We get to host men in this segment and I am quite excited about it. They are, one is the founder and the other one is chairman for the board of trustees that is Watoto Asome Initiative. But you know what we do, they are here to tell us all about Watoto Asome and tell us about the initiative, what they are doing with that. So I have Timothy Struso. I hope I mentioned, I said that correctly. And then there is Nicholas Nyaga, Karibunisana. I hope I pronounced your names correctly. You did. Okay, Karibunisana. This is the first time we are having men. So it's interesting, this was a strength of a woman, a lady's show. It's interesting to have men on board. Thank you. You are the first man. Yes, you are the first man I am hosting in this segment actually. Karibunisana. So what is Watoto Asome? Watoto Asome Initiative is a charitable last that is sponsored by Blighter need students towards secondary education. When did you start Watoto Asome? Basically we started in December 2022 but our first court was in January 2020. So we are in the second year. We are now up from Tucson form 1 because we started with form 1s in 2020. So you sponsor primary, secondary? Secondary, secondary. We pick those that have done KCP, those are joining form 1s. Why the interest particularly in the secondary? Actually this is an initiative that happened, it was not planned for. It just happened that we had a youth WhatsApp group that we are doing various things catching up, pertaining and there. So we realized there was one kid in our neighborhood who was not joined form 1 one year later after doing KCP. And we were very interested and we said if we can do all these things we have been doing we can chomambuzi, we can throw parties. Why not take care of this child? So when we got interested and we started the logistics we realized there are more. It's not just that one and we had like five more cases. Then we said why can't we formalize this and pick like 20 students. And we started, we did a very short advertisement and we said there is this group that is interested in sponsoring students joining form 1. And within one week we had so many applications close to 170. So that's where we started. It was not planned, it just started. And then now we started formalizing it, we started the process of registering. So in that first year we picked 28, we wanted 20. But after short listing, after interviews, after we conducted the home visit, we were unable to separate the eight, we couldn't know who to leave so that we remain with the 20 that we wanted. We ended up picking 28. And moving first forward this year we have picked the 45. Interesting. So at what point did you make, because I want to bring Nikolaas into the conversation, at what point did you now formalize Watotoa Summit to the point that now you have a board of trustees? So after we picked our first court, as I said it was a group, it was formed by youths. And now we started, actually we used to changa 100 bob per month to facilitate this. So we wanted to legalize it. And we tried to do checks and checks here and there to see which is the light formation to register, CBO, NGO, and we settled that trust, charitable trust. For you to form a trust, you need a board. Now we agreed that because we are youths, we want a board now of older people, those who are experienced, those who are tourists can water to Shikiliya. As we do our things, we want to be over-cited by people who have been here before, who have also been doing this. Nikolaas, what was your entry point into Watotoa Summit? Thank you so much. Like you said, my name is Nikolaas Nyaga. I think it's important for you to know Mr. Nyaga very well. Mr. Nyaga is a long-term educator. I've been a teacher for 32 years. A principal of very serious schools for 24 years. And let me first salute the youth of Mahara constituency, who are the initiators or the ones who started this program. I want to underscore the importance of the youth as a powerhouse. The youth can create or destroy a country. The youth of Mahara constituency started as a subgroup whereby they were supporting these or the other politicians. That was during the campaign time. And what happened is that after the campaigns, after the elections, they sat down and asked themselves what can we do? Okay, we were fighting over these over the other, but what can we do as a youth of Mahara constituency in Tarakaniti to empower our people? To transform the lives of our people, especially the vulnerable they need in our society. That was the genesis of Watoto Asom initiative. They sat together, people of like minds, and they agreed. Let's... We have... Mr. Truso is a second founder. Our first founder is a friend, a very good friend of mine in America called Elifas Kimati. I really salute him because he's the power behind this also. He really empowered his colleagues back at home. To start this. When I was the principal of Gamber Boys, I was the principal of Gamber Boys in Kobo High School, Kadyani Boys. When I was principal of Gamber Boys, we used to stay with Kimati, the Elifas Kimati was in the U.S. at Mawa. And during that time when I was active in the teaching and the administration of schools, I was very much involved in assisting needy children. My students were having issues with fees. I was assisting them either from my own domestic budget or even creating what we call income-generating projects. Like at Kobo High School, I remember we created a pig-rearing project, a portrait keeping project. At the school canteen, I took it over to assist the needy children. And we were able to take about 72 students to the university through that program. Very needy students who would not have seen the doors of the university. So that is where my drive started from.  I know what you have been doing in schools. I think this is the right time now to take. Now that you are free, you have left teaching, you are left the administration of schools, I think you can, apart from whatever else you are doing, you can come on board to assist these young people, stay at these initiatives to other levels. That is how I came in. We had a meeting where I was elected as the chair of the Board of Trustees. So I am here wearing that cap of the chairman of the Board of Trustees, what was some initiative.  How was it the first time they approached you to get into the name? I was excited because I am quite passionate about working with young people. Having said, I was a teacher for so many years. I developed that passion for working with them. So even after my early retirement, I thought this was a perfect opportunity for me to continue working with the young people for young people. I really love the empowerment of the youth. So this is what basically we are doing. Assisting, need the kids, access, education opportunities. Minimize dropouts or failure to attend schools. And also our short term goal is assisting in increasing university and college intake and the long term goals is to assist them attain employment but most specifically self employment. Because Erano if we say it, we are targeting, we have been targeting rather children with very low marks at standard eight between 200 and 299 and taking them to day schools because that is what we can afford. This is very little money from our pockets and from our friends. I have just mentioned Kimadi out there.  We don't have any other external donor. So we can only take these kids to boarding schools. That is why we target those with very high marks they are taken by Domokaniata Foundation, Equator Foundation and other sponsors. But these others have been forgotten. So we have taken the map with very low marks even some with 150 marks and we take them to day schools. With the aim ultimately at the end of the day, these kids we are going to work very closely with the tivets, vocational training institutions. We channel them there where they are going to do tailor made skilled oriented courses, tailoring mechanics, electricity, planting, masonry, motor vehicle mechanics, a course that a kid takes and even before he finishes or she finishes the course, they are already putting money in their pockets. So that is our goal, our long term goal and we are fighting ourselves getting there. Amazing. Timothi, we know of every place where we have people who have good intention, we don't miss those ones, those little ones that want to ride on help when they do not necessarily need it. So how are you able to save the genuine cases from the counterfeit ones? Normally what we do, we start by sending an advertisement for application. After they apply, now we scrutinize them according to needs. First period is given to orphans, thought orphans, single parented and those with parents with chronic illness. So we first of all scrutinize the application forms. Then after there we conduct interviews and don't visit. For instance, you may find that someone is an orphan, but now they have very well up guardians. So we automatically dismiss. But we make sure through the interviews and don't visit, we get the most genuine cases. For instance during this year's interview, there are some people who had not applied, but they got the word. But what was always conducting interviews today and they just came. Now we said because if you are not in our interview list, we are not going to conduct interview for you, but we said, I told our team now we can just do it for probability and you will escape a buyer to release too. But after conducting that interview, we found out that it was the most need that we could apply. So I believe we take the most genuine cases and there are so many. We are only able to take like 20% of the cases that we receive and we almost are genuine. What does the application process look like? We have a very detailed forms that isn't there. With all details that we need to know, your parents, siblings, work, school performance, this form is also must be signed by the primary school ed teacher, your church leader and the assistant chief. Now these people in the administration sector, they are also very clever. When we are going through the forms, they are signed, they give.  