Now we will start module number 12, lecture number 4. In this lecture, we will be covering in-process gauging and control, which includes introduction to the in-process gauging and how the in-process gauging systems are classified. And then we will discuss about the working principles of various gauging systems in which we will be studying about mechanical gauging systems digital systems, pneumatic systems in line probing and electro pneumatic system and measurement during transit. Finally, we will be discussing about the various benefits that can be obtained by in-process gauging. Now, let us try to understand what is the meaning of in-process gauging and control. In-process gauging, in other words, it's also known as auto sizing. It means inspecting the dimension of the workpiece while machining itself. In the normal process, what we do? The workpiece is machined and the machine is stopped to check whether the correct size is achieved or not. That means if you take the example of a turning process, after giving a few cuts, the operator will stop the machine, he will stop the rotation of the workpiece, then he will take the appropriate instrument like micrometer or vornier caliper and then he will check what is the diameter that is obtained. If the size is okay, then he will remove the workpiece and he will put new raw material. If the size obtained is not to the correct extent or there is extra material, again he will stop the machine and he will give a few more cuts. So, in the process, a lot of time is wasted and the cycle time will increase. So, to avoid the unnecessary time that is non-productive time and the effort of the manpower used in conventional inspection process, this in-process gauging is used. It helps in getting higher productivity. The goal of the in-process gauging is to remove variation from the process. In the conventional inspection process, the size of the workpiece may vary from workpiece to workpiece, whereas in the case of in-process gauging, that variation can be minimized. Now, these in-process gauging systems are classified as given below. In-process gauging systems for grinding machines, including gauges for external grinding machines, gauges for internal grinding and gauges for centralized grinding process. And the gauges for turning process are also available and gauges for honing process are also available. Now, let us study the in-process gauges for grinding operation. So, this picture shows a mechanical swinging lever. This is the grinding wheel and we have the workpiece which is rotating. Both are rotating in the proper direction and there is a pivot which carries this lever. When the correct size is attained by the workpiece, the contact lever will swing to the position shown by the dashed line. So, this is the initial condition of the swinging lever. When the correct size is reached, the lever will swing to the position shown by this dashed line. And when it swings, it makes electrical contact at this place. This contact will move and it makes a contact which causes the wheel head to move away from the workpiece. That is how when the workpiece attains the correct size, the wheel head moves back and the machining process stops. Now, this diagram shows another system wherein there is a mechanical lever with indicating the system. This is the grinding wheel and there is a job which is to be ground. And there is a probe or stylus which is in contact with the rotating workpiece and there is a hinge. And we have this lever 1. See, when the grinding process continues like this, the diameter goes on reducing and the stylus will be in contact because of the spring force. And this lever 1 will move to the new position shown with this dashed line. So, this indicator will show the change in the size of the workpiece diameter. When the correct size or the reset size is reached, this lever will move in this direction and the lever 2 will fall down and it makes this contact. This contact will make a contact over here and because of this, solenoid will be activated which will withdraw the grinding wheel head in this direction and the machining process stops. This is how the in-process gauging in mechanical lever indicator system works. Now we have another type of system which is caliper gauge. You can see this diagram. We have the grinding wheel and then we have the wheel head. Now this caliper system, this is the workpiece and then the caliper system which is fitted to the wheel head. And this caliper can be swivel in this direction and whenever measurement is required, this can be swing and it will be in this position. Whenever the measurement is not required, it can be removed from this position. Now this picture shows the details of the caliper gauge. This is the grinding wheel and this is the workpiece to be ground and this is the caliper. And here there is an anvil which is in contact with the workpiece and this spindle will move in this direction, vertical direction. So this anvil will be in contact with the workpiece due to this spring force active in this direction. So initially when the diameter is more, when there is excess material, there is the desired size. So this is desired size and this is the raw material, varying extra material is there which is to be ground. The anvil will be in contact with the periphery of the workpiece. So if the job is oversized, that is this extra allowance is there but the job is oversized, the electrical contact between A and B occurs. So electrical contact between A and B occurs and then the wheel head is moved in the forward direction and then grinding continues. If the job is undersized, which is less than, when the job becomes smaller than the desired size, electrical contact between C and A occurs, electrical contact between C and A occurs and the saw line will be activated and wheel head is withdrawn also. Such contacts, that means the electrical contacts will help in moving the wheel head in the proper direction. That means when there is enough material to be ground, the wheel head will move in the forward direction. When the workpiece becomes equal to the desired size or less than the desired size, the wheel head is withdrawn. The wheel feeding is stopped when the job gets within the prescribed limits. Now you can see commercially available caliper gauge, this is the clamp for clamping this caliper gauge to the wheel head and this is the caliper, there is a carbide point here which will be in contact with the workpiece and this is the spindle. So which will move in this direction depending upon the size of the workpiece and here there is an electrical cable which will go to the electrical contacts. So the caliper gauges are available in this from 10 millimeter to 1000 millimeter range. Accuracy, that means the workpiece accuracy will be of 2 microns or 2.5 microns when we use the caliper gauges like this. The narrow design for use with the crank granting the study is narrow gauge designs are also available and the transducer is sealed. Since these gauges are to be used wherein there is lot of coolant splashing, the transducer sensors used are properly sealed. Offset tips are provided for oil holes and