I think this really is a topic that needs no introduction in reality because, as Emily mentioned, we can all feel the bite of inflation in our day-to-day lives. We feel it in our supermarket shops when we're filling up the tank, above all in our rents and our bills. And this is what inflation means at the end of the day. It's a currency losing its purchasing power as the price of goods and services goes up. And importantly, unless wages increase at the same rate, then it means real attacks on the living standards, the living conditions of the working class. As Emily also mentioned, inflation today is the highest it's been in around four decades, at least in Britain. It's officially at 10%, although official figures do not give the whole picture. In the Eurozone, I think it's around the same amount. In America, it's over 8%, according to recent figures. This is annualized inflation they're talking about. But then that's not even accounting for the ex-colonial countries and the so-called third world. There's many countries suffering from hyperinflation when you've got a particularly acute crisis. Turkey, Lebanon, Argentina, and Sri Lanka all have been mentioned already this weekend. And the thing is, the ruling class, they either have no explanation and therefore no solution to this, or they point the finger at various scapegoats. If you're here in the West, that means blaming Putin for everything. He's responsible for all our problems because of the invasion in Ukraine pushing up energy prices. But above all, the ruling class is united in blaming the working class themselves for inflation. We're told that workers cause inflation by demanding two higher wages, so-called inflation expectations are to blame. And in this sense, they say workers cause a wage price spiral. But all of these are completely false and superficial explanations that in fact explain absolutely nothing, as I'll go on to mention in this talk. And that's because for the ruling class, inflation, instability, all of these things are just effectively accidents. They have nothing to do with the failures of the system as far as they're concerned. They and their lackies in academia, in the various bourgeois institutions, they're only ever looking at the surface of events, in this case, at the movement of prices on the market. They never delve deeper to look at the real forces and contradictions that work within the economy. And that's because for these ladies and gentlemen, capitalism is a perfect system. It can do no wrong. It's said to be completely efficient, the most rational way of allocating resources. And basically, the real blame is pesky trade unionists or reckless politicians like Liz Truss getting in the way of the wonders of the invisible hand of the market. These people are not interested, we have to say, they're not interested in actually understanding capitalism, its crises, its chaos, its contradictions. At the end of the day, they are just trying to put forward a set of ideas and theories that effectively are an apology for capitalism. They're a defense of this bankrupt status quo. And in this sense, the only so-called cure that the bourgeois economists can prescribe for rampant inflation is that of higher interest rates. They want to cool the economy as they call it, try and reduce demand. And that's all euphemism for attacks on the working class that actively, as we've already mentioned this weekend, trying to provoke a recession in order to try and bring unemployment up and therefore pull wages down and boost the profits of the capitalist. That's what's taking place right now. You've got all the major central banks, the US Federal Reserve, the ECB in the Eurozone and the Bank of England here in the UK, all of them hiking up interest rates in order to try and provoke this recession and tame inflation that is run away. In other words, what they're doing is trying to exchange the scourge of inflation for a bitter pill of austerity. But for the working class, it amounts to the same thing.  And we are obviously not in favor of either of them. We need to get to the root of the problem. But in order to do that, we've got to really strip away all of this bourgeois propaganda and mysticism that surrounds the idea of money in the market. We've got to try and analyze the system itself scientifically and dialectically, understand the real processes, the real laws, the dynamics that are at play in the capitalist system that lie behind this so-called cost of living crisis, as Emily mentioned, is really just the latest chapter in the crisis of capitalism. There's these invisible forces under capitalism that operate behind our backs, but they express themselves in terms of the prices of life's necessities. That's how we see these processes at play, but they operate invisibly. So where do we begin in trying to make sense of all this? Well, for Marx, the first port of call was to look at the fundamental building box of capitalism, which is the idea of the commodity. Commodity production exchanges, what he said capitalism is based on, and the law of value that underpins all of this, because at the end of the day, the real economy is not money. Money is a cipher, if you like. It's a symbol. It's a sign. The real economy is production of real things. It's relations between people. Wealth, Marx says, the opening lines of capital presents itself under capitalism as an immense accumulation of commodities. So we've got to understand commodity production exchange if we want to understand money and all these other things. Commodities, Marx says, are these goods and services produced by labor, but not for individual consumption, but for exchange on a market. And a commodity has a dual nature in this respect. It has a use value. It is useful to society that allows it to be sold in the first place, but also has an exchange value. There's some sort of quantitative relationship between commodities, something they share in common that allows them to be exchanged in certain proportions. And Marx said, the thing they all have in common, all commodities have in common, is they are products of labor. And therefore, labor time is the real measure of value. This is the labor theory of value. And that includes both the living labor of wages of workers, but also includes the dead labor, all the labor embodied in the raw materials, the tools, and so forth that go into us. And all of this together accounts for the socially necessary labor time, the average labor required, given a certain technique and technology in society. This is what value is. But we don't see value. That's the thing. You can't really touch the value of something.  You're presented with this objective price. That's what we see. And prices, Marx points out, are the monetary form or the monetary expression of this exchange value, which fluctuate. They fluctuate seemingly randomly due to supply and demand, due to these market forces. If you've got demand exceeding supply, then prices will tend to go up. That's kind of what's behind inflation today, very superficially. On the vice versa, obviously, supply exceeds demand, prices will tend to go down. But they'll always fluctuate around something, you know, some sort of average. There's some underlying necessity to this accident, if you like. And that is this idea of value, this socially necessary labor time. But all of that's in an ideal world. Obviously, capitalism is not the ideal system that's presented to us, or that even Marx quotes and refers to in capital. In reality, you've got all sorts of distortions. You have monopolies, these things that are a barrier to supply, and that can push prices far above their actual value. Prices can wildly diverge from value if you have these barriers and distortions in the way. And that's key to understanding inflation as we see it today. Now, Marx outlined all of these ideas, very simply, not just in the three volumes of capital, but even more simply in a great pamphlet. It was actually a collection of speeches called Value, Price, and Profit, which I believe I'm sure our bookstore is selling.  And Citizen Western put forward the same argument as the bourgeois do today, that it's workers, effectively, who are to blame for inflation by asking and demanding for higher wages. In that sense, he said the trade unions shouldn't even try and fight for higher wages, because they would just gain with one hand higher wages, but they'd lose in the other in terms of higher prices. Now, Marx used this pamphlet these speeches to explain his ideas. And to answer this point, he said, no, what you've got is that all value ultimately is produced by the working class, all of the value in the economy is produced by the working class in the form of commodities. And this value having been created by the working class is then divided up between the classes, between the workers in the form of the wages and the capitalists in the form of the profits. And wages are the price of the commodity that the working class sells its labor power, its ability to work, they sell this to the capitalists, you know, work for a day, a week, a month. And that has a value just like any other commodities, socially necessary labor time, the amount of time it takes to produce all the commodities that the working class consumes, it needs for its production and reproduction for it to maintain its families and so forth. Every all the labor above this is is surplus value is and that's the source of the capitalist profits. It's the surplus value produced above and beyond this necessary labor. In other words, it's the unpaid labor of the working class that forms the profits of the capitalist.  A pizza or a pie, I'm English, I like my pies, we're gonna, I'm gonna go with a pie. Okay, so this pie is produced by the working class, right, that represents all the value. That then is then divided, as I say, amongst the different classes, the workers get their slice in wages, the capitalists get their slice in profits. Now you can measure your pie however you like it, right, you can have kilograms or you can have ounces, you can have meters, you can have inches, doesn't really make a difference. The size of the pie is not going to change, right, and it's the same with prices. Inflation might change the name of the slice of your pie, you know, the unit of measurement might change, but the actual size doesn't change at all. And similarly, Marx points out, although he doesn't use the example of a pie, but he points out, look, it's the pie that comes first and then the slices, you don't assemble a pie by getting together the different slices, you bake a pie and then you divide it up, right. And this is the point, like you don't get to the value in society by adding together the workers' wages and the capitalist profits, you start with the value produced by the working class and then it's divided up according to class struggle. And that's very important, because this answers this point about workers being responsible for inflation. Inflation doesn't make society wealthier in terms of the actual value, the actual commodities in society. The economic output, the size of the pie remains the same, but it's now represented by these higher prices. What inflation does do, however, is very subtly redistribute the wealth and the income within society. Creditors will lose out to debtors, smaller capitalists will tend to lose out to bigger capitalists, and the workers will tend to lose out to the capitalists a class as a whole. If, as is the case now, you've got the price of goods in general going up, but the price of labor power, the wages not keeping up with that, well then the pie going to the capitalist is getting bigger proportionally, because what the workers lose, the capitalists gain. At the end of the day, as I said, their profits are the unpaid labor of the working class. The capitalists, they will gain as the sellers of commodities without losing out as the buyers of labor power. So in that sense, they obviously benefit from the inflation that's going on, and the pie is re-divided to the benefit of the capitalists. As is exactly the case now, wages are lagging behind prices and profits are actually for the big businesses going up. So workers aren't to blame for inflation. It's not their higher wages. It's not expectations and all these euphemisms. Workers are not to blame. They are the victims of inflation, and this is very important. Now, that's not to say that corporate profiteering is simply to blame either. As some on the left say, you got Unite the Union produced a report earlier this year saying that 60% of inflation could be accounted for by corporate profiteering and pointing out that UK businesses were making something like 73% bigger profits this year than pre-pandemic, and they're suggesting actually that it's not a wage price spiral but a profit price spiral in this sense. Now, it's certainly the case big businesses not suffering right now, but simply blaming price gouging does not give the full picture of where inflation comes from, because Marx explains this actually, he