So you call them and they explain. Like the child is going through a hell of time, but they are not that so needy. The parent are just like this. Amazing. Wow, okay. Mwali mwali mwali mwali. As I realized your potential, you might have been my teacher. I'm just realizing that I am a very potential student because I'm not very old. So what are some of your roles as a chair of the trustee? Okay, as the chair of the trustee is, I am in charge of resource mobilization. Just like I've told you, we have a few people who have been in our donors bracket. The youth in our subgroups and our personal friends outside the subgroups. So I like coordinating that process of trying to ensure that we have some money to pay fees for these kids that we have taken in. Like for example, we have what we call the coin challenge. Every Wednesday we have a fund raising every Wednesday. The first time I was the guest of onaona. Every Wednesday we have a guest of onaona. Amongst ourselves. The first time I was a guest of onaona and mobilized resource is almost 100,000. Amongst the group. And I think this last Wednesday up to maybe around this Wednesday again, I decided to take a whole week doing fund raising for the whole week. I'm also hitting over 50,000 mark. So I have to lead from the front in terms of resource mobilization and also coordinating the entire team. Polimu has mentioned about fund raising which brings me to the next question I want to engage you on. Of course, because we have potential our listeners, rather our viewers, we have potential clients and we also have potential donors. What are your fund raising events like when do you have giving, when where do people channel their contribution because you know probably there's someone watching in there like how would want to be part of the initiative or rather how do we partner with them? We have not yet been able to conducting a fund raising event. We list money through membership subscription. We are a group of youths in a WhatsApp we have about 200 and we have different levels of monthly subscription starting from 1500, 200 and 100. Apart from the monthly subscription we do now the coin challenge that is a mini fund raising every Wednesday but we are also welcome also donors, we have a pay bill that we receive a donation with but our most the main fund raising is the coin challenge and monthly subscription so far. What are some of the challenges we've experienced so far? Challenges is finances of course like now you see when we now have 73 kids in school and you know that is a four years and build commitment as we are here we have paid all the previous school fees that is last years school fees and this second year first term school fees or it's paid but we don't have enough to pay second term, third term and the next years but we remain hopeful. Then another challenge is when you pick these kids now most palent relax you'll be caught every other time we don't have uniforms we don't have books like they expect you to do everything that that is needed in school we have also been we have gone to an extent of paying some of our student rent you find we have a student who they don't have any home they live in a rented home and they call you and they tell you you know my rent is due na fungiwa nyumba and so urichuko yung toto na naenda shuriaki fungiwa nyumba akuna kazu na fanya so the main challenge is apart from the school fees which was our our motive there is so many other expenses that are coming up from your end what are some of the challenges you have experienced? Yeah, the aspect of resource mobilization definitely comes with a lot of challenges people are willing to give but they have challenges they don't know that means they don't have okay and and of course the people have their own things they are doing and the other people also who have an initiative like ours you approach somebody they tell you I am taking care of a certain number of students in school so that one you cannot commit them so that is one of the key challenges we have and number two okay fine we have a lot of support from our ours is non profit and non political but I must say and appreciate that we have a lot of support from our area MPs is MP is very supportive my MP again by central Mweshimiwa Ndani Keili who happens to be my former student ah okay is also very supportive interesting is very supportive of this initiative yeah my former MP my MC all of them are my my former students so they are very supportive of this initiative and I believe the challenges we are talking about we will be able to to deal with them within the kind of good will we have the only problem with challenges is if you don't have political good will then you are bound to fail but if you have support from those people who matter the political class and even in the world of academia the working class then we believe because we mean very well we want to we want to bridge a gap as watoto was some initiative we want to bridge a gap a very very very gaping hole in financing of public education the government has always talked about free primary in circle education 100% transition if you look at it analytically that remains a pet political talk show okay yeah but just just to say it for the sake for the sake of saying it as we are talking there are so many children who have not been able to to join high school how I wish we were able to assist them like you said we already have over 70 kids through our initiative and I believe that is trying to bridge the gap where the government has left some gap and other players in financing of education the equity foundation demokiniata foundation and the rest amazing what does your strategic plan look like well uh we are focused on we we have a strategic plan with a very clear vision of a very clear mantra of empowering the youth through education inclusivity that is our mantra that's our rolling call and like I said we intend to after after the exit of standard 8 you know we are we are not going to have standard 8 anymore we are going to have grade 9 grade 10 so we are focusing on now how to deal with that one we are going to work very closely with the minister of education with a view of seeing how we can now take up after that level you've answered something I wanted to ask now with the transition yeah with the transition 8 for 4 to what are they calling this thing cbc how is that going to affect grade 9 grade 10 yeah that's what I was saying we are going to work we are going to seek an appointment with a very key minister official and then we we will be able now to craft that way of you know coming coming in Malimo has raised very important point in terms of political engagement with water to asome as a founder do you do you will do you want to venture into how do I how do I am trying to find a way to frame this will do you want to look at avenues you can put what to asome in the ministry or rather in the political spaces I didn't get that okay let me let me try to break it down I think I have it in my mind where I'm trying to given what Malimo has said in terms of getting political involvement of other people as a founder what's your image are you envisioning that at a point you would want to have engagement more engagements with the ministry of education with people's education stakeholders with political avenues that is politicians how open are you to that that is what I mean yes we are very open and very consultative where we started as he said we pick 200 to 300 marks student the reason being we started in Malaconstituency our MPA is Kareken Yuki before before we extended to Meru County that is in Higembe Central and South and North the reason why we picked 200 to 300 marks we consulted with the CDF team that has been issuing basalis allowance and we realized that everyone who scores 300 to 300 and above they get a scholarship through the CDF not a scholarship a direct basali automatic basali of 10,000 per year so now we thought if you give someone 10,000 per year even if he is not able to join boarding school he can still join day school and 10,000 per year will be enough for day schools for us in our most of our day schools we pay between 12,000 to 15,000 per year so that's why we said we won't be taking anyone above 300 marks because they are already taken care of but now you see those between 200 to 300 which are average students they have no one to look up to they are not getting this automatic basali as the as the scholarship as the scholarship look at 300 marks and above or 350 and above so our 200 to 300 no one is looking at them that's why we that's where we started there and even at now we also we are very open we have been talking with also the CDF team they can see out of our in Mala we have six day students out of the six day how many they can help with something small in terms of basalis and as as we said we are we are doing day schools but this year we have been able to to pick a few students to join secondary schools because you happen when we went to Igambe the case scenario in Igambe is different you find like there was one one student that had already lost hope and he was already employed as a to take care of cows you see you will find someone at the school to the 50 but badwa konimbani so apart from day schools this year we have we have took students to seven seven boarding schools I think that is Chokolia girls Kobo boys Nkuenen girls Kangeta girls Mawua girls and Igambe boys let me this is a partnership and there are two there are two key instruments that guide on children being in school that insist that education quality education of children is a guarantee under the UN convention of the rights of the child and the Kenya constitution 2010 every child must be in school but how possible is it the government will not be able to do that so we are this is a partnership that is our want us to look at it we are not in competition with anybody we are only in competition in as far as bridging that gap is concerned that is why we were quick to to commend our colleague Mr. Kimadu is in the US for being with us in this that is why we were quick to commend our local politicians for being supportive of this idea in the same vein the minister of