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I want to spend a little bit of time motivating what is it that we want to achieve as part of the course what our database is about and get a view of the outer level starting from what people make use of why a database is important from the end user perspective down to the interval. So, what is the database? It contains information about a particular enterprise or about a particular task or about something it is a collection of interrelated data. Now, this is important a single spreadsheet is not a database because it just has maybe one sheet or a few sheets which are not connected in any deep way. But in a database there is a lot of connections between information and we will explore this in more detail as part of the entity relationship model which focuses on entities and relationships between the entities those are the connections. A database also has a set of program to access the data and an environment for doing so which is both convenient and efficient. What do we mean by convenient? People should be able to express their data needs without writing a whole lot of code efficient in the sense that things should run very fast without requiring too much input from the programmer. Now what applications are built on this? Well all of you are familiar with this today 20 years back not too many people knew what all things are done with databases. But today you have airlines, trains, reservation, schedules, you have registrations in grades in university, you have shops which sells stuff which record everything that they sell in a database. They have what products they are talking, you know have orders being fulfilled and so forth. If you have any organization you have to keep track of employees or students, we have to keep track of their records, their salaries and so forth a whole human resources management aspect to it and there is many, many, many more the list is endless. Now focusing on a university which is going to be a running example throughout the score those of you who used an old edition of a book know that we used to have a bank database. In the last edition we rewrote huge parts of a book to switch to a university database for multiple reasons. The biggest reason is that this is an application which students are intimately familiar with and we can easily motivate things which are going on because that is something which students can see is important. Among the application programs that are needed in this context are adding new students, instructors, new courses. We want to register students for a course. We want to generate class rosters who all is registered. We want to assign grades or marks for students during exams at the end of a course. We want to calculate transcripts. We want to have maybe feedback during the course with clickers and so on. Now what is the role of a database management system? Even before databases were used, people were using computers for doing data processing. Back in the days with magnetic tapes, data processing was used extensively. In fact, computers really boomed for two reasons. One is military and scientific applications, but the bigger reason was commercial applications for data processing. And all of those early things were based on files on tapes and later files on disks. But working directly with files has many drawbacks. You really want to use a database system. You want to avoid many of the problems which arise when you store data as files in a file system. The first is data redundancy and inconsistency. You have, if you can store data in files in any format you want, people are ingenious. They will come up with every possible format and each file will have its own format. So for reading each file, you have to figure out what format that is in and then read it in, write a program to read that particular format. And then people will store the same information in multiple files. It's very hard to pull information from different files together. And for every single task, you have to write a program, which means it's difficult to access data. Data isolation in this case means that there are multiple files and formats. So combining data from different files becomes harder because you have to get it from different formats. And then there are integrity problems. Let's say that every student should have a department name. What if you put a student in the department 1234, which is presumably not a valid department. That's not a valid department name. So when you store the data, you should make sure that the data is clean, that it does not have such errors. And this is part of integrity constraint enforcement, which a file system does not support at all. You can store anything you want in files. Whereas a database management system understands that the data underneath is not just a bunch of bytes, but it has more semantics and it should satisfy certain constraints. So this is one of the major reasons for building a database system. Incidentally, in the world of big data, what happened is that people said that database systems are either cheap and free like MySQL or PostgreSQL, but then they are centralized. Or if you want to buy a parallel database system, they are very expensive. They cost millions of dollars. So people went and built their own homegrown, in some sense, data processing systems. We are going to be looking at one of them called the map reduce paradigm. Actually, it's not just a data processing or database paradigm. It can do many, many other things. So it was built for many reasons other than data processing. But the major use for it, again, it turned out was data processing. And people went and built file formats to store data and programs to access data. And they have run into all these problems, which you see in this slide. All of this has seen history repeating itself in the past five years. And guess what is happening today? The next step beyond map reduce and plain Hadoop is to build database systems, which are massively parallel, can handle big data, but provide all these features, which you see in this slide. So that is actually an ongoing area, and we will talk about it when we talk about big data. A second part of what database systems do is to deal with failures of different kinds, either because systems crash in the middle of processing something, or because multiple people try to access data, and then bad things can happen, when two people try to write the same thing. Or even if they write different things, but read each other's data and then write some other things based on what they have read, you can have inconsistencies. So the two major issues here are atomicity of updates to make sure that either a whole transaction happened, or things are cleaned up so that it appears nothing happened. And to control concurrent access so that bad things don't happen. Now we are going to look at both of these issues in more detail next week. And I will not go deeper into it right here today. And the third aspect which a database system supports is handling security by controlling access to data. So that's what a database management system provides. Now for a little bit of terminology, this is something which we will be using repeatedly. We have what is called a schema, which is the logical structure of a database. For our purposes, when we talk with relation, talk of relations and so on, the schema is a set of relations which are there. The set of attributes that each relation has. The set of types or the types of each attribute. The integrity constraints that are enforced on these relations. All of this is part of the schema for a relational database. There are other data models and corresponding schema for those models. And this is part of the logical schema. Now this is, it's important that a database system give a logical view of all this, because there's also an underlying physical view, which is exactly how is this data stored in file. And you want to separate out these two concerns. You do not want the person who is writing the application program to worry about details of exactly what is the format of the data in the file. What storage structures are used? What indices are available to execute queries efficiently? Because if you burden them with all this, it's a lot more work, first of all. And second, if you make any change at the physical level, you have to go and rewrite program, which causes a lot of disruption. So one of the very important things which databases provide is the upper level, this logical schema is shown through a query language SQL typically. And the lower levels are hidden from SQL. In fact, the SQL standard very carefully tries to avoid details of lower level implementation. So that the upper level is insulated from the lower level. Now what is the good thing about insulation? You can go change the lower level without changing the upper level. Now, somebody has to mediate between the upper and the lower level. Who does this? In the old days, it was a programmer who needed to understand both the levels. Today it's different. It's the query processor, the query optimizer, which bridges the gap between these two levels. And the very first query optimizer, which was built by IBM, was one of the key reasons between the explosive growth of database, a relational database system over the predecessor. It allowed the separation of concern and let the system figure out the best way of evaluating a query. And once people understood this, no, before this there was a problem. People thought that databases would be slow. Interpreting SQL and executing SQL queries would be slow. And in fact, they were right. But that is assuming you have very highly paid programmers who understand exactly how to write complex queries, understand detailed structure. And it takes them time. You have to pay a lot of money. But then money matters. Hardware is cheap, relatively. It was very expensive in those days. But IBM believed it would become cheap and did this. And in fact, that panned out. So today, it's very important to have efficient application development. And efficient execution of queries, but in between is the query processor and optimizer, which