Myself, M.A. Mahant, I am working in computer science and engineering department as an assistant professor in Vulture Institute of Technology, Swalapur. Today we are going to discuss the topic dimensions of information system. Learning outcomes are at the end of this session student will be able to describe business process and different dimensions of information systems, describe technical and behavioral approaches to information system. First of all, we are going to see business process. This is the diagram of the interdependence between organization and information technology. So here the software part is middle part which is called the information system which is running in that organization and leftmost part is the organization part which consists of different processes and strategic information of business and rightmost part is connected, is connected to hardware, then telecommunication and data management technologies. There are utility, business objectives, information system and components of information systems. There is a growing interdependence between the firms or information system and the business capabilities. Software running in the organization is the information system. Information system is connected to hardware and data management and telecommunication network and manage these all components. Organizational issues or problems are business objectives. The solution to every issue or problem is provided by information system of that organization. So there is interdependence between all these three business objectives, software and components of software such as hardware data management and communication network. There is a growing interdependence between a firm's ability to use information technology and its ability to implement corporate strategies and achieve corporate goals. What is a business would like to do in five years often depends on what its system will able to do. In market share, becoming the high quality or low cost producer, developing new products and increasing employee productivity depend on more and more on the kinds and quality of information systems in the organization. Specifically, business firms invest heavily in information system to achieve six strategic business objectives, operational excellence, new products, services and business models. Software and supplier intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage and survival. The functions of an information system, input function, processing function and output function. So input function where to take the inputs in processing either we classify, analyze, arranging or calculating some parameters and output is producing the output. Processing system is activities produce required information input, captures raw data from organization or external environment processing, convert data into meaningful form output, transfers processed information to people or activities that use it feedback, output return to appropriate member of organization to help evaluate or correct input stage, feedback is output return to appropriate people or activities in the organization to evaluate and refine the input. Environment actors such as customer, supplier, competitors, stockholders and regulatory agencies interact with the organization and its information system. Now we are going to see information system. A set of interrelated components collects, process, store and distribute information by computers and software as a tool. Through decision making, coordination control and problem analysis and create a new product, provide solution to challenge in business environment. Now we are going to see what is information versus data. Data stream of raw facts, the raw data, raw material. This may be either textual or digital or alphanumerical. Now information is data shaped into meaningful form. We apply some operation on the raw data and produces the knowledge data. This is called information. Dimensions of information system. Now dimensions of information system. Here understanding of information system dimensions in information system literacy, where computer literacy is focused on primarily on knowledge of information technology. When information system try to achieve these borders, deal with behavioral and technical issues surrounding development, use and impact of information system in the firm. Using information system effectively require an understanding of the organization, management and information technology shaping the system and information system create value for the firm and organization and management solution to challenges possessed by the environment. So here there are three parts of this dimensions of information system shown in the figure organizations, technology and management and this overall the central part is information system. Now we are going to discuss one by one organizational dimension of information system. This is the structure in the different levels and specialities are there. Another hierarchy of authority, responsibility, senior, middle operational management, knowledge and service data workers are associated in this structure. Business process, organization coordinate its work through its hierarchy and business process culture. We are doing the things part is embedded in the information system. This is the figure of levels in the firm. To apply in senior management it consists of managing people and manager of the organization. Middle level management consists of scientists, architects, engineers, constructors, they are knowledge workers and operational management is the bottom level of this pyramid that is the workers, production workers and service workers, data workers are the part of this operational management. In the organization information system are the integral part of organization. The key elements of an organization are the people, structure, business, processes, politics and culture. Sales and marketing, selling the organization product and services, manufacturing production, producing and delivering product and services, finance and accounting, managing the organizational financial assets and maintaining the organization financial records. Human resources, attracting, developing and maintaining the organizational labor force, managing employee records. Next is management dimension. Make decisions, formulate action plan and solve organization problems are the activity of this dimension. Managers set organizational strategy for responding to the business challenges. In addition to managing must act creatively, create of new products and services, occasionally recreating the organization. Manage the job to make the sense out of the many situations faced by organization. Make decisions and formulate action plans and solve organizational problems. Managers perceive business challenges in the environment and set the organizational strategies for responding to those challenges as they allocate the human and financial resources to coordinate the work and achieve success. Throughout they must exerts a responsible leadership. They must also create new products and services and even create the organization from time to time a substantial part of management responsibility to creative work driven by knowledge and information. Information technology can play a powerful role in helping managers design and deliver new products and services and redirect and redesigning their organizations. Next is technology dimension. So here computer hardware, software, instruction that control hardware, data management technology, software governing data, networking and telecommunication technology, hardware and software, pieces of hardware and transport data, network internet, intranets and extranets and worldwide web are part of this technology. Information technology infrastructure platform that the firm can build on its information system. So here information technology is one of many tool managers used to cope up with the change. Computer hardware and physical equipment used in the input processing and output activities and information system. It consists of following computers on various sizes and shapes, mobile handling devices, various input output storage devices and telecommunication devices that link the computer together, computer software consisting of detailed pre-program instructions that control and coordinate the computer hardware. The next is business perspective information system. Here information system instrument creating value to firms, investment in information system results, super returns, increases productivity and revenue. Information system provides information that helps manager making better decisions and improve the execution of business process. Here maintain the value of information system in an organization. Now I am going to ask question to all the students. Networking and telecommunication technology is the dash in dimensions of information system, option A technology, option B management, option C organizational, option D none of these. Pause the video and write the answer. The correct answer is technology. Next is technical and behavioral approaches. So these computer science, management science are the parts of technical approaches and sociology, economic psychology are the behavioral approaches. So technical approach impressively based models computer science theories of computation, data storage, management science consisting of models of data management practices, research consisting of optimizing selected parameters of organization. In behavioral approach, behavioral issues such as strategic business in integration, implementation, psychology, how decision make use of formal information, economics, how information system change the control and cost structures, sociology, how system affect the individual groups, these are the references. Thank you.


