Hello, and welcome to this presentation of the STM32i2C interface. It covers the main features of this communication interface, which is widely used to connect devices such as microcontrollers, sensors, and serial interface memories. The I2C interface is compliant with the NXP I2C bus specification and user manual revision 3. The SM bus system management bus specification, revision 3, and the PM bus power system management protocol specification, revision 1.3. This peripheral provides an easy to use interface with very simple software programming and full timing flexibility. Additionally, the I2C peripheral is functional in some low power stop modes. The I2C peripheral supports multi-master and slave modes. The I2C IO pins must be configured in open drain mode. The logic high level is driven by an external pull-up. The IO pins support the 20 milliamp output drive required for fast mode plus. The peripheral controls all I2C bus specific sequencing, protocol, arbitration, and timing values. 7 and 10-bit addressing modes are supported, and multiple 7-bit addresses can be supported in the same application. The peripheral in master mode supports slave clock stretching and clock stretching from slave side. In slave mode configuration of the peripheral, the clock stretching can be disabled by software. The setup and hold times are programmable by software. Analog and digital glitch filters on the data and clock lines can be configured by software. The peripheral can wake up the MCU from stop mode when an address match is detected. The peripheral has an independent clock domain, which allows a communication baud rate independent from the system clock. Here is the I2C block diagram. The registers are accessed through the APB bus, and the peripheral is clocked with the I2C clock, which is independent from the APB clock. The I2C clock can be selected from among the PLL, APB clock, the high-speed internal RC oscillator with a frequency from 8 to 64 MHz, and the low-power internal 4 MHz RC oscillator. Analog and digital noise filters are present on the SCL and SDA lines. A 20 mA driving capability is enabled using the control bits in the system configuration registers. In addition, an SM bus alert pin is available in SM bus mode. The I2C setup and hold times can be configured by software through the I2C timing register. The SDA DEL and SCL DEL counters are used during transmission in order to guarantee the minimum data hold and data setup times. The I2C peripheral waits for the programmed data hold time after detecting a falling edge on the clock line before sending the data. After the data is sent, the clock line is stretched low during the programmed data setup time. The total data hold time is greater than the programmed SDA DEL counter. This is due to the fact that SDA DEL delay is only added once the SCL falling edge is internally detected. The time or T-SYNC 1 needed for this internal detection depends on the SCL falling edge, the input delay due to the filters and the delay due to the internal SCL synchronization with the I2C clock. However, the setup time is not impacted by these internal delays. The I2C master clock's low and high level durations are configured by software in the I2C timings register. The SCL low and high level counters start after the detection of the edge of the SCL line.  Therefore, the total SCL period is greater than the sum of the counters. This is linked to the added delays due to the internal detection of the SCL line edge. These delays, T-SYNC 1 and T-SYNC 2 depend on the SCL falling or rising edge, the input delay due to the filters and the delay due to the internal SCL synchronization with the I2C clock. The rising edge depends on pull-up resistor and SCL line capacitance. The falling edge depends on the IOPORT parameters defined in the datasheet. In order to properly configure clock speed, these edges can be either measured or calculated. They are needed in order to properly configure the I2C peripheral in the STM32 QBMX tool. Then the settings of the timing register can be automatically calculated by this tool. The I2C slave can acknowledge several slave addresses. The slave addresses are programmed into two registers. Own address register 1 can be programmed with a 7 or 10-bit address. Own address register 2 can be programmed with a 7-bit address, but the least significant bits of this address can be masked through the OA2 MSK register in order to acknowledge multiple slave addresses. The two own address registers can be enabled simultaneously. The I2C peripheral supports wake-up from stop mode on address matches. To do this, the I2C peripheral clock must be set to the HSI or CSI oscillator. Only the analog noise filter is supported when the wake-up from stop feature is enabled. All addressing modes are supported. When the device is in stop mode, the high-speed internal oscillator is switched off. When a start condition is detected, the I2C peripheral enables the high-speed internal oscillator, which is used to receive the address on the bus. After an address is received in stop mode, a wake-up interrupt is generated if the address matches the programmed slave address. If the address does not match, the high-speed internal oscillator is switched off, no interrupt is generated, and the device remains in stop mode. Clock stretching must be enabled because the I2C peripheral stretches the clock line low after the start condition until the high-speed internal oscillator is started. After having received an address that matches the programmed slave address, the I2C peripheral also stretches the clock line low until the STM32MP1 device is awakened. Master mode software management is very simple. Only one write action is needed to handle a master transfer with a payload smaller than 255 bytes. The full protocol is managed by the hardware. In order to start a transfer in master mode, I2C control register 2 must be written with the start condition request, the slave address, the transfer direction, the number of bytes to be transferred, and the end of transfer mode. End of transfer mode is configured by the auto-end bit. If it is set, the stop condition is automatically sent after the programmed number of bytes is transferred. If the auto-end bit is not set, the end of transfer is managed by software. After the programmed number of bytes is transferred, the transfer complete or TC flag is set and an interrupt is generated, if enabled. Then a repeated start or a stop condition can be requested by software. The data transfer can be managed by interrupts or by the DMA. When the payload is greater than 255 bytes, the reload bit must be set in I2C control register 2. In this case, the transfer complete reload or TCR flag is set after the programmed number of bytes has been transferred. The additional number of bytes to be transferred is programmed when the TCR bit is set and then the data transfer will resume. The I2C clock is stretched low as long as the TCR bit is set. The reload bit is used in master mode when the payload is greater than 255 bytes and the in slave mode when slave byte control is enabled. When the reload bit is set, the auto-end bit has no effect. By default, the I2C slave uses clock stretching. The clock stretching feature can be disabled by software. In receive mode, the slave acknowledge on received byte behavior can be configured when slave byte control mode is selected together with the reload bit being set. When the SBC bit is set, the number of bytes counter is enabled in slave mode. Clock stretching must be enabled when slave byte control is enabled. In receive mode, when slave byte control is enabled with the reload bit set and the number of bytes to be transferred is 1, the transfer complete reload flag is set after each received byte and the SCL line is stretched. This is done after data reception and before the acknowledge pulse. The receive buffer not empty flag is also set so the data can be read. In the TCR subroutine, an acknowledge or not acknowledge can be programmed to be sent after the byte is received. It is recommended to clear the SBC bit in transmission as there is no use for the byte counter in I2C slave transmitter mode. In SM bus mode, slave byte control mode is used in transmission for sending the PEC or packet error code byte. The I2C peripheral provides hardware support for the SM bus. The SM bus address resolution protocol is supported through the device default address and arbitration in slave mode. The host notify protocol is supported with host address support. The alert protocol is supported through the SM bus alert pin and alert response address. The SM bus clock low timeout and cumulative clock low extend times can be detected with a programmable duration. The bus idle condition can be detected with a programmable duration. Command and data acknowledge control is supported through slave byte control mode. The packet error code or PEC byte is calculated by hardware. The packet error code or PEC byte is automatically sent in transmission and checked in reception. The data transfer counter initialized with the N bytes value is used to automatically check the PEC byte in reception after N bytes minus 1 byte are received. If the receive PEC byte does not match the calculation, a not acknowledge is automatically sent after the PEC byte. In transmission, the internally calculated PEC byte is automatically sent after N bytes minus 1 byte. Slave byte control mode must be enabled in slave mode in order to enable the N bytes counter and allow automatic PEC reception or transmission. Several events can trigger and interrupt. The receive buffer not empty flag is set when the receive buffer contains received data and is ready to be read. The transmit buffer interrupt status is set when the transmit buffer is empty and is ready to be written. The stop detection flag is set when a stop condition is detected on the bus. The transfer complete reload flag is set when the reload bit is set and N bytes bytes of data have been transferred. The transfer complete flag is set when the reload and auto end bits are cleared and N bytes bytes of data have been transferred. The address match flag is set when the received slave address matches one of the enabled slave addresses. The NACK reception flag is set when a not acknowledged is received after a byte transmission. DMA requests can be generated when the received buffer not empty or transmit buffer empty flag is set. Several error flags can be generated. A bus error detection flag is set when a misplaced start or stop condition is detected. The arbitration loss flag is set in the event of an arbitration loss. An overrun or underrun error flag is set in slave mode with clock stretching disabled when an overrun or an underrun error is detected. In SM bus mode, a PC error flag is set when the received PEC does not match the calculated PEC register content. A timeout error flag is set when a timeout or extended clock timeout is detected. An alert pin detection flag is set in the SM bus host configuration when alert is enabled and a falling edge is detected on the SMBA pin. Here is an overview of the I2C instance status in specific low power modes. This status depends on state of MPU or MCU subsystem domains and to which of them the peripheral instance is allocated. The I2C peripheral is active in C run and C sleep modes. In stop and LP stop modes, the peripheral registers content is kept and if the I2C peripheral is clocked by HSI or CSI clock, the address recognition is functional. The I2C address match condition causes the device to exit stop mode. In LPLV stop mode, the peripheral is no more functional but the registers content is kept. In standby mode, the peripheral is powered down and must be reinitialized after exiting standby mode. For each I2C peripheral, a bit is available for debugging purposes and debug component that can be used to stop the SM bus timeout counter when the core is halted. STM32MP1 microcontrollers embed six I2C peripherals all with the same set of features. I2C1, I2C2, I2C3 and I2C5 can be controlled by the Cortex-M4 core either directly or through DMA1 or two but it can also be managed by the Cortex-A7 CPU subsystem as well. I2C4 and I2C6 are secure communication blocks dedicated to the Cortex-A7 core. For more information related to this peripheral, you can also refer to these trainings. System configuration controller, reset and clock controller, power controller, interrupts controller, and direct memory access controller. For more details, please refer to the I2C bus specification and user manual from the NXP website. The SM bus specification can be found in the smart battery system implementers forum. The PM bus power system management protocol specification can be found in the power management bus implementers forum.