education which is the owner of all this process I mentioned that we are going to seek an appointment with the key ministry official with a view of knowing how we can work together so that they also know that we are assisting in bridging the gap so it's a partnership it's a wholesome yeah it's a wholesome thing it's a wholesome thing we are not we are not trying to take credit for anything and like I said it's unpolitical we are not interested in any political seats so nobody should feel intimidated by the presence in that space I think every time people are doing such a initiative someone will think ah we are not interested so people will like you won't relax but anyway as we almost come to an end of this conversation I want to ask you a question that I want you to answer is a chair of the trustee and I want you to answer as the founder where do you see what's the trust of the initiative in a few years I am seeing it very far going very far going places because like I said we are interested in ensuring that these kids don't go to waste whether they are low max or very high max but who are unable to join high school and even that we have a component for training those who manage to go to the university we are very hopeful we are very prayerful that we are going to facilitate them to go there but the majority the majority who may be joining mid-level colleges that is our business because we are very sure that there are graduates out there who are struggling to put a plate on the table who are struggling with their mothers asking for food but there are certificate orders who have no problem with money okay so that is where we feel we must go I am going to make an appeal to our colleagues I said this is a partnership in fact it is starting from primary schools where we are getting these kids from I hand teacher calls to you Malimu we have had you have this initiative we have a kid here try to assist I tell them charity begins at home that kid make sure you have mobilized resources from the teachers from the children from the school committees ensure that they have uniform then bring that kid out take them to school we will pay fees for them so it is starting from there and then they are so excited about it and we are similarly getting very excited because people are really buying that idea so it only requires providing leadership we have provided leadership people have small small money that can change the world that can transform the lives of this innocent need of children but they didn't know how in fact one of the teachers was so surprised Malimu how easy has it become I didn't know what to do with this kid I never thought I was going to get this money they got money from the teachers from the school committees from the children from the church and they were able to buy uniform because we were not buying uniform it is being bought by the teachers who are giving us these kids so it's a serious partnership so I'm going to appeal to the hands of secondary schools the principles where we are taking these kids you know the policy of the minister of education is this the schooling education must be made affordable and when we create other stories other fees apart from what the ministry has indicated should be paid then we are going to disadvantage some of these kids especially those who are under sponsorship because those who are sponsoring kids in high school will only pay the official fees as per the ministry's guidelines so I am going to make an appeal to the my colleagues who are serving principles where they have an idea that a kid is being sponsored by small people like us if there are some other levies let the school take care of it as a founder where do you see the foundation or rather the trust are going to in a few years I see whereby it will be a very strong strong organization with the beneficiaries now coming back to learn it that is my dream but before we get there I think because now we are we are we are translating from each for 4 to CBC we have like 2 years that will not be picking student there are no students who will be joining from once I was talking to chairman yesterday and I thought there are so many students who are sent home because of school fees may be informed from this and they have no hope I want to see whereby we can assist them go back to school before they are logged out of the 844 system because in 4 years time it will be gone slowly and if you are in the 844 system and you dropped out for one reason or the other it will be valued for you now to come back again so in short term we want to see that those who dropped out in the next 2 years that will be our job those who dropped out because of financial reasons we will be able to help them come back before the 844 is before it is transferred to CBC then in long term we want to see whereby our beneficiaries will now come back to learn the organization what has that? yeah with your permission at the end at the end if you allow us we can give the pay bill number in case anybody wants to as come on board that 50 bob that 10 bob matters it can transform our life maybe at the end we are actually at the end because I think we need to pay okay finally it's well at Watotuwa so many times we have a mentorship component which is very key after we have recruited a a kid a scholar we attach them to a mentor who does, who visits we also do school visits to check on the discipline of the child and the academic performance of the child we also do home visits to ascertain that the situation at home does not become an obstacle to the achievement of this of this kid sometimes in April there's 70 I think 74 kids that we have taken we are organizing a bootcamp for them all those from Mara constituency will be driven to again by central kangeta girls I'm talking to the principal there will accommodate us for a day or two we are going to invite key speakers even even even some people have never gone to school but are very very successful people have the DJs and that kind of staff they are going to be there to talk to these kids we are also going to invite some of our members of parliament that will be available our MCs to motivate those children so it's a long long process amazing any other thing I think I would mention before the genesis of Watotwa Somme that same was a group that was that consisted of Mara youth who are now wailing from post post election talks we were also able to to form a saco that is now thriving it's called Mara business saco but now we were able to separate the two entities Watotwa Somme and the saco they are two different entities the saco as they are I ask its own leadership but they are doing very well not when I was coming here I asked for a loan and it was approved very fast yeah amazing it's well malimita as well we understand teachers by the way teachers will always have something to say yeah yeah I was talking about the paybelive it's okay we can give okay no actually that's the end that's the last question I will ask where could we find you where can we find Watotwa Somme just in case anyone wants to reach out I can probably give out your contacts or something now the paybelive okay so okay for those who would wish to know a little more about Watotwa Somme initiative I will give my number 0728 use the camera because you're talking to them actually I will give my number 0728 568050 I will repeat my number is 0728 568050 for those who would want to know more about Watotwa Somme initiative and I am also challenging them Kenyans across the country start a small Watotwa Somme initiative in your village and you not know where to take those blessings maybe you share with those blessings with us because they know you have a lot of blessings and then our paybel number is 400 200 that is for cooperative bank I think 400, 200 then the account number is<PHONE_NUMBER>2 sorry 40084002 thank you, I'm done we can we allow teachers to be teachers yeah so you can I just want to add on our social media and us you can find us on Instagram Facebook link din at Watotwa Somme initiative also our website is www.watotwa.wasomeinitiative.org thank you so much thank you for your time thank you for coming thank you for the conversation thank you for the good work you're doing you know it's not every child especially those midli performing children therefore what to pretend then some of those kids have the real talent some of those sometimes we say my talent is not even with those escolars talent is with the middle class children but thank you so much that was quite something the first set of gentlemen we've got an on empowerment cafe after changing it to empowerment cafe that end of much more conversations is what we are going to be bringing away empowering conversations conversations that make you day and conversations that are not just entertaining but they are educative I hope you can read something home with you today my name is Chris Meingi that has been empowerment cafe but Val is coming back with more do not touch that dial


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session, we will discuss the following question and the question says, orangies cost $2 per dozen and mangoes cost $2 per dozen. Write a formula to find the total cost C in dollars of 20 oranges and 30 mangoes. Let's find the solution now. We are given that the cost of 1000 of oranges is A dollars. So cost of 12 oranges is equal to A dollars. This implies cost of 1 orange is equal to A upon 12 dollars. This implies of 20 oranges is equal to 20 A upon 12 dollars. This is equal to 5 A upon 3 dollars. We are also given that the cost of 1000 of mangoes is B dollars. So cost of 12 mangoes is equal to B dollars. This implies of 1 mango is equal to B upon 12 dollars. This implies cost of 13 mangoes is equal to 30 B upon 12 dollars which is equal to 5 B upon 2 dollars. Now we have to find a formula to find total cost C in dollars of 20 oranges and 30 mangoes. So according to the given statement, the formula is total cost C is equal to cost of 20 oranges which is 5 A upon 3 dollars cost as 13 mangoes which is 5 B upon 2 dollars. So this is the final answer. With this we end our session. Hope you enjoyed the session.