answers, he said, look, if it was as simple as the capitalists could just set whatever prices they'd like to maximize their profits, why aren't they doing that all the time? It doesn't explain anything if you just say price gouging is to blame for inflation. If they can just pass on higher wage costs, why don't they do that all the time? Why do they bother with strikes? Why do they bother with any of these struggles? Why not just pass it on to the consumers? Because competition prevents that. The market sets a limit to how much the capitalists can play around with prices. Right now, the big monopolies do have a certain advantage of being able to pass on certain costs, but there's a limit to that. Small businesses are being absolutely crushed. And this is why at the end of the day, the capitalist class resists ferociously every time workers like Oliver Twist dare to ask for more. At the end of the day, they know that every real generalized increase in wages can only come about by biting into their profits. So while corporations are seeing these bumper profits, it's not simply profiteering and price gouging that's to blame for inflation. And the logical conclusion of that is you can't simply get rid of this problem by taxing the super profits with windfall taxes. And I'll come back to that more later. Now, before we go into the actual solutions to inflation and the actual causes, just want to tackle the other side of the bourgeois argument, which is that of the monetarists, the monetarists, people like Milton Friedman, who have this idea of a quantity theory of money, they say, which basically says that inflation is the result of too much money chasing after too few goods. They say inflation is purely a monetary phenomena. That's what Milton Friedman said. Now, they say then the solution is to control the money supply. But what the monetarists don't explain is what is money. It's a very simple question, but we're never actually given an answer. Prices, as I said earlier, are the monetary expression or the unit of the exchange value of commodities. And money in all its forms, Marx explains, is fundamentally a measure of value, the value created by labor. The money system, the currencies, the credit and so forth, is an expression of the distribution of value within society. And the money we have or don't have in our pockets, in our bank accounts, that's an entitlement to a proportion of the real wealth in society, all backed up by the state. Now, study in history, we see money didn't always exist. Its rise is associated with that of class society, with the development of commodity production exchange and trade. And what you see is that organically over time, a certain commodity, a single commodity, a money commodity emerges that can act as a universal equivalent, something that everything else can be exchanged with and which all other commodities can be compared against. And this commodity, the money commodity, then becomes a means of circulation. It becomes a way of accounting. It becomes also a store of wealth, a store of value. These are the various roles that money plays. And it was the needs of trading societies early on that led to the development of precious metals of money. Gold and silver had certain qualities, allowing them to be transported over distances and so forth. This is why they became the money commodity. Over centuries, however, the needs of the economy meant you needed greater money supply and you had the debasement of coins. In other words, the nominal value that these coins represented actually became separated from the real value contained in the actual metal that was circulating. Money then, instead of being a commodity in itself, became a mere symbol of value, a representation of value. And that paved the way for the kind of paper notes and the digital representations that we see today. It's mere tokens of value now. And this has important implications because this adds potential instability into the whole system. Now, you've got a situation where the money in circulation, these tokens can become completely divorced from the real value that's in society if you haven't got a money supply anchored to some sort of base. And that produces all sorts of inflation retentencies within the economy. All else being equal, for example, if you were, say, to double the money supply, but you keep the real value in terms of commodities at the same amount, then you're going to double the price of everything. That's a truism that the monetarists pick up on and they're not wrong. And this is what the monetarists mean when they say that inflation is purely a monetary phenomena and why they're actually right to criticize and to warn against the idea of just printing money or inflationary kind of expansionist Keynesian policies is why they also tend to be in favor of tight monetary policy and monetary systems like the gold standard that tie the money supply to something real. Now, the gold standard was introduced in Britain actually, but in the British Empire, in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars, precisely for this reason, to try and control inflation and keep the money supply tight. It came unstuck about a century later with World War One when different countries started to print money to try and fund the war. And the gold standard couldn't contain all the tensions and the contradictions within the world economy. You had different nations pulling apart. And with currencies all pegged to the gold, the only way that any country could become more competitive was what they called internal devaluation. In other words, attacking the working class's standards of livings, their wages. And this is precisely what we saw in Britain in the 1920s. Britain tried to return to the gold standard under Churchill as the finance minister and it meant a huge attack on wages that actually prepared the way for the general strike of 1926. The gold standard eventually collapsed around the time of the Great Depression and was replaced then by the Bretton Woods system after World War Two, where the dollar became the world currency and the dollar was effectively as good as gold. The dollar was pegged to gold and everything else was pegged to the dollar. And this was possible because American imperialism was basically the this hegemonic power policing world trade and the dollar became the world currency on the back of this. This provided a certain stability for a certain amount of time where it allowed the expansion of world trade. It allowed for the post-war boom. But it all began to unravel at the end of the 60s because of these inflationary cadence in policies undertaking during the boom by the USA, by the advanced capitalist countries, in particular high levels of military spending and eventually Bretton Woods collapsed just on the eve of the 70s crisis with the oil shock and world recession. And it led instead to a system of floating or fiat currencies, which is what we have today where there's no anchor, there's nothing pegging the money supply in these different countries, no restrictions to printing money. And this is a prerogative that all these governments and central banks have taken full advantage of in an attempt to try and avert crises. But in the process, they've introduced all manner of distortions into the system. And at the same time, they haven't removed any of the contradictions between the different national economies or within capitalism as a whole. What they've done is allow different countries to effectively print money to try and avoid a crisis, but simply by preparing the way for bigger crises down the line, which is exactly what we're seeing today. Now, the monetarists in this respect, they really confuse cause and effect. They are idealists. They're empiricists in the sense they imagine that if you address the symptom of something, it's the same as curing the disease. They rightly point to the inflationary dangers of Keynesianism. And they look at examples like Weimar Germany or Venezuela to show that correctly, you cannot print your way out of a crisis very clearly. That is the case. But on the back of that, they call for the cure of tight monetary policy, tight money systems, which are no cure at all. What it doesn't recognize in terms of this confusing symptoms and causes? Yes, they don't recognize that the gold standard in Bretton Woods, they collapse for a reason at the end of the day. These monetary systems, they suffice up to a point. They allowed for the development of trade and for the development of the productive forces. But as capitalism expands, new contradictions accumulate and emerge. And the needs of capitalism outgrow the rigid money systems that you have, which anchor these money supplies. You end up with different economies moving in different directions, and monetary systems therefore reach the limit and turn into the opposite and become a source of instability. Now, in this sense, the monetary crises that we see and the accompanying inflation that comes with this are ultimately therefore a reflection of the crisis of capitalism and the contradictions of capitalism. They are, if you like, a rebellion of the productive forces against the limits of the nation's state and of private property. And in this respect, going back to the gold standard is completely utopian, or in fact, any of these kind of rigid monetary systems. And this really highlights the reductionism, as I said, of the monetarists, particularly when they say that inflation is simply down to too much money chasing after too few goods. Well, again, this begs the question, what is too much money? Why are there too few goods? Most of the money that you see in the economy under capitalism is not actually produced by the state. It's produced by banks in the form of credit. In other words, the state doesn't have a monopoly on the money supply. And instead, what you see is that the banks create money as credit in response to demands from within the economy itself, from households, from mortgages and particularly from businesses for loans. In other words, it's the dynamics of profit making and the economy that create the demand for money. It's not simply from the state down. On the other side, it's similarly the laws and logic of capitalism of the profit motive that determine how many goods are produced within society. The capitalists don't produce simply because money is cheap or dear. They produce if they can make a profit. They certainly don't produce to try and meet the needs of society. In other words, it's not money that is the prime mover under capitalism. It appears like money is the motor force, but the real motor force is profit. That's the key thing that the monetarists don't understand and that Marx tried to explain. And you can see this in the example of what happened between 2008 and the pandemic, where you had super low interest rates, almost rock bottom at zero. You had super loose monetary policy. And yet, where was the investment? Where was the growth? The capitalists weren't investing even though all this money was cheap. At that time, the real worry wasn't about inflation. It was about deflation. And that was even though billions were being pumped into the system in the form of quantitative easing. Now, according to the monetarists, this should have lent to ramp inflation, but it didn't. We've got to ask ourselves the question, why? Well, partially, it's because this quantitative easing money over that decade, a lot of it never found its way into the real economy, into people's pockets. It was speculated as we discussed in the session yesterday on cryptocurrencies and property and stocks and shares. And so there was a lot of inflation in those bubbles, if you like. But meanwhile, the main thing is that whilst they were pumping all this money into the economy, they were sucking demand out of it in the form of austerity and attacks on the working class. And the other thing, the most important thing, is there were huge pressures globally pushing downwards on prices over this whole period and in the decades previously, in particular, excess capacity, or to give it its proper name, worldwide overproduction, which obviously meant excess supply, not excess demand, pushing down on prices. You had globalization as well. We had a session on that yesterday, which took talking about how globalization provided these avenues for profit, but also access to cheaper raw materials, cheaper labor, and all of that helped to keep a lid on prices. You also had technology, you know, cheapening of capital goods through computing and so all of these things served to help keep prices down for many decades. And it actually led to the ruling class being very arrogant, very hubristic about inflation, thinking that it would never rear its head. But now all these things are turning into the opposite. And the ruling class is realizing the danger of inflation a little bit too late. Now, the monitorists, as I said, they think they can solve all this problem through higher interest rates, through tight monetary policy. On the other side, you've