handles all these details. So this aspect of separating it out is known as physical data independence. Now moving on to the next thing, we have a number of data models. What is a data model? It's a collection of tools for describing data, relationships, semantics, constraints, and so on. In the first part of this course, we are going to, in the first three days, we are going to focus on the relational model. But it turns out a higher level model called entity relationship model is actually very nice for doing initial design before we move to the relational model. And so that's the next thing we will study on day four. There are other models to object based data models, object oriented, object relational. We don't actually have too much time in this course to cover it, but I'll mention some of these briefly. And then there's XML, which is a data representation more than a model. And there's also JSON and other things which people use these days, which are used to represent data, both for storage of certain kinds of data, such as documents, and for exchange of data between applications. For example, your web browser and the back end need to exchange data. They often do this in semi-structured formats, such as XML and JSON. Again, we don't have time in this course to go into detail, but what I want to emphasize here is that the relational model is not the only way. Even though we are going to spend the most time on it, it's not the only way to represent data. People do use other models. So what is the relational model? It's actually a very simple model. It views data in the abstract as a set of tables. A table has column and it has rows. And if you see the header column, it has names for these columns. And the header row has names for these columns. And the other rows have data. So here's an instructor table. The instructor table has four attributes, an ID which uniquely identifies the instructor, a name, a department name, and a salary. This is artificial. This is not what you would use in a real database system because salaries change and you probably may store it separately from the instructor relation. Department name you might store as a department code. You might store other information here, such as grade. Other stuff can come in here. But we keep it simple because we don't want to deal with too much complexity in an academic course and it complexity will distract from the principle. So we are using a simple design here. Now we will also use terminology such as these columns. The names here we will call as attribute name. The columns are also called attributes while rows are also called tuples. This is part of the legacy of the formal definition of the relational model, which use these formal concepts. Whereas the practical world use different terms and I'll come back to this later. Now relational database has multiple relations. We have two out of several relations shown here. The first is the instructor relation. The second is the department relation. You can see there is a connection between the two. The instructor relation has department name. Here for example the department name physics over here appears in the department table here. Now every department name should appear here otherwise we have a problem. That's an example of an integrity constraint. So that is a quick summary of the relation model. We are going to spend a lot more time on the model coming up after the break. But before that we also need to talk about languages to interact with the database. There are actually two aspects of this. There is a data manipulation language which is how do you write queries, how do you perform updates and so on. And then the data definition language which is how do you specify the schema. Now you can do the data manipulation either procedurally through a language such as Java or C or other languages. But what has been very successful in the database context is declarative or non-procedural language. In particular SQL has had tremendous success for the following reason. It abstracts away what needs to be done. And it enables the underlying system to optimize database access. If you wrote the same query in let's say Java or C, C++ or whatever. You're specifying what needs to be done for the database to understand that hey, maybe you have written it in one way. But there is a more efficient way to do it, it's very hard. In fact, that is an active research area for many years. And it's something that I have had a PhD students both past and current working on. It's a hard problem, believe me. It's a lot harder than taking an SQL query and optimizing it. So SQL has had tremendous success because it's a simple language. Not burdened with too much complexity which makes optimization a lot easier. And that led to it's success. And then there's the data definition language which is exemplified by this code sample here, create table instructor. And then we are saying ID is care five. Name is where care 20, I'll come back to these things later. Salve is numeric and so on. So what happens when you give this command to a database? It actually creates a table in the database and it stores all the things which you have specified here. The name of the table, the attribute name, the types. And later on we'll see constraints as part of a data dictionary. So all of this is stored in the database and then you can view it later on. And then when you store data, the database system makes sure that it has the right attributes, it has the right type, it satisfies the integrity constraint. Now, the next step after doing all this, we are going to see how to manipulate the database using SQL, the data manipulation language. On days four and five, we're going to look at database design, which is how do you decide on the schema? What are the relations that we want and how do we do this? We have to understand the application. We have to understand the needs of the application first before we can start off in the process of launching of a database scheme. So there's a business part of this. What attribute should we record? What are the real world constraints which we need to enforce? And then there's a computer science decision of how do we take the information that we need to store and break it into a set of relations, which are suited to storing that information. So the first part is something which you will be working on as part of your project. And the second part, the computer science decision is what you are modeling and normalization is all about. There's another level which is the physical design. We won't be able to do much of it in this course. But when we talk of query processing, we will be talking about indexing. We will look at this more at that point. Now, talking of database design, here is a small schema, which has ID, name, salary, department name, building and budget. Now, what are building and budget? These are things which are associated with the department. In this case, in our simplified world, a department has a building and it has a budget associated with the department. Now, this particular table has combined all these pieces of information into a single table and look at what has happened. So here we have Einstein who is in the physics department. But if we scroll down here, we have Gold who is also in the physics department. Now, the building is an attribute really of the department. It has nothing to do with the instructor in our model. In reality, the computer science department here lives in two buildings or three buildings and the building might be associated with instructor. But in our simplified model, it's associated only with the department. Like I said, what constraints there are depend on the real world. It's not independent of the real world. So in our artificial real world, the department should have a unique building and unique budget. If physics appears again down here, it better have the same building and the same budget. But once you have a table like this, there is a potential for mistakes. The moment you replicate information and replication is called a redundancy here. The moment you have redundancy, initially things may be okay. But tomorrow when you update the budget of the physics department, somebody may go and update this one but not that one. And now not only are you storing data unnecessarily, but you no longer know which is the correct one. The budget was set to 80,000 there and 70,000 here. You don't know which is the right one. You have two things. You have no idea which is right. So that can lead to problems. As I said, we are going to look at entity relationship models and normalizations. We will come to it later. Now the second part of the course is on database system internals. And there we are going to be looking at three different levels. The bottom level is the storage. How is data stored on file on disk and so forth? Then there is the storage manager which deals with the interface with the actual storage and bringing data from disk into memory and so forth. And then there is the query processor up here which takes queries submitted by users or applications and figures out how to interact with the storage manager in the best possible way to answer the particular query or to perform the update. So don't worry about the details in here. I put up this slide to indicate that there are a lot of issues in how to do this. And we will be looking at it later. So to wrap up this first session of this morning, I want to spend a couple of minutes on the history of database system which shows how this has been evolving and what is happening today. If you go back to the 1950s and 60s, those are the days when data processing had a huge boom and people used magnetic tapes to store data and big corporations which had thousands or tens of thousands of employees, for them this was a godsend that led to companies like IBM and many others which have vanished now becoming really large companies. But IBM led a big change in the next generation of database system. In the 1960s and 70s, IBM pioneered the use of hard disk. Before that, in the 50s and early 60s, hard disks were either not used or their capacity was very, very, very small. They were no