Guys subscribe and turn notifications on leave a like and drop a comment down below. Get here first and win giveaway calls I will pin as first comment on some of my videos. Be fast and good luck. What is going on guys welcome back to the channel and I am Harry, Shia you've been here today I've been doing another Destiny 2 video and today I want to talk about this insane elite cutscene from Destiny 2's future DLC which is absolutely nutty people and I mean nutty but before we go any further guys if you do enjoy the video I would like to show you support you can by hitting that like button and if you are new around here and enjoy daily Destiny 2 videos be sure to subscribe now I would say spoilers lay ahead because they actually do but if you are seeing the title of this video even though I will title it as a question it's pretty damn obvious now what this is all about and this information is going to be all over the place everybody's going to be posting about this so it's going to be pretty hard for you to actually hide from it that's for damn sure but I will state this datamined cinematic for you know might actually not be used in fact we have seen past cinematics not used in game and many many datamined audio files also not used so you just never know people so guys a recent datamined leak of a future DLC cinematic has dropped to the interwebs by some clever ass geek this cinematic I can't show here for obvious reasons but I will run you through it with a few screen shots so it starts with a beautiful view over the dream in city on a hot summer's day if they even have seasons there either way it's tan weather we see a ghost looking for something then all of a sudden he finds what he is looking for we see what looks to be a dead body underneath a white blanket with a faded queen's logo on it the ghost then begins to scan over this dead body and what we see next people is absolutely major the resurrection of all run yes you heard that right all run is alive people what the heck is happening here to be honest I'm not gonna lie the way we thought he died in game was pretty damn lame I wanted to tear his face off myself not seeing get devoured by some manky fanny looking servitor but yeah guys this cinematic leak is absolute major if you do want to check it out you'll find it linked within the video description I'm not sure how you belong the video will stay on YouTube though as soon as Activision or Bungie see that shit it is going to be turned down but yeah guys I thought I'd change new information with you pretty cool if you asked me that's for sure but let me know what you think about this down below in that comment section Aldrin is alive guys Aldrin is alive or is he and on that note we have come to the end of the video if you enjoyed it leave a like really does help me out and if you're new around here and enjoy daily Destiny 2 videos be sure to subscribe thanks as always for stopping by and hopefully I will see you on that next one


This paper presents a new strategy to derive daily and annual evaporation at a global scale using satellite observations, which combines a minimalistic priestly and Taylor, PT, evaporation model with microwave-derived soil moisture, land surface temperature, vegetation density, and rainfall interception loss estimates. The approach is validated against one year of eddy covariance measurements from 43 stations and presents low average bias and good correlation coefficients for both daily and monthly time series. A global map of annual evaporation is also presented. This article was authored by D. G. Mirales, T. R. H. Holmes, R. A. M. Dejeux, and others.


Fantasy managers who are rostering Drew Brees are in a weird spot right now. We know he's good, but the team has also gotten better defensively versus the start of the year, and he's not being dependent on like we saw from weeks one through three. This isn't really a Mark Ingram thing as it is a game script thing. Mark Ingram returning hasn't made the Saints more run heavy. The Saints no longer playing catch-up or playing in super close contests has forced a more balanced approach. But here's the good news. In single-digit point margin games this year, Brees has averaged 40 pass attempts per game and he's tossed at least two scores in each of those games. That's far different than the 23 he had last week or the 29 that he saw against Washington. And this week, he'll face a Rams team at home where the Saints are going to have to keep pace with the opposing offense. The over-under in the game is 60. So this may be obvious, but a lot of people were asking me about Brees. Unless you think the Saints are going to blow out the Rams, then you should be playing Drew Brees. He's easily a top seven quarterback this week in my eyes.


Some major religious holidays have been happening in the last few days and are to come this week as well including it was a good Friday, on Friday Easter Sunday, Easter Monday and Ramadan, I believe ends at the end of Friday and some lunatics here or have cloned or raising red calves, cows and They're trying to bring down the boogie man from on high or down under because The people doing this shit down here. It's not a heavenly God. They're bringing up. There's like a demonic God. They're bringing up So we'll see where it all goes. Hold on tight. Hold on tight Salbandini, how are you doing? Hey there. My brother insists my brothers and sisters hope all is well great Easter Indeed indeed. Teppers of the cows are ready to be slaughtered indeed. I mean They're slaughtering a lot of people right now women and children, innocent men, innocent human beings, right? Man, you got that nasty.  That's a Guha, Guaul from Stargate, right? These people worship the Guauls, right? The nasty ones Temper, please. Let the good times roll. They, you know, all the God, you know, remember the tooth, the tooth, the tooth Are you mean the legend? As soon as you remember, I'm with the legend. The legend. I don't know what the tooth is. What's the tooth? Oh, my God J-32, 52, 52. What did you think about that Iran said at the UN meeting? I don't know. What did Iran say at the UN meeting? Was it today? Did I miss it? If it was today, I might have missed it. Is it regarding Israel bombing the Iranian embassy in Syria? Which literally means attacking Iran? Like these lunatics here, the ones with the red calves and stuff, they want to, they want to Start nuclear war, right? Same with some of the lunatics here, right?


Hello and welcome to this new lesson on confidence intervals. Before we get into confidence intervals, we're going to talk about sampling distributions because we ultimately perform the confidence interval on the sampling distribution. So we need to talk about how we actually get those sampling distributions. And so in this video series, we're going to be using some simulated dice rolls. And so you can imagine a situation in which you roll to dice, you take the total, and then you record that total. And ultimately we did this four times, but 10 rolls in each time. So we've got four different samples of 10 data points. So with that, let's go ahead and jump in to the video. So we are here in Google Colab. We're going to be using two main libraries in this series of videos. The first is going to be pandas and the second is plot nine. And then as I mentioned, we're going to go over sampling distributions. So I went ahead and preloaded this sampling data. And as I mentioned, we've got four samples here. And we've got 10 dice rolls in each sample and we recorded the total. What we're actually doing here with these curly brackets is essentially creating a dictionary, and then converting it into a data frame right away. So we recall in lesson one, we talked about dictionaries and data frames and how we can convert between the two here we're just doing it all in one step. So we've got our data, our data underscore DF for data frame. However, we're going to convert this into a long form data frames, which will allow us to help with plotting down the line. We're going to be using that melt command that we talked about in lesson three. So I'm just going to rename override the data DF name and say data DF dot melt. And then we need to give it our value bears. So which values do we want to maintain. And in this case, we want to maintain sample. To each of these samples is a column so we want to keep them as they are. So those are going to be our value bears, and I forgot an equal sign right there. And then we also need to give it a bear name so what do we want these new values to be called. We will call them sample. And we give it a value name. What do we want what's in them to be called, and we'll call that outcome. And so then I'll just print the data frame. We'll just show the first five rows using this dot head command. And so we can see here we've got our sample, and we've got our outcomes. And so we can use this to create plots. And so, as we talked about in lesson three, it's often a lot easier to plot using this long form, especially when we're working with gg plot. So our first visualization is to just look at how these different samples relate. And so we're going to do a histogram with filled bars so we're going to have our basic histogram and then we're going to add a variable using the fill command. So I'll start with the gg plot command. So gg plot data underscore df. And then we give our geom. So geom underscore histogram.  So this is the requirements so we need an x value, which we will call, which will plot our outcome so our actual dice rolls. And we're going to add a histogram so we don't need a y value because it's just going to give us the count, but we will add a fill based off of sample within the as statement, because we want to attach it to a variable. And then I'm going to specify that I want 12 bins we want one bin per possible dice roll. Each of those bins to be one long. So if we run this, we can see our plot here, we've got each of our samples has been automatically put into a legend. And then we can see sort of the distribution and because we've done fill it stacked each of these samples on top of each other so we can see as the whole group of samples all 40 data points that we ran. The most common was seven across all the samples. And it does tend to follow, you know, vaguely normal distribution. So we can see that, for example, sample four was heavily skewed towards the lower values. It looks like sample two and three might have more of the higher values. And so we do see that there are differences there between our samples. So this is just a good way to get an idea about what your samples exist, but we still need to determine the sampling distribution. So we have two steps to determine the sampling distribution. The first is to find the mean of each sample, and then we're going to plot it. So the sampling distribution is the distribution of statistics. And in this case we're going to say x bar is our statistic. So we need to first find the mean of each sample. So we say data means. And we are going to use a group by function. So we want to group by sample. So we want to group. First we're going to group by sample. Then we're going to take the mean of each of those rows in the now grouped sample. And then we're going to tag on a rename function. So here we just will rename our outcome column to sample mean, sample means, which just is a little bit more descriptive because it will no longer be the outcome. It'll be the means of the outcome. So we can print that. And in theory you can do each of these steps individually. But one of the benefits of working with pandas is that you can just sort of tag on these additional commands using this period or dot right here so we can do dot group by dot mean dot rename and it'll integrate them all in order. So if we print this, we can now see our sample means here. So we've got sample one with a mean of six sample to 6.3, 7.5 and 5.7. So this is our sampling distribution. It's our sample means are our distribution of the sample means. To visualize that will often use what's called a dot plot. And so it will function very similarly to a histogram. But we'll start with just plotting data means. And now the geome is geome dot plot. It requires an AES. Here we want our sample means. There's no other data that we're doing we're not adding a fill no need to specify any y axis, but normally we will specify the dot size, just so that the dots don't overwhelm the plot. So here we can see that it's plotted a single dot for each of our sample means, but it's stacked them into bins the way that histogram one. And so you can use this as a way to see the distribution of data, the way you would histogram but you can also see how frequently certain points are where they are each located. So we wanted to, we can add additional variables to show the fill to show lines that can make this a bit more descriptive. But this is how we can create a sampling distribution from a small subset of samples.


