So we're looking at the exergy associated with different forms of energy. We'll now take a look at the flow work, which if you recall from the open system analysis is the work required to push fluid out of the control volume. So the work for flow work is equal to the pressure times the specific volume. So this is the amount of work required to push a unit of massive fluid into or out of the control volume. And with that we can rewrite the exergy in the following manner, subtracting off the work that we might be doing on the surroundings, the P-naught term. We then end with the following for flow work. So that is a term for flow work, enthalpy. Looking at enthalpy, we know the definition of enthalpy as u plus pv. What we can then do is write enthalpy or the exergy of enthalpy as being a combination of the internal energy and the flow work term, substituting in the values for internal energy and flow work. And now I'm going to rearrange this a little bit. And so with that we can write the exergy for the enthalpy. So those are two expressions that we will use when we're doing exergy analysis. And now there are two other types that we want to look at and that is associated with both kinetic energy and potential energy. So let's take a look at both of those. Starting with kinetic energy. So that would be velocity squared divided by 2. And here kinetic energy can be directly converted into useful work. Unlike heat transfer when we looked at internal energy, there we had to go through the heat engine. When you're dealing with a form like kinetic energy it can be directly transferred and that's why there is no conversion factor or anything else like that, it's just a direct relationship. So all kinetic energy can be converted directly into work. And for potential energy, again it's a direct conversion. So we can say that all potential energy can be converted directly into work. So those are different expressions for useful work coming out of different forms of energy. Next what we'll look at is we'll look at what we can get through heat transfer work itself as well as mass transfer.


Stalking stuffers. Matt, do we have a stocking liner out? No, it's not really in the budget. I got an idea. Stalking stuffers. Let's get to it. First up is the paper shooters kit. Now we have a bunch of different configurations of this and what this basically is is a little AR-15 replica kit. Great for the kids. It's all plastic and you have this paper outside like kind of over molding. A bunch of different configurations. It's got a drop-free mag, uses these little bullets to house your spitballs. Basically, that's what this is. It's a paper shooter. So a little spitball gun, a lot of fun, and you actually have to put it together yourself. So it's kind of like building a model. Great for a little father-daughter, father-son type of build thing. But really great way to actually learn how an air gun works and how to put one together. This next one, probably my favorite thing on the list here, and actually perfectly sized to fit into most stockings. The Leapers UTG new bug buster, 3 to 12 by 32. This is their first bug buster that has that side parallax adjustment. Goes down to three yards. Mill dot reticle, 8.1 inches. So this is great for your little hunting, pesting, carbines, and a smaller size gun. Really nice option. Definitely check this one out. All right guys, next up, another relatively new one here at Pyramid Air, the air gun golf balls by Air Venturi. The three six and nine packs actually come with these little tees. We got a six pack here. These are a lot of fun. These are those fake exploding golf balls.  A lot of fun to shoot at. You can create your own courses.  Definitely check those out. Next up, we got the John Wayne little Duke BB rifle. There's also the little sure shot out there, the Ani Oakley version. A lot of fun with this gun. BB repeater lever action, of course, makes a great stocking stuffer for the younger shooter in your life. Last but certainly not least, for those of you looking for a cool new target for this holiday season, the Air Venturi Crazy 8s target. Now you have eight spinner paddles here, spin up around, and then when you get all eights set up there, you hit this top paddle and it releases them.  These work pretty far away.  These are a lot of fun to use and it's a lot of shooting before you have to reset them. So great little target there. They even have these nifty little leg lockers in there so that it's not going to rattle around like some of the other smaller versions I've seen of this target do. So definitely want to keep your eye on if you're looking for something to shoot at after this holiday season's over. All right guys, that about wraps it up for our stocking stuffers video. Thanks for joining us today. Don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe, of course. For the insider, I'm Tyler Patner and for all of us here at Pyramid Air, happy holidays. We'll see you at the next one.


because of the fact that a more powerful theory has emerged out of the synonyms idea of pairs and their product of pairs being important and that has subsumed the entire set of electron pair theory and that is known as the couple cluster theory. So that is essentially much more powerful method and that has subsumed the most of the discussion of the electron pair theory and also subsumes all of perturbation theory. Though perturbation is independently exist and and most of the electron pair this is a very debatable points of course because there are lot of people in Europe particularly in Germany who actually walk on electron pair approximation as you can see from the name Ulfeld Mayer from Germany and the many of the German scientists are very very attached to electron pair theory. The couple cluster was invented more in the United States of course then later on of course it has gone to US but it was originally done originally there are two Czech scientists who actually did it in atomic and molecular physics and one of them who is basically called the pioneer is Gini Čizek he was a Czech but I think during the war I mean those days you know that there is a lot of tough time in Eastern Europe he actually fled from Czech Prague to Canada and eventually got a job in Canada and then he actually was doing the couple cluster along with Joseph Puldous so both of them actually did a lot of initial work in couple on couple cluster and they were based in the North America I mean in a broad sense Canada and of course eventually it went to Rod Bartlett in the US in the Florida and and of course Europe has Europe become very active because you know they understood that it is in a way much more sophisticated version of the pair theories but I must say that the pair theories themselves were extremely important part of the the the couple cluster you know origin it started also from Sinanoglu actually so I must say that Sinanoglu gave the original idea the Nulfred Mayer developed so the Germans are still very very sometimes get very upset the old German scientist that the United States stole from Germany the couple cluster actually in some way so this is basically a North American start and as you know when the United States takes over they can advertise well so the couple cluster became so well advertised that it almost finished off the electron pair approximation so there there is a lot of discussion on that but if you look at the philosophy of the couple cluster in a way Wilfred Mayer was already doing couple cluster but he again could not give exact notations and how to do second quantization and so on couple cluster uses a lot of second quantization diagramatics which I already discussed for that for the perturbation very similar and eventually it could it was a very nice size extensive theory so it takes care of the dynamic correlation very well so normal standard couple cluster is size extensive which means it has correct independence so in if you combine with the reference space if the reference Hartree-Fock or whatever reference space fragments independently dissociates independently and this is a very important point which you know that was not followed in DCI the correct limit dissociation limit then the approximate couple cluster any approximate couple cluster also separates correctly note that these two points are little bit tricky first we are saying that the standard couple cluster is always size extensive which means for a given n electron problem the energy correlation energy goes as proportional to n however for dissociation or separation I need to ensure that the reference space must fragments independently if reference space does not fragment independently even if you do couple cluster standard couple cluster based on this reference and I will tell you how it is done this will not achieve size extensive consistency or size yeah this is called size consistency right we have already mentioned this is size consistency is basically dissociation so please remember there is a slight difference between size consistency and extensivity extensivity is merely correlation energy being proportional to n size extensivity a consistency is giving the correct dissociation but for that one important part is the reference function must dissociate correct so if I start with a RHS and I again want to repeat for Li 2 Li plus Li right it does not dissociate correct so whatever you do after this it will not help so even if I do couple cluster on this RHS although couple cluster is size extensive dissociation would not be achieved right on the other hand you look at CI the for the CI what happened the RHS was correct H4 going to H2 plus H2 was alright then I did a DCI then this separation could not be done this will never happen in couple cluster because the reference space if the reference space correctly separates couple cluster will guarantee the dissociation it will not spoil so it is very important to realize that the reference space dissociation is not necessarily retained by approximate theories when I do do any approximate theory perturbation does I actually mention that perturbation also is size consistent just like couple cluster I mentioned that yesterday that they have the right end dependence and hence it is size consistent so for size consistency theory must be size extensive there are two important points reference space must fragment correct and I had written down once that these are the two features for size consistency that this has to be there and this first part has to be there if both are there it will guarantee dissociation who is the couple cluster does who is the perturbation does but CI does not because CI the approximate CI does not because it it violates this first part of course approximate that full CI will do anyway there is no discussion on full CI full CI is exact function so I think that is essentially something that you have to remember about the feature of the couple cluster the couple cluster can take care of this DCI problem of H4 H2 plus H2 if you remember why the DCI problem was very difficult because when I did H4 DCI it had a doubles right which was only 11 bar to 1 a 1 a bar to 2 a 2 a bar and 1 b 1 b bar to 2 b 2 b bar right at the separation limit but when I take the product function the product must contain a quadruple which was 1 a 1 a bar I just look at the dimer for example 1 b 1 b bar 2 2 a 2 a bar 2 b 2 b bar right with the coefficients this product has coefficient it means coefficient as the product I think we have discussed this they not only require the quadruple excited but its coefficient cannot be a linear function it has to be a product and that time I mentioned that no linear answers can actually give it but an exponential answers can so this is exactly what the couple cluster do so I exactly what the couple cluster does is to start from a heart reform standard couple cluster I will not go into the details