good for data processing. But IBM pioneered larger hard disks which now became viable for storing data about employees and so forth. And they pioneered new ways of storing and accessing data on hard disks which led to data models called the network and the hierarchical data model. It turned out these required a lot of work to program with an access and so forth. And state card said that look this is not the way to deal with data. We need a higher level view of data and he proposed using the relational model. He did not just propose, you know, say here are a few tables, but he also came up with first the whole theory behind this whole thing. He developed the theory of the relational model including normalization theory and other related tools. And he also pioneered the use of a high level language. At that time it was called SQL for structured English query language and he went around evangelizing it saying that this is the way you want to interact with data. And that led to a lot of people thinking that hey maybe there is a new way of doing things and we should move beyond the old model. And this eventually with the help of many others at IBM who built the first relational database system in the first query optimizer and later people at Oracle and the University of California at Berkeley and then many more other led to the explosion of the relational model which overtook everything else. And Ted Card won the ACM Turing Award which is the Nobel Prize in Computer Science for this work. And along with this people started building high end mainframe systems for high performance transaction processing. Adline booking became a big thing at that time to allow worldwide booking of tickets from anywhere in the world through a terminal. This was revolutionary. This was not something which was possible in an earlier era. So there was a boom in this system. In the 1980s relational research prototypes evolved into commercial systems Oracle being the dominant one at that time. Even now it is dominant. SQL became an industry standard. Parallel and distributed databases took off and they have widely used these states. And then there were many people who started looking at other data models, object oriented databases, object relational databases. It turns out that some of these have found a niche but they never overtook SQL in the way people thought they would. So that was the 80s. In the 90s parallel databases started taking off and there were companies which really required many, many machines running in parallel. They built multi terabyte parallel data warehouses. Warehousing in fact became a big topic. Online analytical processing became a big topic in that time. And databases became very important for decision makers and companies. Earlier they were used to record things like airline booking. Now people are using it to decide what products the company should manufacture, what products different places should stock, try to predict what will the trends be in the next year so that the right things are made and stock and so forth. So decision support became a big business in this era. In the 2000s there was an emergence of XML and Xquery standards. People thought that that would supply relational databases but that did not happen. But something which did happen is that automated database administration took off and later in the 2000s big data really took off. What do we mean by big data? I would view it as any data that is so large that it cannot be managed on a centralized system or a system which just has a few CPU. It requires many, many machines put together to handle that volume of data. Now different people have different definitions of big data. I do not want to get into those radius definitions. But to me it is anything which is big enough that you need massive parallelism. And people built tools for handling big data. Initially using file system and map reduce Hadoop but later other systems like big table P nuts and so forth. So that is a summary of what I wanted to cover in this session. With that we will end the first session. Thank you and see you again at 11 o'clock sharp. Please don't be late. Thank you.


This weekend, Spain host the F1 at the Circuit de Barcelona, Catalunya. Last year, Lewis Hamilton won this race from pole position ahead of Red Bull's Max Rastappan and Mercedes' teammate, Valteribotas. Hamilton has more Spanish Grand Prix pole positions than any other driver on the grid, but a lot has changed since last year. His car isn't at the championship level, it was last year. There are also fans at this Grand Prix, meaning Carlos Sainz and Fernando Alonso will want to show up in front of their home fans. Rastappan is the favorite to win this race coming off two wins in Miami and Imola, so you can take Rastappan to win at plus 125. If you prefer the Monagas men, you can take Leclerc to win at plus 125, but if you think Carlos Sainz will turn up at home, you can take him to win at plus 1100. You can also take Leclerc to take pole position from qualifying at plus 100 or Rastappan at plus 120. I would also take Max to finish with the fastest lap at plus 110.


Well, I think, you know, worse than equality, that's why when the first issue came up, we're the first in America to allow people to get married, and I'll always support that issue of equality for all. That's what America is built on, that was Boston. That's how I live, is my political statement is that we're here to make sure everyone has equality, no matter if they're straight, gay, or whatever they may be. That's what Boston's all about.


Good afternoon and welcome back to our social media corner. I'm Diana and I'm the social media manager at IEA.  This year, the forum is all about the importance of nuclear science in preparing for and containing future pandemics. If you want to watch the afternoon sessions, click check the link in the comment section. Now, I'm very pleased to introduce you to our next guest, Thomas Mettenleiter. Dr. Mettenleiter, a biologist and virologist, is also the co-chair of the One Health iLevel Expert Panel. Dr. Mettenleiter, good afternoon. Thank you for joining us here. Thanks a lot. I'm pleased to be here. Can you tell us a little bit more about yourself and how you came to be working in this area? Actually, I was trained as a biologist at the university and right before that, I was already fascinated by these most tiny living beings as the discoverer of the iLevel called viruses. So, I'm a virologist by training and I'm still, by heart and soul, I'm a virologist. I started working with viruses that had a very specific host, animal host, and then moved into, I mean, broader host, tropism, including zoonotic infections and this brought me into the topic that is so prominent today. And one thing that changed in the last 18 months is I don't have to explain anymore what a virologist actually is and does. Can you explain to us and to our audience a little bit more about what zoonotic diseases are? Yes, zoonotic infections are defined as infections that cross from animals to humans and back by the natural way. For a biologist, this makes a lot of sense that there are zoonotic infections because humans are biologically part of the animal kingdom. So, for an infectious agent, speaking on that point of view, it doesn't really make that much of a difference, whether this is a human mammal or whether this is an animal mammal. So, we have agents that really cross this artificial border quite easily. Others are very specific for a certain species and others can infect multiple species, including humans. And this is then in terms of zoonosis relevant. And how do you think we can prevent or control future pandemics like the one that we are living now, COVID-19? That's a million dollar question, of course. I mean, the question is, I mean, can we do that at all? I think, I mean, zoonotic infections are part of nature and these so-called spillover events, as we call them, from animals to humans and back, they are also part of nature. So, they will probably occur also in the future. And we know that these spillovers occur a lot more frequently than we have been aware. The point is, I mean, can we stop infectious chains before they develop into epidemics and pandemics? And indeed, I mean, I'm pretty optimistic that we can get better in blocking these infection chains earlier. It took months or weeks before. It was now a few weeks in case of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. So, we are getting better. We need to squeeze out the last two or three weeks. And I think then we are in a much better shape than we have been before. The IEA recently launched Zodiac, an initiative that aims to help countries control zoonotic outbreaks. How do you see the various initiatives in this area, including Zodiac, come together to complement each other towards a common goal? Yeah, I think, I mean, one of the catch words is CCC. This is coordinate, cooperate, and communicate. There are indeed so many programs, initiatives, projects that actually are popping up globally in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic that it's very difficult to have an overview. And this is one of the tasks of the One Health High Level Expert Panel to establish an inventory of what's actually going on.  We need to cooperate. We need to put resources together. And we need all the tools in the toolbox that we can lay our hands on. This has a research component. This has an implementation component. And this is relevant, of course, I mean, then for being better prepared for the future. Thank you so much. Thank you for joining us for this short but very insightful conversation. I hope you enjoyed the rest of the Scientific Forum. Thank you. Thank you very much. So as I mentioned before, our Scientific Forum is currently taking place. Check the links in the comment section so you can watch all the sessions live. I will come back tomorrow morning with two more live chats on the role of nuclear science for the rapid detection and response to outbreaks of zoonotic disease. Just tune in and don't forget, keep an eye on our hashtag, Atoms for Health, and get involved in the discussion. We'll see you tomorrow.