got the neocainsians, the modern monetary theorists, these reformists who believe that they can manage capitalism also through the money supply. And they're almost like the mirror image of each other. The monitorists say, don't print too much money, the money supply is bad. The MMT is saying, print loads of money, the money supply is great. And they're basically both guilty of what Marx called money fetishism. In other words, ascribing us power to money that it doesn't really have, and thinking that you can control the economy in good or bad ways through the money supply. And Marx argued firmly against this, said capitalism cannot be controlled through equal tricks of circulation. Capitalism, as I said, it's a system of private ownership where it's driven not by money, but by profit. Money is just a sign, if you like. It's these symbols. It's certainly a lubricant to the whole system, but it's not the driving force. Under capitalism, resources are not allocated rationally, but anarchically by the invisible hand. And instead of trying to manage capitalism through the money supply, we should be calling for socialist planning based on common ownership. We shouldn't be fetishizing money, but actually trying to create the conditions whereby the need for money will wither away entirely. And that means taking production out of private hands. It means producing for needs, not profits. And it means replacing the laws of commodity production exchange in the market for the laws of socialist planning and democratic workers control. Now, to get to the meat. Armed with this Marxist understanding, how can we make sense of the real forces and factors that are behind inflation? Now, I think the first thing we've got to say is that we've got to also be equipped, not just Marx's economics, but Marxist philosophy, dialectical materialism, because we've got to understand the economy in a rounded way and an all sided manner, not in the one sided kind of reductionist, idealist, mechanical, empirical way of the of the bourgeois economists who are both guilty of this. The monetarists say it's all about money. It's too much money to and which needs to be controlled through interest rates and monetary policy. The Keynesians say, well, it's too much demand to be controlled through taxation and other fiscal levers. Neither of them blames the real culprit at the end of the day, which is capitalism. Now, in reality, the current inflation crisis is not down to this one, you know, one, you know, reducible cause. It's the product of a perfect storm, really, for capitalism. It's the product of all the accumulated contradictions that have built up for decades. First up is what Marx referred to as fictitious capital. That is money that circulates as capital, money trying to make more money, but without a corresponding equivalent in terms of value, in terms of commodities that are circulating. Marx gives various examples of this, national debts, government bonds, stocks and shares and other forms of derivatives, but also unproductive state spending, the state's expending money, but without producing any real value. This includes Keynesian projects like digging holes in the ground or also things like arms spending, which is completely wasteful. Now, the intervention of the state in the pandemic made, you know, it blew a huge gust of fictitious capital into the economy that fanned the flames of inflation. You had something like 17 trillion in state support being pumped in, in terms of fiscal measures. We also had another 10 trillion on top of that printed by the central banks across the world. Now, as lockdowns have ended, all of this pent-up demand, as they call it, has flooded into the economy, but crashed up against the barriers of the pandemic-related dislocations and bottlenecks and all these various other disruptions to supply. And therefore, what we have is a reduced amount of values in terms of commodities in the economy, now represented by this deluge of increased money and therefore a generalized increase in prices. And what this really shows is, yes, the criticisms of the monetarists, but above all, it shows the limits of Keynesianism. It shows the inability to manage capitalism. What you've seen is that in an effort to prevent the collapse of their system, the capitalists have exacerbated all the contradictions. The ruling class have exacerbated all these problems in the economy. You've now got these soaring prices, mountains of debt, ever greater volatility and instability, all of which are paving the way and preparing the ground for far deeper crises down the line. Now, alongside this fictitious capital, you have shocks to supplies. You have the supplies of goods being knocked out by various things. Obviously, the pandemic itself and that continues with the zero COVID policy in China. You've got the war in Ukraine, which has obviously knocked out oil and gas and other key supplies. You've also got climate change, droughts, floods, destroying whole swathes of crops and food and diverting resources that could otherwise be spent elsewhere towards trying to combat climate change. And all of this means that prices are rising because of the shocks to supply. But it doesn't necessarily mean that the values are actually always increasing. The real socially necessary labor time doesn't always go up. Imagine if you're an American drilling company, your costs aren't really going to go up, but you're going to benefit from hugely inflated prices and make super profits. And that's really the result of this. The prices go up. The values stay the same. It's super profits, particularly for the big major monopolies in say fossil fuels and energy. What we see then is capitalism far from being this efficient system when it comes to allocating resources. We see that the market cannot keep up with the swings and the shocks to supply and demand. This has actually been made worse by years of underinvestment by the capitalists in infrastructure, in industry. And instead of spending their money on these things, they've obviously speculated it and put it in parasitic parts of the economy, like financial services. And at the same time, all the robustness within the global economy has been cut away. You've got this just-in-time production, which basically gets rid of any redundancy, all for the sake of squeezing out extra profits. Take the example, for example, of gas storage in the UK. It used to be the case that the gas towers you see dotted around held about 10 to 20% of annual demand. Now that's been whittled down to less than 2% or 1% of annual demand. So it's just very vulnerable now to a small change in the supply and demand. Suddenly that tiny little amount of redundancy is not enough. And this can be replicated. You can see similar examples of this across the economy. And as I said, at the same time, you've got the bosses profiting from scarcity and shortages rather than investing in production. If demand exceeds supply and you have these super profits, that should be a sign for investors to come into these markets to boost production, to increase supplies and bring down prices. But instead of that, you have these huge monopolies in every sector just sitting on the money and not bringing down prices, not investing. And meanwhile, new firms can't enter the market because of the scale and size of these industries. So this is another important factor in inflation as well. And the final one I want to mention is this idea of the fact that real values are going up. Social necessary labour time is going up because of things like climate change, which add to the cost of production. Extra measures need to be taken for adaptation. But in particular, you've got protectionism. You've got the rising costs of producing goods because of the fracturing, the end of globalization, if you like, the retreat of globalization, the unraveling of world trade. You've already seen Brexit and we've had Trump's trade wars continued by Biden. And all of this is leading to a balkanization of capitalism, which had achieved greater efficiencies, greater abilities to bring down prices through monopolies, economies of scale, multinationals and so forth. All of that is now going into reverse and pushing up prices as a result of all this protectionism. And it shows you how the nation state alongside the market and private ownership are these big and fundamental barriers to the development of the productive forces. Now, the overall result is the world economy is heading into this nightmare scenario of stagflation that is rampant inflation alongside a slowing growth. And we're already seeing the signs of a new world slump. The point is that whatever the ruling class try to do in this situation is going to end in disaster. They're caught between a rock and a hard place. They can try and use the interest rates, as I said, but it's a blunt tool. It can provoke this recession, but what does it do to solve the energy crisis? What does it do to force the capitalist to invest? It doesn't do any of these things. And at the same time, if they don't do this, they let inflation spiral out of control and they continue stimulating the economy with Keynesian measures. That, as I said, it's just going to allow inflation to become even more rampant. And therefore, on the basis of capitalism, all roads lead to ruin. And whether it is through inflation or austerity is the working class that's going to be asked to foot the bill. And therefore, the stage is really set as it stands for immense class struggles and explosions in all countries. As we said on Friday's session, events in Sri Lanka and in Britain as well, they are a harbinger of the events we can expect everywhere across the world. These political and social explosions, as interest rates rise, as the burden of debt grows ever deeper and heavier, and as investors start putting their foot down and demanding their pound of flesh. Inflation in this sense, as I said, it can't be boiled down to just one factor. It's not something could be reduced to just one single cause. It is a complex phenomena. It's a many-headed hydra, if you like. But the real beast at the root of it is capitalism. It's the ruling class that has come in and recklessly sprayed money around the economy, trying to put out the fires of crisis, like some sort of arsonist invited to put out a blazing inferno. It's the capitalists who've profited from scarcity, who've stretched supply chains and workers beyond their breaking point. It's their political representatives who've gone down the path of economic nationalism, of imperialist war, all driven by profit. And above all, it's their system capitalism that is to blame. The reformists, they simply try and demand a few extra crumbs of the pie that we talked about earlier, a slightly bigger slice of the pizza. But at the end of the day, what do they call for? Winful taxes, price controls, cost of living handouts or one-off pay rises. But we should say, rather than just demanding a bigger slice, we should be demanding the whole bakery. We should be saying, yeah, we need a proper minimum wage, and more importantly, a sliding scale of wages with pay linked to prices. We should be talking about nationalization of the big monopolies, particularly the energy monopolies. And rather than taxing the rich, we should be saying, expropriate the billionaires and all their super profits. That is the real solution. Above all, we've got to look beyond the symptoms and get to the real disease, which is the capitalist system itself. Inflation is not a sign of scarcity. We have the resources. We have the potential, the productive capacity to produce everything we need in super abundance. We have the technology and the resources to solve climate change, disease, poverty, hunger, homelessness, many times over. What we really see is that volatile prices, they're not a sign of scarcity. They're a sign that this inherently chaotic system, this unstable system cannot meet the needs of society. It's a sign that the productive forces are being hemmed in by the nation state, by private ownership, by the market. It's a sign of the rampant inflation, that the mounting debts, all these crises. It's a sign and a product of the anarchy and the decay of capitalism. It's a symptom of the sickness and senility of this system that can only be kept alive by ever greater drip feeds and injections of money and debt in order to keep it stumbling on. To cure us of this plague once and for all, to get rid of this menace of inflation, we have to rid ourselves of the capitalist market and instead rationally plan production according to society's needs by placing the economy under common ownership and democratic workers control. This rotten decrepit system cannot be patched up. Capitalism is crisis and chaos. It must be overthrown. That is the revolutionary program that we are fighting for. That's what we're trying to do with the IMT. So if you agree with it, join us, join Socialist Appeal, join the International Marxist Tendency and join us in the Revolutionary Liberation of Mankind. Thank you.