the more details in that the standard couple cluster which is basically a single reference based so you will understand the meaning single reference couple cluster CC so it starts from a psi heart reform and instead of writing 1 plus linear expansion it gives a expansion in terms of exponential of a creation operator this T now are just like CI it generates 1 particle excitation 2 particle excitation 3 particle excitation so in terms of holes and particles it is whole particle creation operator right if I consider the heart reform as a vacuum I have already mentioned that everything that you do is a whole particle creation either you hold create hole and create particles and you have just like in CI you have CI SD so you can have a CC SD depending on what is the T so T in general is T 1 plus T 2 etc up to T n so just like CI this is actually one body excited 2 body excited up to n body excited so you can actually generate several excited determinants by action of this T operator on heart reform just the T operator but since the couple cluster wave function the phi couple cluster is actually exponential T and not 1 plus T it guarantees this product okay and this is something I mentioned before I will not go into the details because exponential of this into exponential of this is exponential of 2 sum T sum a and b so it guarantees the exponential separation guarantees the product and this is why it does but otherwise the T 1 T 2 looks like exactly CI operators so can we write what is T 1 for example it is a one body excitation operator so in normal quantization what we will write like this a a a p some amplitude let me call it T a p and a p dagger a correct in operator form so what is it doing when it acts on heart refoc it creates it just annihilates an electron from or occupied orbital a and creates an electron in unoccupied orbital p so it generates a determinant CI a subscript p superscript correct with a coefficient which is T a p the coefficient is also important so when I take exponential of T 1 then you have the coefficient product T 1 square T 1 cube and those things will guarantee that product separation that I talked of similarly I can write T 2 as sum over a less than b this is all doubles p less than q I write T a b p q just like I used to write in CI C a b p q remember so I am writing T a b p q a p dagger a q dagger a b a a again note the order because I want b to be replaced by q so the order has to be changed in second quantization just like I wrote the two electron operator and I have T a b p q and I made it a less than b p less than q if you make this a all a all b all p all q you have to put a factor one by four these are all spin orbit so similarly I can generate T 3 T 4 etc each of these acting on psi heart refoc will actually generate determinant but it is not CI because the final wave function is not 1 plus T 1 plus T 2 plus T n that's the difference from CI it has an exponential T so the product will come and hence lots of nice things that which have to be taken care are taken care by couple cluster of course the calculation of these T amplitudes is much more complex I will not get into it in CI since it's a linear expansion one can show that this becomes a simple eigenvalue problem here it is not in fact the equations become much more complex and they they have a structure of a nonlinear equation algebraic nonlinear equation you can imagine why they would be nonlinear because you have this exponential T and that makes it rather difficult it's not difficult but it is more time consuming than CI I should say and today people know how to solve nonlinear equations by iteratively again iterative techniques are usually used and you can actually show a lot of correspondence in perturbation theory so some correspondences can be shown when you do the iteration just like you showed you need to CI iteration remember under some approximation we got PT 2 perturbation theory 2 here it is much more easy to show the orders of perturbation mp2 mp3 etc etc is much more easy to show and I will not get into this but I just thought as an overview I'll mention that the equations become more complicated which you should imagine I mean you can't have everything good right I mean so you have to compromise on something so the standard couple cluster of course you can you have a problem here if this reference space does not fragment I told you in that case you can actually have a reference space which is like mcscf or multi configuration then the exponential so you can do both good static and good dynamic correlation they become part of what are called the multi reference on cc mrcc again those are extremely advanced and probably the state of art correlation theory is today in the that when I take this as a reference space and then I put exponential t so they become the the reference things today I should just mention for one minute that all the discussion that we have done is based on calculation of a function right from the beginning if you remember was to solve a cycle t side so if you ask me what did we do in all these 38 classes and I have to say we tried to solve a cycle t side right and that equation that we are solving lest you forget you know it's just a cycle t side started many particle okay single particle of course you are great expert particle in a box harmonic oscillator that we did we went to many particle and then we said because of this 1 by r12 term it is not exactly solvable then we got into all these mess so we said let's make a simplification next let's make a model non-interactive problem a single determinant that gave rise to Hartree power because you already knew a lot about variation method how to do these and then we said not good enough because you are missing that 3% 344% of the total energy which is very very important for chemistry then we went to electron correlation theory we did ci further mess because what was good became bad in double ci what results are better of course let is lower than the Hartree fog then you went to perturbation theory how to handle complicated perturbation we taught diagrammatics and then we found that something more to do because higher order perturbations are very very expensive couple cluster can do better so we went to couple cluster later and then of course in between you talk to mcscf today so all these is really to solve s equal to s to get a structure of ci many particle ci there is another theory which is come which does not talk of wave function at all which directly talks only of density and I said the density is of course related to the wave function by very simple formulae which I will just give you that given the wave function and this is important to know are x2 sorry x x2 x3 xn ci x these are all vectors four dimensional quantities x2 xn integrate over dx2 to dxn completely and for the x part integrate only the spin so if you see it is a very complicated n minus 1 particle integration that I have performing one of them is left untouched x1 or whatever dummy variable you can call it for that you integrate the alpha and spin part then I get a quantity multiplied by n I got a quantity which depends only on a three dimensional variable are so what we are suggesting is that this is actually density if you do a simple heart refog or size simple heart refog this density was some of the orbital densities actually can show this but this is for a general definition of density so there is a different class of theory which which does not even talk of site which basically builds the energy directly as a functional of density potentially this is simpler because the density is just a three dimensional variable remember even if this is an any electron problem the density is just a three dimensional variable so it is very nice if I can write energy as a functional of density and not functional of site this was possible due to a very important theorems by Weinberg and Kohn we actually showed that this existence of energy grounds at energy I must say grounds at energy only as a functional of electron density is possible but nobody knows how to get this exact function so there have been lot of efforts to get exact functional and particular difficulty has been to get the kinetic energy exchange as well as correlation so all important things and lots of approximations have been done all these then you can if I have a functional I can get this energy to be optimum with respect to density just like variation method and I get what is called today DFT but it's a it's it's like a function there are so many things because you can keep on changing this functional there is no functional which people know which is correct the biggest problem with DFT is of course the advantage is simplicity but the problem is that there is no systematic way of improving this function we don't know what is better what is better and so on so that's a real problem I didn't discuss DFT in this course neither it was part of the scope of this course but I just thought I will mention about DFT that this has come out as a very very popular method and today if I say I am teaching to a layman if I say I am teaching advanced quantum chemistry they would assume that I have taught DFT and somebody told me oh you have taught so many classes of DFT I said no no I did not teach DFT at all so it's an embarrassment to actually to clarify that I am not teaching DFT and it is a part of quantum chemistry so but DFT has become such important thing for experimentalist so at least you should know that at least you should know that I have not taught DFT so first and but DFT is important so I thought I will mention this DFT connects to the wave function through this the density connects to the wave function through this formulae okay so I think with this I will close


The 911 Call Center for the Beltrami County Sheriff's Department will soon see changes to its staffing. The department told the Beltrami County Board of Commissioners today that it needs to restructure staff positions to better serve the community. By using a budget surplus from the Merge of the Emergency Management Director and Communication Supervisor positions, the department can convert many of its part-time to full-time positions while staying within budget. The division would shrink from 14 to 13 employees, but another team leader position would be at it. Having enough staff, it allows for better flexibility in covering a 24-7 schedule. We don't have the luxury of some businesses or other organizations where you can run one short. You can't run one short in a 911 communications center. Somebody has to be there to answer the phones. The department says many of the current part-time staff are already working full-time hours. The change would help reduce overtime pay. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


At 37 to 40 weeks, the baby's position is usually set and the majority of babies are in the head down position. So when you come into your office visits, we will feel to see if the baby's head is down. If for any reason that we're not sure, based on feeling on your abdomen, we'll do a quick ultrasound and make sure that the baby's head is down. If the baby is in the breech position, there's still a chance that the baby can flip spontaneously. But options at that point are to talk about a version, which is manually rotating the baby. And if the baby does not turn by the due date, then to talk about scheduling a cesarean delivery. It is important to keep track of the baby's movements at this point. You should feel the baby move 10 times in every two hours. Every single movement or motion counts, so it doesn't necessarily have to be something very forceful. You will notice that the baby's movements will take on a more slow motion as opposed to forceful movements. You shouldn't notice the frequency of the baby's movements slow down as much as just the tone of the movement.