A very good evening aspirants, we are very happy to bring to your attention that Shankarai's Academy is launching two programs to guide and help you in your UPSE prelims and main civil services examination. For prelims, a new batch in our test series is starting this month. Yes, the admissions for this new pre-storming batch is open now and the test will come in tomorrow that is on 15th October 2022. This batch will consist of 66 tests and these tests will be conducted in both online and offline mode. Test discussion classes will also be provided. Hurry and register to use the most reliable prelims test series. And don't worry for mains we are launching the mains booster 2023 under which you will be provided 40 mains oriented tests in 90 days. The booster is a quick plan drafted for you. To boost your mains score, it starts on October 31st and will include sectional test, half papers and civil service examination emulators. It is available in both online and offline modes for just 4500 rupees. So grab this chance to kickstart your mains exam preparation. And with this note, let us get into the Hindu news analysis for the date 14th of October 2022. Displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. Without any delay, let's get into the article discussion. Today we are going to start our discussion with this news article here. This news article speaks about dugong which is otherwise called as a sea cow. See the article says that there are only around 240 dugongs left in the whole country and majority of them are confined in the Park Bay, especially off the coast of Tanjavur and Pudukote districts of Tamil Nadu. So to conserve this vulnerable species, last year Tamil Nadu government had set up the nation's first dugong conservation reserve in the Park Bay spanning over 448 square kilometers. Note that this particular conservation reserve is totally different from the why life sanctuaries. Why is that? This is because there are no restrictions on the local communities in this conservation reserve. So what does this mean? This means that this conservation reserve works by involving the local communities in the conservation of dugong. So this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, let's learn about dugong in Prillam's perspective. See dugong which is also called as sea cow is a marine mammal. Its binomial name is dugong dugong. It belongs to the family dugongidae of the order Sirenia. And note that it is the state animal of Andaman and Nicobar islands. See dugong it is the only existing herbivorous mammal species that lives exclusively in the sea. This is an important fact. Try to remember this. See this herbivorous mammal species it mainly feeds on seagrass and other aquatic vegetation. Now talking about the physical characteristics it grows about 3 meter long and weighs about 400 kg. See dugongs have an expanded head and trunk like upper lip and they share a common ancestry with other notable animal kingdom members like elephants. So this is about the physical features of dugong. Now speaking about the habitat. See dugongs are mostly distributed in shallow tropical waters in the Indo-Pacific region. And Australia has the largest dugong populations. And it is found along the western coast of Madagascar along the eastern coast of Africa that is in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf and then around the Indian subcontinent and in the western Pacific also. You can see the distribution in this image here. Now coming to India specific information. See in India they are seen in Gulf of Manar, Gulf of Kutch, Park Bay and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Here you have to note that it is not found along the entire coastline of India. They are found only in the areas that we saw just now. See they mostly live in the ocean but sometimes they move up into the land especially in the areas where there is brackish water. You all know what is brackish water right? It is a mixture of salt water as well as the freshwater. Now coming to the very important part, the conservation status of dugong. See in India dugong is protected under schedule one of the Wildlife Protection Act. That is it bans the killing of dugong and also bans the purchase of dugong meat. Then as per the IUCN Red List dugong is categorized as vulnerable. And then under the sites convention it is protected under Appendix 1. Appendix 1 includes species threatened with extension. Now let's see a brief about sites here. Know that sites is the convention on international trade and endangered species of wild fauna and flora. It is an international agreement between the governments to ensure that the international trade and specimens of wild animals and plants do not threaten their survival. And India ratified this convention in the year 1976. Now that's all about the facts related to dugong and its conservation status. With these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now look at this friend page article. It talks about the split verdict of the Supreme Court on Karnataka Hijab ban. The two judges on the bench had divergent opinions on the ideas of secularity, freedom of expression and effect of ban on education of girls. So in this news article discussion let us understand about this split verdict. First of all let us see the view of Justice Haimant Gupta. See he upheld Karnataka's prohibitive government order. In his opinion the apparent symbols of religious belief cannot be owned to secular schools maintained from state funds. And according to him secularity means uniformity which is represented by student uniform parity. So adherence to uniform was a reasonable restriction to free expression. So according to him the state through the order reinforced equality in the state. And he also added that the state had never forced the students out of the state schools by restricting hijab. The decision to stay out of the school was a voluntary act of the student. This is the view and opinion of Justice Haimant Gupta. Now coming to the second view. See Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia in his divergent opinion said that secularity means tolerance to diversity. Wearing or not wearing a hijab to school was ultimately a matter of choice. See for most of the girls from conservative families her hijab is her ticket to education. It's very true right? And asking the girls to take off their hijab before they enter the school gates is first an invasion of their privacy then it is an attack on their dignity and ultimately it is a denial to secular education. So according to Justice Dhulia there should be no restriction on wearing of hijab anywhere in schools and colleges in Karnataka. So this is the split verdict given by two judges on the bench. Now let us understand what our Indian constitution has got to tell us. See secularism it is a normative doctrine which seeks to realize a secular society. That is a society devoid of either inter-religious or intra-religious domination. See it promotes freedom within religions and it also promotes equality between as well as within the religions. So from this what can we infer? We can infer that Indian constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism that is giving equal respect to all religions or protecting all religions equally. So while covering the current affairs don't forget to revise your statics also. In this way it will be an integrated preparation and it will be useful for your problems as well as your mains. So regarding the hijab issue this case ended in a split verdict. Now a larger bench will address the case. So we have to wait for the decision of Supreme Court in this regard. Now that's all for this article discussion. In this discussion we saw about the split verdict of Supreme Court bench regarding the hijab issue and we also saw about the Indian concept of secularism. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Look at this text in context article. See this news article talks about the Interpol General Assembly meeting in Delhi. The meeting will be held for four days from October 18, 2022. Now this meeting is significant because since the year 1997 it is the second time this body is holding such a large conference in India. So in this news article discussion let us understand what is Interpol and its relation with India. But before that the syllabus relevant to the article is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. Now let's start the discussion with the question what is Interpol? To know about Interpol firstly you should know its full name. What is its full name? It is the International Criminal Polis Organization. See this Interpol was set up in the year 1923 and it is an inter-governmental organization and currently Interpol has 195 member countries. See the main function of Interpol is to help Polis in all of its member countries to work together to make the world a safer place. Now you may ask the question how is it possible? How can it help the Polis in all the member countries to work together? See Interpol acts as a secure information sharing platform which facilitates criminal investigation of Polis forces across the globe and it is done through collection and dissemination of information received from various Polis forces. So in simple words Interpol enables its member countries to share and access data regarding crimes and criminals and it also offers a range of technical and operational support to its member countries. So this is the main function of Interpol. And secondly it keeps track on the movements of criminals and it keeps tracks of those persons who are under the Polis radar in various regions and it tips off Polis forces whenever its assistance is requested. So from this we can say that Interpol aims to promote the widest possible mutual assistance between criminal Polis forces. I hope now you get an idea of what is Interpol and what are its functions. Now with this information let us see how Interpol is organized. See the head of Interpol is the President and the President is elected by the General Assembly. See President comes from one of the member countries and he holds office for four years. Now you may ask what is this General Assembly. See this General Assembly is the Interpol's supreme governing body and as we already saw General Assembly only elects the President of Interpol and the President comes from one of the member nations. Now you should know that this General Assembly comprises of representatives from each of its member countries and the General Assembly meets once a year and each session lasts around four days. And we saw about this in the introduction of news article itself right. See this General Assembly only lays down the policy for execution of the functions of Interpol and then the policies are carried out by its secretariat. See the policies will be on several specialized directorates for cyber crime, terrorism, drug trafficking, financial crime, environmental crime and human trafficking etc. Now this is about the General Assembly. In between we saw about secretariat right. Now we are going to see about that only. See the day to day activities of Interpol are overseen by a full time Secretary General elected by the General Assembly. And this Secretary General holds office for five years and this Secretary General is only responsible for the General Secretariat. So what do we know from this? We know that General Assembly forms policies and Secretariat takes care of the day to day activities. Now this is about the internal working of Interpol. Now let us see how Interpol works in other countries. See every member nation represents Interpol in that nation. Now it may sound a little confusing but I'll tell you what it is. See all communications between a nation's law enforcement agency and the Interpol go through the top investigative body in that country. To be very specific each member country hosts an Interpol National Central Bureau and this National Central Bureau serves as the country's focal point for all the Interpol activities. See don't get confused. All these points simply say that the connection between Interpol and the member nation is established through a National Central Bureau and this National Central