The 7th annual Interpol IP Crime Conference brought together more than 500 delegates from 67 countries, representing both the public and private sectors. Hosted by the Angada Shokana and in partnership with Underwriters' Laboratories, the conference was designed to encourage the law enforcement community as well as stakeholders from the private sector to work together to combat that problem. I can remember back to the very first conferences that we had and this would have been a dream in those days, so it's representative of how important people see this event now over the years. This is our 7th conference and it is grown each time into exactly what it is, which is the number one enforcement IP conference. The theme of this year's conference was brought to this enforcement. Empowering those, the three-day event involved plenary meetings, operational workshops and interactive roundtable sessions where participants gather to discuss key issues and share their expertise. An additional feature to this year's conference included an expanded exhibition area which provided a unique forum for investigative agencies and law enforcement representatives to receive product identification training from rights holders together in one venue. More networking time was also built into the program's agenda to further allow delegates the opportunity to meet with sponsors. IP Crime Service Providers. Working with Interpol has really been a great experience for UL. First of all, Interpol comes to this partnership and this conference with a very strong commitment to help improve the ability of law enforcement and customs officials around the world to combat illicit goods. And then secondly, Interpol has been incredibly capable of bringing skills, people, resources, focus, knowledge that has made this conference the success that it is. And without Interpol, in fact, I believe this conference would never have been successful and may never have existed. This year Interpol was the recipient of the 2013 Global Anti-Counterfeiting Network's International Police Body Award for Outstanding Achievement in Combatting Counterfeiting Empiracy Around the World and served as a highlight of this year's conference, underscoring the continued need for international cooperation to help eradicate transnational...


It was a good meet today. We're swimming pretty tired right now, most of our kids. We're entering probably our fourth week of doubling every day, so they're a pretty tired bunch and I thought they swam really well today. All things considered. Yeah, we had three more people qualify for our conference meet today. We had Adam qualify in his 100 breaststroke. We had Lindsay qualify in our 100 backstroke and I probably say the swim of the day was Brian in his 500 free where he dropped 18 seconds from the week before to qualify for the conference meet. It brings a lot of excitement. We still have one more girl, Megan, to qualify. I'm confident she's going to do it next week, but it just gives a team a jolt saying, okay, they only rested a couple of days for this meet. What's going to happen when we rest for two and a half weeks for the conference meet? So again, it does definitely bring life, breathe life into the kids knowing we have one more full week of hard work and then we start to taper. Yeah, it's actually been great. It's kind of like a running joke for us because it's freshman year. He was interviewed on TV and he told him on TV he wasn't sure if he was going to swim his sophomore year and here we are three years later. He was a great leader for us. He's very positive individual and really hard worker and he kind of, anyone that joined the team, he embraced them and kind of brought him under his wing. So he's been a really good leader and he's going to be sorely missed next year for sure.


OK, first of all, thanks for coming to this session. My name is Yang Tang. I'm a maintainer of Coding S project. John and me today is John Bellamurg. He is a committed member of Coding S project, and we'll join maybe with John. OK, yeah, in today's session, we are going to discuss several things. First, we are going to discuss about some community update of Coding S, as well as interesting progress in some of the features that have been recently added. And then I'm going to introduce a little bit of survey discovery at the Coding S and show an example of how Coding S can be used to consolidate the different information from different cloud vendors. And finally, I'm going to do a deep dive of Coding S and go through a demo plugin that allows anyone with the knowledge of Golang to write a Coding S plugin in potentially like less than 100 lines of Golang code. And also, by the way, if you have any question, you can certainly raise your hand. I'll try to answer as much as possible. And also, John is here. Maybe John can answer some more questions as well. OK, let's first discuss about Coding S. So as many of you know, Coding S is a CNCF project. It's a flexible DNS server written in Go. And like other DNS servers, DNS project, Coding S has a focus on survey discovery. It is a plugin base, which means it can be easily extended. In other words, if you have any features you're looking for, you can either look for external plugin or internal plugin, or if you know how to write in Golang, then you can write a plugin by yourself. One of the most important features of Coding S is that Coding S is a default DNS server in Kubernetes. So I guess anyone using Coding S, anyone using Kubernetes, probably will use Coding S by default. In addition to be served as a default DNS server, Coding S also support different protocols. It supports DNS, DNS over TOS, DNS over GIPC. It also supports additional protocol like DNS over ATP. In addition to those different protocols, another thing Coding S excels with is consolidation of different cloud-related DNS information. For example, with Coding S, you can sync up with the AWRF history, you can sync up with Azure DNS, or you can sync up with Google Cloud DNS. That gives you plenty of flexibility and allows you to consolidate it in case you're doing a multi-cloud deployment. And finally, Coding S was started by Mikjibon several years ago. As of recently, Mikjibon decided to step down from the project lead position. So we changed the structure a little bit. Now Coding S is organized as a community-based organization. So this is a project Coding S update. Since last Kui Khan, early this year, there are several version has been released from 1.9.3 to 1.10. The latest release is 1.10.0. It was released last month. There are several plugins has been added since last Kui Khan. TSEC and the VIEWs are both interesting plugins, especially for VIEW. The VIEW plugin is highly sorted after plugins requested by many community members. It is a feature that has been supported by other DS servers. So finally, Coding S will be able to bring this feature into the default plugin so you can give a try if you're interested in the VIEWs. We also have for the past several months, we also stress a lot of focus on security. As many of you know, for the past several years, security has been a big concern for tech industry. Since several years ago, it seems like a ransom attack, like the log4j, and also for increased security related events that all put everyone to be on high alert whenever there is a security event or whenever you are using a software that can be exposed to vulnerabilities. We fix the two issues that's actually related upstream now to the coding itself. But one is related to Golan's crypto library. Another one is the YAML package. And another thing that's related to security is that since 1.10.0, coding has been built with Golan 1.19 or higher. Why is that so important? Because I believe in 1.9, coding has still built with, sorry, a little bit of distraction with the background noise. In coding as 1.9, earlier on, coding was built with Golan 1.17.6 or early. And unfortunately, Golan 1.17.6 or early consists of quite a few security issues. So because of that, I highly encourage everyone, if you're using coding as a please, please upgrade to the latest version to make sure your only usage is not going to be subject to security vulnerabilities. Here is the summary of coding as community progress. As of right now, we have 300 and 302 contributors. A big thank to everyone who contributed to coding as a repo. We also have 28 maintenance. I'm going to discuss about how to become a maintenance later on in this session. But coding as by itself is in a very much flat structure. If you contribute enough, you can easily become a maintenance. So I also encourage everyone who has interest in Golan. Maybe you can give it a try. We have 33 public adopters. Those are the companies or institutions that are willing to share their name and make their name public. So those are the adopters. We also have 9,800 stars. As you can see, it's closer to 10,000. So let's make a finishing touch. Let's try to reach to 10,000. No, so. As I mentioned earlier, Amig decided to step down from the project-lead position earlier this year. So after some discussion, we reorganized the coding as so now it's in a still committing model. Every committed member will be reelected. You have to become a maintainer to be considered as a candidate for a committed member. But like I said, to be a maintainer is very easy in coding as a community.  Let me see. OK, so next thing I'm going to discuss is about survey discovery with coding. Why I bring this topic about survey discovery. In many cases, even as of right now, every time I discuss about DNS with someone, I always heard a lot of questions about DNS. The first question is that, OK, in this day and age, you have the SDN. You can even assign an IP anywhere you want. So what's the purpose of DNS? Why do we still need DNS? And I see this question as a valid question, but there is some logical reasons. So DNS is a nice thing you want to use. So first of all, DNS is an indirection. And this indirection is something going to help you in the future. With SDN, you can easily manipulate in IPs. But even as of right now, it's not exactly straightforward to always modifying the IP. For example, your IP might be associated with one cloud vendor. Now, if you're going to move from a Google cloud to AWS or vice versa, you may not have a lot of freedom to move public IPs easily. In this case, a DNS can help you to shield away from the IPs that are not so easy to change. But you can expose your customer with a DNS entry that will always be available. And so that your customer will only need to reach to the DNS name that will not change over time. And also, DNS is flexible. You can use different ways to configure DNS. You can use cloud vendors DNS. Or you can use code DNS locally. You can use a bind file. Or you can use some other things. Another feature of DNS is that DNS can be both public-facing and internal. That can be very useful in many organizations. In case you have a VPN, and you don't want to share public DNS record. Another feature of DNS that's very interesting is that DNS is easy and simple to change, yet DNS itself is distributed. What does that mean? Because DNS by itself is a massively scalable distributed system. Many people didn't realize that because the whole internet is backed by DNS, right? And also DNS, I guess most of the guys here actually in the SIE or DevOps organization or interested in Kubernetes or infrastructure. But there is another field, like IP organization. They also need to have a way to expose services. And the DNS, it's more like a bridge in between infrastructure guys or SIE guys and the ID guys. So it's more like a communication channel. So they can share the same interface, exposing to both corporate ID and to infrastructure that's exposing your service to your customers. We discuss