So, welcome everybody to the infrastructure functional group update. I'm taking it on behalf of Ernst, and this production, this, sorry about that, try that again. This update is for the production, the database security and the Geertzliq teams. So, first off, welcome to Victor Lopez to the production team. He started on the 12th of June. So, welcome Victor. Before we begin, I'm just going to start by going through the overarching goal for the infrastructure team, and that is to make GitLab.com ready for mission critical tasks. This isn't going to happen overnight. So over the next few quarters, we're going to basically work towards this by basically bringing up the availability of GitLab.com to 99.9% availability, bring 99% of all web requests down to less than a second, at least the ones that are user focused, and also complete the top 10 risk assessment actions that we have compiled. So I'll move on to accomplishments. The first, I'll start off with the production team, and the first accomplishment that I'm going to highlight is we now have a Canary environment, so there's a link to the issue over there. And the point of the Canary environment is really to help smooth out the deployment process. So what we're going to do is when we deploy a new release of GitLab.com, it'll go into the Canary first, and the release engineers and anyone else can go there and test it and make sure that it's working correctly. So I encourage you to do that next time we have a release. The next accomplishment of the production team is they have increased the size of the Git storage fleet to 191 terabytes by adding four new machines to that fleet. And I've highlighted those in the bottom right-hand corner, that's Git 9 through to 12, and you can see that they're pretty much empty at the moment, and there's about 100 terabytes of data free on the Git fleets at the moment. And there's a whole bunch of other things that the production team has been doing. They've been super busy. I'll highlight a few of them. I'm not going to go through all of them, but they've moved the front-end fleets to an ARM environment which will cut down costs and network pairing. They've delivered training on Terraform, which is a new technology we're going to use for maintaining our fleet. They've made all the dashboards on monitor.gitlab.com public. They've stabilized the Elk infrastructure, which we as the Git Elite team are finding very useful. And they've rebuilt the Redis cluster, and they've done lots of other things as well. So good work there. I'll move on to database. So I think one of the biggest contributions to the database team, well, Eurek has contributed over the last, since the last functional group update, is project authorizations are now much faster. So Eurek basically rewrote all of that code. And he dropped support for MySQL in the process, but it is much faster and way better. There's a whole bunch of other things that happened as well. Background database migrations, a Postgres update, and some new rules like Reconst all serialized data in the database. And single table inheritance and polymorphic associations are no longer allowed. And we're supposed to put that in a separate table. I don't know Rails very well, so I don't know much about that. From a security point of view, Brian has published a breach notification policy, which is linked there. We have VPN servers for production use. So when we want to access the production servers, we're able to go through a VPN. We don't have to use a public IP address anymore. Backup images are encrypted, and we're regularly testing that that's all that the backup process is working correctly. There's also been better protection for DNS domains to stop people from stealing, say the GitLab.com domain, and better filtering for sensitive data in log files. So workhorse will no longer write up access tokens to the log files. Moving on to Gitaly, one of the things that we've been doing over the last few weeks is we've been ramping up and moving all the Gitaly requests to the file servers. And so this graph over here shows how we've basically been ramping that up. It started at zero. This is a two-week scale that we've got on there, and we're slowly ramping that up. And every day we add a few more machines to that fleet and just kind of watch and make sure that everything's working properly, and so far it's been going really well. And what we've been finding is that the requests that go through to the file servers seem to be getting processed much quicker than the ones that go through the NFS servers, sometimes for several orders of magnitude. So that's looking really good. We've also managed to migrate about 10 endpoints through to Gitaly. And you can click through that chart to see the real charts, and you can go see how each of those endpoints is doing, comparing the file server version and the worker version of those. And you'll find that on most of them is a really good performance gain that we're getting from those. And it's also just worth pointing out that in the last Functional Groups update we had, I think, one endpoint running in production. Now we've got 10, and we're moving ahead with a whole lot more in 9.4. Another thing that we've done on the Gitaly team is we've started using structured logging, and this has been really interesting because it's allowed us to basically start cutting the logging data in new and interesting ways, and sometimes surprising. So the graph on the left is how much time, at least in Gitaly, we're spending in a whole bunch of different repos. And no surprise, the time that we spend, well, the repo that we spend the most time on is GitLab CE, but then the graph on the right is actually, it's how many requests are being sent for each repo. And what we found there was there was a mirror of GitLab CE that doesn't seem to be used very much, but it's getting way more requests than any other repo in the system. And we were able to see that with the structured logging. So we're quite happy with the results and it's helping us debug other problems and find out what's going on. And we can also figure out which users are using GitLab the most and putting the most pressure on our services. Another thing we did was we added feature flags, and I believe some other teams have started using this. What it means is that just in Slack, you can tell Marvin to toggle a feature flag on and off. You can either tell it to be on, you can tell it to be off, or you can say 50% on, and 50% of the users will get that feature flag and 50% won't. So we've been finding it really helpful for switching things to GitLab or not. We'll move on to concerns. The first concern is the production team. And basically we're making progress towards our SLA of 99.9% availability. At June, we were 99.88%, but the problem is that at the moment, deployers are causing downtime and the application really needs to build in resiliency. Obviously, Gitly will help with that, but having zero downtime deploys obviously makes a huge difference as well, and there are other things we can do in the application. This is quite a worrying graph. So this basically shows the latencies that Pingdom is reporting for GitLab.com. And if you take a look from October through to now, those times should be on a downward trend and they're on an upward trend, which is kind of worrying. So we're not seeing the improvements that we hoped for there. And the last concern from the production team is really that a lot of outages are a result of unscheduled deployment issues, and it's something we really need to focus on and make sure that that is tackled. It's just worth pointing out that these concerns are really concerns for the entire company, or at least all engineers at GitLab. It's not something that the production team or the infrastructure team can tackle on their own. People need to make sure that their application code is resilient, that they don't have migrations that need downtime, et cetera, et cetera. So it really is just everyone's responsibility to work together to improve these numbers. This is a move on to database concerns. This is a concern of Yorick's. This is a graph of the right times, the read and write times of the primary database server versus the secondaries. And you can see that the top lines of the primary and the secondaries are way down below. And there's an issue on to that in that trying to figure out how we can optimize the disks on that volume on the primary server to make them a bit faster. And a concern from the security team, from Brian, is that there's not enough activity on security issues. So I did a little charts to see how many security issues are being tackled per milestone. And the trend is not good. But yeah, so if you pick up any security labeled issues, please run with them. Brian had some other concerns around application audit logs, around staging needing better sanitizing, and around audit trails for cloud servers. So at the moment, if someone logs into AWS, we don't really know who was doing what and when or when to Azure for that matter either. The biggest problem concern we have from the Gitterly team is really that at the current pace, it'll take us about a year to complete the migration from NFS2 to Gitterly. And obviously, we need to get it done from a company point of view. We need to get it done way sooner than that. So this is something we're considering at the moment like how we can speed that up. So I'll move on to plans for the future. First plan is we're going to basically be rolling out elastic search and production. So we'll have all elastic search goodness for finding things on gitlab.com. And it was blocked on another issue, but Pablo edited it just before this presentation and it's no longer blocked. So presumably that will be done by the next functional group update. The next thing that Pablo's working or Pablo's team are working on is containerizing the front-end fleet so that we can order scale it with the home charts and basically moving towards a Kubernetes environment. And then we will also be getting a postgres failover mechanism, which will come included in the OmniBus package. Moving on to the plans of the database team. Yorick will be optimizing the 10 worst-performing Rails controllers that I've listed down below. And there are issues for each of those Rails controllers to basically sort out their database access and try to speed them up. Another plan is to migrate push events out of the events table. And Yorick's hoping that this will save about 100 gigabytes of disk space in the database, which is pretty incredible. Security plans, one of the plans that Brian's working towards is offering VPN services for all team members so we can work remotely from coffee shops and from co-working spaces safer. So there's an issue for that as well. And some other security-related plans are endpoint security management, properly documented incident response plans, package signatures, and a disaster recovery plan. And something has been left in the presentation. From the Gitly point of view, really what we're working on is migration. So what we're doing is we're taking individual pieces of code, and we're pulling them out of Rugged from the GitLab CE code base and moving them into Gitly. And this is quite a laborious process and we're just carrying them through one at a time. And we've got a board and pretty much all of our migrations on that board. And the point is basically to move things from left to right across that board as fast as possible. The other plan for Gitly that we're working on at the moment is how we can basically speed up our rates of migration, at least 10x. And so that is something we're looking at quite seriously right now, like what we can do to basically speed it up so that we can get this in as soon as possible. And we have a few plans on that. Finally, we are hiring. So if you know anyone who would make a good director of security, a security specialist, a database specialist or production engineer, please follow those links. And I will go back to my browser to see what I've got. Cool. So Sean is pointing out that single table inheritance, representing several types in the same. Right. Okay. Josh, does it log who clones a repo? At the moment, Josh, Gitly doesn't have any sort of information about users. So we don't have the user. We have the repo, but not the actual individual user who's doing the operation. One of the things that I think would work pretty well is if we push that structured logging forward into the GitLab application, obviously just sort of a little bit at a time. And we did structured logging in the Rails application as well, because then we were able to do that. Toon says, that's nice to hear, but I'm not quite sure what that was about. Doesn't everyone really have a VPN service? Asks Kim, probably. Cool. Okay. Thanks. Thanks, Sid. What can backend people do to help with performance? Sid asks. So I think that the number one thing really is like your N plus one problems, N plus one queries, and those aren't just SQL queries. Those can also be, going forward, there will also be N plus one Gitly queries. You know, if someone takes a piece of code and calls Gitly 20 times in a controller, you can have exactly the same problems. So it's really just a matter of profiling your code and understanding what it does in various situations. I'd say that's the most important thing. But knowing that you're doing the most optimal implementation of your code is really important. And I'll add to that, the top 10 controllers, the list that Yorick linked it, I think those will give the biggest bang for the buck. So we are profiling those. So please take a look at the profiles, understand why it's slow and take one of those issues if you have a chance, because I think Yorick can do a few of them, but it really helps if everybody devises and conquers. Yeah, absolutely. Cool. Ben says, I'm working on trying to convince a good candidate for direct of security. Good. Mike, with us accepting merge requests on Gitly migrations, can we stimulate the community for a big push? Yeah, those, so basically anyone who wants to, we've marked a whole bunch of Gitly migrations as accepting merge requests. And Jakob has actually done a whole bunch of analysis on them, and a lot of them are actually rails only. So for people that, and we've marked those as Ruby only. So for people that don't want to sort of take the plunge into Golang yet, you can contribute to Gitly in a pure Ruby world as well, which is great. So, and Sean says, we should ask the community to do work that we think is important. Yeah, and so we are marking, basically, we've got a whole bunch of work on our migrations board that is accepting requests. And really, it's a matter of starting to promote that to the community. Metrics, all the things. Can we also work on performance issues? Yeah, maybe also work on. Yeah, OK, cool. Any other questions from anyone? Cool. Then I think that that is the update. I hope everyone has a wonderful day.