And like that, summer is here with a BANG! I mean, technically, summer doesn't start for another two months and no, this isn't summer weather, but it did get really warm really fast. Remember this? Well, some eagle-eyed viewers noticed a couple bottles in the thumbnail that weren't in the actual video. It's not true. Nobody noticed. Yes, they were there just to fill out the visual, but as is often the case, I forgot I had them and wanted to try them, which brings me to today's mini-episode. This is Deep 9 Young Geneva. It's made in East Flanders, Belgium and clocks in at 35% ABV. Yes, this is from Belgium. Geneva can be made in the Netherlands, Belgium, and small parts of Germany and France. See what happens when you do research? So let's give this a shot. Very subtle floral nose. Let's taste. This has so much more character than the Geneva's that I had in the previous video. This is where I give a shout out to one of my viewers who straightened me out on the terms young and old as they apply to Geneva production. That a Geneva is younger old has nothing to do with its age. Rather, it's whether it's made in the 19th century style or 16th century style. The thing that gives Geneva's their mojo is malt wine. And old style Geneva's have a higher percentage of malt wine than young. And to further complicate things, malt wine isn't wine at all. It's unaged whiskey particular to Geneva production with a specific flavor profile. Because new style Geneva's have so little of this malt wine, when I say that the Geneva's I had in the other video tasted like vodka, it's because they kind of are. The less malt wine you put in these bottles, the more of a neutral taste they're going to have. This is 15% malt wine and it really shows through. More malt wine, more flavor. I'm guessing that 15% is kind of high for a young. Enough knowledge. This is deep nine old Geneva also 35%. And these corks are so cute. I didn't talk about the color of the young because there wasn't much to talk about. This on the other hand looks like white wine. Smells very similar to the young one but more concentrated. The young was 15% malt wine. This is 40% and it shows wonderful cereal grain notes, very subtle hints of juniper, but not off-putting at all. This is also aged for two years in French oak, but again that's not what makes it old. You might say it has the most appealing characteristics of scotch and gin, but very approachable. Absolutely delightful. If a little on the sweet side. I won't be making cocktails with these because there isn't much left. Not going to lie, probably going to make an old fashioned out of the old, but I'll definitely be buying a bottle of each when things get back to normal. If you liked it hit like, consider subscribing if you haven't already, and if there's something you think I should try, let me know in the comments. Stay safe, follow the advice professionals, and I'll see you tomorrow. Cheers.