Now, in Benway State, Governor Revin Fadah Hyacin, a lawyer, has reiterated his administration's readiness to grant amnesty to repented criminals, even as he expressed his pleasure over recent killings at Akwuna in Ukom Local Government Area of the State. The governor made this known when he visited Akwuna to commiserate with the affected families and to assure the people of his administration's willingness to root out all criminals and make the state free of crime. The governor warned traditional rulers aiding and abetting crimes to desist. He also called on those hot and vital information about the criminals and their activities to stop or face the torment. In his response, the district head of the area, Thio John Congua, explained that the attackers were trying to intimidate the people. Very saddened and the good people of Benway are so saddened. This happened a few days ago on Saturday. That was a dark Saturday for the state. This is not the Benway of our dream. This is not what we pray for, we work for and we hope for. Benway is a peaceful place and peace must return to Benway. What is theirs must be their own share for those who are working in government and for those who are doing their businesses on the farm. You know, we're encouraging investors to come in. So I wouldn't want anything that would dent that image of a new Benway. So we have to ensure that this doesn't happen again.


Right, well, whilst we're just dealing with technology, so this is now, I'm glad to have learnt Dr. Jennifer Curry-Joseph, who got her PhD from UP on same-sex desire, and he's going to talk to us about the Chika Dam, but I think also something of her thesis interests as well. And we've got it up. Wonderful. Good morning. It's almost noon. It's almost noon for us. I hope I don't go through another defense. It's almost noon, but I'm going to share with you an excerpt from a chapter of my dissertation, which I defended, I don't remember any more. May, I think. Last May. So, very new. So, this is the very long title of my dissertation. It's called, Bond Talk and Nordin Kanai, Tomboy and Bakla Identities and Desire, Spaces, Intimate Bodies, Histories, and Memories, because I got diverted from my original topic just to provide the context and the background. I wanted to do a study on Igorot Tomboys. That was it. That's what I wanted to do. I'm not an Igorot. I'm not an Ilocano. I'm a Tagalog from Marikina, but I studied in Baguio. So, I've been based in Baguio for, I think, 30 years, more than half of my life. So, through the years, we've been noticing a lot of tomboy and bakla in Baguio City. So, we were wondering where are they coming from? They say they're from the mountain province. So, how come there are a lot of transgenders and bakla from the mountain province when they don't have kids? So, how are they going to multiply? So, what's happening in mountain province? And, specifically, they come from Tadian, Tadian Mountain Province. So, the Tagatadian or Taga Mountain Province, they are familiar that you know that it's called the gay capital of the Coy de Lieras. I don't know if it's the gay capital of the Philippines. But, they really come from Tadian. So, back in 2008, during the first international Coy de Lieras studies conference in 2008, we had delegates from Tadian, coming from Tadian, but are now, we're then based in Baguio. So, they said, so Jayjay, you're doing studies on LGBT. Why don't you study the bakla and the tomboy from the Tadian? Because we have a lot. What do you mean a lot? We have multiple bakla and tomboy within and across generations. So, really, it's a big one. So, there are a lot of anecdotes. There are a lot of stories and anecdotes about this. So, it took me, so 2008, serious study in 2011, exploratory 2011. So, this is part of my dissertation. Okay, I'm sorry, I have to do this. Because it's stipulated in my grant contract. So, of course, I'd like to thank the tomboy, the bakla. The minamakit, which I will explain later, I tried to remove all the LGBT sexuality gender jargon from my presentation. The elders, the elders were among the last generation of those who went to the atu and the ulub. But my tomboy bakla minamakit informants were among the first ones who did not go through the mandatory going through these homosocial institutions of the atu and the ulub. Okay. I'd like to thank, of course, the University of the Philippines. And very importantly, the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research of the University of Amsterdam. Then we'll say this conception research grant of the Philippine Population Association and UNFPA. Of course, Cordillera's studies center research grant. Baka is umbunga koneikim. At the University of the United States of America. Of course, Drs. Michael Limpan, my advisor. My adult sensitivity, the co-advisor and reader. And my mother-in-law, auntie June Prelbret. I give her so many episodes of hyperventilation. Maybe she is aware of that. And professors Nester Castro and Maria Luisa Kamagay. Okay. Now, these are my study sites. These are my study sites. So June Prelbret characteristically would say, Jay, Jay, you cannot just focus on that. You have to do comparative. So why don't you include Montoc? Of course, her bias is she comes from Alab in Tokukan, Montoc. So I have an agricultural area. I have a trading center area. While you're at it, why don't you include Sagada? So you have a tourism agriculture trading center. And do not limit yourself to the tomb, boys. Include the bakla. So it took me longer. So I wanted to do, as I said earlier, I wanted to do a study on lesbians because I feel that there are a lot of gays, Filipino gays. You have Michael Lim Tan, Neil Garcia, Martin Manelansan, et cetera. So for the lesbians, nobody's doing serious academic work. Do you have Dr. Kirk here? I presented last year at the Anthropological Conference and throughout 100 that you could demand. So I presented. And then she was the first one to raise her hand. Positive, even if she's here, I will tell this to her. I've seen JJ around you be baggy. And I never realized you were serious with her work. So I told Beatred, is that a compliment or an insult? I'll take it as a compliment. She's gone, right? So Montoc, Sagada, and Tadian. Why these three study areas? So high concentration of tomboy's backline transgenders and reports of high level of acceptance among the families and the general community. So my lowland, bourgeois, U.P. education did not prepare me for the things that I discovered. So I'm going to say, why your society? Head-taking practices. In fact, when I was there late last year, we had to evacuate because there was a tribal war. They were fighting about the water source. And there was a... guns were involved. So it's serious when guns aren't already involved. So... So... Provide ethno-linguistic, cultural, economic diversity. So familiar? So this is courtesy of Itlato, Joey Lopez, if you're from Montoc, you probably know him. This is the Malikongai services. This is Sagada. If you've been to Sagada recently, almost every available space is... there's construction. There's construction boom for the past 10 years, I believe. So every space for hostels, restaurants, souvenir shops, et cetera. This is Stagyan, mainly agricultural community, no mining enterprise. But... the primary baklapa, parloristas, those who work in beauty parlors, were originally from Tagyan. We don't know why, I'm still investigating that. This is Mt. Mogau, or more popularly known as Mt. Cleterace. So this is the picture of Mt. Mogau. So you can draw your own conclusions and encircle the mountain. Okay. When I arrived in Sagada, my first night, and my second night in Sagada, I had dinner with some of the elites of Sagada. They said, oh, you come with me. I have dinner with this friend of mine. Because there were foreign academics and researchers who came to Sagada during the time that I was there. So I got invited also to this dinner. And then during the dinner conversation, my friend said, oh, how come you're researching tomboy and baklava in Sagada? I don't think there are tomboy and lesbians in Sagada. So I said, really, are you serious? So it's very important who you talk to. Do not talk to the elites because they are in denial. They don't say they do not have tomboy and baklava in the community. I even asked for help from this person recommended by Alice Foliosco, a knowledgeable source in the Cordillera.  