1. The large uncertainty in land use and land cover change, LULCC, emissions is due to several factors, including limited data on land cover change, simplified model simulations, and different definitions of net LULCC flux across models. 2. Our analysis reveals that published studies are based on at least 9 different definitions of the net LULCC flux, which leads to a range of estimates and makes it difficult to compare results across models. 3. We propose a conceptual framework to compare different types of models and simulation setups used to derive land use fluxes and show that terminological differences between studies can explain significant differences in published net LULCC flux estimates. Our analysis also highlights the need for consistent definitions of net LULCC flux and residual sink to reduce uncertainty and avoid double counting of fluxes. This article was authored by J. Pongrots, C. H. Reich, R. A. Houghton, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Former Russian military engineer seeks asylum at U.S. border. An unnamed former Russian bomber engineer sought asylum in the United States in December. He offered military secrets in exchange for asylum for himself and his family. The man arrived at the U.S. southern border with Mexico last December. He asked for asylum out of fear that he would be killed for supporting imprisoned Russian dissident Alexei Navalny. According to a U.S. Customs and Border Protection report obtained by Yahoo News, the man claimed he was a civil engineer and that his past employment had included working from 2018 to 2021 in the making of a particular type of military airplane at the Tupolev Aircraft Production Facility in the city of Kazan in west central Russia. According to the CBP report, he described the aircraft type as an attack jet and said it was called White Swan Tu-160, the largest military aircraft. The White Swan, also referred to as Blackjack by NATO, is considered Russia's most advanced strategic bomber according to the report. It has been used for tactical airstrikes in the Ukraine war. New construction program for an improved version of the aircraft and upgrades to the plane were allegedly completed in Tupolev while the man was there, the report said. A military official claimed that if the report is true and the plane can now fire hypersonic missiles, then the Patriot missile system, then the Patriot missile system the U.S. has supplied Ukraine is useless. It would be a really big deal if the White Swan was retrofitted to fire hypersonic missiles, the official told Yahoo News, they are fast and launched from much farther away. We don't have anything that can defend against hypersonic missiles, meaning Patriot systems and all the rest of what we are supplying Ukraine, it's useless. In order to be admitted into the U.S. for asylum, CBP must verify a person's credentials and fact check their story. If deemed credible, the person is transferred to the FBI for further questioning. The man and his family were approved by Border Patrol on January 11th and they are likely still being interviewed by U.S. officials. The disclosure of important military matters in Russia is particularly important as the Russian invasion of Ukraine nears its one year anniversary. The State Department issued a warning for U.S. citizens visiting or stationed in Russia to leave immediately as military leaders fear Russia is gearing up for a major escalation in its war.


And this is a type of name usually I wouldn't look at, but this is what's working right now. And beggars cannot be chooses when Amazon is resting and Facebook is resting. Welcome to Access a Trader, the number one community for those who are committed to taking control of their trading in order to achieve success, profitability, and longevity. Thank you for joining us. Here's Dan Shapiro to help you find your edge, master your process, and own your future. Hey guys, good evening everybody. Welcome to another edition of the Access a Trader.com that we wrap up show. Hope everybody is doing well. Hope everybody had a good trading day. So let's talk about the technical view first and then we will kind of give you my thoughts going into tomorrow's session. So we started talking about this potential rolling top. Again, it's not a one day event. We said this about three, four days when sometimes a week that you start putting in slowly lower highs, lower lows, and you're starting to get a lot of decreasing volume. The only problem is somebody forgot to tell this to the semiconductors. And if you've been kind of noticing and you're trying to figure out what's been driving the Nasdaq 100 higher, if you look at the semis, they've been going absolutely nuts. And if you look at the group that primarily dominates the Nasdaq 100, the QQQ's look no further than the semiconductors. And the performance of this group has been outstanding yet Qualcomm, absolutely phenomenal. NVIDIA, what are you going to say? NVIDIA has been an absolute, just incredible runner all across the board. You talk about even names like Taiwan's semiconductor, that's not a name that a lot of people, a lot of focus on. But again, broke out a couple of days ago and starting to go higher, higher and higher. Lamb research broke out a couple of days ago. Nice move there as well. But boy, oh boy, did you guys see what AMD did today? So AMD, when you start talking about deep out-of-the-money calls today and a stock going potentially parabolic, boy, oh boy, this is a name that just went absolutely nuts. And as much as we're sitting there and I'm still very, very cautious on overextended names, I try to really stay away from them only on rising dips into 60-minute support. There's still a lot of value in that group. And if you go through the semiconductors this evening or every single night, you're trying to see where the biggest next value is. And you started looking at charts and you started looking at a name like MU. And although MU is not the prettiest gal at the ball, it's still one of those scenarios that you have to pay attention to because this is one of those scenarios that it maybe gets pulled up. Again, there's a rotation in this group. If you told me three weeks ago that AMD just because would put in a move from, let's just say for example, from the 50-day moving average on October the 7th and oh, by the way, be $50 higher three weeks later, I would have thought you were nuts or the stock got completely, got somebody bought it out. But that's kind of where we are right now. And this is the hottest group. And our job right now is trying to figure out where's the next potential runners in that group. Not the whole sympathy play social media stuff, but real tangible companies have good earnings that are coming out of channels that they start confirming those channels. Who knows if there's big aggressive option flow in those names, maybe that's the next one to go. So the clearest one that I'm watching. And again, it doesn't necessarily mean it has to wake up in the next couple of days, but look what at least MU is showing compared to the names like a Qualcomm exploded and the video exploded names like a clack, right? Just went absolutely nuts. Names like a maximum that this really, really big run have nice little sell up, but really, really big off the 50 day moving average. So there's not a lot of choices left in that group. But as long as that group continues to be good, number one, we need to buy continue to buy the strong names and dips. So for example, a name like Andy, although it's in parabolic waters, we saw today they were coming for short term 165 170 180 coal buying in the name. And that's very, very aggressive. And if you look at the names that already made their moves, they made their moves into very, very aggressive coal buying same kind of thing short term expiration. So I am going to start watching a name like Mike on again, not the greatest trader in the world, but beggars can't be chooses in the name. If you're looking for names that are not overextended, you're looking for names that just kind of got above supply. And this is what, you know, looking at MU. So if MU starts clearing out this whole channel, and we start seeing short term expiration coming in 80 85 $90 calls, you know, that is the green light that's been kind of the MO of all the big, big rallies in the semiconductor space. And the most important part is we're going to follow the option flow. Everything else, there's a lot of value like we've been saying for the last couple of days, over extension, not for me, but there's names that are coming out names we probably wouldn't focus on maybe earnings plays, maybe stocks that were consolidating above their earnings highs, maybe stocks that had huge call buying two, three weeks ago, maybe waking up, maybe a Bitcoin ETF, right? Maybe a name like a BITO that's very, very close to kind of starting to really, really break out above these channels. So there's still a lot of meat on the bone. It's just not the normal names that we're watching. Amazon already started getting a little, little type Facebook, you could clearly tell got tight, got rejected off the 50 day moving average, Apple tired, starting to roll over. Again, nobody's saying, nobody's saying these things are going to come all the way in, but that's kind of like the message I've been really trying to convey to a lot of new traders that you could still have a lot of really good value and starting getting