And hello, everyone. I'm very excited to be here because I know that I think we can all agree that things in this industry and in CNCF in general is moving pretty fast. So we're seeing all these new projects every month. And large and old CNCF projects are continuing to grow and still get new features every month. So this is what I think makes it so really exciting to be a site reliability engineer right now. But it also comes with a lot of challenges. We have to stay up to date with everything that's going on. And it can be quite challenging for a student, like me, to get a foot into this field when you really does not know anything about it and the universities does not really seem to care that much for this field. So for the next 30 minutes, I will be telling you about my journey and some of my stories from my adventure from going from a student to a site reliability engineer at Luna. So right now, I'm a site reliability engineer at Luna. I've been at Luna for around two years. My name is Jacob. And I'm also a student at Orange University, which is located in Denmark. I'm studying for a Master of Science in Computer Engineering. And I've been studying for around four years now. So Luna is a Nordic bank with around 500,000 customers. And we are around 650 employees in Luna. And it's quite new Nordic bank. So we are trying to use technology to disrupt the Nordic banking market and challenge the old incumbent banks. To do this, we are trying to move very fast. And we are releasing on average 14 times to production every day. And we have a lot of microservices around 450 and 150 full-time tech employees. So this is basically a simplified version of the platform that we have at Luna. We are having Kubernetes, as I guess most of you are, and using it together with LinkedIn to create this multi-cluster service mesh that spans across the three large cloud providers, AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. And we are using this to make it possible for our internal developers to leverage the managed services in each cloud to what they need. On top of this, we are using a lot of different CNCF projects. One of those is Flux and Backstage. And we are also creating a lot of open-source tools ourselves that we mix with all these CNCF projects. So can I hear? How many of you in here are students right now? Yeah? I think we have four, five, six for the 10. I think that's 10% of the audience. Quite nice to see at least some students at CNCF in KubeCon. So as I said, as a student myself, I've been studying for four years. And this is Oldham University, quite beautiful, I think. So if we go back two years into my studying, I kind of learned how to write code. I learned C, C++, C-sharp. But I did not really learn anything outside of that. So it was kind of only code-based. So if you back then would have asked me if I knew how to build and deploy a piece of software, I would probably just have said that you push the green run button in the top of Visual Studio. So I really wanted to learn a lot about what's outside of the code itself, how you push code and release it to production and connect it to the customers. So to do this, I started at Luna as an intern in the summer of 2020. And I really want to recommend to students that if you want to kind of gain some experience with site reliability engineering, I think an internship is a good opportunity because, to my experience, it does not really get a lot of experience with this at the universities. So when I started at Luna, my colleagues and I, we were discussing, where do you start? How do I get my first foot into this field? So what we were thinking was that to be a good site reliability engineer, you have to learn and know how your customers think. And to site reliability engineers, at Luna, we perceive our customers as the internal developers. So I kind of had to know how our developers think and how they release code to production to be able to serve them well as a site reliability engineer. So my first task as an intern was to create this release manager bot, which is basically a Go service. It's an infrastructure tool, but that's not so important because what I did was I used Go, the language that our developers at Luna use, to create the service. So I knew how they felt when they were creating code. And I learned how they also was releasing software to production. So I learned some Kubernetes, like config maps, ingress objects, deployments, and so on. Even though our developers not really have to know these kind of things to release software. So the first thing that I figured out that was quite different from at the universities was that I get a lot of feedback on my pull requests. So yeah, as you can see. So at the university, you hand in an assignment and you get pass or fail. Maybe one sentence comment on your assignment. That's not really how it's like when I was at Luna or when I'm creating pull requests in OMSource. You get a lot of feedback and comment. And you have to learn to take that very nice and take it as constructive feedback. And it obviously makes a lot of sense because I had not really been writing Go before. So it makes sense that I get a lot of comments on what I'm creating. So can I see how many of you have contributed to a CNSF project before? Raise your hands. We got some, I don't know, 20% of the audience. Nice. So I really want to also hear some of your stories about your first contribution to the CNSF afterwards because I will be telling you about my first contribution to a CNSF project. And it was to Backstage. It's a fairly new project, I would say.  So it was in the beginning of my internship that I started contributing to Backstage. And I'll now tell you about my first contribution. So Backstage is an open platform for building developer portals, and it unifies infrastructure tooling, services, and documentation in one place so that it reduces the complexity that the developers experience. And it does this by using a centralized software catalog. So after I had created this Release Manager bot, my colleagues and I were discussing where do we go now. So a good idea, what we thought was that it was a good idea to kind of get me into this open source space so that I would get experience with open source projects so that I would be better able to adopt CNSF projects. So my colleagues thought this project was very exciting and wanted me to adopt this. My first thought about that was, how are you expecting me to do this? I do not know anything about Backstage and the language that is written in the package manager that it uses. So what I discovered was that they did not expect me to know all these things. I kind of just had to learn it. So I took on the task, and I tried to adopt Backstage, but I stumbled into a challenge. How do you import private GitHub repositories into Backstage? I could not figure this out, so I kind of had to talk and meet, not meet, but chat with some in the community in Backstage. So I had to also figure out how to connect with these people. So how do I reach them? What I figured out was that in the GitHub repository in Backstage, there is a link to a Discord chat room where the Backstage maintainers and the community are talking with each other and sharing knowledge. So what I did was, and I think this is maybe special for Backstage that it uses Discord because I have seen that a lot of other different C and CF projects are