Bureau can be any organization in that member country. Now in India what is that organization? In India the CBI assumes this role with one of its senior officers heading its exclusive inter wing. So as far as India is concerned the National Central Bureau is the CBI and it only hosts Interpol activities in the country and it only establishes connection between Interpol and the nation's law enforcement agencies. See they connect and communicate through a secure global police communications network called I-247. Remember the service? You can use it in your mains answer. Now does this mean any member country can access any critical information anytime? No really not. To access information notices should be raised. See Interpol notices are nothing but international request for cooperation or alerts. Once notices are accepted then the polis in the member countries will be allowed to share critical crime related information. See remember these notices are published by the general secretariat at the request of a National Central Bureau and they are made available to all of its member countries. See most notices they are for polis use only and they are not made available to the public. Now depending on the information sought the notices are differentiated into different colors. You can see that in this image here. Red notice is for the wanted persons, yellow notice is for the missing persons, blue notice is for the additional information, black notice is for the unidentified bodies, green notice is for warnings and intelligence, orange notice is for imminent threat and purple notice is for modus operandi. See these are some of the notices and they are different purposes. Now among them red notice is the most important one. Now what is red notice? It is a structured communication issued by Interpol to all the member countries. See this communication notifies the name of persons against whom an arrest warrant is pending in a particular country. See the notice issued requests all member nations that if the named individual is located in their country an immediate communication should be sent to the nation that wants him in connection with the criminal investigation. For example in India we used red corner notice to deport Vijay Malia. So what does this mean? If we request for the red notice Interpol will communicate with all of its member nations about Vijay Malia and all other member nations if they find any information about Vijay Malia and they know for sure that he is in their country then that member country should immediately communicate to India that Vijay Malia is there and this is how the red notice works. Now coming to the news article what can we expect from the Delhi meeting? See the entire global pollers leadership will be in Delhi for this session and those who want to see a stable global order continue to be concerned about the smuggling of narcotics and weapons. So discussion about narcotics and weapons is expected to happen in the Delhi session. Now let us conclude this article discussion by seeing some of the future challenges that lie in front of Interpol. Firstly know that globally coordinated law enforcement response is necessary. When it is necessary it is necessary to combat the growing threat of transnational cyber and organized crime. So in these cases globally coordinated law enforcement response is necessary. So regarding this Interpol should work towards gaining the international cooperation and coordination. So this is one challenge that lies in front of Interpol. Secondly it must get the authority to impose sanctions on a nation that refuses to assist in the implementation of a red notice. So compliance is the second challenge. So these challenges should be addressed by Interpol to make the world a safer place to live. Now that's all about this article discussion. In this discussion we saw about Interpol its main functions. We saw about different notices and finally we ended our discussion by seeing some of the challenges that lie in front of Interpol. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now let us take up this news article. This article speaks about the next generation launch vehicle. See yesterday ISRO chairman announced that ISRO is developing a next generation launch vehicle and this will replace Polar satellite launch vehicle PSLV in future. See the chairman also said that NGLV that is the next generation launch vehicle will use semi cryogenic technology. See it is both efficient and cost effective and he also highlighted that the new rocket could also be reusable. See if it is made reusable it is going to have a smaller payload that would be around 5 tons and also if the rocket is made expendable the payload capacity will also further go up to 10 tons and this is the crux of the news article given here. Now using this opportunity we are going to learn about the differences between Polar satellite launch vehicle PSLV and Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle GSLV. Now the first difference is based on the generation. See PSLV is the third generation satellite launch vehicle of India whereas GSLV is the fourth generation satellite launch vehicle of India. Now you may wonder then what is the first and second generation launch vehicles. See they are satellite launch vehicle SLV and augmented satellite launch vehicle ASLV respectively. Now moving on to the next difference. Now this difference is based on the orbits and their use. See PSLV has earned the title of work horse of ISRO. See this is because of its consistent delivery of various satellites to low earth orbits. See this is a general term if the altitude of the orbit is low from the earth then it is called as low earth orbits. It may range from 200 kilometers to 1600 kilometers and also know that PSLV is designed to deliver the earth observation or remote sensing satellites to sun synchronous circular polar orbits of 600 kilometer altitude. Now coming to GSLV see GSLV is designated mainly to deliver the communication satellites to the highly elliptical geosynchronous transfer orbit. This is the major difference. Now moving on to the next difference. Now this is based on the stages of the launch vehicle. First let us see the PSLV. See PSLV is a four stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. And also know that PSLV uses six strap-on motors to augment the thrust provided by the first stage. Here you have to note that depending on the number of the strap-on boosters the PSLV is classified into various versions like core alone version, PSLV CA, PSLV G and PSLV XL etc. See these strap-on motors and boosters they will be mounted on the sides of the launch vehicle. Now coming to the GSLV. See GSLV has three stages. The first stage uses a solid rocket motor then the second stage uses a liquid rocket engine and the third stage uses the indigenously built cryogenic engine. See the cryogenic engine carries liquid hydrogen as fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer. We all know why oxidizer is used right? Because there will be no oxygen in the space. But for combustion to occur we need oxygen and that is exactly why oxidizers are used. Now here also GSLV uses four liquid engines strap-on motors for the thrust. And there are different variants of GSLV launch vehicles based on the lift-off capacity. They are GSLV mark one, GSLV mark two and GSLV mark three. Now these are the three main differences between PSLV and GSLV. With this we have come to the end of this particular article discussion. In this article discussion we saw that ISRO is developing a next generation launch vehicle and using this opportunity we saw about the differences between Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. See this next article here it talks about the recent floods in the parts of Andhra Pradesh due to heavy rainfall. See the article also says that the state disaster response force team is working closely with Polar's and fire department to rescue the people who are stranded. And this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context we are going to learn about the disaster management authorities and the legal structure of it. See India we all know that it is a disaster-prone country. We have seen instances of disastrous floods, landslides, earthquakes and even tsunamis. And for this reason only in the year 2005 the central government has enacted the Disaster Management Act for the efficient management of the disasters. See even though the act was enacted in the year 2005 it came into force in January 2006 and this act only provides for the establishment for disaster management authorities at the national, state and district level. Now before getting to know about the authorities we will see some of the definitions given in the Disaster Management Act 2005. Now the act defines the term disaster. It means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area arising from natural or man-made causes. And the act also defines the term disaster management. It means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, and implementing the measures which are necessary to manage disasters. Now with these basic terms let us see about the authorities. First of all let's see about the National Disaster Management Authority which is shortly referred as NDMA. See here you should know a crucial fact. This authority which is the National Disaster Management Authority is a statutory body because it is established as per the Disaster Management Act of 2005. See this NDMA is the apex body for disaster management in India at the national level and it is headed by the Prime Minister of India who is the ex-officio chairman. Now NDMA also consists of other members who can be nominated by the chairperson that is the Prime Minister and these members should not exceed nine. Now coming to the role of NDMA. See NDMA is responsible for laying down the policies plans and guidelines for disaster management and it is also responsible for ensuring timely and effective response to disasters at the national level. This is about the NDMA. Now moving on to see about the State Disaster Management Authority which is shortly referred as SDMA. See this is also a statutory body because this is also established under the Disaster Management Act of 2005. See this SDMA it is the apex body for disaster management at the state level. It is headed by Chief Minister of the concerned state who is the ex-officio chairperson. Like the NDMA, SDMA also consists of other members who can be nominated by the chairperson that is the Chief Minister of the concerned state. Now coming to the role of SDMA. Like NDMA, SDMA is responsible for laying down policies and plans for disaster management in the state. Now there is also a third authority which is known as the District Disaster Management Authority, DDMA. This is also a statutory body and the act states that the state governments shall need to establish a district disaster management authority for every district in the state. Now it is headed by the district collector who is the ex-officio chairperson. Now this authority that is the District Disaster Management Authority also consists of other members other than the chairperson but the members should not exceed 7. Now coming to the role of DDMA. See DDMA is very crucial because this authority only is responsible for planning, coordinating and implementing the disaster management policies and to take all measures for the purposes of disaster management in the district. So this is about the authorities who manage the disasters in the country. Now there are two forces which are called as National Disaster Response Force and State Disaster Response Force. See these response forces as the name suggests they are constituted for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation. So if a disaster happens these response forces only go to the disaster place and they perform the rescue operations. Now that's all about this particular article discussion. In this discussion we saw about the authorities who manage the disasters in the country. We saw about National Disaster Management Authority, State Disaster Management Authority, District Disaster Management Authority and finally we saw about the disaster response forces at the national and state level. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now see this article here. In this article discussion first we are going to see about the snow leopard and then I'll explain the news article. See snow leopards are one of the world's most elusive cats. The snow leopard has a beautiful and spotted coat and this coat or the fur it serves two purposes. One is that it helps the animal to insulate from the cold and the other purpose is to be camouflaged so that it gives an edge while hunting. Now see these images here. Can you spot the difference between the surroundings and the cat? No right and that's how camouflaged their skin will be. See the scientific name for snow leopards is Pantera Anchia. Does the name sound familiar? Yeah you might have heard it several times. See this image to know about the other animals under the genus Pantera. It includes Jaguar, Pantera Anka, Leopard, Pantera Pardus, Tiger, Pantera Tigris, Snow Leopard, Pantera Anchia, Lion, Pantera Leo and now you know where you heard the name Pantera. See just now I said that snow leopards fur help the animal to insulate from the cold. From this itself you may wonder what is the habitat of snow snow leopards? See snow leopards they live in the mountainous regions of Central and Southern Asia. Now look at this image here. Its habitat range extends across the mountainous regions of 12 countries. It includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Now coming to India specific information. In India their geographic range encompasses a large part of the western Himalayas and also eastern Himalayas. The states in the western Himalayas include Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The states in the eastern Himalayas include Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Now with this information let us see about the diet. See they prey on animals such as blue sheep, ibex, marmots, pike cars and hares. So far we saw about the physical characteristics, habitat, diet. Now let us see about the threats faced by them and the conservation status. See the expansion of human settlement especially the livestock grazing has led to the increased man-animal conflict. Here what happens is, herders sometimes they kill these snow leopards to prevent the predation of their domestic animals and apart from this snow leopards lives are also threatened by poaching illegal traits in pelt and body parts.  See this image here you will understand. Here the skin of the animal is stripped from the animal and this skin is illegally traded. See these animals are illegally traded to be used for the traditional Chinese medicine and because of all of these reasons snow leopards are dramatically declining. See they have lost at least 20% of their population in two decades and this happened as a result of the threats that we discussed now. So to avoid the threats faced by snow leopards conservation efforts are taken to protect the snow leopards. In the IUCN red list of threatened species the snow leopard is listed as vulnerable and in addition to this the snow leopard is also listed in the appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species that is nothing but sites. See this makes the trading of body parts of animals illegal in the signatory countries and it includes illegal trading of fur, bones and meat. Now coming to India specific information the snow leopard is listed under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and this gives snow leopards the highest protection status under the country's loss. Now apart from this India has launched two conservation efforts. One is Project Snow Leopard. See this project promotes an inclusive and participatory approach to conservation involving the local communities and the second one is Secure Himalaya. It is a part of global partnership on wildlife conservation and crime prevention for sustainable development and it is funded by global environment facility. See the Secure Himalaya it contributes to the global snow leopard ecosystem protection program which is a joint initiative of 12 range countries which includes governments, international agencies, civil societies and the private sector. Now so many conservation efforts are taken. So you should know that why it is important to conserve snow leopards. See snow leopards they are the top predatas in their environment and their prey include mountain sheeps and goats. See without these snow leopards the ecological balance would be disrupted. For example herbivore populations would increase and this results in changes to vegetation and it also affects other wildlife that live in the same areas. See the same landscape they provide food and other important resources for many people who live there and this includes medicine, wood for shelter, heat and fuel. We saw that if snow leopards population are disrupted then the ecological balance will be disrupted. So by protecting snow leopard we are benefiting the whole natural environment in these areas and the people who rely on it and this is exactly why we should conserve snow leopards. Now coming to the news article. See the estimation of snow leopards is being conducted in the northeastern state of Arnachal Pradesh for the first time and it is done with the technical support from World Wildlife Fund for Nature. See the WWIF India is doing the data analysis of the survey which has already been completed and the report is likely to be published on October 23rd this year and as we already saw in India snow leopards are found in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arnachal Pradesh. Now the analysis is being done in Arnachal Pradesh because it forms a part of the eastern Himalayas and this eastern Himalayas is a priority global region for the World Wildlife Fund and the Living Himalayas Network Initiative and I have given here the details about the Living Himalayas Network Initiative so pause the video and go through it. Now in this article discussion we saw about snow leopards, its physical characteristics, diet, habitat, threats, conservation status and finally we ended our discussion by seeing the news article which is about the survey of snow leopards in the state Arnachal Pradesh. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next part of the discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. Today we have five prelims questions. I'll solve four of them and one of them is a quiz question for you. Now let us take this first previous year prelims question which was asked in the year 2015. With reference to dugong a mammal found in India which of the following statements is or are correct? Statement one it is a Herbivorous marine animal. From our discussion itself you can easily say that statement one is correct. It is an Herbivorous animal. It is a marine animal. So statement one is correct. Now coming to statement two it is found along the entire coast of India. See this also we saw on our discussion. It is not found along the entire coast of India. In India they are seen in Gulf of Manar, Gulf of Kutch, Park Bay and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. So statement two is incorrect. Now statement three it is given legal protection under schedule one of the wildlife protection act 1972. The statement is correct. So what is the correct answer to this question? We saw that statement two is incorrect. So the correct answer is options C1 and 3. Now coming to the second question consider the following pass. See on the left side articles are given and on the right side the explanation of the articles is given. The first pair article 14 to 18 and the next pair is article 19 to 22 and the next one is article 23 to 24 and the next pair is article 25 to 28. See we all know that article 14 to 18 is right to equality, 19 to 22 is right to freedom, 23 to 24 is right against exploitation and 25 to 28 is right to freedom of religion. So all the given pass are correct. Here I am going to give you a task. We saw the article numbers and the explanation of the articles in single line. But you have to go and study what are all these articles and what are all the restrictions placed against this right. Take note of it and if you have already taken notes regarding fundamental rights then go and revise it. Now coming to the correct answer of the question what is the correct answer? There is option D only four pairs. Moving on to the third question consider the following statements with respect to geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle mark three. Statement one it is a four-stage launch vehicle. The statement is completely wrong. See it is because geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle that is GSLV it is a three-stage launch vehicle. This we saw in our discussion itself. The first stage is solid rocket motor. The second stage is liquid rocket engine. And the third stage is indigenously built cryogenic engine. Now coming to the second statement it uses fully indigenous high thrust cryogenic engine named CE-20 for upper stage. The statement is correct. Now coming to statement three it is mainly used to deliver the communications satellites. This also we saw in our discussion. So what is the correct answer to this question? Statement one is wrong. Statement two and three are correct. So the correct answer to this question is option D two and three only. Now coming to the fourth question consider the following statements with respect to national disaster response force NDRF. Statement one NDRF was constituted under the Disaster Management Act 2005 for a specialized response to natural disasters only. See the statement is incorrect. See during our discussion we saw definition for disasters right. What was the definition given? Disaster means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area arising from natural or man-made causes. So the Disaster Management Act itself includes man-made disasters under the definition of disasters. So this statement which says that the NDRF caters to natural disasters only is incorrect. It also includes man-made disasters. Now coming to statement two NDRF comprises of 12 battalions which are trained and equipped to respond to disasters. See this statement is correct. At present NDRF comprises of 12 battalions. See these battalions located in states which include Assam, West Bengal, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. And note that these battalions have been trained and equipped to respond to all man-made and natural disasters. See this is about the NDRF. We will see an additional fact here. See every state governments are required to rise their own state disaster response force. And this is for quickly responding to the disasters. See SDRF are placed strategically at suitable locations well connected to the airport, railheads and roads for their immediate deployment at the disaster sites. Now this is an additional fact for you. Remember this. Now coming back to the question we saw that statement one is incorrect and statement two is correct. So the correct answer to this question is option B 2 only. Now taking the final question consider the following statements regarding snow lippards. Read the statements carefully, think for the moment and post your answer in the comment section. And also note that the question has asked for the incorrect statements. So answer accordingly.


The Navy's semi-annual Navy Family Accountability and Assessment System, or ENFAS, verification is underway. You are required to verify your personal contact information by March 31. Log in to ENFAS and update your information today. ENFAS is used to account, manage and monitor the recovery process for you and your family in case of tragic events. Another organization that is always ready to help is the Navy Reserve. The Navy Reserve motto is ready now, anytime, anywhere. They were established on March 3, 99 years ago. Since 2001, 70,000 reserve sailors have mobilized to support missions around the world. Today, more than 12,000 Navy Reservists provide support to the fleet with 4,200 sailors mobilized and serving in five areas of responsibility. Read more about these stories at Navy.mil. From all hands update, thanks for watching.


