see that they got plenty of cuts plenty of colors for you to choose that'll also suit anybody's taste and if you guys want to save some money you guys can use the discount code johnny underscore tie at checkout and I really appreciate your guys' support and also thank you cuss clothing for sponsoring this video so next on the list we have shoulder and tote bags so to me shoulder bags or tote bags give off this smart casual vibe that I find perfect for the warmer months when going out was a thing I'd always meet up with people wearing a backpack those can get a little bit bulky and it's just a little bit too much for just a casual meetup but tote bags and shoulder bags will have plenty of storage and honestly can serve as a backpack replacement and it really can elevate your look now for me I try and stay away from the really thick leather ones because it can come off looking like a purse and there's nothing wrong with that it's just not my preference there are exceptions though and some of them actually look really good but I would lean more towards that grandma made this out of her Danish cookies bin full of sewing materials rather than your loud Trader Joe's type of crunchy material now apc is my favorite place to go for tote bags they've got the leather ones that I like and the cloth like ones as well I'm sure there are plenty of other brands but apc just have my favorite ones if you're not into tote bags I'd recommend the shoulder bag that I got from Uniclo this definitely can be rocked with minimal smart outfits but also more techie outfits that normal tote bags can't it's waterproof and very simply designed one of my favorite pickups this year and is a great start to bags in general as tote bags I find is more for a certain fashion base next up we got accessories shoulder bags and tote bags do count in this little category but I feel like they deserve their own point so I don't really want to ramble on this too much since it is getting warmer though you can't really utilize layering to add complexity to your fit so our fits are naturally going to be a lot more simple and basic and so to compensate for that you're going to need some accessories so of course a watch bracelets rings and you know a necklace these are definitely a year-round thing for me fall winter spring summer then on to other things like tying a bandana around your belt loop throwing on a belt chain to add a more edgy punk vibe to the fit and because of the things that are going on right now a face mask is definitely an essential along with hand sanitizer and clorox wipes which you can keep in your tote bag or shoulder bag those are just a few of my recommendations but it's totally up to you last but not least is nothing related to fashion at all it's entertainment I really hope you guys have been doing well I myself have been struggling a lot creatively even though I am still working out and still working from home my life hasn't really changed too much which I'm super grateful for but because you know you can't go out and you have to social distance it's taken quite a bit of a toll on me you know because I am an extra rid but that's first world problems and nobody really cares but getting back to it as much as I land in the boats of you will never have this much time you should really be pursuing the things you want to pursue you also want to balance that hustle and skill development and also the media with some form of entertainment for me skateboarding definitely really helps I also play scrabble with my girl and also play animal crossing on my switch for you it might be Disney plus a puzzle maybe some photography or watching my videos and smashing the like button for the youtube algorithm because at the end of the day clothes are clothes they're really nice to have and it's actually kind of fun you know putting together some outfits but getting through this while staying sane is much more important so that's it guys spring is a lot different this year I hope you guys found this video helpful if you guys haven't already follow me on instagram at fly with johnny tie subscribe to the channel and once again thank you cuts clothing for sponsoring this video and allowing me to still have a job and thank you guys in advance if you guys make any purchases from cuts clothing or any of the sponsors on this channel honestly truly helps and I really appreciate it stay fly stay healthy I'm out peace


Hey there, Chad Bons here for High University Libraries. If you're doing an international business project and looking to do business in another country, you wanna check out a country's business environment trends and also its risks and vulnerabilities. This video is gonna show you how to find business environment as well as risk and vulnerability information in Passport GMid for individual countries. So here you go. So to get information about business environment for particular countries, what we're gonna do when we get to Passport GMid is go to countries and consumers, then click on government, labor and education. A little bit, not very intuitive there, but once you do that, if you scroll down and click on country briefings and then choose the country that you're interested in.  Talk about the ease of doing business, economic stability, corruption, various rankings, government regulations, taxes, things like that. So really good, pretty in-depth analysis of doing business in your country. So to find information on a country's risk and vulnerabilities, what you wanna do is go to countries and consumers and click on economy, finance and trade and then under country briefings, the country briefings is a little bit different for each area under the countries and consumers section of Passport GMid. Select your country, we'll do Brazil here, click Go and this will give you an analysis of countries' risk and vulnerabilities. Talk about political risk, economic risk, environmental risk, really nice report there, particularly if you're looking at how risky it is to do business in another country. Hopefully this helps you understand how to use Passport GMid to find business environment and risk and vulnerability information. Need more help? Look for the contact link on the business blog. I'll be glad to help you anyway I can. Take care.