using Slack. But this was actually quite nice for me because I had experience using Discord. So it was kind of nice to use this for my first entry and interaction with the open source community. So I wrote a message to the community in Discord and asked them if they could point me in a direction where to find this kind of thing where I import GitHub repositories into Backstage. And it was not supported. So what I thought was, we're doomed. There's nothing that I can do to adopt Backstage. Of course, I was wrong because I could just create this feature myself. So that was actually what I did. I tried to hack to get some code. Written in TypeScript, I really had no experience doing that. And trying to use the React framework and things like that. So I hacked to get some code, had it actually working. And then I wrote back to the community and asked if they wanted me to contribute with it. And they did. So I polished my feature, the code, and created a PR the next morning. And I got a lot of change requests on that PR. But that's completely OK. I had learned from my internal developing the release manager bot that it's completely OK to get a lot of change requests. After all, I did not know anything really about the code and the code base in Backstage. Also, I think I forgot to remove some console.log lines. So the maintainers were very friendly to remind me of that. So they helped me improve my PR so that it could get approved. And I was very happy that I could go now and tell my colleagues that we could now finish the adoption of Backstage because I had contributed with a PR to the CNSF project Backstage so that we could adopt it. So to sum up my first contribution, I found a feature that was needed. I asked the maintainers to verify that it did not exist. And the maintainers helped me improve the PR so that it could get approved. So many would consider the previous example a textbook example of a open source contribution. But it does not have to be features and hard code like that. It can also be a lot of other things. So I want to show you by telling you some different stories from my journey how you can also contribute to open source projects. So after I had adopted Backstage, my squad and I, we were thinking about a new cool feature for Backstage. And it was this kind of squad page where our squads could go and see squad specific information, like success rate, new critical vulnerabilities, new releases to the services that they own. So it would be like a page that they go to in the morning when they had to get a cup of coffee. And then they would sit there and watch what is the vibe of the squad right now. So I created an issue in GitHub, the Backstage repository, where I described the need and proposed a solution. And I discussed this issue with the community. And they actually thought it was a good idea. So I did not create the code for this feature, actually, because there were some other things going on, other places in the community. So some people was creating a group entity which this feature would fit well into. So even though I did not contribute with any code, I shared my knowledge. And together with the community, we came up with something quite good, better than what each of us could have come up with ourselves. So I still think it's valuable to contribute with things that's not code itself. So fast forward some months at least. After my internship, I was studying for the certified Kubernetes administrator certificate. And I was reading through the Kubernetes documentation, following a guide of I think it was how to upgrade the KubeLit on a note. And I found this tiny, tiny, but annoying thing. Yeah, it's pretty much just that there was some space propended to some commands. And then when you copy these commands into your console, your console would be filled up with spaces, unnecessary spaces. So I wanted to create a very small PR that just kind of improve this documentation so that I and my fellow OMSOS people did not have to experience this. So this was probably, it's a very small PR, but it approved this very tiny, but small thing. So it just goes to show you that there are other ways that you can contribute. You can contribute to the documentation of Kubernetes and other projects. You do not have to contribute with code in your first contribution to OMSOS projects. And actually, there is a doc special interest group for these kinds of things. And that's, I think it's a very nice place to go. If you want to get your first contribution into a CNCF project, you can go and visit this friendly community of people that are maintaining the Kubernetes documentation. So fast forward to another example or another story. So we were upgrading the LinkedIn version from 2.11 to 2.10, but 2 to 2.11. And we stumbled into this issue when applying the new configuration to our Kubernetes cluster. So I initial thought that it was just a misconfiguration by us because you do make a lot of mistakes. But after doing a lot of debugging, I could not simply figure out what was wrong. So I wrote to the maintainers of LinkedIn in Slack and they replied back that they had not seen something like this before. So they wanted me to create an issue or a bug report describing this. So that's what was what I did. So I'll just describe the need and what we were seeing and maybe a solution for this. And the maintainers wrote back that they were very happy that I contributed with this because it was actually a bug that they did not know of. So now they could improve this. So again, this is another way that you can contribute to CNCF projects. You do not have to just contribute with code, you can contribute in other and a lot of different ways. Also, I think in the most ways that you are interacting with the community, that's also contributions. So after my intro chip, I had learned to adapt and to contribute to a lot of different CNCF projects. But as I told you in the beginning, there are a lot of different things happening at the same time and new projects coming up and old projects evolving. So we kind of have to continue to learn and keep learning all of these new things. So I just want to share with you some of the ways that I try to learn and try to stay on top of what's happening. So the first thing is to join conferences. I can obviously see that all of you know this or are doing it yourself. That's great. I joined conferences to hear exciting talks about, by exciting people that really are excited about projects that they are maintaining and know a lot about. So this is like a way to get a lot of deep knowledge, I think. But you cannot go to conferences all year long. At maximum, I think people are going to a conference one or two times a year. So I also join and attend local events by cloud native community groups. I think this is also a great way to network with people from your area and see how they are using CNCF projects to solve real world problems. Also, I use this to get some experience and see what they are doing and get some feedback on what I am doing and what my squad are doing. So that's a great way to network with other people and talk about CNCF projects. Also, talking at a local event is also a way that you can contribute to a project. And often, that is a way that you can start a lot of little talks about the project that you are contributing to. So I just want to share with you a map. So just to see that there are a lot