So there's a lot of places that IoT, Internet of Things could be. And then there's the Internet, or the Industrial Internet of Things, right, IIoT. So those kinds of things are more industrial looking. So they could be smart valves. So normally you'd buy a valve in the old days, it just opened and closed some pipes, and it would talk electrically to the PLC, but not smart. Now they're smart. You might have smart meters, smart valves. So those are industrial Internet of Things that come with vulnerabilities built in that the end user may not even want. They buy a valve. They don't necessarily need Wi-Fi on the valve, but it might come with Wi-Fi. So there's IIoT is in there as well, down in that mix. So I want to talk about that area here and how a lot of those things are inherently insecure by design. So you know, you're never going to hear a vendor say, hey, we're insecure by design. Trademark. So we all know what's been happening with OT in the past with, from the late, early past, or long ago past in our world, 2010 with Stuxnet or Ukraine or lately with, you know, with the Russians hacking into the electrical system. So have we been improving since all those times? Have we been improved since 2010? I think in OT, in a traditional OT sense, yes. But you know, there's a legend that before, before Putin, there was Boris Yeltsin. And there was a legend that Boris Yeltsin when he was asked, how's the economy doing in Russia? And Boris Yeltsin said, in a word, good. Then he said, in two words, not good. And that's basically where we are now. It's like there's, we are good, but there's a lot of areas where we can improve. And one area where we can really improve is the IoT or IIoT area. That's just the Wild West. And as I said in the title, you know, the great unwashed masses of those devices can really affect the rest of OT. So it is a good, it's a mixed bag of how we're doing. And where are we going with this? Like, what's helping us to move forward? Well, there's a lot of standards out there. There's a standard for everybody. Some OT, OT installation, some plants use IT standards, like ISO 27001. That might be all they use. Some people, there's some plants might say, oh no, we want to really look at ISA 62443, which is the ICS standard. But as we all know, except for the NERC SIP with the electrical industry, there's no regulation. You don't have to do anything, except in that area. But in all these other areas, there's no regulation. There's no incentive. So what are you going to do? Well, one of the things that did come out a couple years ago, we all know about this, is the NIST framework. It's almost like the standard that shall rule them all and kind of thing. It encompasses everything. So what does that do for us? Well, it protects us from all these vulnerabilities that are coming after us. So we got a lot of attacks, different ways of attacks, different attack vectors. The NIST framework helps us protect the OT space. And on the right side there, we have a typical OT space. And how many people are familiar with the Purdue model, if I say that word, okay. All right, so it's just a model of OT. It's a model of industrial control systems. And on the right side is that, is effectively a diagram of that model. And what it shows is that at every level, you could have these industrial Internet of Things. You could have regular Internet of Things. And any of those levels. The lower level represents the IO, which would be, which you could have smart cyber devices at the IO level. More and more, you see that even though they're below the PLC, they actually can do processing themselves in some way, some of it limited, but some of it's very vulnerable, right. And then you can have the next level up is the PLC itself, which of course we know that, again, insecurity by design sometimes. And then higher level than that is the HMIs, which are usually just Windows machines, which of course are insecure in that way. And then higher level than that is the enterprise, where you could have other types of vulnerabilities. And any level there can be attacked. So we need that NIST framework to help, or that we can use that NIST framework. What we like to do though is to say that that's not enough. We really want to look at a foundation that supports that framework. So that foundation is what we provide. And one of the things we do is we have these special tools. We can support that NIST framework in anything you need. So in every one of those levels, identify, protect, detect, all of those things have cyber and physical components to them. So for example, for detect, a cyber advanced threat detection would be needed. But for physical, you might have some special scanning processes with cameras. And with protect, for cyber, you want to protect some OT communication between OT devices. And with physical, you might have some physical access control. So what we're doing today is I want to talk about one little area, and that is under the protect in cyber, we want to introduce a way to protect that communication in that area. So what that does is we want to say, okay, you might need the whole thing. It's a holistic idea, right? We want to do everything. But we want to talk about today just one area of that everything. And how do we protect that infrastructure? Well, there's many reasons why we need to. You know, there's insecure ways of accessing it. There's lots of vulnerabilities in IoT and IOT devices. There's instability with regards to communication so you could break something with sending certain packets to these devices. There's back doors to these devices. There's buffer overflows. There's lots of different, you know, 10 years ago vulnerabilities are now creeping back in because people are using IOT and IOT. So what the problem is that we have all these devices out there, smart meters would be a typical thing, cameras would be another typical thing. There's other things as well that are more like IOT devices that support the bigger OT. And so we want to show now how do we protect these devices against attacks that will occur. So we could use VLANs. There's lots of different ways you could do it. You could use VLANs, but, you know, they're not that secure, especially how they're implemented. You could use VPN in general, the classic VPN. But we want to show a different way of doing it with enclaves and with ways to protect different devices using a secure tunnel. So Ben is going to explain a little bit more about how that it goes in a deeper sense. Okay. So what we're looking at here is on the left is a typical IT OT mix on a network. We're doing a high level discovering topology of all devices under under one scan. In the center what we're doing is identifying the OT devices and pulling those into a secure enclave and removing them from the attack surface of the IT infrastructure. So those are being pulled out and separated from IT. So we're in a secure tunnel with our OT devices. OT can't see IT, IT can't see OT. And this boils down to essentially a closed network operation where we have our OT devices on a secure tunnel that are separated from the rest of the IT devices and therefore out of the IT domain. So how could you do this now? How is it typically done in the current environment? Well, VPN is unfortunately probably the best example or similar concept. But there are some fundamental differences with the domain 6 Protect. But with the VPN, I think a good example is a Cisco VPN with IP Sec. We're going to need at least two Cisco routers, accompanying devices, licenses, power supplies, those types of things, the infrastructure to support it. So power, make sure we have air conditioning requirements in the data center. Configuration utilities, any types of higher level management infrastructure we'd need for those. And most importantly would be an experienced and certified network engineer to design and configure these to be with security in mind. So we have a very secure VPN that's creating a tunnel between these devices. Unfortunately, the biggest problem is with misconfiguration or putting the time to deployment and the simplicity of the design ahead of the security requirements. And that may be they're not, they don't have the background to understand that these are important or worry about those attack surfaces or could just be there being pushed to get this out. And when they have end users who are using Windows machines or other operating systems with VPN clients to communicate with these devices. So that increases our attack surface because we have misconfigurations, but we also have software and other pieces that we have to build into this in order to be able to communicate on this VPN. Some of the other common vulnerabilities and exploits, a good one is the January 2018. I have to read this because it's long, but it's a Cisco adaptive security appliance remote code execution and denial of service vulnerability. It