very, very aggressive and still have the major leaders kind of come in. And the cool part about this market is you might not even notice that they're coming in because there's so much really good aggressive value and other spots of the market. So the market continues to be very good. And the most important part is there's still value coming off a bottom and the longer we base out over the 50 day moving average, and this is the fourth week in a row, the higher probability to have a lot of weirder names kind of pop up like look at a name like for example, like neg today, right? Look at a name like neg out of nowhere huge, huge move had a monster run going all the way back to July and starting putting in big volume. And this is a type of name usually I wouldn't look at, but this is what's working right now. And beggars cannot be chooses when Amazon is resting and Facebook is resting and Apple is resting and the video is a little bit too long in the tooth and Tesla is resting a little bit after a great phenomenal troll by Elon Musk and talking about running a poll of all things. Should I sell 10% of my stock? And the problem is he trolled retail to such a point that they sold them stock all the way to sell him. They sold stock all the way at the bottom of the range on the 10 day moving average. And at one point today, Tesla was only down like 22 points. We thought this thing was about to go green. So I think Tesla needs maybe two, three days to kind of relax a little bit and get its legs under them. The way the stock is trading and the way they came with such aggressive dip buyers in the name, unless it loses the 10 day moving average on the close, I believe this is a stock that probably will start running again in the next couple of weeks. But names like Neg, interest me, right? Names like Neg, interest me, especially if they start confirming the top of the channel. What are the bigger moves today? Grape hit it today. This stock, great. Guys, you should really watch this great for all you guys who are not familiar with the name. It's play. It's a play on Bitcoin. The stock has been rejected now three times in a row, right over here, right over here, right over here at the same price. And in the 30 70s, if this thing starts building above $31, they were coming in, if you follow you guys up option scanners, they were coming in for November 19th. Okay, today's the eighth. It's only 11 days. November 19th expiration of the 35s, 40s, 45s, 50s, and the 55 calls. The stock's at $28 a share. $31 is going to be a big, big area for the stock in the next few days. And if the options market is right, and they're betting according to a future event with near term expiration, this one has to be on your radar.  This is a name still you need to watch for any, especially macro dips into rising support. Look at a name like, look at a name like TTD, great, great earnings, right? Really, really good earnings, gapped up today, right into supply. This thing is approaching now all time highs. That's where it got rejected right today. So the play going into tomorrow is any weakness in this thing into rising 60 minutes support. I have to assume the shorts get trapped. This thing goes red to green. If it takes out this all time high where it got rejected today, you could start a next series of events higher just the way Airbnb did today. Airbnb gapped up, right? Gapped up, took out the previous range and had a really, really nice look and run. So I'm still definitely, excuse me, bearish, still definitely bullish into tomorrow. Of course, the names that are extended, I have no interest in the exception of buying them into rising 60 minutes support. It's the safety factor while still being, being biased on the direction where the market is still very, very aggressive. And maybe tomorrow you might not have your prototypical day, Amazon, Tesla, Netflix, Coin, this, that, the other thing, but there's still a lot of names watching the MU, watching this gray, watching this NEGG AMD into any dips, this Bitcoin IPO, Bitcoin ETF, BITO. So there's still a lot of things to do. The most important part is just waiting for the value. And once it comes, attack it with extreme technical prejudice. So let's talk about today's action. Great dips today in Tesla. Okay. For all you guys who caught on the rising 10-day moving average, congratulations. I missed that one. I caught that opening range off that 1180, which is a great, great move. It literally almost attacked that 1200 area. That's how great that move was, but great job there. So let's talk about it. QDell, I was watching. I still like this area here, 120 to the downside. It never got there. RBLX, we were watching for that intraday break, intraday break of 77 that never got there. They reported tonight, right? They reported tonight. We're going to watch this thing for an opening range play. Huge numbers, really, really good numbers. They were actually coming for the $85 and $90 call buying weeklies, really good numbers. We have to watch this thing for tomorrow. Netflix, not a big move, only went down like a dollar and a half. Airbnb was a really nice move here. 205 needs to build. Here was Airbnb, right? Here was Airbnb, right over here. So we were talking about the 205 level, took 205, went to 211 and change. Really, really strong move there. Z, literally just closed above the 74. I still like it for tomorrow. This was a monster, monster move. 2780, 28 needs to build. And this thing went to almost 31. This is a fantastic, fantastic move. I still really, really like it for the next couple of days. I think that 31 level is going to be huge and it stopped perfectly on the previous high of 3072. This 31 is going to be a massive, massive area. So let's definitely keep an eye on that. But great move today, absolutely great move today. TTD for experienced traders, only 83 needs to build. Stock went to 90. Here was Airbnb. NVIDIA obviously not got down there. Laser only put up like a 30 cent mover. So nothing big. Ironically, they were still, I still kind of like it. They're coming for the $19 calls. BITO, I still like this 43 level. And again, here's the, you know, definitely the move of the day, agree. Take on the way of $31 next stop. Beautiful, me $3 move on a $28 stock was pretty damn good. Car, congratulations to all you guys who caught car. Guys, we got to watch this car.  That car went, it went what from one, where did it go from 173 to 550. Okay, we started, we started seeing call buyers coming in today. They were coming in $2 million for the December 390s and $2.2 million for the December 400 calls. That's 100 points out of the money with $4 million worth of premium. This was a sneaky area on the chart. 302 needs to build and nice pop there, nice pop there, but pop from 302 to 318. We have to follow this trade here. If they start coming in with, again, with some really aggressive call buying with short-term exploration on a name like this. And like I said today in the webinar, whatever doesn't go down, must go. So we got to definitely keep an eye and follow this thing for the next couple of days. Car, again, here's the numbers. Car went from 302 to 312, 323 to 328. Really good start, really, really impressive start to the week. And that's the most important part. Again, not a big move on Netflix. Great, beautiful, beautiful move. And I said here, again, 31 close will be a really, really big number there. So that's it. So we're ready for tomorrow. We're watching some Micron. We're watching some Bitcoin, ETF. We're watching some maybe day two in some of these $20, $30 stocks. We're definitely watching TTD for weakness for another potential second day run. But the most important part is we're conscious where the market is. We understand that we're a little bit above Pluto and the names that are overextended. We want to avoid. And the most important part, we want to trade the market with consistency in our approach, but more important consistency in our thinking. Guys, have a great night, everybody. God bless. And I will see you all tomorrow.


Skolopat fainted while dancing at the Samas on Saturday night. The socialite and singer whose real name is Non-Lan Laquave, from Kwe-Kwe in the Free State, later blamed Muthi for the incident. Speaking to Daily Sun from Sun City, Northwest, Skolopat said, I started having skin problems a few days before the event. Just after I solved the skin problem, I fainted. I think jealous witchcraft is behind my problems. I was dancing and having fun when everything suddenly went blank. I blacked out and collapsed. However, Skolopat didn't want to rule out the possibility that she fainted because of an empty stomach. I was a little nervous and when I'm nervous I can't eat.  That could also be the reason I fainted. I was immediately given the necessary medical attention after the incident and I felt better. I was also given a full chicken to eat and I was well again. I now have to worry about driving home safely but I'm great again. Talking about the black see-through dress she wore to the event, Skolopat said she was dressed by Lera V designer Thumbach Havalala and her hair was sponsored by junior hair. She urged her supporters not to worry about her health. I'm a very strong woman and my followers and fans shouldn't stress about my health, she said. Skolopat recently consulted the help of psychic medium Cindy Kruger on Fox Life Spirit Show, where she communicated with her late family members, including her go-go.