of different community groups out there in the whole world. And the list on the left is, I don't know if it's clear enough, but that's the community groups in Europe. So I just want to encourage you, if you're a student and you want to become a site reliability engineer, that you try to join a community because it's a very great way to get to know and learn the processes around CNCF projects so that you are able to efficiently adopt these projects and create a platform based on them and interact with the community if you're stumble into issues when adopting these projects. Also, being a part of the community is also a great way to stay on top of what's happening. So you talk with people in the community and see what's on the roadmap and what are they thinking about the project. And you don't have to be a part of this community for a whole career. You can just do it for a couple of months or whatever you like. So before I tell you the last part of my journey, I want to share this brilliant tip with you. So if you're a student and you want to learn some Kubernetes, but there's no course at your university, this might be interesting. So there's this special kind of course called a study course. And it might be called something else at your university, but it's a elective course where you choose the curriculum yourself. So what I did and what you can do is then copy the curriculum of the CKA certification into the study course. And then you will have created like this Kubernetes course that you can study for yourself and learn Kubernetes at your university. So you don't necessarily have to take the actual CKA exam, but you can do it if you like to get the certificate that proves the new knowledge that you have gained. So the last part of my journey is obviously presenting here at KubeCon and CloudNativeCon. I think that this is also a great way that you keep learning and discovering new things that you are presenting about. So if you really want to learn something new, then submit a talk to KubeCon. And then I will probably think that you will prepare a lot for it, and then you will learn a lot about this topic. This makes you also kind of discover new things that you may have not have considered before.  That's all. Questions? Thanks for the talk. So about the university, did they have any course? They didn't have any courses in Kubernetes or something similar, right? But have you engaged with them to kind of see if they would be open to anything like that? Yeah, I have engaged with them. And there also was a kind of distributed systems course. But it was not really that great, and the teacher just left the university. And it's very hard to find people and teachers with these skills because they are so people in the industry really wants to give them a job. So it's hard for the universities to attract them also. So I guess the universities kind of want to it, but it's also kind of hard to have this course because it takes a lot of time for the teachers to stay updated on what they are kind of teaching. Definitely agree, kind of same experience. The thinking is if all who's had some, I don't know, magical recipe. Any questions? I guess that's it then. Yeah, thank you. Thank you.


Now, before we continue on with series three and talking about units and the equal sign, I wanted to talk about something I mentioned in the previous update, which was what I was really going to cover in this series, until I came into the realization that I had to talk about the equal sign in units before I could continue on with that information. And what I was going to talk about initially in series three was more about zero and infinity. Now I did a four minute, five minute little introduction video in series one about zero and infinity and I was going to expand on that a lot more. But when I was laying out the work and thinking about the videos when I was going to shoot, when I went down one of the branches where I was trying to compare the smallest thing we've been able to measure in the universe, which is elementary particles, which is what we believe all matter to be made out of. And comparing it to the biggest thing that we've been able to measure in the universe. Some would argue the biggest, the largest thing that we've been able to measure in the universe or observe in the universe, which is black holes. When I went into the extremes thinking about zero and infinity, thinking about the smallest particle in the universe and the biggest thing in the universe, I hit a snag and it turned into a realization where I, when I brought in Robert Anton Wilson's Maybe Logic and the snag was basically this. Elementary particles have three properties, it's spin, force charge and mass. And cobbles have three properties, spin, force charge and mass.  Because again, they have the same, you know, they could have the same spin, they could have the same force charge, but if one is the biggest thing in the universe and one is the smallest thing in the universe, then their masses would be different, right? This part is the snag. Based on general relativity, there is no size limit to a black hole. Well, some people say there's an upper size limit, and I think I've read an article that said, you know, there's an upper size limit to black holes, but there is no lower size limit to black holes. I don't know about the upper limit either, but there is no lower, I guess the upper limit would be mass of the universe, but there is no lower bound of how small a black hole could be, right? So if we take the properties and say elementary particles of three properties, spin, force charge and mass, black holes of three properties, spin, force charge and mass, then if we take a black hole, the largest thing in the universe, and reduce it to the same mass as the smallest thing in the universe, how are we to tell the difference between them? How are we to tell that one is an elementary particle and one is a black hole? That's where I hit the snag when I realized the equal sign is not an absolute. It's based on what it is that we're talking about, and that is units. So that's when I decided to make a series about the equal sign that came into the realization that literally the most important symbol in the language of mathematics is the equal sign, and one of the most important things we should always keep in mind is what it is that we're talking about, which is units. Now what I'm going to do is I found a little outcrop here. Hopefully it's got a little lot of jags on it. It's not as flat as I like it, but let's lay out a visual on this so it makes more sense. And hopefully this is sort of a teaser on what we're going to get into when we start talking about zero and infinity. And some of the things that made me grasp what zero and infinity really meant for us, which is zero infinity, basically talking about them, is huge, is brilliant, because no matter what philosophy you follow, no matter what religion you follow, no matter what religion you do not follow, no matter what you believe, everything and nothing, they mean something to you. The concepts are huge. It incorporates everything. So it's quite important to talk about this. And mathematics, the language of mathematics, offers a certain unique perspective into zero and infinity, and has allowed us to think about the boundaries of what we know, the limits of what we know, and possibly some would argue the limits of what we can know.