Going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards. We've been 10 bucks Tuesdays 10 bucks absolutely prism football mixer number 185 random team style There's a look again at your end results as always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as a Lincoln Chat Christopher J Niners Jason W with the bangles up top Michael Z commanders and Robert S for the Giants on the bottom So good. Look. Let's do it start off with 23 certified 23 certified Nobody I want to call less. Yeah, I'm not not doing that If you literally said who what three people would you want like least in any situation? I might kick the breeze up That is Joe Thomas Purple Traylon Birx nine of ten for the Titans Rats on that Tennessee CJ Stroud To 275 at Trevor Lawrence the fond egg certified stars Bryce young to 199 there you go Caroline on the Jersey Court new generation Joe Burrow Tyree will sit at 275 14 a row for the oil. It's good. God That's pretty impressive 149 George Kittle Kendra Miller chew at 399 for Saints. That is not bad. We're Not far removed from the dates of fading. Yeah, too They showed us they really did Joe Burrow orange is Christian Watson to 149 I still been fading at some point during that 14 Is that I still been fading at one point during probably chill hurts Desmond Ritter and base To tune 49 Kenneth Walker. We've got Roshan Johnson to 399 Ebo Sam LaPorta to 399 Matta Adams calling cards blue to 75 Jalen Hertz. All right. Let's do origins next Troy D with a bunch of definitive spots raised that's Marlins Rockies and Guardians. Thank you buddy Appreciate that Yes, like I said origins hobby now Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa You got it. All right feel into 25 for the Panthers and To 149 Micah Parsons So Kutcher I've had four points today. She eats not a chance. That's his Kshon Bootsie. We've got nice little Jameer Gibbs patch two of ten. It's got a nasty three colors on The gold congrats to the Lions That's a Michael Wilson that is on card rookie Otto for the Cardinals a little box here little box for sure But a Josh Downs rookie Jersey Otto going to the Colts congrats Indie up next is I believe gold standard. Yep. Gold standard 23 gold standard hobby Overtake the games for third nice Who's above the Oilers out in the West? 75 Stray Lance and 299 Jaden Reid out as soon nights are usually pretty good Christian Kirk to 299 We go into the Jaguars gold mine Eric as you con ma to 299 for the Daltons White gold and the Sean Watson gold gear to 49 three-color patch for the Browns Otto go to the Ravens Davies Robinson to 24 on the 24 carats and Jaden Reid RPA to 49 congrats on that one three-color going to the Packers Very cool. Congrats on that green back. It's for Jay with a bunch of spots on Sunday or on Friday. Thank you, buddy 23 mosaic no hood lay Gonna get a carbon copy of this. 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Yeah, JSN Disco of Joe Montana in an O'Connell and Bryce young channel to Bob Bobby over there most days Silver Clark Phillips disco Jamiro Gibbs Dalton Kincaid and Stetson Bennett blue is Threl Davis to 75 disco of Randy Moss Guy Blackman and Darnell Washington Her Disco Cooper Cup you must say something sounds like well, I guess man. I don't know man Sorry Vaughan Apologies I'm not just laughing at us. I know Vaughan's looking up Orlando ordinances today Mine that's what Vaughan's doing Thank you Kevin and with a spot 4206 can we are really losing it man 23 black hobby, I think 4206 Need to write a letter to a city councilman or something. I really think you should Monta Parker to 35 Rishi rice on the force field super short friends. Go to the chiefs. Nice. That's on that KC Great one to have now. What's up Brandon Brandon? What's up, buddy? I? Should probably turn that off.  Oh Trey Tucker that is at 64 and 99 This one coming up here. 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Yeah, it's a Lamar to 49 for the Ravens 10 of a key five of 99 that'll be going to the Eagles That's Philly Jersey card TJ Watt to 99 For the Steelers TJ Watt No, this is a little the Chargers technically because he played more games and he started more games in San Diego That'll be up Doug Flutie To at 75 treasured moments is Jiren Hall 50 of 99 going to the Vikings on the booklet Jersey on Shen Kei with the spots on a Friday got a Taijai Spears to at 75 Congrats on that. I Think this actually is already majority Darius Davis Quentin Johnson Max Duggan and Travius Hodgins Tomlinson. I think three of them are on charges. Yeah, what the heck? Yeah, that's all TC. I guess they did I know realize that until now. I just want to double-check make sure Duggan's still there Yeah, Chargers. I think you gotta activate the last game. I think yeah, I think you're right with no Herbert Darius Davis, I believe is also charger. Yeah, so that'll go by chart go to Chargers by majority all pro There's Davis. Yes, very true. Kick returner Grads on that one there Chargers nice. We don't have to do random for that and then to 99 is OBJ for the Ravens Congrats Vens. Go, baby. It's on to 22 plate. Which one are you talking about Peter the quad or the OBJ at both nice 22 playbook Eric as you con months you won 99 Accidentally bought it Kyler Murray accidentally what? That's keep on timido rookie auto to 99 is interesting I just went there for the Giants rookie auto KT played really well toward the latter half of the season Tony Hill hash mark 70 of 99 very nice for the Cowboys Hash marks auto and then At 36 and 99 is Jameson Williams on the Jersey occasionally accessed. We don't really get too much of it. Yeah When it comes out like prism or iMac or any of that though, we get we get a good bit and then Not you usually it'll just be personals for the most part to 22 select Oh Let's go con man That was what the flames in I took it. It was did you use flames and someone over. I meant to take it. I forgot to take jets jets Let's go comment comment up what three and three. Let's go. No, I think we lost last week Irons William and last week. I remember I think we did the 25 is Skyler Thompson that is Dana Hampton Super Bowl auto Congrats Bears. That's pretty sweet That's on that bears and Stefan digs. Oh Starcade Bailey's happy six of ten. Congrats on that Patriots. That's sweet. I forgot about those. Yeah.  I did not mind the Cowboys getting smacked by the Packers did not mind that George Pickens Silver Josh Allen and I was on board with that Matt Corral to 199 Zadaria Smith, Silver Justin Herbert and Nicholas Petit for up for a Yeah, three and three on the since we started doing We got a green I think Silver Brian Cole con That was Tuesday night bets sponsored you are sponsored by con man three eight nine Very killed Brian anger and a green. Whoa Tom Brady three of five for the Buccaneers Congrats Tampa. Let's go man. Brady day.  Hey Congrats, Helen. That is yeah, that's gonna play just fine right there Brady day one of five Mr. Thomas Edward Patrick Brady That's sick. It's a good box Like you imagine we pulled it when like Zappy was like at his prime height. Yeah, Greenberry ends up. Yeah Blue James Cook to 49 on the field level. That's a pretty solid one. That's right. It's the right team on the Brady, too So we're getting it green and they go Fire the kids J4j Jumbo did get timed out earlier today. Just a minute though Say something like that. He won't get timed out. So he's happy to 75 rookie, Jersey auto for the Patriots Kyle Yeah, I was gonna say Vaughn will get the roofers on you for sure Reese Hall blue sweet level to 99 Traylon Burke silver safe one and a Devon bush It's a business. They're roofing Tuesdays. Don't care. Oh, yeah, so we're David Bell and James Cook field Yes, that song They took off all the shingles and they were leaf blowing stuff into our yard. I was like these guys These guys Dear and David, that's an ordinance one 18 of 25 to our yard two-color patch and I just went there on the tie-dye for the Niners silver Brady and Watching this guy leaf blow the roof. I'm just watching hit my window and so I'm like Sitting there watching it. I'm like, dude Silver and Roger's Kyle Hamilton silver rookie and Chris Olava. I got the ordinance just ready I know he does you got the book open He's got him locked in right now silver Kyler Murray and Matt. Oh, that is Damon Clark. Nice one there to what 149 That'll work silver Chica Kwan-Kwok rookie and All right, we've got a box of absolute now Really that's an everlasting that's a that's got history. Yeah, wow that would make sense The same building to wow part of a roof They gotta put it all together Put the whole roof on Watson and a Tyree kill they got to pull that roofing together. That's what I'm saying to 25 Brian Breezey rookie We've got Jaylen Hyatt 51 and 99 Congrats on that he got base And Nick Chubb 2 at 1 at 99. Oh gold gold kaboom. I think let's go I think that's a gold kaboom. I believe it is. Come on Derek Carr. Thank God Yeah, it's Tucker craft to 50. That's pretty cool. That's really cool Super Bowl auto. Yeah, John Riggins for the Commanders, that's when they're Washington.  