Welcome everyone. Welcome to the ongoing general elections coverage by Town Meeting Television. This is one of a series of forums we're bringing to you in advance of the general election in November. Town Meeting TV is hosting forums with all candidates and covering all of the ballot items you will see on your November ballot. We'd like to introduce you to community decision makers and connect you with issues that shape your local community. If you're watching this live, we welcome your questions. You can call in at<PHONE_NUMBER>. You can watch Town Meeting TV on Comcast Channel 1087, Burlington Telecom Channel 17, and 217, as well as online at youtube.com slash townmeetingtv. And with that, I'd love to introduce our panelists. Mark, why don't we have you go first if you can introduce yourselves and outline your general view of Proposal 2. And how you are personally or politically affected by this issue. Sure. Happy to do it. And thanks for for having me. It's good to see you, Zariah. It's good to see you again as well, Peter. And I am the executive director of the Vermont Racial Justice Alliance. Some of the work that we've been doing, well all of the work that we've been doing has been, as you know, surrounding systemic racism, addressing root causes, impacts, solutions. And leading up to the time that PR2 was introduced, most people know that in addition to the racial disparities in the criminal and juvenile justice system advisory panel, that we also were successful at. It was a second pass that Governor Vee told the first one, but we did get the executive director of racial equity passed. So that was kind of leading up to we did have our eyes on the Constitution. We were aware that in Article 1 that there's language in Article 1 that does provide for exceptions that permit slavery. And because the process only happens every four years, we were required to wait until 2019 to introduce it. Although in 2018, we did go in and provide a, we introduced through Representative Tina a House resolution that urged the 2019 Senate to initiate it. Because as you probably know, it can only initiate in the Senate every four years. So definitely, you know, we're thinking about, okay, what, you know, what more of a cornerstone can we really deal with than the institution of slavery in a conversation about systemic racism? So very much focused on it. And also always have been transparently intentional about coming back to this conversation later. So at some point or another, we can have start having conversations about amending or replacing the 13th Amendment of the United States Constitution, which also provides for an exception clause to slavery. So yeah, excited to be here. Thanks for, thanks for having me. I'm looking forward to a lively discussion. Great. And Peter, we'll go to you next. And when you're done, I will also be reading the ballot language, the proposal to language, so folks have that exactly. But if you can go ahead and introduce yourself and your role. Thank you. It's a pleasure to be here tonight and to join my good friend, Mark Hughes on this. We share many, many things in common. We have some slight differences about how you read Article One and what the impact of Prop Two would be, but and we'll probably have a chance to ventilate those differences and shared views this evening. I'm a professor of law at Vermont Law School with a specialty in constitutional law and Vermont constitutional history. Those are areas that I have been fields of interest ever since I started teaching at Vermont Law School. This issue is of particular personal interest to me and professional interest because it deals with one of the most important provisions in the Vermont Constitution, Article One, which generally has been understood to abolish slavery in the state and to stand for the first constitutional provision ever to have abolished slavery. We'll get back to later in the evening how it purports to do so. What's the basis in Article One for claiming that it abolished slavery? But that is my interest. It's a very, what's involved is, if I could anticipate just a little, a very fundamental proposition that is important to me and it's the very first words of Article One begin that all are born equally free and independent and they have certain inalienable rights, the rights to pursue liberty and own and possess property and to pursue and obtain happiness, something that we're all still working on, but in any way, that idea that all persons, without exception, no matter what age, are born equally free and independent is an extremely important proposition and that's where my personal and professional interest lies. Great. Thank you so much for joining us and just so folks have the full ballot language, Article One starts out at that all persons are born equally free and independent and have certain natural inherent and inalienable rights amongst which are enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. It goes on that therefore, and then this is the proposal to cross out, no person born in this country or brought from overseas ought to be holden by law to serve any persons as a servant, slave or apprentice after arriving to the age of 21 years unless bound by the person's own consent after arriving to such age or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs or the like. So that's crossed out to read therefore slavery and indentured servitude in any form are prohibited. So that's the exact language that we're talking about and if you could and Mark I think you started to get into this but tell us a little bit more about your understanding of the history of this particular proposal, why this is the exact language that is in front of us and the process that brought us here. Definitely and I think it's like super important for everybody to understand just how complex I think Peter would definitely agree or I should take I should say detailed the process is to amend the constitution in the state of Vermont probably unparalleled in you know to compare to most other states four-year process starts again in 2023 and can only be initiated in the Senate and it requires a two-thirds vote out of the Senate there there's a after that two-thirds vote in the first biennium goes to the House there must be a public hearing and then there needs to be a majority vote in the House and then that happens again the next year I think absent the two-thirds it cannot be amended throughout the entire process where we started was we had certain ideas about what the language should look like and we were kind of vacillating because we weren't really sure we weren't like professors of the Constitution but so we were trying to you know get it figured out but what we were sure about was is that we wanted to make sure that the Constitution was amended to reflect to make it very clear that slavery was prohibited you know I just you know just to piggy back on what Peter was just saying a minute ago he said that all persons are born equally free and independent and have certain and natural inherent and the eligible rights and it goes on but then it goes on to say you know after no person born or brought from overseas ought to be holding by law to serve any person or as a servant slave or apprentice after arriving at the age of 21 years unless bound by a person's own consent after arriving to such age or bound by law for the payment of debts finds costs or the like so you'll hear tonight I'm sure from Peter about you know there'll be a lot of conversations about what the original framers of this document intended I don't know if there's anybody alive who can really authoritatively speak about that but we'll hear it and I think that we'll probably you know dance around you know with the with the language you know concerning the the portion concerning the rights as they're expressed but at the end of the day no matter how many times we dance around this tonight we're still going to be sitting in front of a constitution that has three exception clauses that provide provisions for the to permit slavery no matter how we slice it and dice it at the end of the day that's where we're going to that's where we're going to end up that's what we saw then that's what we've seen throughout the entire process that's what we see tonight that's what our folks who have received your your ballots that's what that's what you see and I think that's why the voters are they're they're gonna we got some pretty smart voters out there they're gonna look at it say this is unacceptable and they're they're gonna take it in our direction we're gonna win it Peter any follow-up questions on the process and how we came to this language specifically for proposal two well let me echo what Martin said first of all the process is a lengthy one intentionally lengthy to make sure that we don't make amendments in an arbitrary on again off again way and I also want to recognize that mark played an instrumental role in initiating the process and following through with the process in the Vermont legislature I got involved long after he was initially involved when I was contacted by Senator Jeanette White of the Senate Government Operations Committee and she said Peter would you come up and help us understand this there's a we've we've the senators have introduced a proposal to amend article one and the basis of that is the view that that article one only partially prohibits slavery okay is that true or is that not true and she said they also want to get rid of the word slavery in the Vermont Constitution just the word and term the recognition of the institution somehow is offensive what options do we have if that's the way we want to decide to go so that's how I initially got involved and I went up and I testified well it depends on what you mean by abolish slavery or prohibit slavery and I explained and what do you mean by partially prohibit and I say if the argument is that article one allows slaves minor slaves non-adult slaves to be freely bought and sold in Vermont that's not true I said on the other hand they're very limited bedrock rules for what abolition means and they are very limited there are all sorts of problems and complications that this amendment excuse me this article does not currently deal with and I also said it's quite easy to see how the language of the amendment could be unclear and confusing I happen to be a legal historian I spend a lot of time in this not everybody in the state is that and if this language continues to cause confusions and problems maybe we ought to do something about that so that's how I got involved initially great and a reminder that if folks would like to call in we are taking live questions at<PHONE_NUMBER> but now with another of our questions Peter I'll have you take this one first but Vermont is unique in having this language around in voluntary servitude for a decent amount of time as well as calling out these exceptions why do you think this language is part still part of the Vermont Constitution has persisted for so long okay that's a really good question I I think it can be a little bit confusing however first of all the Vermont Constitution does not use the term involuntary servitude it does refer clearly in the second section which mark was referring to to what was called indentured servitude was a which was a very common practice at that time and it allowed people to be bound not only by themselves but by their parents maybe even by a ship captain to work for a period of years without salary for simply room and board and what the second section does is said that's okay we nothing wrong with the institution it's to everybody's benefit in some ways mutually beneficial but we want to put a limit to abuses so they said once you reach the age of majority you can no longer be bound except by your own consent so that's part of it then there's the third section which basically says unless you are bound by law to pay debts court fees fines damages that sort of thing so there's a second exception which has to do with imprisonment for debts and debt prisons and I will have to tell you that was also a very common practice back in 1777 when this constitution was adopted so how do those two interrelate we can come to later but but the constitution itself really says there's the indentured servitude problem we want to put a limit to abuses and there's the debt what imprisonment for debt problem imprisonment for debt they didn't put any limits on it it seems to me so those are two different problems and and why do you think it's