But not all systems we need to explicitly give the goals, there are some systems where the goal is zero value, many systems have zero value goals, example is say you can assume radioactive decay that is also a exponential system, exponential decay, the general structure is that we do not really explicitly specify the goal because the goal is anyway 0, so you do not need to explicitly define it. So, the system becomes much more compact, so your state of system S net outflow rate is simply S times the fractional decay rate D, so your change in stock or net outflow rate is just stock times D, so you do not need to subtract with the 0. So, let us see what happens and typically in these systems we are interested in half life, for all we can just go with the example also radioactive decay we are interested in half life, nothing but the time interval required cut the discrepancy in half. Let us quickly check that out, zero value goal, what we want to do is we have stock S and they have rate and they have fractional adjustment or decay rate D, so let us decay fraction D. So, the equation for this is equal to minus rate which is minus D into S because I am just reducing it, you can solve it similar to the way we solved for exponential growth or the previous scenarios by moving S to the other side and integrating. So, upon solving we can get a nice expression for S at time t which is nothing but initial value t power minus t into D or S naught into e power minus t by same adjustment time. So, A t again stands for adjustment time which is just one over the fraction D, this is an A. This curve as, so we need to get a expression e power minus x, so that we can get the curve similar to this. So, for all these systems this is your S naught and this is your goal, right goal is 0. So, this is your S naught and this is your goal. Let us assume we have a adjustment time twice the adjustment time, three times adjustment time and so on. So, this is your time axis A t, 1 A t, 3 A t, etcetera. So, this is a behavior expected because e power minus x function I am just plotting that. So, one thing we are interested in this is we want to know when is the half life. So, we want to know at half point where I will reach this. So, let us denote this as the half life t subscript h, the time at which the stock value becomes 50 percent. We can just quite straight forward to compute it, half life. Half life is when S of t is 50 percent of your initial value. So, from the above equation we get this is equal to e power minus t h, t h by A t. So, once you solve it we will get it is minus adjustment time is 0.5.  This will be very similar to your exponential doubling time. In fact, it will be exactly the same. So, exponential doubling time and your half life here you get the same multiplier of 0.69 times your adjustment time. So, there is a required to cut your discrepancy half.  So, after 70 percent of time has passed the stock value is cuts into half or stock value doubles in case of exponential growth systems. So, you will know we have looked at positive feedback systems. Then we looked at negative feedback system. Then we looked at negative feedback system with constant exogenous rate either in inflow or an outflow and then we had a zero value equal to special case but again negative feedback system. Now, it will be interesting to take it to the next step of natural question is what happens when both positive and negative feedback occurs in the same system. So, if you only look at one part of it that is if you just focus your attention on population and birth rate that we expected to be exponential growth system. On the other side if you focus your attention on only population and death rate we expected to be a negative feedback system or a zero value goal system where system is the population is eventually going to die off. If there is no additional birth rate to a system at some point system is going to die off. So, with death rate we are going to have an exponential decay with a zero value goal or with birth rate we are going to have a positive feedback system which is a result in exponential growth correct. So, now a birth rate is governed by fractional birth rate and death rate is governed by fractional death rate D. So, what are the possible patterns of behavior is there anything else when both these values both these take values how do we expect the system to behave. Individually we know when both are there together both B and D are there then how will the system behave and buying positive and negative feedbacks we are looking at population model deaths with a fraction D births a fraction B ok. So, the system we are looking at there are only three possible ways the system cannot oscillate the system cannot have produce an S shaped growth because there is nothing causing any other dynamics within the system. So, we just have two constants B and D. So, we are going to get only three modes of behavior for your population if in steady state when births exactly equal deaths then population will remain a constant when the births will be equal to deaths. See here deaths the equation for deaths is nothing but deaths is equal to P into D births is equal to P into B the equation of births is just P into B the equation of deaths is P into D. So, in the system if P is equal to P is equal to B I am sorry D is equal to D then system is going to not oscillate nothing system will always be in steady state as this. Now, if you have more births and deaths what will happen it will be an exponentially increasing system. So, this when B is greater than D B is less than D in less births than deaths then what will happen it will decay with a zero value goal right it would not be a mirror image of this instead you will get a behavior like this this is when D is less than D right. So, this is your goal seeking behavior zero value goal this is the shape we drew that is what you will get when deaths are more than births the