about a code DNS and how code DNS can be deployed with a multi-cloud. So why multi-cloud deployment can be interesting and can be useful? And there are several reasons you want to use multi-cloud. Not necessarily say you have to use, but there are several reasons you may want to consider. One, you may have a limitation on data sovereignty and the data residency. As we all know, now different countries have different legal considerations. And a different country may put a lot of restriction on what kind of data can be exposed or how the data should be read into certain countries. And in this case, you may not have a choice with respect to certain countries because not all the cloud vendors are available in certain countries. Another thing that's actually come to me is that I realized that a multi-cloud deployment might be a necessity if you ever engage in merger and acquisitions. I know that may not be a very pleasant topic, but with a potential economic slowness, I mean, it might be a conversation you may encounter if you happen to be in operations or happen to be a devout. If a company has been merged or one company is quite another company, you may notice that the choice of which vendor to use does not depend on just one vendor. You may be forced to operate on multiple vendors. And after the MAA has been complete, it may not necessarily be true that you have an option to always migrate from one vendor to another because of a cost issue. If you try to talk to a CEO, say, hey, our company acquired one company, but this is the other company. Now it's one company, we have two vendors. One is AWS, another is Azure. Sometimes your CEO may not be willing to spend a huge resource or money to say, hey, let's make a move from one vendor to another because there's no additional revenue or no additional benefit other than just give you a slight advantage or simplify simplification. Sometimes your CFO or CEO may just say, hey, you know what? Let's just leave it alone. And in this case, unfortunately, you do have to come up with a multi-cloud strategy. OK, another thing with multi-cloud is under CodingS. CodingS fits a gap of multi-cloud deployment because CodingS can consolidate diversified information. And you can consider CodingS as more like a single source of truth with different DNS information scattered around in AWS and Google Cloud or Azure as well as the ID infrastructure and some local Kubernetes clusters. That's why CodingS can easily fill in the gap, allow you to work in a heterogeneous environment. And finally, some people may argue that because nowadays everyone is talking about cloud. You may want to just use a cloud vendor's DNS solution. For example, you can use rough history. Why would you want to use your local DNS? But there is one important thing that's actually from lessons I learned for the past year or so is that as of right now, as far as I know, all three cloud vendors all claim to have 100% SEO for their DNS service. Rough history, Google Cloud, DNS, and Azure DNS. However, the SEO is kind of misleading. What does SEO mean? SEO does not mean if there is, let's say, a breach of the SEOA, let's say there is a downtime. What's the outcome of this downtime? The outcome of this downtime doesn't mean AWS or Azure or Google will reimburse you your loss. It only means they are going to reimburse you the downtime of DNS service you paid during that period of time. Now you'll probably get the idea. I think last year, or maybe early this year, I cannot remember, the company I worked for has downtime due to one cloud vendor that I'm not going to reveal. After the downtime, we come to the cloud vendor and say, hey, that's not acceptable. DNS is a highly sensitive service. What's going on? What should we do? Oh, we are going to reimburse you. Fortunately, the money we spend on DNS is like $100 during that period of time. And the offer was like, OK, do you guys want us to reimburse you the $100? Or do you guys want to give you some Uber gift card? But that was a conversation I had early, like a year ago. So as you can imagine, why you have to treat DNS very seriously and you cannot always count on cloud vendors? Because that's always misleading. So that's why at least for the company I work for, we are in serious discussion about the potential set of DNS server ourselves with additional backup plans. So at least we can control what's going on. We don't need to wait for cloud vendor to fix some critical issues. OK, we talk about the multi-cloud, we talk about DNS. Another thing I'm going to discuss is about how we can see coding, why coding can be a great choice if you're going to do a cloud integration. I mean, because many people may think, OK, if you're going to do the cloud integrations, what the coding is through? So when coding is through cloud integrations, instead of using UDP transportation, we actually use a secure communication, like ATP. So if a coding has a need to fetch information from Roffit history, it will go through AWS API in ATP S. And the data will be transferred through TCP. The only UDP part is actually the front end of coding S. If you send a query to coding S, coding S, you will receive your UDP query, and it will pass the information to Roffit history, so secure ATP, get the information back, and send back the UDP response. So why this is a better model? Because it's much secure, and it's reliable, it has better error handling. And more importantly, we realize that in many situations, even though UDP has been simple enough, TCP might give you a better optimization in many situations. That's because now there's not a lot of people using UDP. So all the optimization at a different level, at your kernel level, at your hardware level, may have been geared toward TCP, because nobody care about UDP. I'm going to give you an example. This is an example I talk about, how you can connect coding S to allow coding S to connect to multiple cloud vendors and serve as one frontend. In this example, the coding S, behind coding S, there are three types of information. The first is Roffit history. You can set up your Roffit history in certain records. And then another part is the Google clouding S. So let's imagine you'll deploy your services in Roffit history in AWS in Google cloud. And also you have some additional information locally. That's actually served by your local DNS server or maybe your buying server, or maybe your DNS, maybe coding itself. And in this case, you want to consolidate the information. You want to make sure they appear as a frontend as just one within one subdomain and to a user or your customers, they don't notice it's coming from Google cloud or coming from AWS or coming from the local IT. So the way it works is that you can just simply set up a profile. This is the exact profile you need. The first entry is Roffit history. You can use Roffit history to specify the zones you wanted to capture. Then you can specify the force rule, which means that if a record is not available, it will force you to the next plugin, which is the cloud DNS. You also set up a force rule so that it can continue if the record that's carried by the user, it's not hitting Google cloud DNS. And of course you can set up your local coding as with different plugins or with different information or even connecting to some external DNS resolvers as many ways as you like. And you should be able to connect all the information and serving them in one frontend through coding as. That's what I'm talking about. You can use coding as a single source of truth for your users. Okay, now let's go a little deeper to discuss about how to write a code DNS plugin in Golan. We're also going to discuss also discovery, but in this case, the set up is gonna be simple. Let's say we have a VNet or VPN or VPC. And internally, you want your DNS to reply IP, let's say <IP_ADDRESS>. But externally, if it's public facing, if it's a query by the user outside of your organization, you want to reply another IP address. And it can be easily done in this setup.  You're going to say, oh, is this user coming from a private network or from public network? If you're a public network, I'm going to reply one thing. Private network is going to be another thing. The demo plugin is available in GitHub. So you can certainly take a look, but in this session, I'm going to only briefly walk through several functions to show you how simple it is. To just come up with your own plugin. And in case you want to implement any complicated feature, you can expand it a little further. But I highly encourage you to use a demo plugin as a starting point if you want to achieve anything slightly sophisticated than just a core file. Because most of the time, if you use a core file, you probably already achieve your goal. But in case there are some features, just not possible to come up with a simple core file, you can try to write your plugin in Gola. So demo plugin consists of three functions. And that's the only thing you need to cover. The first thing you need to function, which is pretty standard, just perform a one-time initialization and reach the setup function. It's a part of the CADD system. It will pass the configuration and decide what to do for this plugin. And finally, the serve DNS is the core component of the plugin. Anything happened about your DNS query and the response will be inside the serve DNS. I'm going to show the code here. As you can see, it's fairly simple. They need plug-in. It's not doing anything other than just do a standard regression for plug-in self with setup. Setup function will pass the configuration. In our configuration, we want to make it simple. We just want the hard code <IP_ADDRESS> or 8.8.8. In this case, we don't need to pass anything. So we just say, okay, we're going to make sure the plug-in name is demo, and we're going to move on. If you decide to do additional parsing, you'll have to modify the setup. But that's a separate topic. And here comes the core components of the plugin, the serve DNS. The serve DNS will take a message, which is the request, the DNS message. With the DNS message, that's our DNS message, right? With the DNS message, you'll try to construct the request and figure out the query name. You can do a state.name, the first two lines of state equals request.request, which you construct request. And then you can figure out the name of the query, which is simple enough. And now you're going to say, let's figure out the IP of the query, which as you can see the next line, if an IP starts with 172.something, or 127.something, it means it's a private network, within private network. The reply will be <IP_ADDRESS>. Of course, you can use if else to decide what will be the other reply. So let's say the other reply is going to be <IP_ADDRESS>. And that's all you need. You can construct the answers. After you construct the answers, you use the DNS response writer, the second argument in the function. You use that one to write down the response. And that's pretty much it for the whole plugin. And you can certainly, continue to construct a core file, as I mentioned in the previous setup section. The, we don't take any argument. We only accept the plugin name and demo. So the core file will be just a demo. It will invoke the plugin. The plugin has to be compiled. It has to be compiled as part of the coding as repo. So into factory coding as repo, you add a demo to plugin.config. And there is some easy way to build.  