was a mouthful. But that was a an exploit in the way XML was parsed, which allow a unauthenticated attacker to gain access to the network and possibly to the VPN itself and take the network down. So it's just a good example of common vulnerabilities and some of the reasons why VPNs aren't the best solution, even though they can technically be secure. So with domain six protect gateways, they're a essentially what they are is a small network appliance that is that goes in between the OT device to be protected and the rest of the network that you want to connect to. So these are and come in several different flavors to a small embedded computer to a small bump in the wire device. So between a camera and the bump in the wire to the internet to connect back to a remote site where you have a monitoring system set up. So you have multiple cameras, different locations with a gateway that connects them as far as the device is concerned, it's on a flat network. That's all it sees. So in this diagram, this is our camera demo, which is kind of a very simple boil down explanation of how this is configured to give an idea. And we have essentially two cameras in a monitoring station on this network. What you see inside of the yellow box is going to be seen as a flat network across those devices and the end map scan to the left is from the workstation on that. But they're communicating through the the gateway zero and gateway one that you see above them. And then to whatever local network they're on, whatever router whatever existing IT infrastructure they're on, but they're in an encrypted tunnel at that point. And they're communicating with their embedded hardware keys through embedded TPM modules, which is a private key to a remote server for authentication and establishment of that tunnel. And the great thing about this is really the the key piece is these are very simple. The it's we're not trying to manage a enterprise level VPN. We're not trying to get all of the policies and procedures that have to be in place for your particular VPN. These are encrypted tunnels. That's what they do. That's all they do. So it's done once and it's done well and it's done secure across the platform and their simple devices. It's essentially a plug and play very small appliance plug in and it's done. Which eliminates a lot of the overhead in in equipment and configuration of the utilities. And this is our ICS Village CTF. So we do have a camera in the capture the flag area. So the flag is the the MAC address of that camera, which you can see the IP right there. And the the goal is then to to capture that MAC address and to capture the flag area. We also have a a laptop set up, which is monitoring the the live attacks on the outside of that gateway. And we have monitoring the inside of the gateway as well. So we can see on both sides of it with our remote Elk stack and viewing of the software. Do you want to? Yep. Okay. So that's a that's a quick overview of the details. But we're going to go into questions and answers. But basically we just covered that one area on the NIST framework. And we want to say why it might be a good idea to look at that kind of an option for that kind of a hybrid VPN, you might say, or something something else than that. But any questions? No, this would be you're creating a I'm sorry. You're creating. So the question was supposed to repeat that is, is there any inherent security built in for wireless devices, correct? So it's no there's not. So these are for for Ethernet hardwired devices. It's you're essentially creating a magic Ethernet cable is one way to look at it. So between the end device that you're connecting to to whatever remote side it is, it's this infinitely long network cable. So there is no inherent, you know, internet connectivity to that there is no inherent other infrastructure on top of that or support for wireless devices that is just connecting those two together. And any wireless or any other connectivity would be on top of your your uncle. So if you were, if you had a wireless access point, say, so you have your your wireless devices on this this land in your wireless access point and you need to connect back to a remote server, then you would have that wireless access point connected to the enclave gateway that on Clay Gateway out. But you're also exposing through the wireless those devices to that gateway on the inside. Yes. Oh, sorry. Oh, no, I'm sorry. So the question was, what are the security measures as opposed to IP Sec over VPN? So it actually is not IP Sec over VPN. That is an explanation just a similar concept. So the it. Oh, I'm sorry. Oh, okay. Yes. So these are there. They create an encrypted tunnel through the the they have a remote server that has a shared hardware key. So there's a TPM module on the device, a crypto key that is connecting to a remote server for authentication. So there's an encrypted tunnel that's established between the two. And then the data inside of that tunnel is encrypted with layer two, three over two. Oh, I'm sorry. Okay. I may have to ask Christina Phillips here, who has an engineer that has worked on this for a little more help on that. Okay. So since you asked about the encryption, sorry, I'm Christina Phillips. I work with the Parsons guys. These devices use strong encryption. It they're currently you can we've been doing it with 2048 bit. The actual devices were developed. It's a repackage of an ICs hardware that's been around for 20 years. It's never been hacked. So the thing is the key exchange is done by the secure bridge environment that's could be on prem or off prem. And the encryption is actually put onto a USB i key. It's not a hard drive. It's just a USB i key. And that creates the that has all the instructions for the secure tunnel. And then there's a complete key rotation using PFS. But at layer two, the initial tunnel is created at layer three. And you know, for the negotiation, and then it drops down to layer two. So we're doing Mac to Mac encryption. So whatever IP traffic you throw out on that on that encrypted tunnel is protected. I know that sounds kind of odd. But that's what we do. So we okay. So this is about the question was about pursuing third party certification. This hardware is FIPS 140 dash two compliant. The original spec developed 20 years ago was actually FIPS 140 dash two certified. But it has not been re certified since due to cost issues. And a lot of changes in the certification process. So it is that. As I said, there is a complete key exchange. And it's, there's no you don't have to put an SSL cert to do this because we don't use SSL. We don't use TLS. But there is an actual encryption when we create the secure policies that gets pushed down. So if I had the hardware set up, I could create tunnels for HVAC and one door controls and another and cameras in the third segregate them all and pass the traffic and nobody would see it but encrypted traffic on the outside network. Hopefully that helps you with your question. I'm sorry with your question. I, I, I can't explain all of the pieces because I'm not an encryption expert in terms of designing the algorithm for this. But it does work. It hasn't been hacked in 20 plus years. That I know. Yes. Sorry. It will scale to that. It will scale to that. If you have 100 devices, we can scale to that. That the solution is scalable. It's cross platform. It doesn't care. We can support legacy devices as well as IP devices. So that's the point isn't the tech, the point is that the technology is flexible and that we can actually provide and we, it's an alternative to what are considered traditional ways of providing security. Again, VLAN or putting a firewall and segregating. Okay, I've got all my IOT in one environment. I've got my Siemens PLCs. I've got my Apigee hard software systems and all of that. And that's all VLAN out. And there's a firewall that segregates everything from my IT environment. And then there's all of that. So we don't have to do that.  It's how you get from the alpha quadrant to the gamma quadrant. That's really how it works. And then you just split that out and it's done. And it's transparent. It's easy to deploy. And it actually provides, in our opinion, a stronger solution to what is a very traditional problem and how that has been resolved by methods that really are not strong enough to support where the technology needs to be. Sorry. Any other questions? Okay. I guess it's back to you, Ben. All right. Well, thank you, Christine. I appreciate it. All right. Thanks. That, that shows that we need to protect that IOT from the OT. We see that it's flexible, scalable, and it's efficient use of human resources versus a traditional VPN and faster configuration and hardware agnostic. So we can put anybody on there. Okay. Thanks. Yes. Thank you. We can show this in the ICS Village right over there. So if you want to see that actually in action, it's over there.