population is going to keep declining until it hit zero. If births are greater than deaths it is going to have exponential growth births are equal to deaths then you are going to get a constant rate. So, it comes out because of this the net rate as opposed to the level if we plot it the net rate B equal to D case is constant sorry this is constant line B equal to D it is constant when B is greater than D say again F I am going to get a B is greater than D or B is less than D. So, if the slope is positive I am going to get exponential growth slope is negative then I have I have to get exponential kind of a decay and this it is constant I mean it is equal then I am going to get a linear growth this is only three possible modes of behavior within the system right. And again the system continues to be linear and at any point we just figure out which is dominating and appropriately we can compute the net rate. And if suppose I know the value of B and value of D I take the difference and depending on that I can figure out whether system is going to increase or decrease and I can compute what is going to be for example, as doubling time or the half time or half life. Level is a stock P this is a stock or level. When we saw this like let me just know this for positive feedback systems we had made a rate level chart I have shown you the slide. So, there the rate level chart was like this and we told that this slope here defined your growth rate G. For negative feedback systems we also had a rate level chart where we drew it something like this this direction it went on the negative side also if you remember. So, we just drawing the same graph except that we are already taking the difference and drawn it here the same graph that we drew from that same order point of order and that is why the system continues to be linear.


So you don't want to waste your time learning PHP. Well, you just write video that may explain This video is brought to you by digital academy You're no more source to learning programming fast and get to that six-figure freelance salary you desire Our courses include our secret project course our freelance Kickstarter our Python course and our interview Programming course and much much more So if you haven't already go ahead and click the link below to get to our free Seven-step freelance guide so that we can help take your career to the next level. I'll see you guys in the course All right guys, you're concerned about learning PHP and are you wasting your time? Well, we're gonna get right into it I got some points here. I wanted to cover with you guys and really kind of cover this problem So let's start with the problem first guys So you can use about which programming language you want to learn you hear a lot of people say learn is learn that and You're just trying to figure out where to start so that you can start learning and get that job You want to make those six figures, but there's so many directions you can go and PHP is one of those program language That actually came up on the radar. You're trying to figure out. Can I learn PHP to really leverage my Skills and get that job that I want so the quick answer guys is yes The takeaway is you can always leverage PHP in the freelance market as far as just word press development All of those freelance areas and plus in the enterprise world you can leverage this as a second language as well I do a lot of C sharp and SQL work, but at the end of the day There are some applications where I use PHP Especially when you start to get in the word press side of things a web development a lot of things on the web Leverage PHP and it's a good language to learn really quick the learning curve is not that bad And that's the really the good way to get started with PHP But before you go just have been on PHP You got to know where PHP fall within the scope of programming in the business world So you can know what language is you need to learn in which situations and also put yourself in a position where if you Want to work at a specific job market, you know, which program language they're looking for and you can know the differences When to use PHP when to use C sharp when to use SQL and that and I got some points here I want to cover with you guys here. So at the end of the day guys I want to start some engagement on this channel Go ahead and tell me about your experience with this problem when you're trying to learn PHP Was it insightful for you? Did it help you go ahead and comment below and let's start a conversation below as far as Just your personal experience with PHP and specifically where you're able to get a job in PHP So comment below also below guys If you haven't already links to my seven-step guide It's gonna help you guys take your career to the next level and really put you in a position So that you can leverage your PHP skills to get a job links are below get that free guide And if you already got that free guide go ahead and try the premium courses as well guys I'm gonna really put you in a position so that you can get those projects and really advance your career and get that six figure salary You deserve so that being said guys Why don't they really kind of get into some detail and kind of make sure not only give you guys some straight points But I also give you guys some insights on PHP and the use cases for it So that you can kind of know when to use PHP when you see sharp vice versa that being said guys I am I'm always trying to figure out Okay, put yourself in the shoes of a junior PHP developer and you're trying to figure out, okay First of all, how do I learn programming as fast and as efficient as possible because a lot of people struggle at the beginning as a Developer just trying to learn and they get intimidated and you want to get past that stage as quickly as possible And you want to learn a program language that allow you to not only learn it fast But be able to create projects and feel good about