She can probably help you. I think she is a lesbian. She's tomboy, but I don't think she's out. But you can ask her if you can intermingle her. So I go to her office and I say, she looks like a cowboy, tomboy, she said, I don't think there are lesbians in Sagada. I look very feminine, ultra-feminine next to her. She says, ultra-feminine, super mega-feminine. Look at me. So she said, I don't think there are lesbians. I don't think I can recommend tomboy here in Sagada. Or baklava. One week after I find out, she has nephews from one brother. One brother only. Four baklava nephews. Right? Anyway, so that's our background story. So what I found in Sagada, in Tadian, and Bontok, the gender identities are confined to the tomboy, the baklava, and in Bontok, particularly, you have the minamagit. It comes from the word mamagit. They coined, they invented this word minamagit. So mamagit means a young lady, or a maiden. So minamagit is like a lady kaslana, kaslana balasa. Okay. So they invented that, they even called the organization minamagit. Yes, they have an organization called minamagit. So these are the things, the significant findings. So ABC, body sexual practices of the tomboy, baklava minamagit, and transgenders.  Baklava beauty parlor. This is the, actually this is the most developed chapter in my dissertation. Beauty parlor as lived in baklava space, and the third one, itayong. The intimate relationships between baklava, minamagit, and the government soldiers stationed in mountain province during the period of the Chikuridam conflict in the 1970s and throughout the militarization in the 1990s. This, my paper is the first documentation in publication of this phenomenon. I was surprised to find out about this. Okay. So this is Bontok now. This is taken from, I don't remember where, I don't remember from where, but this is Bontok last year, taken last year. So this is the Bontok central district. And one of the things that came in in the 1970s and 1980s was the women beauty parlor, which were eventually transformed into the baklava beauty parlor. So now when you think of beauty parlor, especially in the Philippines, you always associate it with the baklava. Okay. So I feel the baklava beauty parlor as lived spaces, baklava spaces. For the baklava, the beauty parlor is very important for two things. For economic transformation, why? Because third poor, most of my informants are very poor families with many children. So they could not send their children to school. And because of the, I mean, because of the influence of the Episcopalians, so education is very important. So you need to have education.  So the baklava now goes to the beauty parlor, hands out and become appendices of the older baklava in who owns or operates the beauty parlor. So economically, it's a way to earn a degree and eventually a livelihood. Some of them even own their beauty parlor. Okay. Aside from the economic, it's also it's more than just like new. It's a symbol of space and space for transformation beyond economics. It's their baklava space. It's where they experiment and forge their bakla or may not get identities. They form long-term relationships with other bakla, social networks, economic networks, and that's also where they refine relationships.  I don't care. Of course, I don't care and I don't care. That is sacred. Sacrosan, do not make that connection.   So if she's not hyperventilating when I send her an email, a document, I think it's positive. She's not calling me. She's not calling me to come to Baguio immediately for a meeting. When I see Dr. Jumper, but I love her, of course. Okay. In religious history, I also use the lens of historical revisionism. In the course of my research, I find that there are two kinds. There's the negative kind and the positive kind. Historical negationism is what they do with the holocaust or the comfort women, sorry, Japanese sex slaves, and that's what they're doing now. They're even, they're trying to expunge the Cori period from the official Gazette of the Philippines. It came out just yesterday. So, but there's a good kind. It's called historical revisionism. When you find new evidence or the political, military climate is now more conducive for you to bring out your data and your analysis. So, that is what the positive kind is what I'm trying to do. So, I found out that there are two major narratives. One about the Chico River struggle. Of course, there's historical negationism there by Marcos in the World Bank, etc. But, for this paper, I'm focusing on the narratives of the Bacla and the Minamakit. So, I want to finally bring them out so that they can be part of the historical discourses. Okay. This is Bantak-Tang Plaza now. This is, I think, taken 2017. I'm not mistaken. So, this time, because we have in the Philippines, we have a lot of fiestas and festivals. So, there was Amamang and what's other one? Langay. So, this was taken, I think, in between these two festivals. So, there were a lot of Changi flea markets and the topolines. This is the site where the Yang Minamakit, the Yang Bacla okay, were picked up or that's where we have their sexual debut with tourists both foreign and local. So, we have Australian local tourists and also, this where the Yang Bacla in the 1980s would wait for the young soldiers to come out of the bars drunk, and they will have sex somewhere in the dark places along Bantak Central. So, how that plays with Imael because it's taboo to have sex outdoors for the Bantak but maybe they eventually they go to the military camp and outside the military camp there are houses or what they call puestos or stations where they can have sex or in the building houses of the Bacla Pilarista they live with some of the soldiers and officers. Okay. So, there's a boyfriend-girlfriend relationship here between the Bacla and the soldiers remember these soldiers were also young. In the early 20s, the Bacla were in the late 20s in the early 20s also Exploring Exploring, discovering their sexual and gender identities Okay, what were the context? So we try to stay away from factors, variables so what were the context and processes that made this possible? One, prevalence of sexual norms that discourage local young women from socializing informing even friendships nor so intimate relationships with the soldiers. That's not allowed. Local women, if they get interested with soldiers they will not be accepted in the few hotels or lodging houses but they also cannot have sex outdoors because it's not permitted by the culture. You will displease the gods and nature and the rice terraces will fall. No organized prostitution or institutionalized red light district where military camps usually prostitution comes in or the red light district in Montauk there's none. Young, lonely and bored soldiers and officers crossing paths with accommodating young exploring Bacla and Minamukit. What else? The preference of the Bacla and Minamukit for secret sexual encounters with transient populations like the soldiers and tourists. Losing face is very important.  So I'd rather have this sexual use with strangers with transient populations.  The practice is there but the identity may not follow. Jane White in her recent book documented this.  That's very clear. We can't have demonstrations here. Okay. Reflections. The consideration of gender and sexual identities in Bacla and Tamboy. I'm saying that there's false equivalents between gay vis-a-vis the Bacla or the Maguit and lesbian in Tamboy. They are not equivalent. And for the Bacla and Tamboy in Tadyan and in Mountain Province they are more gender identities rather than sexual identities just like we have in the United States in Europe, in Latin America for example. This one really for me for my LGBTQ plus plus colleagues and researchers. They need to interrogate Western concepts and identities for example I was part of ILGA International Lesbendee Association. It's actually the National Lesbendee Intersex Transgender Trans Inter... It can't keep track anymore. But to keep it simple they just call it ILGA. Okay.   Now it's sexual orientation, gender identity so now we have this long acronym and it keeps longer and longer. So LGBTQQIP to SAEA plus plus. So it's the longest acronym some sectors have called it initialism instead of the local labels. So if I prefer a certain label for example, can I add my own letter there.  When I say sinigang from months of writing so I'm already sinigang or tostado my brains are toast. But in Filipino I say I'm sinigang and I also have not taken a bath in 3 days so I smell like sinigang. So even though in both lag which celebrated its 40th year this year, they want to add brown and I've added brown and black to indicate race. So my question is when do we stop? Where do we draw the line to my LGBT plus plus friends. So this active is a passive MSM gay men in US-European Latin American context these labels and categories may not be suitable or applicable in the Philippine Cordillera in other local context. There has to be contextualization one way to waste on which are these really applicable and operant in the local context. And when you say one way can sex really be one way regardless of the activity? It's always the way right? Unless having sex with another human being maybe. Okay. There's a propensity to translate or find counter part of categories and labels local to form, or equal translation, inaccurate or distortion of the meanings. Again in this particular data set as a re-conceptualization or reconsideration of the concept of sexual consent this particular in terms of the Bacla boys the young Bacla in the Ili not necessarily in Bontau in the Ili being asked by the older heterosexual identified boys to give them massages and in this context massage means give me a hand and leading the hand towards the penis of the older boy.  