special Christmas Eve edition of Tomorrow. Tomorrow happening today and to be celebrating. My name is Jared. I'm going to be hosting, primarily hosting, but of course anybody at any time, if something were to happen, you can take over very quickly. In the middle right here. See Jamie, if you do that correctly, you can get it started right. Hopefully you're in the middle for the broadcast. If not, everybody's going to be confused, but that's their problem. Careful. That is a one dada. You heard his voice. Now you see the man to go with the voice. So it's sort of like at Disneyland when you go behind the scenes on a ride. The magic, you know, attention to the man behind the curtain. Yes. And then all the way far, far, far on the right side of the screen right there and looking like he's falling asleep. Ryan hasn't come in this morning. It's not the morning. It's six o'clock in the evening, but he's going well. He's going well. That's true. And in fact, we should, we should definitely, you know, kind of remind everybody we are a little bit of an international show. And we're also super pleased to have all of you here with us today.  And of course, we're very excited to have you all to have a very cool discussion about some interesting things that have happened. And at DTH042, yep, we are streaming today. Everybody, frankly, has got awesome shirts. And Ryan has Christmas lights behind him there. And in fact, Ryan, because of your Christmas lights, I think it would be good to start with you.  Would you like to lead my sleigh tonight? So why don't we have Ryan be our Rudolph and lead the show into talking a little bit today. So Ryan, what you got for us? This week, we had a launch. Wow, everyone, you know, rapture supports, everyone gets really excited. But it was, for me personally, it was a bit more than just a launch. It was it was relatively exciting. I'm going to bring up the details here. Because even though it ended up as a partial failure, Firefly is a flyby lightning. For me, it's definitely going to be one of the most exciting launches of all time because Firefly Aerospace very graciously partnered with NSF to produce their official launch broadcast, which is just, you know, something ridiculously awesome that I was, you know, I was allowed to be a part of and assist in some way pointing, not pointing cameras. That wasn't my job. Cutting between cameras more like more like, but it was a very, very exciting time. And yeah, the bit that we had to do went pretty much as best as it could go. So for me anyway, it was it was a success from my point of view, from Firefly's point of view and the customer's point of view. Unfortunately, the second stage relight didn't happen as planned. I'm not sure. Firefly's statement is a little bit vague. I'm not sure whether it means it reignited and it just didn't like fire for the correct amount of time, or if it didn't reignite at all, or whatever. But lucky Martin's demonstrated payload ended up in the parking orbit. So we're going to find out if they can do the science that they needed to do, do the testing that they needed to do with that parking orbit, we're just going to have to wait and see. But as you know, it's a bit, it's Christmas time. I think most people are probably going to have a couple of days off. So it might be a little while before we find out anything. But yeah, you are looking right now at the launch broadcast, which as you can see there didn't go perfectly, especially space to ground. It's, you know, SpaceX really blows us away with how well they can get footage live footage from the second stage and the first stage back down to earth space to ground video is incredibly difficult. So yeah, that's why you can see some things flickering in and out here. But yeah, we did the best job that we could. And Firefly tried to do the best job that they could. Unfortunately, that second stage, as I said earlier, didn't relight or didn't relight for as long, whatever happened with that. But yeah, it was a pretty, pretty exciting morning, if I may say so myself. Yeah, and we're super excited with Firefly. You know, this is still early on in the development of their rocket. And let's face it, whenever you're developing a rocket, it takes a little bit of time to get things right to iron out all those kinks and make sure that your problems and your potential anomalies are all understood. I feel like a really good example of this that a lot of people were bringing up this is Falcon one. It took four flights to finally get it to work correctly. We're kind of looking at the same same class of vehicle here with that. But still very exciting, wishing nothing but the best for Firefly and gang, obviously, probably not the result that they wanted entirely. But still definitely progressing, which is a lot more than we could say for some small set launchers that happened this year. So yeah, and always, I love that separation shot right there. That was excellent. So and now and also I've got to jump up to Vandenberg to catch this at some point. So yeah, I forgot what the exact point was called. But there is to my understanding, there is a publicly accessible point that you can actually see the rocket on the pad at Vandenberg, which is a very rare thing like Slick 4. You can't see the pad because there's a hill in the way because it's Vandenberg. But for fly for I'm pretty sure there's a publicly accessible spot where you can see it. I forgot what it's called. And I'm not from California. So don't take this as the gospel. But I think there could be a spot where you can actually see this as you know, as just a member of the public in public. Yeah, so Firefly Aerospace launches from Slick 2, which is where my my personal favorite rocket, the Delta 2, launched from. And that there was a specific area that you could go to that would actually allow you to watch it. Like there were like to the point that there were bleachers made out of concrete just sitting there for you to go and watch launches of the Delta 2 or really any launch that you wanted to. But the Delta 2 made the most sense because it was right there. And in fact, most of the tomorrow crew was there for the last launch of the Delta 2 as well. We all got up super early and went out. That was our that was our whirlwind 24 hour day that we did each other. That was a pretty wild day. We will talk about that in the members only show today, which if you become a member, right now you can come right in at the end of the show. But it was it was pretty amazing. But that is so so awesome to see that still utilized by a company today. So yeah, I as long as there's enough lead time, I would love to try to get up and see if that the Delta 2 viewing site is still where you can watch Firefly launches from. So that would make the most sense. I think it's only about somewhere in the order of about seven kilometers from the pad. So it's pretty close relative to to that. Not not as close to say like slick three or slick four, but definitely closer than say like slick six. And then as you mentioned, slick three, slick four, slick six, you can't see them. They're behind hills because it turns out here in California, we have this thing called active geology on like certain places in Florida.  So it's good. But you know, at least our houses are flooding every year slash rebuilding every five. So and then also 50 years from now, my house will still be above the waterline. I'm like a lot of Florida. Does that viewing location still require a military escort? Uh, I don't know. I so from so I had been to you and I had been to previous Delta two launches. And I had not. Oh, okay. I thought you had. Um, well, no, I ended up watching all that all of my Delta two launches except for the last one from a hill by been by my house where I used to live. I think I was in Roland Heights, but it was like super far away and it was all I could see was a tiny little dot, you know, rising through this guy. Well, myself having been to several Delta two launches, there was no there was no military escort.  So we got we got for the last launch, we got we got bust there from a parking lot. That was that was military escort is what I was considering. Yeah, I'm fairly confident that was there because it was the last launch. So there was I'm sure there was probably some worries about about too many people in the area and just wanting to make sure that people can get out of there quickly if they have to. So when they didn't want us to get rowdy. Yeah, exactly. Oh, they're getting rowdy. You know, us rocket nerds, we get pretty rowdy once once the the engines are lit and it's off of the pad. So, you know, I've seen people get picked up and thrown. So this rocket's doing so. Yeah, so pretty cool. All right. Well, obviously, that's a luck to firefly and figuring out what happened to that upper stage. And overall, um, yeah, just they're chugging along, which is really cool because it's we've all wanted a small sat launcher besides Rocket Lab, doing things constantly, which Rocket Lab also returned to flight during our break away. Right? I believe they did. So we talked about that. But they did. Yeah, Rocket Lab really kind of, to me, anyway, that they're nearly there or just there becoming my favorite aerospace company they're just doing. They're they're they're this latest anomaly to me showed that they've really kind of matured and they're right. They're like, they're a proper aerospace company to me now. They're not a small sat startup. They are an aerospace company who knows the game, who get serious contracts with the US government. They're doing good stuff and they're doing extremely well. You know, they lost the payload, right? And it's very easy for you to lose your temper. And, you know, the company kind of crumbles apart when you when when you lose your payload, not not looking at any company in particular wink. But Rocket Lab really seemed to Rocket Lab really seemed to, you know, get back on their feet, figure like, work the problem, figure out what happened and then get back flying again. And, you know, just it it seems like they have everything figured out, which is, you know, I just I just I just I just love their attitude and how they work things. Yeah, and I've also been seeing them putting out tweets about their building of their first interplanetary spacecraft, which they're going to be sending to Mars on behalf of NASA and UC Berkeley. So I'm super excited about that. So I don't know if that's technically the first no, that's not I'm sorry, that's way wrong. I was gonna say, I think that might technically be the first private spacecraft, but then also wait a second, it's a NASA UC Berkeley mission. So no, so that's how we're doing today. I should drink more of this. I got with that there. So to jump on the comments. Some of you, almost all of you are wishing us a super happy Christmas, of course, right back at you or whatever, whatever you may be enjoying around this time of year, we hope you have a good one. TSM space saying Merry Christmas, a bit of orbital transfer for flight of Nova and some space news. And, and goddess Kratos reminding us to ask for likes. So we're gonna do that it secures light, first letting Ryan know that your lights are fantastic. That's true. Some of you mentioned the shirt I got on as well. So, so continue to give us compliments as we fish for them and also give us likes as well. And yeah, look at Dutta's shirt. Hello, everybody. Dutta, take yourself. Dutta, take yourself so everybody can see your shirt because ours are very obvious. Look at that. It's time for Christmas. I would have my NSF. This is an antique now, but it's a bit warm. Yeah, how old is that shirt? Very, very. At least at least nine years old. Yeah, I was gonna say, are we talking a decade here? I think so. Oh, no. Yeah, it is. It