yourself and get into the job market and be able to be a productive software developer PHP is that language guys, especially compared to other Low-level languages is very easy to get started. You got a lot of a big huge community The learning curve is really good As far as just in the freelance world You can use something like cPanel and Wordpress and Juma and so many other programs sugar CRM To really kind of figure out how to build those projects and be a successful developer PHP developer The problem come in at guys is actually when you start to get in the enterprise world especially in certain segments when you start to deal with CRM's and more the enterprise application they tend to lean To the C-sharp's and the Java's like Salesforce I think it's at apex which is kind of like a version of Java And then you start to get in the Microsoft world with the C-sharp's and the Microsoft Dynamics and all that as well Then if you go on the OS level or lower level language You just start to get into the OS the C plus plus the C's and things like that and you tend to wonder Well, do I really want to learn PHP or do I want to stick with one or the other? And I want to let you guys just give you more insights on how to pick a program language better and where PHP lives in that scope so first off if you're dealing with any kind of web development, especially when it comes to Like automating things on the web development doing calls API things like that PHP is good for that kind of stuff It lives along with a lot of JavaScript HTML CSS now a lot of Back-end programming languages leverage it as well, but especially in the web development world If you're doing anything WordPress, that's the first place you go any extensions to it any integrations automatically over PHP sugar CRMC That's where things start to get great Once you go beyond the web development and that's when you start to get into that hybrid mode Just say if you work for a company that leverage C-sharp and SQL and you wondering right What is anybody gonna be doing in a C-sharp and SQL world with? PHP well, I Work in those environments and a lot of those people leverage WordPress leverage online things like a idea perfect example You got people who love to use the Google Analytics tracking things like that to integrate with their Or Salesforce CRM's and things like that PHP does a wonderful job of integrating between the two If you know that program language you can use Python and others JavaScript as well But just like all the others you can use PHP as well And those are just a few things you can do to really leverage your existing PHP skills I had a guy one time before that Started with PHP I started with PHP before I start to get into a sequel like I started with the Lambda stack PHP my SQL and I got into SQL which is Microsoft SQL and then kind of got into C-sharp after that But I still to this day all of my stuff that I use for my website and a lot of stuff that I use for my personal stuff It's all well mostly written PHP not all of my website PHP A lot of the back-end processes are also you leverage PHP as well C-pound all the applications on there Most is gonna be PHP So it was a really good chance that you can still leverage PHP and get some very good projects out of it But at the end of the day guys, I could sit here and chirp all day about PHP But like I was saying before I Want to make sure you engage as well just trying to figure out How to get more developers involved I think I really feel like PHP is one of those languages that you can start with Along with Python along with JavaScript a lot of the front-end GUIs Those are really good languages to start with so I always recommend them But you got to know where that place is and the job market and the business so that you can also know when to start to Switch or pivot to start leveraging C-sharp SQL versus my SQL and PHP So guys at the end of the day We want to make sure that we pick one program language learn net Learn the fundamentals loops arrays All that stuff learn how to navigate code read code Be able to know how to go in and change clothes Code without breaking it know how to comment the basics then jump into projects guys jump into real-world projects You know when you're training you had to calculate apps all that stuff to kind of learn with the How to navigate code and all that but you quickly want to get into to those business projects So that you can put those projects on your portfolio and put you in a position to win guys So at the end of the day Want to do that you can always leverage PHP as a second language and you'll be good to go a lot of you developers Or just get to start it man. I can only imagine coming in today Trying to get a job as PHP developer in a freelance world. You can do that all day long and Get those jobs online remotely Upwork freelance up work elance all the online platforms. They love that kind of stuff But once you start to get into some of these corporate environments, they they still think PHP is used for the I would say It's not a scalable language It's not an enterprise level language But PHP has come a long way, especially the newer version of PHP You can do just as much as in PHP than C sharp, you know It's just you know Just matter of perception at this point in my mind and tools that are available on an enterprise level especially since Oracle Kind of bought out my SQL and then it's Inherit a lot of the PHP code that supports the my sequel infrastructure It just makes it that much better guys So like subscribe to the content if you haven't already go ahead and check out my seven step gap below I'll put a link on the screen here Go check that out check out my premium courses and also tell me your experience about PHP. Are you struggling? Are you learning? Let's go ahead and comment below like subscribe to the content again Here it is. We're gonna put it on the screen for you and I'll see you guys in the next video base