And also with the soldiers and the young Bacla is their expectation that the young Bacla then in Bontau are going to pick the soldiers with whom they will have sex with during that night or relationships for as long as soldiers were in the area 3, 4 months, 6 months and when the wives or the girlfriends of the soldiers come to Bontau they are all friends the soldiers bring the wives and soldiers to the parliament and the Bacla will take care of the beauty needs beauty care needs of the wife or the girlfriend and after she leaves the soldier or the officer is back in the arms of the Bacla Reconceptualization Last point Reconceptualization of sexual pleasure and satisfaction So I was trying to punish myself How can they say they get sexual satisfaction when there is an official logical aspect to it and then one of my mentors said why do you have to define it only in terms of official or in official logical terms there can be other kinds so there is psychological emotional and in the case of the Bacla in the time wise they can even be narcissistic, vicarious or altruistic sexual pleasure I get pleasure when I pleasure you or I get pleasure by the idea that I am getting very skillful up giving pleasure or I get pleasure when you treat me like a woman in our love taking Thank you Your longest I know most of those but what's the two? Two spirit Two spirit Indigenous people in North America So they are only spiritually That was the term developed in the 80s to explain that because very many cultures had people who were allowed to survive considered because they had two spirits both male and female How is that different from transvestite? Well because they had well they were cross dressers but they weren't always transvestite Anyway, they had a place very often a faker spiritual space in things like planes in culture which we also associated with hypermasculinity I have a question June's hyperventilation because I try to make her hyperventilate on this too The term of the bakla parlor being the ulog come from the bakla or is that your reading out? No that's my reading out And the other one was it's interesting when they say all the baklas are from Tatyana because that's the first thing I ever heard in Sagada too and at the time I've discovered there was one bakla from Tatyana and all the other baklas were from Sagada There is this phenomenon too in say India where all the sacred brides are now all Biharis because that's the poorest place So the question is to what extent does a lead denial of bakla and tomboy's status within Sagada in places like that lead them to say everyone is from Tatyana Is there a disproportionate number or is it contributing it without breaking their ideas of their own heteronormativity, hypermasculinity hyper you know I think among the bakla and tomboy in Sagada there's no denial of there are a lot of tomboy's in Bakla in Sagada. What they're saying is that the first bakla cross dress in bakla that we saw were from Tatyana or from Baoko and that gave us an idea that it's possible we cannot just be male or female, there are other possibilities and this was assured in by the coming of the baklang patlorista in Sagada I found when I actually found a lot more of them at that time were actually not from Tatyana so I began to wonder if this was a denial system where you just said they're all from Tatyana except that the elders and the more elite members of Sagadan society of course there's denial what's the STD situation there um for the longest time there's very little incidents of STI and HIV because the preferred sexual practice is Ipipipip it's not anal sex Ipipipip it's also found in indigenous communities in South Africa in the minds of South Africa to prevent teenage pregnancy so the penis is squeezed I don't want to do that squeeze between the legs so you'd notice because the minors the minors would take mine wives young boys as mine wives so you'd know if these boys newly recruited into the mines are wives because you'd notice very shiny legs thighs of these boys lubricant so olive oil but now just last year there have been three documented cases of HIV in Montauk but they are alarmed because it's usually contracted either outside mountain province or because they contracted it with tourists or transient population there's not a denial thing that they're saying that there are a lot of people who are gay is there some kind of cultural thing that they do in Tadjian like maybe it's more acceptable or is there something that's different about the practices I'm still investigating that but because Tadjian used to be your entry point from from the Ilocos but now you will hardly see adult gays and adult bakla and economically reproductive age young boys in their economically reproductive age in Tadjian because there's nothing to do in Tadjian except for agriculture so they are mainly in Baguio in Metro Manila in the parlors in the beauty pilot chains in Manila or in Baguio the young ones those after high school college education in Baguio in Manila would also not prefer to come back to Tadjian so you now can now find them outside Tadjian so in other places where you have beauty parlors in Baguio in Metro Manila the Tadjian would say I don't know maybe it's a diet maybe it's in the water or from local plant based diet to a high sodium high fat fast food that's what they said the try boundary situation maybe it's the other way around maybe they just leave maybe more gay people leave Tadjian because of there's nothing it's a conservative place but why like and it's you find out about it because people from outside say all the people I meet are from Tadjian or gay but I find it's true that older Bacla really come from Tadjian in their 60s and 70s they originally from Tadjian but it's my oldest is 68 years old so he could recall during his boyhood they were already Bacla in Tadjian it was not influenced from somewhere or they had not migrated or gone elsewhere and come back to Tadjian it's organic yes it's not a question don't worry I just want to share going back to the elders of Sagada Sagada for this day during Dal Eid and the tomboy is part of the invocation they performed the Dal Eid they said they would utter that we hope that Bacla would not multiply or the tomboy because it's one reason that they won't reach the elders won't reach the pinnacle of their status in the community if they are related to a Bacla I mean not because of you Bacla or tomboy because they could not multiply and they cannot sponsor wedding feasts necessary to to elevate and to reach the pinnacle that I hold their status and I have one case like that not only one but I am very close to this family tomboy daughter tomboy daughter and Bacla grandson so we're talking of the same person curiously so when I interviewed the elder he did not tell me that I have a tomboy daughter so when I interviewed the daughter in Baguio she also did not tell me oh my father is so and so and he is the pie-holder in Sagada this elders are frustrated actually that they won't reach although they are supposed to be maybe change the criteria changes but if Philippine law changes and you can marry because it's the marriage ceremony that matters so they shouldn't be saying well it's multiplied but you can always adopt there's always been adoption in Sagada so that's not the issue it would be fun to say if legally they can marry and you can hold the babayas so you guys should be campaigning for legislation and not trying to change your kids legislation is a lot more changeable or change the criteria even if you got legal marriage you can have the feast no I think first the law then the change one last question on a positive note it's very good that the wives go to the beauty palace but you mentioned that of the soldiers so does that mean that they kind of giving grudging acceptance if they know they turn a blind eye perhaps and it's unthinkable for them maybe or they would prefer the husband to be with a bakla than with a woman for example thank you very much


Since 2014, India's GDP has grown by 185% and per capita income by a stunning 165%. This achievement is unparalleled especially considering these decades geopolitical conflicts and a pandemic challenges. Honourable Prime Minister, your achievements on the international stage are equally remarkable.  The Solar Alliance platform and initiative you conceptualized and your leadership at the G20 platform set a benchmark for a more inclusive world order. Adding the global south to the G20 is a defining moment in a modern history. Honourable Prime Minister, you don't just predict the future, you shape it. You have reoriented India to become the world's fastest growing nation and position her as the global social champion driven by the two philosophies.