is ten years old. I was gonna say, don't worry. I'll wear my my space shuttle ugly Christmas sweater next week to finish off the year with everybody. So this is not only tomorrow for Space News but also top fashion tip as well with everything. All right, so Ryan, we've also got a little bit of activity happening down at this place called Starbase. Don't know if you've ever heard of it. Yeah, it's a minor blip. But what's what's happening with our friends down there? Well, at the moment, not really a lot, but they tried, let's put it that way, SpaceX SpaceX tried very hard to knock out ship 28 and booster 10s testing within the span of 48 hours. And you know, props to the teams down there. They're very ambitious. And they nearly did it. They very, very, very nearly did it. Ship 28 was fueled up and performed a six engine static fire, which SpaceX has tweeted and said was successful, which means that ship 28 is now practically ready to be, it's probably it may be rolled back just to have it stickers put on with it's like, you know, S 28 and the logo and what have you. But as like as an operational vehicle, like ignoring aesthetics, ship 28 is now ready to go on top of a booster and fly. booster 10 on the other hand was lifted onto the orbital launch mount. And it appeared with overpressure notices and closures and what they got into testing with it appeared they wanted to perform a 33 engine static fire. However, just as they started to load propellant, they loaded a little bit in probably like 10% or less of the liquid oxygen and liquid methane. They suddenly stopped loading. And then the frost line started receding very un very naturally. So at that point, it kind of gives away the fact that the fuel started to boil off. So there was obviously some kind of issue with that test as it was then aborted, whether that means something got stuck something got frozen, we don't know SpaceX hasn't said anything officially. But yeah, we've got a static fire ship 28 we nearly got a static fire of booster 10. And if they if they managed to get booster 10 static fire before Christmas, you know, this is a month. We're just over a month since the last flight. And this turnaround is like just the pace is unbelievable. They've taken the light they've launched the largest rocket ever produced by humankind. And then a month later, they've got the next version on the pad, nearly ready to launch. I mean, the pace is just mind boggling. Yeah, and this early on in the program to that kind of cadence is unprecedented. If you think about the Saturn five and how often the Saturn five fluid was certainly not a month after, or even two months after a previous mission. Admittedly, there were there were times where the gap was long for certain reasons, like between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14, because obviously, you know, we've got to look at the command service module and make sure that's not going to blow an oxygen tank again. So, but still, this is just amazing. I mean, there's there's rockets, a hundredth the size of this that don't even have this kind of cadence. Yeah, everything there. And I just want to say that it's really it is really refreshing to see such positive progress being made on this. Because this is a really I don't think people really understand just how important Starship is not specifically for the goal of getting humanity off the earth and getting the Mars and other things like that, like that's that's a end game that's very far down the line. It's not the priority if you are, but it's more a pot. It's more a stated possibility, a goal to do that, but it's not a present idea as to what the aim is. The aim is to get operational and online. And that's very important for those little things that we're all rooting for called Artemis, which is to get people back to the moon and NASA doing that. So any of those positive progress that we're seeing from them to move forward and get that going is really, really great. So hats off to them. And I know if I were in charge of SpaceX, I would have everybody off for like the next week and be like, Hey, good job this year. Just take a take the week off, everybody. Just just rest, you know, and then let's get ready to come back in for 2024 and absolutely hammer everything. But also this is probably why I'm not in charge of SpaceX. So yeah, I'm just gonna I'll just go on into the next space right here and I'm going to quickly try and read out all of the road closures. What does it say here? So they give it they're giving them the 25th and the 26th and today off with no road closures. But the 27th, the road is preliminary closed from eight in the morning to eight in the evening. The 28th is closed from 12 in the morning to three in the morning. And the 29th is closed from 12 in the morning to three in the morning. So, you know, they're going to be burning the midnight oil, as you say, over at Starbase. So yeah, they have a couple days off. And then they're right back at it in terms of in terms of vehicle development. And also, sneak peek, there's a video going out on NSF tomorrow, which I hosted. And at the end of that video, I said, if you think 2023 was exciting for Starship development, you haven't seen anything yet. Next year, we're going to be seeing launches ramp up. We're going to be seeing HLS development ramp up. We're like, we're going to be able to see hardware for the first time really with HLS, which is, you know, it's a it's a moon lander for humans. Like, how is this not the coolest thing you've ever seen? Like, it's going to happen next year.  But I think people are going to, you know, genuinely start boiling and losing their heads at what's going to happen next year, like in the cartoons, because there's so much cool stuff that's coming. Yeah, she is currently actively burning the oil. Who's say who said anything about days off? That's right, mom. You don't get to take any days off. That's why she's not here. Yep, that's why she's not. But also, Jamie, hopefully you're having a good, good holiday.  But that's, again, we don't get to control that. And, man, I was going to say something. Yes, what I'm so excited. Um, let's activate the cube. Very good one, Jamie. I love that. What I was going to want to do, or what I'm excited for from SpaceX 2024 is I'm hoping for over 100 Falcon 9 launches. So I want that. I want to see that. Because I, I, you know, we have a old, there's a really old tomorrow space pod. Like, that's how old it is. It's called a space pod from 2015 that that I did, which is like the top five rockets or whatever. And I remember, no, I made the Delta 2 my number one because it was going to approach potentially 100 successful launches in a row. And that was unbelievable at that time. Of course, now, how many Falcon 9s have flown in a row? Well, I think if you look back, I can't remember. I think it was from the beginning. I think it's from December 2022 to a certain point. Oh my gosh, there it is. There's me. There I am. I'm such a child. Look at that. That is me eight years and 230 pounds ago. And also with significantly more hair, even with my hair as it is today, I still have more hair there than I do now, which is why I'm wearing a hat. So which is it's called insecurity. Look at that. That was us back in the day. So yeah, be in my garage lit by two construction floodlights. So that was that was where I started on the show. Now look at me.  So yeah, it's a I'm hoping for that. That statistic, I think it was from like early December 2022 to somewhere in December, they did 100 launches of a Falcon 9 in that that year long time period. It's not 123 but in a year from this date to this day, it was 100 in 365 days total, which is just like that is just mind blowing. Yeah, in our day in 186 consecutive landing. Holy smokes. Of course, we just celebrated the eighth anniversary of the first landing of a Falcon 9 as well, which was which was pretty amazing. I don't know where you all were at, but I was I had I had I think I had predicted on the show that week that I thought it was going to get within the range and that it was going to go off and they were probably going to have to terminate it at some point. And of course, that didn't happen. It fricking landed. So it landed and they haven't looked back. And it's a very exciting to be in this future that back in 2011, I will admit when that animation came out, I laughed pretty hard. So but again, as I always like to say those, I am always happy to be wrong about things like that. So yeah, 19 three use on a booster to just recently. Again, I almost flipped my breakfast with how wild that was. Exciting. So I'm hoping I'm hoping 2024 between January 1st and December 31st that we get get 100 Falcon 9 launches. And I would love to see a double digit number of Starship flights. Regardless of whether they're test flights or other things like that, I would like to see a double digit number of Starship vehicles leave the pad, at least now make that whatever you will. But that would be very, very cool. And I also am really excited to see what happens with Starlink as well, especially with star shield, because I'm starting to get back into space policy and really kind of looking around at that and sniffing around. And it's really, really fun with that. And of course, yes, happy access to you, John and Dublin. So hopefully you're having a good one there. Also, I'm super excited for that Falcon heavy to be launching next 37. I'm pretty excited about that. So and I'll show you I'll show you all something I got this week that is related to the X 37. I was I was physically handed something that I have, but I'll show you in the members only show. So you have to show up there in order to see it. So yep. So it's pretty cool. It's not anything like secret or anything. So don't worry. I'm not going to do that. But it's also related to a fun thing I did this week, which I will also talk about in the members of show. So if you want to become a member, YouTube.com slash TMRO slash join become a member now and join us immediately in the after show. So there you go. That's how it goes. So there's my plug. Don't forget to like as well.  And let's go to GTH 042, which I feel like this is a good one to ask about any chance of any UK spaceport action in 2024. Ryan, you've had the first 28 minutes of the show. You could have some more of those minutes if you'd like. It depends if there's a rocket to launch. There's your answer. If RFA, Skyraura, high impulse, ABL, if they have a rocket and they're ready to launch it from Shetland, then yeah, if not, no.  There is a lot of a pad at the at the port already. They have their spaceport license.  They're becoming a spaceport. I think 2024 is extremely reasonable for the first look, first vertical orbital launch attempt from the UK. It all now depends on if anyone has a rocket which they're ready to launch. Because yeah, stuff exists.  They just don't have a rocket yet. So, you know, now that now fingers should be pointed at Skyrora and RFA. You know, come on, launch your rocket already, be ready, because both of them have been testing engines for God knows how long now. So, you know, come on, just well, send it from the Euro Tunnel. So I'm sure. Yeah, through the Euro Tunnel, you get put on a Euro Star that they have a free car for that. Yes, I'm an American and I know what that is. I've watched enough Top Gear. That is so cool. That is an absolutely beautiful site. I got to say, that is really, really cool. So apparently I'm big on UK TV. Dang, you're big in the UK. So which honestly, we are Americans. So we probably are big just as ourselves in the UK. So I'm a big, I'm a big guy too.  