This will give you a way to easily build everything. If you run this command, somehow the binary will be available. You will see a coding as a binary on your local directory. You can just invoke a coding as, and that's all. Okay, that's demo plugin. And again, like I said, the source code is available. If you're interested in start writing all plugins, I highly encourage you to use this demo plugin as a starting point. And also if you check the whole repo, the whole repo only consists of like 80 lines of a goal. So it should be simple enough. It's nothing complicated. Okay, now we are almost to the end of the session. So I'm going to say, if anyone want to contribute to coding as, you have several ways to help coding as one. You may want to start coding as in GitHub to reach 10,000 stars sooner. And two, if your institution or organization are willing to share the name publicly, you can add the name to adopters.md file in the repo. That also means that you'll automatically became a contributor because you're going to create a PR, right? And also if you want to go step further, you want to be a maintainer, it's also not that difficult. Normally the policy is that if you create a significant pull request, now small pull request has to be something meaningful, it has to be something important, just one. And if you can find an existing maintainer to sponsor you, you can be added as a maintainer. Again, there are 28 maintainers at the moment. So I don't think you have any trouble to find someone to sponsor you if you can make one significant pull request contribution. Okay, so I think that's it for the whole session. Is there any questions or anything anyone want to ask? It's, okay, so I'm trying to refer to the question. The question is, is code DNS like authoritative? So in the way DNS works, you normally have a resolver, right? Is the code DNS, it's not a DNS resolver. So you can consider code DNS as a front end of DNS. It needs to be backed by a resolver. You need to have some other way to pass information from the back end to the front end, but coding itself is not a resolver. Sorry, I probably missed your early comment. I mean, yeah, can I repeat the question again? Yeah, it's okay. So if you say you don't want to talk to outside, you just want to use coding as self everything. It's not that it's possible.  I know some people use a host file with like a 10,000 record as they serve that view. But yeah, maybe you can comment on it. So it is actually the forging of the resolver. You have different back ends. So most people here are probably using it in Kubernetes. That's just one particular way to use it. And we can actually use it if you accept ordinary standard DNS file, bind like main file, right? So you can use it as an ordinary authoritative name sort of just like anywhere you do bind. Absolutely no problem. What it doesn't do is it doesn't do recursive resolution. So authoritative resolution, meaning it reads the data from the slope of files or it reads the data from somewhere else and serves it up directly as the authoritative name server. It can do, but if you give it a name that isn't part of its authoritative domain that it understands, it has to forward that theory onto another name server. So it's what you wanna do is you look up from internet or internet services that aren't within your domain, then you need another name server to handle it. Because like a recursive name server like bind will navigate, it'll break the query into its constituent labels and it'll navigate. It'll look up the root name server, it'll look up the column name server, it'll look up the Google name server, it'll look up the food.google.com and it'll find those name servers. According to us, won't do that process. It'll, if you, but for an air gap situation, yes, absolutely it would 100% serve your domains. You just have to give it the records in an ordinary main deep file format or post files that you can use. There's like, you can sort of think of our plug-ins as we have, we have back ends that are, we sort of differentiate between the source of the data and then how we serve the data. So the source of the data can be back by Google Cloud, it can be back by Route 53, it can be back by a file, it can be back by a Postgres database, it can be back by Kubernetes API server, all of those things, but it's all just served up as DNS. Or maybe I can say another way, if you have a Google.com, if you say, I don't know what Google.com will resolve to IP by Google, then you can say, you can set up, set up according to response for any Google.com request as 1.00, 2.00, or 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, whatever you want. But if you say, I don't know what it is, I want to look into dot, and then look into com, then look into Google and see what it's actually is. Quoting as we now do that, so it's not a resolve one. But it can serve all the information, if you want all the information to be within Quoting as, it definitely can do that. Here, you're writing your own profile, there's no, the only place an external reference shows up is in the forward plugin. So you actually have to explicitly use the forward plugin to do those actual little flight, but it probably doesn't do that. Now, if you're in Kubernetes, then you're using a particular way to configure it that either a Helmcher or your service provider is exposing to you as a service. But the actual Quoting as itself doesn't care about any of that, that's all external about how it is configured. It's just a core file, that's how it is configured. We can talk about it in a little bit. Okay. You mentioned the Quoting as you were talking about. Yeah. If there is a payload that's beyond 512 bytes, which is the one to, is there a way that we can... You want me to repeat the question or do you get most of what I said? So, you mentioned UDP was the front-side protocol that's used for request response to a client. If the payload happens to be much larger than 512 bytes, is there a mechanism in Core DNS to allow for that kind of payloads? Do you guys, DNS supports both, you can use what's called E-DNS or E-DNS 0. Easy to have to accept it, but I'm not sure. But basically it allows you to use up to $4,996. I don't know, I don't remember. Is it actual buffering? Yes, yes, they're actual buffering, but I don't remember the exact... Yeah, that's an extension to DNS that supports the Quoting as it is. Any other question? Do you want to ask a question? No? Okay. Okay, look, I don't have a question. Sounds loud. Okay, have a great day.  Thank you.


But moving to the right. I don't find that a problem. You know, I'm willing to work wherever I could put that So it was the last time you played on the right before Sunday.  So I think I think I walked up left always been your more Just where I played most of my career, so Yes, I feel like a different player, you know, I've improved a lot of different ways, you know on the field off the field as a person so So when you just came out You know Using your hands and using my hands in the past for a pad level in the run game. Just all around knowledge of the game. So It's just being efficient and playing with technique and fundamentals. Yeah, of course Yeah Yeah, it does I feel like November flew by just because we were gone so you know so much so It's nice to look at the schedule and see what two games in a row at home Play in front of our own fans Yeah During this type of time. Yeah, I mean losing is never easy. I don't think it ever gets easier to you know I mean, I've never been okay with losing but I you know, I stay positive by looking at the corrections and then like You know understanding and believing that there are improvements to be made in that I can't be better You know as a team as an individual Yeah No question. Yeah He's been doing it for for a while now, you know in Minnesota and you know He's he's he gets a lot of targets because he's always open He's he's really smart player understands the defenses and and kind of knows his strengths or whatnot So he's gonna get a lot of targets this upcoming week and the rest of season so Yeah Yeah, it is I think you know every week is is a lot different You know what I mean? There's you know new opponent new strengths and weaknesses obviously him being a rookie He's still getting a you know a feel for the game but he's got a ton of talent and He's got some targets around them or some some good receivers around him with with even I'm feeling really good. Obviously the little bit extra time last week helps a lot So yeah feeling confident and ready this week for you know, whatever they decided to do, but yeah feeling good about everything You know, it's exciting it's obviously you develop relationships with guys, but at the end of the day, you know It's it's man versus man. It's team versus team. So, you know going out there wanted to win and dominate the opponent. So Can be exciting I'm looking forward to this weekend, but at the end of the day We're going out there with with one goal in mind and that's the win. So that's the whole mindset Sure, yeah, I mean meeting the coaches this morning just Providing the sort of insights and stuff that I was able to get from my time in Carolina and yeah go from there and game plan accordingly and That's really all there's to it. Yeah Yeah, no problem you know, it's a It's certainly different, but I'm already feeling really comfortable here and Getting around the guys for the past few days and over the weekend. So Feeling good about being here. Just yeah excited and happy to be in Nashville. So Those good to be a Titan and I'm excited for this weekend. I think I knew I knew as soon as I got claimed I was like, oh, that's funny. It's funny like got released from The Saints obviously the beginning of the season Played them two weeks later in Carolina. So get released from Carolina basically play Played them two weeks later Here so it's kind of funny how that works out. But no, I'm just I'm just excited for this weekend It'll be good to see all those guys and it'll be a good game Yeah


Did you know that Nintendo did a massive update in regards to Nintendo Switch Online? Not only did they update it, they gave us a look into the future of Nintendo Switch Online. Thanks to Shintaro Furukawa, so thank you buddy old pal, Mr. President of Nintendo. That's right, we get to talk about that. We also get to dive into some stuff regarding, I don't know, a controller company who decided to trap a Pikmin inside. Yeah, don't worry Pikmin, I might have to get one just to let you loose. And beyond all of that, we have some new potential rumor information. I mean look, it's a rumor, it is what it is. On the new Mario game coming to Nintendo Switch 2, it's not coming from the place you think it would be coming from. No worry, I took Zippo back and moving on, it turns out that Nintendo might be one of the most trusted, if not the most trusted company in the entire world of entertainment, at least according to a certain outlet. That's right folks, we're gonna dive deep into this stuff and we're gonna begin right now. So controller and third-party accessory maker PDP Realms has announced a brand new controller that you could pre-order right now. Now, in the past PDP Realms has released other controllers like this in their Realm series, where they dealt with Sonic the Hedgehog for Nintendo Switch and they would trap Sonic, Tails and Knuckle inside a controller and it's kind of cool and they've been on sale for quite a while here in the United States and in the U.K. Well, now they've announced a Pikmin version, which yes, has a really cute looking motherboard, you know, main board in it with some art, but also in the left handle of the controller is a trapped red Pikmin. That's right, they want it to contain the heat. Now, it's interesting looking at this because it's got a interesting price point. Now, if you look at these Sonic ones, they released at $39.99 USD. This one however, releasing at $59.99 USD and you might go, man, maybe that's the Nintendo tax, right? They had to get licensing for the Sonic IP. Well, licensing for Pikmin must have been more. Well, maybe that could be part of the story. Also, the Sonic controllers are wired while this one is wireless. It is the only of the PDP realm series controller to be wireless for Nintendo Switch. So I find this to be quite interesting. Look, I don't talk about accessories and controllers that often unless it's something cool, unique and fascinating.  