Time now for Kids Ask Coach Mack. I think this is Alaka, isn't it? Let's see. I am so excited. Hello, Coach Mack. My name is Alaka, and I'm eight years old. My question is, when you're watching a tape, how do you know if it's man-to-man defense or zone defense? That's a good question. How do you know when you watch a tape if it's man-to-man defense or zone defense? Oh, Alaka, what a great, great. You've clearly been watching football with members of your family that understand football. What a great, great question. Here's the best way. Look at the safeties. If there's a single safety in the middle of the field, most of the time, those corners are going to be in man-to-man. If it's a split safety with safeties like this lined up deep, then it's going to be a zone defense. So the first thing that you look at from a first glimpse from 30,000 feet is look and see where the safety is. If he's in the middle of the field, it's normally going to be man-to-man. If they're split, it's zone. How long did it take you to learn all of that? Probably longer than it's going to take Alaka to learn it because I'm not as smart as she is. And I know, I've met her. She's very smart. But I mean, learning all the coverages, all the blitzes, everything that went into calling defense, how long did it take you to learn all of that? I'm still learning. Really? Every year. Absolutely, every year. I talk to coaches every year to keep up with what's going on. You never quit learning about this game. It's a simple game, but it's very detailed. So the truth is, I never quit learning about it. Even though you've been doing this, you've been around the game for over 50 years, dating back to your time as a player. Something is always new. Something always comes up as a way that, you know, it's a ying and a yang between an offense and a defense. The offense will come up with something. Defense will come up with something to counteract it. I love learning all that stuff in the off-season. Well, I just learned something very interesting.


Hello Columbia and welcome to This Week in the City as we bring you our city highlights. On Tuesday, August 3rd, Columbia City Council will hold a council meeting starting at 2 p.m. This will be an in-person meeting and the meeting will be held at 1735 Busby Street at the Busby Street Community Center. Please note that the meeting space has limited capacity due to social distancing that is needed during the pandemic. Please arrive early or you can also watch our meeting on our YouTube channel and the City of Columbia's website at ColumbiaSC.gov. For agenda items, please visit our website at ColumbiaSC.gov for details. Also this week on Thursday, the Office of Business Opportunities will hold a free webinar. The Office of Business Opportunities presents financial fitness tips and strategies for small business. This is a Zoom series that begins on Thursday, August 5th, 2021 at 10 a.m. The event is free and open to the public. For details, visit our website at ColumbiaSC.gov. Also on Thursday, August 5th, the Board of Zoning Appeals will meet in person at 4 p.m. The meeting will be held at the Busby Street Community Center located at 1735 Busby Street. Again, please note that limited capacity is available for the meeting so please make arrangements ahead or arrive early or you may watch the meeting by visiting our website at ColumbiaSC.gov or watching the City's YouTube channel. For agenda details, please visit our website at ColumbiaSC.gov. On Friday, August 6th, calling all teens for the prior time in the park's teen party. It's an end-of-summer pool party at Maxi Gregg Pool, beginning at 7 p.m. and ending at 10 p.m. Again, this event is for teens only and it's an end-of-summer pool party. For more details, contact Parks and Recreation at 545-3100 or visit our website at ColumbiaSC.gov. That wraps up our highlights for this week. Please visit us at ColumbiaSC.gov for more information. Also follow us on social media on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. And of course, you can also contact our public relations media and marketing department by emailing us at pio.columnsc.gov. Thank you for watching this week in the City.


One of the goals of algebra is to be able to solve every type of equation that exists. Well, we can't actually do that, but we can solve a variety of equations. And so after linear equations, the next important type of equation is a power or root equation. So we'll start with the following definition. If b to power n equals a, then b is an nth root of a, and conversely. Now, people being how they are, we tend to use special words for common cases. And the two common cases are the second power. If b to the second equals a, we should say that b is a tooth or a second root of a, but we actually say that b is a square root of a. And likewise, if b to the third equals a, we say that b is a cube root of a, even though we should say it's a third root. So let's try to find the square, the second root of 25. So we'll pull on our definition. Remember that the nth root of a is a number where b to the power n is equal to a. So since we're not born with the knowledge of all the square roots, let's make a few guesses and see where it takes us. Is it zero? Well, we'll check it out. Zero squared is equal to zero. So it's not zero. How about one? One squared is equal to one, not that. Two squared is equal to and we can continue to try other numbers. And we finally find our root 5 squared is equal to 25. Well, that's one square root. Could there be others? Remember that if 5 squared is equal to 25, then negative 5 squared is also going to be 25. So both 5 and negative 5 are square roots of 25. This does raise a complicated problem. We generally don't like getting two different answers to the same question. So to avoid that, we'll introduce the following notation. This notation is read as the principal nth root of a. The idea is that while we might have several nth roots of a number, we're going to select one of them to be the principal one. Which one? Well, in the case of the square root, the one we're going to select is the non-negative number whose square is a. So let's ask the same question with a slightly different format. First, find the square roots of 25 and also find, well, you might have read this as square root of 25 in previous classes, but how you speak influences how you think. So it's a good idea to read this as the principal square root of 25. So we've already found that 5 and negative 5 are square roots of 25. But when we write this symbol, the principal square root of 25, that has to be a non-negative number. And so this principal square root of 25 is going to be 5. Let's think of this a little bit further. Suppose b is a square root of a. Then we know from our definition b squared is equal to a. But now consider negative b. We have negative b squared equals, which is b squared, and since b squared is equal to a, then we have negative b squared is also equal to a. So that means negative b is also a square root of a. And this leads to the following result. If b is a square root of a, then negative b is also a square root of a. So now let's think about this in terms of equations. If x squared is equal to a, then x is a square root of a. Now we'd like to write this as a formula, but if we write x equals principal square root of a, we are choosing only the non-negative square root. It's important to remember that the symbol principal square root of a always indicates a non-negative number. But we'd like to have all solutions. So if we want to indicate all solutions, we must write x equals plus or minus the principal square root of a to include both solutions. And this is an important idea to understand. So if the statement is incorrect, fix it. Square root of 4 equals plus or minus 2. So the important thing to remember is that our square root symbol always indicates a non-negative number. So this symbol square root of 4 is the non-negative number whose square is 4. Since 2 squared is equal to 4 and 2 is non-negative, then square root of 4 equals 2.