still in the constitution well I will tell you the Vermont Constitution does have a provision in the constitution chapter 2 section 40 which in so many terms says there shall be no imprisonment for debt so that sort of superseded that little tail end provision okay 2010 constitutional yeah yeah so that part of the the question I think can be answered that imprisonment for debt is no longer constitutionally or legally possible in Vermont now there are ways to kind of get around that just a little bit for example if somebody doesn't show up for child support hearing doesn't show up when a court has ordered the individual to pay child support what courts do is that they can find that individual in contempt and can imprison the individual for contempt but they can't imprison him for failure to pay the debt so there are kind of ways to get around that a little bit but in any event simple answer it's still in the constitution the imprisonment for debt because it's been superseded the other provision is the is the difficult one in the complicated one thanks peter mark anything to add on why Vermont is unique in indentured servitude which sounds like it may or may not have been involuntary depending on the age and time of the person and why this has persisted you know why it's persistent you know who knows it's it's really entertaining to listen to peter go through it and and I know there was some extensive testimony that was that was rendered surrounding this actually was reading some of it today so the whole thing is interesting but again at the end of the day we still come back to a constitution that has three clauses in it that clearly indicate that there are circumstances under which slavery is constitutionally permitted I just I would go back to one of the things that peter was that you were just mentioning earlier and I just want to flag for those who are watching that you have been at the law school for about 47 years and father time here so so so you were so you wrote some of these constitutional amendments you know so and you've so you've been around for a while and and you're you probably are a um a um you embody some of this this these conversations that we're talking about because you were there when it happened say for example like the consta the constitutional amendment in 1994 with proposal 11 which we'll talk about here in a little bit you know where which which actually prompted some additional work some legislative work we'll we'll talk more about that later when we start talking about the term freeman because this definitely came up during our deliberations but I would just say that as as far as the indentured servitude you know it kind of speaks to like I said just are totally like our ignorance we were just like just take slavery out of the constitution which was dumb because it you know it really led to ahead with you know us and the NAACP because we were saying yep looks good and they're like but slavery is still in there and we're like it says slavery is prohibited and and they were saying but it's in there and so it was really messy and we had to take some time off peter to figure out you know what what to do about that so our you know our desire or our demands or our expectations I guess you would say evolved over a period of time the more we came to understand what we were actually asking for really what we're asking for is is really not even only that the language in the constitution be removed but there be clear and emphatic language in the constitution that states that slavery is prohibited under all circumstances and so to move to a conversation about impact and contextualizing this into a wider context I mean this isn't in a vacuum I think we've had as a country questions about the evolution of slavery and how that manifests in the prison system of course questions even historically about debtor's prisons which of course didn't start in the US and who that impacts and so do you see this as part of a bigger movement and if so what where what context does that have and what impact do you think it will have especially nationally yeah I mean it's it's totally part of a bigger movement you know our partners at the abolished slavery national network have been doing the work we're you know we've been partnering with them currently there's four states that have abolished slavery today there's five on the ballot Vermont's one of them so we've got four other states that are out there and as we said back in 2019 you know we still envision being a country where for once in our existence that we could be a country where slavery is not permitted because soon as the ink dried in 1865 with the 13th amendment we all we did was move from chattel slavery to prison in states slavery I'd also add back to a point that we were making about this this whole idea of debt prison if you will or debtor's prison or I call it the criminalization of poverty it shouldn't be lost on is that we don't have jails here in Vermont which means anybody who goes to jail is in prison in the state and what we know and understand is that if you look at the national numbers of the one third of the 2.3 million people who are incarcerated somewhere it's about 800,000 folks of those 60 of them are in there because they can't pay bail and that averages out to be about 300 folks in the state of Vermont in prison because they can't pay bail is that Peter do you have anything to add in terms of context as far as this being a bigger movement the history of it well you know I think I want to take a step back if it's okay with with you and and and say well what does it mean to say that this first constitution abolished slavery because it means some things but it doesn't mean other things and it's really important to know exactly what was meant legally what it did mean and when the Vermont Supreme Court made this clear it meant that no inhabitant of the state of Vermont could legally legally own a slave read that first section that way that all persons are born equally free and independent no person no inhabitant of the state can legally own a slave second of all it meant that you can't purchase legally or sell legally slaves in Vermont I don't care what age and this is where mark and I may disagree but that's what the court said you simply cannot legally buy or sell slaves in the state of Vermont the third thing the court said if you buy a slave out of out of the state and get a bill of sale and you've got it in your pocket showing you own that slave the minute you cross the border into the state of Vermont that bill of sale is no longer legally recognizable those are the three things that was meant by abolition of slavery but now let me tell you what it didn't mean it didn't mean that you couldn't buy a slave out of state and illegally bring the slave into the state and continue to claim personally and socially ownership of the slave you couldn't do so legally but you could do that okay and in fact as mark knows were the vermonters who in fact did that some of the alan ethan alan's family in fact purchased slaves out of the state and brought them into the state and kept them there and it seemed to be a practice that was condoned by certain respectable parts of the burlington community a supreme court of vermont supreme court justice named jacob who was a lawyer down in winzer bought a slave over in new hampshire brought her back when she turned out to get sick and he didn't want to keep her anymore he dumped her on the town of winzer so you it didn't prohibit people from bringing slaves into the state illegally but it did prohibit anyone from claiming legal ownership of a slave in the state and where we differ is how did that apply to miners well with the court when it talks about it says it doesn't matter whether you're a minor or an adult you cannot legally buy and sell slaves in the state and i've always said if the opposite was true show me a case of remand case where the court upheld a bill of sale for a slave because they wouldn't do it because they couldn't because of article one let me just add something to that just for clarity because i don't want the train to get off the rails here with uh perhaps some inaccurate information or maybe incomplete information um and i'm trying and i want to be i'm trying to be like nice to peter because he hurt his leg not too long ago and i don't i don't want to i don't want to come at him too hard but um that supreme court decision that the professor keeps referring to is the jacob's decision and the decision was really not it was not a decision a court decision on slavery the court decision was actually a decision as to whether or not jacobs would have to repay the the town of winsor for keeping her after he threw her out and hypocritically and at the time jacobs was a member of the supreme court the state supreme court just so we can get the whole story here and after recusing himself his colleagues on the supreme court would not allow the bill of sale to be permissible talk about hypocritical they would not allow the bill of sale to be to be admissible in the court after she had resided with steven jacobs for 17 years as his slave and refused to care for him for her rather after she got blind and he threw her out the only reason that case was in court was because winsor was suing jacobs for the money and he didn't want to pay it and he got off the hook because his colleagues let him off the hook and they used the technicality of inadmissibility of the bill of sales so not only do i find that offensive i find that to be a personal affront and really it's ridiculous that that particular court case would even be used in this particular conversation i mean i cannot tell you how ridiculous the whole conversation is full circle all i'm really getting at is is that a decision of inadmissibility based upon the fact that his colleagues said that that particular bill of sales is not valid despite the fact that he had her as a slave for 17 years is not a court decision that says slavery is illegal in the state of or is illegal in the state of vermont there's two i may not be a professor at the law school but i know that now to be clear about this whole business about this this person's business i want to talk about that too because can i ask one more question and then you get back to that near mark is that okay so um peter and also just to maybe get back to the question on the larger movement and impact that i had asked mark that i think you were responding to is so you had said that legally it wasn't allowed which doesn't mean it wasn't practice and so do you have any thoughts on how that tension between what is legal and what is allowed maybe hasn't how that affects the conversation that we're having today in terms of of criminalizing poverty or in terms of the evolution of slavery or any of those well i think it is an important question because i say what abolishing slavery meant to the framers generation just meant those three things one you can't legally own a slave in vermont two you can't legally buy and sell a slave in vermont and three a bill of sale that you might have gotten in some other state when it comes into this state no longer is legally enforceable now mark has trouble with that because he said jacob's was a colleague of the other justices on the supreme court rule that way but i will tell you there's no evidence that they had any particular respect for or admiration for or felt collegial toward the third justice jacob i will tell you that if the shoe had been on the other foot if dina mason the slave had become healthy after he dumped her on the town and let the time and he said wait a minute i want her back i'm going to introduce the bill of sale i got over in new hampshire to show that i'm the legal owner and i'm entitled to have the supreme court of vermont would have ruled exactly the same way because they did so not as a matter of collegial hypocrisy but as a matter of principle because the vermont constitution says all persons are born equally free and independent and to allow one person to claim ownership over another is fundamentally inconsistent with that bedrock principle so this is where we disagree a little bit but i haven't found no evidence at all that they did so for cynical or improper motives it was a matter of principle and everything that they wrote and said indicates it was a matter of principle great and just to go back do you have any thoughts on how that impacts any of the conversations that we're having today in terms of not a legal question that's a