Yeah, there was there was a barely squeaking in of the women in certain supercars that that I drove. That's it. How's it said? Silverstone, I believe. Silverstone. Yes, yes. Silverstone with that there. So I got I got a cramp. I got a cramp in my abs trying to squeeze myself into a McLaren. That's like me any time I try to get into anything that's not a big SUV. So good. I had to move all the things from my pockets to the front of my thighs instead of the sides in order to get into the carbon fiber seat. Why don't you just put it in the the why didn't they just pop the glove compartment and put it in there real quick? Or is there not a glove compartment in the car? I don't know.  I didn't pay any attention to the glove compartment. I'm sorry. Oh, OK, that's me. That's the stuff I would be doing. I was focused on getting good turn turn exit and and hitting 158 miles an hour down the back straight into. Oh, yeah, look at me. I've done 158 miles an hour down the hangar straight in the back. So I'm pretty cool. I drove an Aston Martin and a McLaren and the McLaren was great because I could adjust my point zero to five millimeters which moved the center of gravity around. And I was able to move particularly fast. And I was doing this and that and I was able to within half a second of a group around.  When you said let's make this. I think you said something in your Subaru.  I think you said it out. I'm going to now make the car angry or something like that. Yes, but I put it in angry mode. Yes, that point didn't get angry. So Bennett Elder is asking a good question in our chat room, which is what about Astra? They still have a shipping container rocket. And the last I heard Astra. I don't want to necessarily say is on life support, but they are they are. Yeah, it's not looking great for them. Yeah, so Astra is very much a company which is in terms of, you know, what they said on the Internet are kind of like we're fine. Like they just haven't they just haven't acknowledged anything. But if you look at their financials, it's certainly not fine. They haven't said like there hasn't been any announcements. It's this kind of in the middle ground a little bit, you know, there. Yeah, there's not there's not really much you can say about Astra because they haven't said anything. You know, they haven't to my knowledge, I haven't filed for anything. They've just, you know, they've just got financial difficulties at the moment. So, you know, maybe they'll maybe they'll work their way through. But, you know, we've been waiting for a long time there for their return to flight. I forgot what the data I'll just quickly search that was. But they they flew a long time ago. I don't it was definitely not this year. I don't think it was last year. I think it might have even been 2021. I know that Astra said that they were moving on to rocket four, which is going to be bigger than rocket three. And then everyone that I know personally who was working on rockets at Astra basically got laid off as soon as they made that that announcement. And I am no expert in how to run a aerospace business. But I think if you're building a rocket and then you lay off all of your people who know how to build your rockets, I think you may not be building a rocket at that point. And I was actually mistaken. Yeah, their their previous flight, which was their first flight for the NASA tropics program, was from Space Launch Complex 46 in Cape Canaveral. That was on the 12th of June, 2022. So it was last year, barely. But yeah, they they're kind of their launch schedule forms like a little bit of a checkerboard pattern. You know, the last flight was a failure. They successfully reached orbit with their penultimate flight. Then it was a failure. Then success, failure, failure, failure.  I know it's not a very nice thing to say, but, you know, then they've publicly stated they're moving on to rocket four and everything will be fine and everything will be great and it'll be marvellous. And, you know, we can launch it's like launching on a taxi instead of on a bus. That's the thing that everyone says, right? So, yeah. Yeah, where have I heard that before? I don't know. You know, when you fly across the Atlantic in a Boeing 747, even though no one does that anymore, you don't just throw it away. You fly it back. You reuse it. I was I was more along the lines of where where have I heard the this is not this is now like a this is now like a bus and it's safe as an airplane before. So I can't imagine a certain vehicle that that had been said about. So who knows who knows with what they have. So Curz Light says that they have hardware for the next rocket. So I don't I have not heard anything about that. So yeah, I assure you I assure you that means nothing. Yeah, I was about to say, I know a certain other company that had hardware for the next flight. The next five. Yes, actually, there was a large quantity of hardware for a certain rocket. Are you allowed to say the name of that certain rocket or is it not or is it still for about you know, you can say whatever you want to see. Yeah, it was a little little rocket that we call Launcher One, which is no longer with us. We're forcing out for Launcher One, our Virgin friends. All the hardware still exists. I know. But like it's just where is it? Can we nick it? No, anyway. Can we go get the 747 because that paint scheme straddle launch put on it is awful. I hate it. It looks so boring.  So I'm just going to say it.  Yeah. And it's about on the tail like spray paint. Just they get done. Jobs. It's about as it's about as inspired as a cinder block. I look at it and I go. It's like, oh, it's it's economy New Zealand Airlines. So it's the way I feel about it with it. Yeah. Anyways, look, the straddle launch with that there. So yeah, there's just so much that happened this year, like a lot of things. Although we can talk about that next week, because that will sort of be like our little wrap up show that we have for that, where we can take a quick look back at the year with that. So what else do we have with our with our previous week since our last show? And we have any other any other cool things that have happened since then? I've expended my yes, unless you have anything else to talk about. Yeah, I do have one that I actually want to talk about. Which I thought was extremely cool, which is there's I don't know if you guys have ever heard of this, but there is a new type of engine that's being developed right now called a rotating detonation engine. And I absolutely love the sound of that. And I bet it makes a good noise, too, as well. But the the interesting thing about a rotating detonation rocket engine is that it uses detonation, right? So most of the time, Dada, correct me if I'm wrong here, most of the most rocket engines are not going to be generating detonation. It's going to be combustion, which is then going to be sped up through the shape of a nozzle to supersonic speed before it exits out the nozzle. That's correct. The difference the difference between conflagration and detonation is the speed of the shockwave from the flame front. And in rocket engines inside a combustion chamber, it is conflagration, so it is not in a supersonic shockwave. It is the it's that that nozzle shape that squeezing of the gases that increases the pressure, which increases the speeds, a tremendous amount, which then ejects that mass at extremely high velocities out the back, hopefully in the correct direction, most of the time. And even even supersonic jets, they require their air intake to be subsonic and they're they're the internals of the engine are all subsonic and they're accelerated by a nozzle. Yes. So a rotating detonation engine is different because in order to gain that pressure, there is a can there is a detonation. First of all, it's detonation this thing is so it's a supersonic flame front that's coming through this. And in addition to that, it is a continuous supersonic flame front that is going around a circular channel. So you can see right there, there's that little spike inside of the nozzle of the rocket right there. And that is essentially it's I don't want to call it a contained aerospike because principles are different, but there is a spike there. So, you know, maybe we could say a little bit like that. Is this a video or a looping gif? This is a video. So NASA just recently completed a two hundred and fifty one second burn of their rotating detonation engine test bed. So this puts out about six thousand pounds of thrust. And this was essentially a full duration firing of this specific type of engine. This is the first time this type of engine has ever been tested in what would be considered a full duration burn for say a stage one engine on a small rocket. That is gorgeous. This is a this is a huge leap forward for this type of engine. And what's great about these is that there a little bit more efficient than the traditional combustion combustion rocket engines that defecative combustion engines are somewhere in the order of about twenty five to forty percent more efficient, which is quite a lot. The problem there is there are some problems with them, which is that combustion instability is a thing. You're trying to control a supersonic flame front, which is pretty hard to do. But as you can see, they've done a very good job on it. And this is this is still going from when it started. So absolutely amazing that they were able to put this this system together. They had done earlier tests where it had only just gone for a couple of seconds at a time. But like I said, just this past week, they finally did a full duration static fire and it worked and it takes great. So I cannot. I cannot wait to see this get released as NASA does with all of their amazing info. It's a commercial sector and see what someone makes of it. So there we go. So that is freaking gorgeous. Isn't that nice? I want one of them. So that's great. Yeah, I second. Sack has also has a video pulled up that's got a description of how this works if you want to talk through it. Yeah, so that would be regular combustion for like a car engine. Sack, run that run that back to where you where you had it. There you go. There we go. As you can see, there's the flame front propagating around at supersonic speeds. And as you get that expansion, if you obviously aim the expansion of that flame front in a specific direction by the shape of the chamber that that's occurring in, the spike also helps with that as well, generating differences in pressure, which allows you to do that. So yeah, it's it is amazing. In it's it is it both is a incredibly complex and incredibly simple thing. And I love every single thing about it because of that. It's difficult, but it is it's an easy principle that is extremely difficult to do because the physics behind it is very, very tough. You have to have great materials that can obviously handle continuous supersonic shockwaves slipping across them. As you can imagine, the supersonic shockwave is very, very hot, even compared to a regular rocket's combustion chamber. It's very, very hot. Yeah, but the rewards are fantastic in terms of your efficiency with that there. So I'm very, very excited to see what what what the future may hold for rotating detonation engine. So that also that just that just sounds really cool too, right? Like, what do you do for a living? Oh, you know, I work on landing rockets. What about you? Oh, I work on rotating detonation. So. So. Rotating detonation. Yeah, DTH 10 out of 10 for the name shared with an aerospike. And yes, aerospikes are I their aerospikes are my my paper engine. And I love them and I will never I will never disparage them, no matter their difficulties. Nor nor what our friend Tim said about them, which I do forgive him for for that. So. So sorry, I've got a an animal has arrived and demanded attention, so I'm having to provide some for that. I just so I just I just think we haven't figured out how how to best put aerospikes to work for us yet. Yes, I agree. The the regime where they're at, they work everywhere, so we should definitely figure out how to do that. And I feel like there's some challenges that can be overcome easily if the design is willing to occur. You know what I mean?   