Don't know if the controller is any good. Look, I've used several PDP controllers over the year and they tend to be not the greatest quality for my experience, but maybe these ones are different or maybe you just want to get it because it's transparent and there's Pikmin trapped in it and it would look super good on a shelf. I mean, look, if I put some shelves back here, I could put it there and you guys might be like, Nate, why are you trapping Pikmin? I don't know. I mean, it feels like that's what I'm doing every time I turn on Pikmin Bloom anyways. Now, before we dive into this NSO update, I just want to say, hey guys, you know what, I would love if you would go ahead and smash that subscribe button and you know what, maybe go ahead and tap, tap away on the like button as well. We're on a road to 150,000 subscribers and look, I don't know if we're ever going to get there. Let's just be honest, I'm the king of losing subscribers, but if we want to get to that next level, we want to continue to climb that ladder, I'll just drop some cookies down on you. Look at this. Rain them in, boys. That's right. We dropped some Oreos today. We'll think about dropping something else later. Maybe, maybe we have the Oreos drop right now and burn them with that hot fire. Next up, we need to talk about Nintendo and the Nintendo Switch online service because look, if there's one thing we know that's heading forward to Nintendo Switch 2, we know it's Nintendo accounts and likely this subscription service. But what about the future of it right here on Nintendo Switch? We know that they've announced games and all of this stuff, but what are we talking about after the currently announced games? Well, we have some news to share with you on that, so let's just dive it. First up, for a Kawa announce during the investors meeting Q&A, that there are now 38 million active subscribers for Nintendo Switch online, which is pretty good, and that they're going to continue to support Nintendo Switch online in the future by adding more games to the service. Now, this is good news and Nintendo Switch online will continue to get games added for years to come. Presently, only two games announced have yet to get released dates here in the United States, and that's 1080 snowboarding for the Nintendo 64 and Golden Sun for the Game Boy Advance. They did announce Jet Force Gemini recently for December. Now, one thing we're going to do here quick is to bring up a fellow YouTuber, I don't do this very often, and much respect to you Zach, but we're going to bring up something that Switch Force brought up, and I want to just add a small correction to it because as a parent who uses the parental app and have it directly affect Nintendo Switch online, there seems to be confusion around this 18 plus app that they did launch in Japan. Now, Switch Force mentioned that Nintendo launched an 18 plus app in Japan, something we covered previously on the channel, and he's super thrilled that this doesn't exist in the United States, and that the Switch has great parental controls. Now, I don't blame Zach for not being aware of this, but in actuality, I would like a separate NSO app for M-rated games. Why? Well, at present, as a parent who has three children with their own Switch, I naturally don't want them to play M-rated games in general, so when you use the Switch parental app, I can make it so they can't play M-rated games. Not that I have an issue with games like Goldeneye in particular, but there are M-rated games on Switch I'm not comfortable with my 8 year old child playing. Some we do have physically, like the Grand Theft Auto Trilogy Collection, so I blocked M-rated games through the parental app on my children's accounts. Do you know what my children can't do anymore? Play games on the Nintendo 64 app. Unfortunately, the parental controls do not differentiate game ratings within the Nintendo Switch online apps, so they can't just block the M-rated N64 games. It has to block the entire application. Compared to that situation, I would prefer an M-rated NSO app, so my kids can continue to play all of their games without the entire application being blocked. This is possible now, technically, in Japan. And yes, I could have my kids download the Japanese N64 app, but then it's all in Japanese, and that's not gonna fly off my kiddos that are still trying to learn to perfect English. Now that just seems like an interesting and crazy situation, and again, as someone with a lot of experience using the parental app, it has a lot of unique and special functionality, but I can't just block individual games or individual applications, and I also can't just like, okay, the rest of the N64 app. It's unfortunate, and this technically overly complicated solution from Nintendo in Japan would help out parents here in the United States. But let's move on to the next thing here, because Japan wasn't done announcing games. They're doing some weird stuff with Nintendo Switch online, we gotta talk about this. So oddly enough, Japan did add two more games as coming before the end of 2023, officially on their schedule. One of those being the aforementioned 1080s snowboarding, and the other being Harvest Moon 2. So these games must be coming before the end of December, right? Maybe, or maybe not. They do not have a current release date and could be delayed to 2024 because of that. It's just weird to see them pop up and now listed as before the end of 2023 games. Maybe we're about to get them as shadow drops here in the United States next month. I don't know. Time will tell.  There's other unique situations going on out there, including the fact that Nintendo is the number one entertainment company in the world. No, seriously, this isn't like my biased opinion coming out. This is according to Newsweek. Now the interesting part here is that Nintendo beat out Bandai Namco for the number one rating in the Newsweek publication for entertainment company. Kinda interesting. We're not seeing Disney or, I don't know, any of the major entertainment companies out there. Where the heck are Sony and Microsoft? Well, they're not really on the entertainment list. Sony did make number seven on the technology list, which is quite fascinating, but the list seems a little biased. This is a worldwide listing and it's not just targeted to specific countries. We don't really know how the lists were made, how they determine what companies qualify for each list or not, and then obviously how they determine the order. None of this is really known or explained by Newsweek, so it's a little frustrating. But look, you know what? I'm only bringing this up because Nintendo's number one at something again and that something is a positive. It's just a weird positive. I do think Nintendo is one of the top entertainment companies in the world. Are they number one though? I mean, think about all the movie makers and TV show makers and just toy makers, you know, that's a form of entertainment. How are we basing this as just digital media entertainment? Well, then where's Disney? How is Disney not even in the top five, let alone, you know, in the top three? There's just a lot of really, really weird things going on with this listing. But hey, Nintendo's number one, so I guess we should celebrate. Now we get to end our video today talking about a brand new rumor. Now remember, rumors are not facts. They're meant to be very, very skeptical. They're not necessarily based in truth. I can't verify any of this. And no, again, it's not coming from the guy you think it's coming from. It's actually about the Mario game, the upcoming 3D Mario game potentially or a future Mario game. It'll make sense in a moment because this rumor is coming from Nash Weedle. Now Nash Weedle gained his popularity by being one of the only people that we can link directly to leaking Metroid Dread back in the day. And while he's had a couple of rumors over the years, a lot of them were pretty small. Some of them came true. Others were still waiting on. And so we don't really know what to think about him. And there's been other people rumoring on some of the stuff he's talked about. But this is not one rumor that we can link directly to him because nobody else is talking about it, at least when it comes to being a thing Nintendo's going to actually do. And that is this concept for a new Mario game. Here's what he put out on a post on X. Leak Express. Would you like the next 3D Mario, our mustachioed hero, to visit worlds from other Nintendo sagas? Well, it seems that Nintendo is already experimented with this and could become a reality at some point. Can you imagine Mario traveling through Hyrule or piloting an Arwing? Now he does know it in response to someone, but he also doesn't think 3D Mario is going to be a launch game and will instead arrive a few months after launch. But he doesn't really confirm any of this. So it could just be a prediction. Notably Andy Robinson has previously stated he heard that 3D Mario would be a launch game, but not from enough sources to do like a full report on such a thing. Most of us just assume it would be a launch game, but can a world exist where it isn't? And if so, what would those launch games be? And then on top of that, what are we doing with this damn rumor? A Mario game that visits other Zelda, Star Fox, Kirby, Monoliths, etc. It's basically the ultimate crossover game. We think about this in Mario Kart because we've seen some of these worlds come into Mario Kart, but imagining a 3D Mario visiting other lands in the Nintendo universe could be quite an original concept and something I would definitely be cautiously optimistic for. I don't really know what would happen. I don't know how the gameplay would vary. Obviously, you said, oh, you're flying an R-wing for Star Fox. So I don't really know how this would all work, but that's not for me to figure out. That's for the game creators to figure out. And again, if this does happen with the next 3D Mario or a future one, we can go back and point to this as being like the first time we've heard about it. Now, in terms of whether or not 3D Mario is going to be a launch game for the next system, that is something that's obviously been debated. I know a lot of this just sort of accept that it's going to be because it makes a lot of sense. We haven't had a new 3D Mario since 2017. Why the hell at this point won't they just make the 3D Mario a launch game? But if we explore a world where a 3D Mario is actually a launch window game, rather than a launch game, what's going to be that killer app for Nintendo at launch? And I know some people will just scream Metroid Prime 4, but it's not a system seller, especially for a new system. And it might be CrossGen. There has to be something else. Is it a new game for something else? Maybe it's a monolith-sauce brand new IP? I don't know. I'm just throwing farts in the wind at this point. It's not like I have any idea what Nintendo's doing. It's not as if I can just call Doug. Excuse me, I gotta take this. Hey, Bowser, my man. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Yes, sir. I deeply apologize. I'll let the editor know. Um, cut. Well, everyone, we got Grandpa Prime here, and I'm just here to let you guys know that we will not be getting a Mario game for launch of the new- I've had Mario as being retired, just like my back. Sorry, guys. I'm getting a little tired of having to carry my grandson to his success on YouTube. Thank you guys so much for being here. Like, subscribe. Catch you in the next video.