Okay, third example, boron trifluoride, valence electrons, boron has three and there are three fluorines which are in group seven, so they each have seven. When I total that up I have 24 electrons to play with. For bonds, boron is in group three, it likes to form three bonds. Fluorine is in group seven, it likes to form one bond. So I have three fluorines and one boron, I'm going to put the boron in the middle and use one bond each to join up the fluorines. Now I'm going to check for full outer shells. Boron has access to six electrons. Now remember boron is one of the electron deficient exceptions, so it's happy with six. We don't need to give it any more. The fluorine however, it's one of the ones that really needs a full outer shell and at the moment each fluorine only has access to two bonding electrons. So I'm going to need to give each fluorine three lone pairs so that it now has six non-bonding electrons and two bonding electrons giving it a full outer shell of eight. And then we check our totals. So in my structure here I have two, four, six, eight, ten, twelve, fourteen, sixteen, eighteen non-bonding electrons and then six bonding electrons and eighteen plus six is twenty four, so I have the right number of electrons, so I'm all good.


Hello all, I am Dr. Krishnameni, final year radiology PG from Arbadae Vedu Medical College and Hospital. Title for my paper presentation is Celiac artery trunk, permanent hepatic artery and renal artery anatomical variance detection, prevalence in association, analysis with multi-detector CT. Introduction, anatomical variance of the hepatic artery and Celiac trunk are of time importance in liver transplantation, laparoscopic surgery, radiological intervention and penetric injuries to the abdomen. The chance of inadvertent or iotrogenic vascular injury rises in the event of aberrant anatomy. The presence of renal artery variation is significant in surgical management of renal vascular hypertension, renal transplantation and interventional radiological procedures, where it is important to know the origin and course of these arteries. The aim of the study is to determine the anatomical variant of Celiac axis, hepatic artery, renal arteries and the perversiveness with use of contrast enhanced MDTCP. Each arterial system was an individually defined and recorded using Fluckers classification system for Celiac artery and Michael's classification for hepatic arteries. The renal arteries were assessed with respect to their origin, number of arteries and laterality. The association of renal and Celiac hepatic artery variation is statistically evaluated. Now, retrospective observation study has been conducted with 500 constitutive cases from May to September 2021 and the sample size is 500 with the gradient echo, bright speed, light, 16 slides, 16 scanner. The inclusion criteria includes all age groups with both sexes who are referred for the contrast enhanced MDCT abdomen. Exclusion criteria with the patient of having history of major upper abdominal surgery, patients with occlusion of Celiac hepatic and renal arteries. Scans were performed in the axial scans, axes starting from the domes of diaphragm up to the pubic symphysis, first in plane followed by contrast multi-physics scans and the slide thickness is 5 mm, rotation time is 0.8 second, retrospective reconstruction parameters were also taken. So the results and observation, it is most commonly seen in males with 57% and variants of Celiac trunk is seen predominantly in males, hepatic artery showed a predominance of males and renal artery variants are seen most commonly in females. Celiac trunk variants, Celiac bifurcation was considered more unseen more compared to Celiomyscentric trunk, Celiac counterification and others. So Celiac trunk variation was classified according to Flakar's classification where in 465 number of cases had classical Celiac trunk trifurcation followed by Hepatose cleaning trunk, Hepatogastric trunk, etc. So renal artery variation, left accessory renal artery was seen most commonly that is 80 and renal artery variation in 334th case of patient had normal anatomy followed by two renal arteries on the right and on the left. Hepatic artery variants, 39 was seen in replaced left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery followed by accessory left hepatic artery originating off the left gastric artery replaced right hepatic artery originating from the SMA. So hepatic artery variation were classified using mycels where 381 cases had normal anatomy followed by replaced left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery. Celiac or hepatic artery variation without renal artery variation was seen in 89 cases, 89 positive cases and Celiac or hepatic artery variation with renal artery variation is seen in 65. So in our retrospective study in 500 patients there was normal triification of Celiac trunk in 465 patients that is 93 percentage, hepatitis cleaning trunk and gastro cleaning trunk in 15 patients, quadrification in 5 patients, celium eccentric trunk in 1 patient and other variants seen in 14 patients. Hepatic artery variations were present in 119 patients and renal artery variation in 166 patients. Results Celiac trunk or hepatic artery variation was present in 89 of 334 patients with no renal artery variation and in 65 of 166 patients with renal artery variation. There is an increased prevalence of Celiac hepatic artery variation in individuals with accessory renal arteries. Now we will see the cases. Case 1 and case 2 shows the quadrification of the Celiac trunk. Case 3, case 4 and case 5 and case 6 shows the splenic artery and hepatic artery separates origin from the iota. Post-contest MIPCT image in transaxial section shows the separate origin of common hepatic artery and directly from the iota at the same level, allergenetic Celiac axis with congenital narrowing and elephant trunk is seen in case 6. Its cause of common hepatic and splenic artery was made. Case 7, we are seeing a common hepatic artery originating from the iota. It is also demonstrated in the volume rendering CT. And case 8, we can see the common hepatic artery arising from the SMA. It is also demonstrated in the case 9. Case 10 and 11 shows the right hepatic artery originating from the Celiac trunk and case 11 shows the right hepatic artery originating from the iota. So case 12, two accessory right renal arteries and one accessory left renal arteries are noted. Case 13 shows the accessory right renal artery and case 14 shows the accessory left renal artery. So in our study, Celiac trunk and hepatic artery variants had showed a higher incidence in males whereas renal artery variants showed a peak incidence in females. Celiac trunk trifacation was seen in 93% and 7% showed variation comparable with 4.5% according to the cornoffel et al. Celiac trunk bifurcation was seen in 3% qualification in one person, Celiac was centric trunk in 0.2% and others in 2.8%. Renal arteries were common on the left than on the right. Celiac trunk or hepatic artery variations were present in 3-34 patients with no renal artery variations and in 65 of 166 patients with renal artery variation. This denotes a statistically significant correlation between hepatic Celiac and renal artery variation. Such similar associations has been reported previously in the study done by Norel et al. Thus our study indicates that there may be some common factor associated in causing variation in two unrelated arterial system during embryogenesis. So coming to the conclusion, the anatomy and variation of the Celiac trunk, hepatic artery and renal artery need to be established at preoperative imaging to minimize the iotrogenic arterial injury that could occur during organ transplantation, laparoscopic surgery, radiological abdominal intervention, endovascular procedures, surgical treatment of penetrating injuries to the abdomen and surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension. These are my references. Thank you.