Yeah, you guys are killing it five of ten geez man to go with the To go with the Jalen Hertz auto as well. Oh my god. Let's go Eagles that Tyrus. I want to say that's fire Tyrus M. Congrats, buddy. That is pretty massive not gonna lie. That's far Jalen Hertz gold kaboom Get that into a Mac Sure, you can do the Kyle and pull two in one box. Oh, we did get cool hands the 50 of JSN expects a magic from the rookie and Damian Pierce Felix on the week eight was Zoma to 275 Chiefs, we've got auto collage. You can see for the box to 199. It's a pretty good This definitely is and Dolphins is Ricky Williams the one 99 Got Bobby J picking up some Bowman's best teams Orioles and Rays and Alexander P with the Giants in moments best as well Superb outing continuing on everybody Continuing on box.  I know let's see it's not a slob.  That'd be fire Silver throwback is Jay Jettis. Let's go Jose to 199 Shaquille Barrett In no Connell and Darnell Washington Dude a color blast Let's go. Oh my god, man. What a break. What a break indeed. What a break to 49 is DK Mac out for the odds on that Do for Stan slob Foskey and Jack Campbell odds are low It is a cult Jonathan Taylor. Oh, we're congrats on that one on the color blast going to the Colts Indy What do we got? Indianapolis Rob H Rob H. Let's go Rob. Rob. That is really clean with the Colts uni as well, man. That is fire Let's go Rob. Bye. Thank you auto Zach Sharpen a silver rookie for the Seahawks Turner will Anderson Yeah, the odds are a color blast and a gold kaboom and same 10 bucks made of two boxes I'm insane my short prints here. Yeah, Joe burrow orange wave to 60 chase Brown color match Benton and Josh Downs. That is a purple ice of Derwin James, Jr to 225 annual Forbes and puka suba key on white rookie Yeah, really has been Jose Lane van der Ashton 149 a Michael Meyer and Michael Wilson Silver Josh Reynolds orange wave Trayvon digs to 60 of the scots and Brian breezy Silver height to a purple ice Russell Wilson 225 Hank Dell rookie and Chris Rodriguez. It's you know, so by Nick Chubb to 175 Tanner McKee the Eagles and then hooker and Joey Porter Purple or not purple orange wave to 60 Harrison Smith The Juan Johnson and Roshan Johnson homes prismatic two of ten true light so on the gold auto congrats cowboys true gold Kick myself for not buying in the ten box mixer I know Evan Hall of Clayton soon. That was that was crazy man all the ten boxes have been pretty solid Yeah, the last box of group breaks of night purple to 125 Geron Hall nice color match for the Vikings Key on white and Brian All right Jerseys we've got Nick Chubb Ricky Williams Sam Laporta Tyrion Davis price Erica's Ukanma Odell Beckham that is a quad by majority actually went to the Chargers because three guys are on the Chargers Which is kind of nuts TJ Watt that is Trey Tucker force field over she rice on the short print Erica's Ukanma Christian Kirk Deshaun Watson Jameer Gibbs Kendra Miller and Bryce young We've got booklets of Geron Hall and Jamo Javison Williams that's on radio. I was crazy man Drew Bledsoe and Jalen Hyatt collage a can see Zach Charbonnet John Riggins Bailey Zappie Dan Hampton a Tony Hill Kevon Sibido, Tanner McKee, Ty J Spears, Doug Flutie, Tyler Scott, CJ Uzzoma, Jayden Reed, Tavius Robinson, Josh Downs Michael Wilson a Roshan Johnson and Traylon Birx And three no four mags to the break. We had a Jalen Hertz three of three shadow, Inc. Auto for the Eagles We had a color blast of Jonathan Taylor for the Colts Gold kaboom to ten five of ten Jalen Hertz for the Eagles and then a Tom Brady Numbered at three of five on the neon icons for the bucks. I'll do it for the break everybody. Thanks again for the fill Personals come up now


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So, let's continue our example of the use of the GGH cryptosystem. And so, we have a cryptographic system, Alice chooses two reasonably, or in this case, perfectly orthogonal vectors, v1 and v2, as the private basis. She then computes two badly orthogonal vectors, very nearly parallel vectors, w1 and w2, as the public basis, and she identifies that a noise vector can have components between negative 10 and positive 10. So, now Bob wants to encrypt a message, 3527, and then we want to show that Alice is able to decrypt it, and Eve is not. So, let's take a look at that. So, again, our message can be, first of all, converted into a linear combination of our public basis vectors. So, that's going to be 35w127w2. So, I'll compute what that is. So, my message vector is going to correspond to this vector, 57941, 10,013. Now, I want to then add in a noise vector, add in some sort of random vector, and again, our components are going to be between negative 10 and 10, and so maybe I'll choose negative 9 too, and so Bob then computes this as the encrypted value. So, Bob sends the same encrypted value out. Now, Alice knows the private basis of nearly orthogonal vectors, and that means that we can apply a Bewey's algorithm to find the closest lattice point. So, she uses her private basis and solves for the point that's closest to this one, and using Bewey's algorithm, we find that a1 is close to 251, and a2 is close to 1282, and so that suggests that the closest lattice point is going to be 251v1 plus 1282v2 is going to be this point here. And what this tells Alice is that Bob must have computed this as a linear combination of the public basis vectors, and there's a noise vector, but she doesn't really need that. She could just ignore that. And now I can solve the linear combination problem a second time by finding the linear combination that's equal to the vector that Bob actually computed, and that allows Alice to recover m equals 31, m2 equals 27, which is the correct original message. Now, what about Eve? Well, again, Bob has sent this encrypted value here, so Eve can try to solve the closest vector problem, but she has to use the public basis to do so. Well, we can still apply Bob's algorithm and try and recover the coefficients of the linear combination that produced something close to this, and so she looks for a linear combination of the public basis vectors that give you the encrypted message, and when she solves that, she finds that m1 is about 38.26, and m2 is 26.59, and this gives her the incorrect decryption of the message, m equals 38, m2 equals 27. So Eve tries to use her device algorithm to find the public basis, but because she's not working with the orthogonal vectors, she does not recover the original message. Now, let's think a little bit about the security of GGH in general. We will see that algorithms do exist for recovering a reasonably orthogonal set of basis vectors, so in general we want to use a large enough vector space, and typically we're talking about more than 300 or so basis vectors. Now, you might say, well, maybe Eve can look at all the points that are close to the encrypted value. She knows this encrypted value is close to the actual message, and she knows what the noise vectors look like, so she knows that the actually computed message vector is going to be plus or minus some amount from here. Well, this isn't actually very feasible, since our noise vector, even in this R2 case, our noise vector adds one of 20 possible integers to each component, and so that says that there's 20 squared, there's 400 points that are close to the encrypted value, and well, it wouldn't be too difficult to compute the corresponding message for each of those 400 points. This is a vector in R2, and we're just using two basis vectors. If I'm using 300 basis vectors, that's going to give me something like 20 to the 300. That's about 10 to the power of 390 nearby points, and it's computationally impractical to look at all those nearby points. This type of lattice system has a very number of very nice features to it. Again, it's very difficult to try and guess what the original value is, because there's too many things that are close by. The other thing that's worth noting is that when Bob tried to encrypt a value, what he had to do was two things. He had to find a vector that was a linear combination whose coefficients were determined by his actual message, and then he picked a random noise vector and added it, and what this means is that this encrypted value is very easy to obtain computationally. Again, it's worth contrasting if you look at something like RSA or El Gamal. Very few people would ever use one of these systems to encrypt a value by hand without access to some technology. Here, we can actually find this encrypted value fairly easily. It'll take us a minute or so to run the computations, but the actual computations are very simple and very easily done by hand, and what this means is that in terms of encrypting a message, GGH is very easy to use. Now, the real work takes place at the back, so Alice has to do a fair bit of work to try and recover Bob's original message, but we might assume that in most cases the person who is encrypting the information has less computational power at their disposal. They're using a cell phone, they're using something that doesn't have a lot of computing power, and if it's easy for them to encrypt information, they're more likely it is more practical for them to do so.