My name is Edmond Awad. I'm a postdoctoral associate at MIT Media Lab in the research group at Scalable Cooperation. Last year I co-developed a website called Moral Machine, which basically tried to understand the human perspective of moral decisions made by machines. The Moral Machine is a website that generates random moral dilemmas that are faced by driverless car and it asks you what do you think the car should do in these dilemmas. So for example we could show you like the car is heading in the street and then suddenly like a few pedestrians jump in front of it and the brake fails. The car has either to continue to those pedestrians or swerve into a barrier getting the passengers which have like different characteristics and it asks you to choose one of the two options. So there are two purposes. The first purpose is to collect data about what people think machines should what kind of moral principles people think the machine should employ when they are facing a moral trade-off. The second goal is to popularize the discussion about moral decisions made by machines. I think the most interesting part is that there are some cultural differences like people in different countries have different preferences and this of course will have its own implication on the policy making between different countries. One of the questions that we always receive about from people is saying that are we are we going to use this data that you collected into programming as self-driving cars which is also kind of scary because it means that anybody on the internet could have made a decision in this and you know the human bias and of course the goal is not to say like people should like the majority should decide what kind of moral decision the machine should make. The idea is to provide like one input for policy makers and regulators who are always interested to know what the people's reaction will be. We'll just decide to report what's the public's view or reaction to this kind of decision.


Hello everyone and welcome back to the Broogly Channel. It's me, Broogly, and in this video I'm going to be talking about Backroom's level 36 and level 37. These levels are pretty interesting, so if you like the sound of that, stick around for the explanation, and without any more blabbering, let's get into it. Backroom's level 36, aka the airport, is classified as a class 1 difficulty, and is safe with a few entities around. It looks like an airport from real life, except this one is completely empty, minus a few stores and vending machines laying around. Some of those stores, or restaurants in some cases, are from real life. However, you can't really eat the food from these places because it could give you food poisoning, and you don't want to risk that. The vending machines on this level only give out almond water, even if there's other brands on the front of the vending machine, so like if it says Coke, it'll still give out only almond water. That seems to be a trend in the backroom, since this kind of thing happens on a ton of different levels, you'll see a regular looking vending machine that only gives out almond water. The airport says it's located in Houston, Texas, even though it's not in Texas, it's in the backroom, so I don't know. There are doors that say exits on the side of the airport, but you shouldn't go through them because they can lead to dangerous levels or even undetermined and undiscovered levels. All of the terminals inside of this airport have planes outside of them, and the brands on these planes are from real life too, so you've got Delta, American Airlines, that kind of stuff, but they're all empty. There's actually a newly discovered area to level 36-2, and it's called the airport basement. It's pretty much just a huge location under the main floor with no windows or much light, and it goes on forever. There's this train tram system on the border of this area, and it'll take you to different parts of it, even though there's nothing else, except staircases, and these staircases lead up, but they don't really go up. Instead, they just go up and down infinitely, kind of like the end level, which is weird because that makes no sense. As far as bases and outposts go, there's one called Flight 914, which is actually a community made up of people from the real life Pan Am Flight 914 that disappeared in 1955. This group is located near the American Airlines gate, the first one you see, which is pretty cool that there's real missing people in the back rooms. I could explain some stuff. There are other small groups throughout the level as well, since it's infinite, and there's also infinite almond water, so it's not too bad of a place to stay. To enter this level, you have to go on the metro on any of the levels it's available on. Specifically, it mainly works from levels 9 to 11, and you can exit by walking through the airplane terminals to the planes themselves. The American gates tend to lead to level 4, and the Delta gates tend to lead to level 0, and the other airlines that kind of just have random levels they send you to, so it's not for sure or mapped out which ones you go to, and if you notice that there's an unmarked airline, don't go through that gate, because we have no idea what's going to happen to you. So yeah, that was level 36. An infinite airport with planes and stuff like that kind of reminds me of level infinity, but less crazy. Now let's go to level 37, shall we? Backroom level 37 is classified as a class 3 difficulty, and is pretty unsafe. It takes on the appearance of an infinite jungle with trees that aren't really recognizable from real life, but they kind of look normal, it's whatever. These trees grow weird fruits that are actually safe to eat, which is kind of neat, and the skies on this level are a deep purple color, but can sometimes change to blue or green, depending on the time of day. The forest itself is split by a bunch of dirt paths that sometimes can lead from the main path off to different directions, and these directions can be dangerous because they haven't been fully explored yet, but some of them, like the ones I'm about to talk about, have been explored, and we know what they're about. If you go left at any path intersection that you run into, you'll end up at the waterfall. No matter which path on the left that you take, you'll end up at the waterfall. Obviously it's unknown how anyone can get to the waterfall by just going left, but it's the back rooms. I mean, nothing makes sense here. If you stay straight on this main path, you'll be sent to an area where there's temples, and these temples are abandoned. They look kind of like Mayan temples from real life, but they're old, and they might have even predated real life Mayan temples.  There's also some stone tablets with text carved in them, and these texts explain the history of these lost Mayans. In fact, the people who made these pyramids called themselves the Lost Mayans, which is pretty cool. If you go right on any of the path intersections, then you'll show up to a wooden cabin. This cabin is where the main entity from this level lives and goes to, and those entities are facelings. The facelings themselves look like they're explorers from the 1800s, and they carry really old weapons and stuff like that. I'm assuming they look kind of like that guy from Tarzan. But anyways, the facelings main base is this cabin that I just talked about. It's on the right side of the path, and if you go in the cabin, you won't be able to see any of the facelings that you just saw walk into it. Because when you walk through the doors, four things could happen to you. You could walk in, and it could be a completely normal cabin, with nothing wrong. Or you could walk in, and you could just end up in level negative one. Or all your bones will shatter, and you'll have a heart attack and dissolve. Cool. The last thing that could happen is that there'll be a bar right in front of you, and you'll be served by a random stranger. I mean, that's pretty weird. I gotta say that's pretty strange, even for the back rooms. So just don't walk in the cabin. The other parts of the jungle that aren't the temples or the cabin or the waterfalls, it's all glitchy, and there's just weird glitches and non-Euclidean properties that happen that don't really make any sense. Like trees can just be floating, or they can fall over and then stand back up. It's crazy. This is also where the majority of the creatures live on this level, like death moths, dolers, skins dealers, and wretches.  But to me, I'm not sure how they're gonna live there since the jungle glitches, but if they do, well, more power to them. To enter level 37, you can find an empty park on level 11, and roll in the grass until you're sent here. Cool. To exit, you can fall asleep, and you'll wake up on level negative two. Or you can walk towards the sunrise in the morning, and you'll be sent out of the level. Neat. So yeah, those were levels 36 and 37. I do hope you enjoyed them. Thank you for watching the video. Make sure to subscribe to the channel so I can get to 500k to get the backroom's outfit, which is just an outfit with the backroom's wallpaper outlined in design printed on them.  It's gonna be awesome. We're getting close for real. I mean, we're almost at 300k. We're literally, we're chipping away at this. We're chipping away. Thank you all so much for supporting me. I really appreciate it. Check out the description for any links you might want, like Twitter, Discord, second channel, wink, wink, wink, all that kind of good stuff. And thank you for watching. I will see you in the next video. Peace.