Look at this. Oh, I love it. Oh, that's the extra. The extra two 20 right? Look at that thing. That thing. Oh, my gosh. Sorry, I'm having a moment watching that there. So I just love aerospike engines because they're amazing. Calm down, your stroke, your stroke. Calm down, you're stroking a puppy. Yeah, I know I'm trying my best. I'm trying with that. But I just aerospikes have flown on small rockets. I know actually one of our local colleges here in the Los Angeles area, Cal State, Cal State Long Beach, their rocket, their rocket. No, dog, you're dark to have my breakfast. Hey, you're on spike. You did get some. I know Cal State Long Beach has actually flown a liquid motor aerospike before on a high power rocket. And Steven Glaster said, will it scale to the size needed for a rocket? Steven, I don't know if you saw the footage that we showed, but that was, oh, Saks got it now with that there. Okay, go somewhere else. Daddy's talking about aerospikes. Take a look. That's a full scale aerospike, baby. So that thing is lit and it's firing and it's going, which if I recall correctly, this was also hydro locks as well.  Ridiculous. And man, what could have been with the X-33 and the Venture Star, which is what this engine was being developed for? But of course, you know, they had a problem with weirdly shaped cryogenic composite tanks. And everybody just said, you know what, we're just gonna throw in the towel.  And then of course, I can't remember, I think it was Lockheed that was building the tanks just like two years after the funding had officially had the towel thrown in, they went ahead with their own money just made it happen. Piece of cake by not following what they had been told to do, essentially doing it how they thought it should have been done. That's the problem with development money. It only lasts just shy of actually reaching your goal. And if you keep at it imagine how much better our world would be with all these great ideas that actually come to fruition. Yeah, and R and D is a really tricky thing too. You can be unbelievably successful like the Delta Clipper was, DCX, which I will always, I am the DCX stand of this world. I will go up to bat for that thing every time I can because I love that thing. And it's just really great to remind people that there was vertical launch, vertical landing rockets that were happening like in the early 90s, which by the way, admittedly in Japan there was one even before that. So I just say it's an 80s thing. So maybe we should find some new technology like a rotating detonation engine. Anyways, that's all I've really got to talk about. Other than, I guess one more thing I could talk about is that the Jet Propulsion Laboratory here in Southern California is troubleshooting Voyager One. They're still working on it. So it's a little hard to do that. I think if you watched last week's show, you know that there was a computer issue with Voyager One and I think there's a few things I can say about that, which is that some people who know how the sort of the original guts and programming for Voyager One have been brought back in at JPL this week and they are working the problem with it. It's just that the problem is that Voyager One is currently around trip 45 light hours. So if I were to send a command to Voyager One right now, it's Sunday morning at 10.50 a.m. I will get my reply from Voyager One at Tuesday morning at around eight in the morning. So yeah, and when do we get to load the major protocol? First we have to send it through a black hole to the other side of the galaxy for it to continue to gather knowledge. So, and then also if I remember right for Voyager, it was given, it was an alien intelligence that found it and decided to give it a dive. This might be lore that's a little too deep for Christmas Eve. So that there, so yeah, all right. Well, that's all I've got, which is that they're working on it. And it's not easy. You can't just be like, did you try unplugging the RTG and plugging it back in? Like you can't exactly do that with Voyager One, but they're working on it. So Captain Quinn, I like that, which is well, it launched the same year as my mom injected me. So you both launched the same year. How delightful with that. So I guess if nobody's got anything else to talk about, we can just go and wrap up the show and get ready to go into our member's show. And the way that we will do that is we will, of course, thank all of you. This is a surprise Jamie for a split second there. So thank you all of our members of tomorrow. If you would like to become a member, very helpful to all of us making the show happen here. You can head on over to youtube.com slash T-M-R-O slash join. It is as little as a dollar a month. That's right. A quarter, a cup of coffee from your local coffee shop, that's all it takes for you to become a member of tomorrow. And of course, if you become a member of tomorrow, you are instantaneously allowed into our members only stream, which is what we're about to go into where we've got some cool stuff that I'm gonna show you both in terms of stuff I got handed this week and also some things I went and saw in person, which was pretty cool. And of course, Dada and Ryan, y'all got anything for our members in the show as well? I just push buttons and tell stories. Fair enough, fair enough. So, all right. I think on that note, we're gonna get ready to head into the members only stream. As far as I know, we are gonna have another stream on New Year's Eve. So we will be here for you to wrap up this amazing year in spaceflight. And we're obviously gonna be taking a look at some of our favorite stories from the year. So, everybody, have a good one, stay safe, keep exploring and enjoy your holiday ahead. Have a good one, everybody.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you how you can store five different line of text in file using Fputter's function in C programming. Before starting, you can note how you can search my YouTube channel. You can type my name Sanjay Gupta in YouTube. My channel will be available where you can watch various programming related videos here. Now I am going to implement solution of this problem. First I am including header file stdio.h, another header file that is stdlib.h. After inclusion of these header files, I am defining main function. Inside main function, I am declaring a file pointer, then a character array that is str. Now I have to open a file in which I am going to store these line of text. So in fopen function, I am writing name of file as line.txt and I am going to open it in write mode. So if this file is already available, its previous contents will be erased automatically and if this file is not available, it will be created automatically. Now I have to check whether it is opened successfully or not. So if fp is containing null, it means file is not opened successfully. So I can print an error message, cannot open file and I can call exit function. So exit will terminate execution of the program if file is not opened. If file is opened successfully, then this if condition will be false and remaining statements after this if condition will be executed. Now I have to implement a for loop so that I can read 5 different line of text. So I am declaring integer variable i. I am applying a for loop. This for loop will repeat 5 times. Now inside this for loop, first I have to display message on output screen, enter %line. So this print as will print, enter first line, enter second line, enter third line and so on. Then to receive the entered line, I am calling getters function and the entered line will be stored inside str. Now I have to store that entered content into a file. So I am going to call fputters, then I am passing str into this fputters function and I am passing file pointer. So str will be stored inside this fp file pointer. File pointer is pointing to line.txt. So all the lines will be stored inside this line.txt file. After completion of this loop, I can close the file by calling fclose function and then return 0. So this way I have implemented the solution of this problem in front of you, which will read 5 lines of text from user and those lines will be stored inside a file. Now I am going to execute this code. It is asking for first line. I am entering my name that is Sanjay Gupta. It is asking for second line. I am entering I love India. It is asking for third line. I am going to enter tax school. It is asking for fourth line. I am entering C programming. It is asking for fifth line. I am entering file handling. So this way I have entered 5 different lines. Now the program has ended. It is executed successfully. Now I have to check whether line.txt is containing the content which I have entered while execution of this program. So this source code is saved with test.c name and the location is CTC bin. So this line.txt must be present in this location only. So I am moving to bin folder. You can see the path C drive tc folder and bin folder. Inside this folder you can see line.txt is available here. It must be containing the content which I have entered at the time of execution. So I have opened this file. You can see the content which I have entered at the time of execution is available here. Sanjay Gupta, I love India, tax school, C programming and file handling. All the lines are available in this file but they are not available in separate lines. Because I have not used slash n. So all the contents are available in the file. If you want to place slash n then you can write this also. F code is inside double quotes I am writing slash n and FB. This time the enter text will be available in separate lines. So again I am going to execute this code. Now I am again entering five different lines. So I have entered all the inputs. Again I am moving to bin folder. Now you can see the output. This time all the lines are available in separate lines because I have also entered slash n. So this way I have demonstrated you how you can store different different lines into a file with the help of F protest function available in file handling in C. So I hope you have understood whatever I have demonstrated you in this program. If you want to watch more programming related videos you can search my name Sanjay Gupta in YouTube. You can also download my android app Techimates which is available on Google Play. Thank you for watching this video.


No! Don't screenshot my art and print it! I release all my art for free use, so I scan it in high resolution and upload it to my gallery, so it's much better to download it from there. And then print it in good quality.


In the future we're going to be fighting more. Organize people, organize fighting forces. It's not just going to be dudes trying to kill you in the middle of the desert. So fighting with a British like this is going to be really good training. And overall better equip us and to train our future generations for fighting a more conventional war. Bringing another force, force on force, makes it more realistic for going overseas in the country. We have an actual enemy that's thinking and has capabilities like we have. Conflicts coming in the future. You would know your enemy. You would know their weapons, their tactics. That in some ways can be helpful, but in some ways not judging on your forces to that. With this force on force you best want to have a live enemy to work with. It teaches us to react a lot better, but it was pretty fun. Overall it's like a good learning experience just to work with another unit from another country.