morality question no that's really an important question we come back to it which is to say that what abolishing slavery meant had a very limited meaning it didn't prohibit people from bringing slaves illegally into the state people did it okay i think that was you know constitutional provisions can only do so much and it didn't prohibit that it didn't in any way impact on what you might call the seeds of systemic racism in this country because to say whether or not you can legally bring a slave into the state as a practical matter you can it obviously contributes to a kind of racist reaffirms racist tendencies on the part of some people so it is an important limitation all i'm saying is when you talk about abolishing slavery in article one it just had those that limited meaning so i'm gonna ask you another question mark and then you can go to some of the things you're maybe trying to get to that i interrupted we've got plenty of time maybe they'll just vote it down and we'll have another four years which is the the question of vermont exceptionalism so we're talking a lot about what is allowed versus what is it a forced and part of that is also the story of vermont being referred to as an abolitionist states and i'm curious as to how you think this proposal affects the story but also again again i'd love to bring it back to the present not just the you know supreme court decisions at the time or the um original constitution to being what does that mean about our like what does that mean about the conversation we're having as a state now today so any any thoughts on on vermont is uh um you know exceptionalism i i i get tired of talking about vermont as being exceptional as um and i think it's it's really i don't think it's a i mean respectful i don't think it's a really good use of our time i but i do think that um you know there's much to say you know about where we are you know just being kind of stuck because there are many people who who are you know just um you know infactuated with our our history our past um i respect that peter is a historian he didn't he didn't mention much about it but he's not just a professor in a constitutional law expert but he's also a but he's a historian but and and i respect that i like that a lot about him and um there's a lot of folks who embrace that look you know here we are here we are here this is now and um you know this is um you know the work that we're doing as i said at the top of the at the top of the hour it's just focused on systemic racism we know like i told you again at the top of the hour when the smoke clears you're still going to have a constitution that you know that has uh some traced some evidence that and there were some circumstances under which slavery was permit permitted um you know you're back to the broader um implications you know what we didn't really talk about is is the fact that vermont was the first state to um to constitutionalize slavery in any way to be clear that's what vermont was the first to do there was never a state in the united states that had any language concerning slavery within their constitution at all before vermont i can say that categorically because we figured that out along the way and what they did is is when they did when they did become the first state to introduce slavery into their constitution they they did so not with an abolition but with three exception clauses there would go on to be ohio um oregon in alabama in the northwest territory who would also emulate vermont by creating the exception clauses so would the united states in the in the 13th amendment and then towards the towards the civil war towards the end of the civil war almost another 24 states would emulate vermont with the introduction of what we call exception clauses into their constitutions as well we should feel exceptional we started something it wasn't good it was a mess because what it created was a gateway into convict leasing nationally so yes there are broader implications all of this we figured out along the way um regarding this argument about persons to explode that what i'm holding in my hand right now is is this is proposal 11 2014 the language of persons never existed in our constitution in article one before 1994 you wrote this with the supreme court the you're on the transmittal so okay go ahead tell me what i wrote up the bottom line is that you know you keep talking about the article one saying persons and therefore persons now the reason why we're in the bushes is because we just got pulled in the bushes when we get out of the bushes we're still again when the smoke clears we're still going to be looking at a constitution that says that there are three exception clauses for slavery you know you can slice this thing dice it uh bring on dick uh McCormick next week whatever we can have that conversation with him too bottom line is is that what we're here to do is is to abolish slavery that is all all of these intentions and all that other stuff as well as the homework we pulled the constitutional amendment for 1994 we see that the original language in article one is that all men all men and there are probably you know upwards of i would say maybe 27 other instances where you inserted persons in this in 1994 as well as 28 instances where you removed Freeman although you decided to leave it at the heading of chapter 42 so all i'm really getting at here with this is that that argument about persons is invalid because it was not language in the original constitution if we were to have a conversation about this whole you know persons business you know i'd rather be having a conversation about whether or not we're just going to abolish slavery in our constitution so peter i'll let you answer that specific thing as well but i also to go back to the question also curious to hear what you think about how this proposal affects the story of her who vermont has been and who we want to be and also feel free to respond to mark well we've got quite a complex set of questions now so i will get to i'll get to that last one and don't let me get away from doing that first of all i confess guilt that i am responsible in part for a movement to try to to to propose and have the vermont constitution rewritten in gender neutral language and we did that because of a deep sense that the language of the vermont constitution ought to reflect the reality that men and women are equal i did make suggestions about how to do that and one of them was that we changed the word man wherever we find it to person the supreme court however was authorized for making those changes and it was very deliberately constrained in doing so you cannot change the meaning of these provisions by making the language gender neutral what does that mean it means that men and mark is absolutely right in the original constitution was the term that was used but it was used in the generic sense as it often is and has been to include men women children all men are born equally free and independent men are not born that includes minors as well well black people weren't men you know in at that time it not until it's not to the 14th amendment where black people men it was that's why it matters mark let's wait for in any event that was the understanding and it was i don't believe there was an understanding that that the framers thought well women can be legally bought and sold in the state of vermont there's no evidence at all that it was read that way okay so i will just say men was used generically it was understood generically to include men women boys girls everybody okay persons and that's all the supreme court was authorized to do and it rendered the vermont constitution in gender neutral language second point in response to mark vermont was the first state to constitutionalize slavery he is absolutely right it's the first state to include the word slavery in a state constitution now why did that happen well as i said before the primary concern with the second section of article one was to prevent abuse of the institution of indentured servitude by saying if you're a servant i don't care or an apprentice i don't care what the terms are in which you arrived in that status when you reach the age of 21 maturity you cannot continue to be bound by some legal document without your own consent now somebody at the constitution convention said you know what'll happen these scumbags that are bringing slaves into the state from other states illegally will say oh we're not covered by that provision making maturity a cut off of the period of time in which you can be bound without your consent make sure that slaves if there are that have been brought illegally into the state are entitled to the exact same protection so that's how it gets in if that's what it means to constitutionalize slavery that's what it means but that's how that slavery got into that second section of the constitution now does does all of this stuff we're talking about somehow tarnish that sense that vermont was basically a leading abolitionist state it was the first state to in fact ban or prohibit slavery in the limited sense that i say now it doesn't tarnish it at all the first major section of article one still is retained there vermont was the state in which lincoln got the highest percentage of votes in the 1860 election because it was so strongly an anti-slavery state vermont contributed probably as many or almost as many uh soldiers to the civil war as any other northern state volunteer soldiers okay it just it runs counter to vermont's history to say that somehow it embraced slavery it uh it favored slavery uh on the other hand i don't think that's ever been the point on the other hand as we've recognized it only was what abolition meant was simply those three core legal requirements and it didn't deal away with slavery or racism as a problem in the state and the state's history is really quite complicated in that other respect great so we'll go to final question mark we'll have a rebuttal everybody just gets one minute because we're gonna run out of time and so mark feel free to address any history any rebuttals as well but i think i would love if you could just state um how you specifically are encouraging voters to vote on this ballot item um and yeah any other misinformation any last things that you want to say well first i just want to say that um at the end of the day you know here here we are this is where i told you we'd be at the end of this conversation uh we still have a constitution that provides provisions for slavery i figured if i let peter talk long enough he'd convince you to um to to say yes um he he actually uh what has been my best advocate in in the legislature actually he was at yes then he was at no then he was at yes and i think you might be at no again but um so thank you for that um yeah i i don't i think for if if anybody's watched the entire program i don't think there's anything left for me to say actually so i just want to more importantly just thank you and thanks um you know thank the folks for having this come out uh let's let's abolish slavery thanks mark peter how are you two words the proposal as it exists came out of the senate government operations committee we really sat down and discussed all these issues very thoughtfully and very intelligently very responsibly different members of the committee differed but in the end my view was look the truth is vermont was the first state constitution to abolish slavery in this limited sense but if this language is going to continue to be a source of confusion and difficulty ready for it then you can make it clean and simple by adopting the language of proposition two i confess i'm guilty in that respect to mark i actually said hey why don't we copy something like the colorado proposition just say indentured servitude and slavery are prohibited and get rid of all the stuff that's causing problems so it's okay with me if people vote for it i think we lose a little bit of historical sense but that is a small price to pay if we just have something clean and simple great and there you have it everyone um thank you for training into town meeting tv ongoing coverage of statewide and regional candidates and ballot items you can find this and more forums at www.ch17.tv don't forget to vote on or before november 8th uh this year ballots will be mailed to all registered voters in the state um thank you for watching and sharing town meeting tv if you're not already please subscribe to our town meeting tv youtube channel thank you so much for joining