the gauges contain replaceable carbide tips. Whenever they get worn we can replace these carbide tips and profiled shoes are also available. So commercially the caliper gauges are available for very small diameter gauges. The systems are available for measurement of 2 millimeter diameter and up to 1000 millimeter diameter. Now in this picture we can see the caliper gauge in the vertical setting. This is the workpiece mounted between centers and the grinding wheel and the caliper gauge which is fitted to the wheel head. And we can also see the arrangement for proper setting of the caliper gauge. And in this picture you can see the horizontal mounting of the caliper gauge using the adjustment facility provided with the adjustment gauge to the workpiece. Now we can see a caliper gauge with display unit. This is the caliper gauge fitted to the wheel head and then we have a monitor placed over here. There is a clear display of size and set points. This will also show the digital display as well as the analog display. And we can observe that there is a sealed transducer for maintenance pre-operation. These look as such are. The monitor can display the component count that means how many pieces are crowned by the preview displayed. Wheel dressing alarm will also be given. Wheel balance in the status is indicated. Wheel speed is indicated. Coolant temperature, time and date display is also possible. And we can change the setting from imperial to metric as needed. Multiple diameter displays also possible. That means if we use multiple caliper gauges to measure or to gauge the multiple diameter. So multiple diameter displays also possible. That means we have to use the multiple gauges so that multiple diameter displays possible. Now this picture shows the schematic arrangement of Landis Olex air gauging system. So this is the grinding wheel and this is the workpiece.  At the end of the gauge head we have carbide tipped shoes which are in contact with the rotating workpiece. And between the shoes we have air outlet. Air will be escaping from this outlet. The amount of air escapement depends upon the condition over here that is the gap between the nozzle and the workpiece. So that dictates the amount of air that is escaping. So the pressure in this line depends upon the gap between the nozzle and the workpiece. And there is a pump which will pump the air. So we get the compressed air here which will move in this direction and the compressed air will be escaping from the nozzle. The compressed air will also enter into the mercury switch box. We can see here in the switch box we have two electrical contacts D and E which are set at different heights. So the height setting depends upon the size of the workpiece desired. Now the working principle is shown here. Here is escaping from the pressure line. The pressure in the line P is affected by nozzle conditions at outlet through which it is escaping. That means the pressure here in this line depends upon the gap between the nozzle and the workpiece. The change in the pressure is used to change the level of mercury in the mercury switch box. Thereby closing contacts D and E and these contacts D and E will control grinding wheel feeding. Air pressure of 0.15 bar is supplied by a pump A to the calibre frame B which has two corporected shoes that rest lightly on workpiece. The air outlet is between the two shoes. This is the air outlet placed between the two shoes. Now as the grinding proceeds spring tension moves the gauge head forward. So you can see this diagram. As the grinding proceeds the size of the workpiece will be reducing and the gauge head will move forward because of this spring tension. When the gap reduces between the work and air outlet pressure builds in the air line B causing the mercury to rise in the switch box C. At the end of roughing operation the mercury touches the contact D and electric circuit is then completed. The solenoid is energized and finish feeding starts and grinding continues until the finished size is reached. Gap between air outlet and work further reduces increasing the pressure in the line. Then mercury rises further in the switch box and electrical contact at E occurs. So when the size of the workpiece approaches the desired size the pressure builds up and the mercury level rises and then the electrical contact will happen with the contact E. Then when contact at E occurs a solenoid is energized and grinding wheel is withdrawn from the workpiece and machine stops. Factors such as wheel wear variation in the amount of work to be removed do not affect the machining accuracy. Since the final size of the workpiece depends only on the setting of the electrical contacts D and E using master workpiece. Now we will discuss another type of auto-sizing device based on electronic system. We can see in this diagram we have this is based on Wheatstone bridge circuit. In the circuit we have A and this system is based on Wheatstone bridge. So in this circuit we have A and B fixed condenser. This is A and B fixed condenser. And then we have C and D fixed plates. We can see here we have C and D fixed plates. And in between C and D we have a movable plate that is E. So this plate E will move up and down depending upon the size of the workpiece. When E is at the middle position that is workpiece size is equal to the desired size. That means initially we will be setting this system auto-sizing device by using a master workpiece. So we have to keep the master workpiece between center and then we have to adjust the position of this plate E. Such that plate E is midway between C and D. When the workpiece size is equal to the desired size, capacitance between E and C that is these two plates and E and D that is these two capacitance between E and D are equal and bridge is balanced. So this initial setting can be performed by using a master workpiece of the desired size. So after doing this initial setting we have to know the master piece and then we have to place the workpiece to be ground in between the two centers and then we have to start the we have to set the gauge and then we have to start the grinding. At the start of the grinding there is extra amount of stock on the workpiece that means this is the grinding allowance. So the plate E will move above and it becomes closer to C. So when the plate E moves up it is closer to C but the distance between D and E will be more. At the start of the grinding there is extra amount of stock on the workpiece. So this causes plate E to be nearer to C thus increasing the capacitance between the E and C and the capacitance between the E and D reduces due to the greater amount of gap. Due to this the bridge circuit based on bridge is imbalanced. Now when the grinding continues the workpiece reaches the exact size then the bridge is balanced. That means the plate E will be at the middle position when the workpiece size reaches the exact size then the capacitance between C and E and capacitance between E and D will be equal and then bridge is balanced. At that point of time a maximum current is permitted in the output stage to operate a relay causing the withdrawal of grinding beam. It is interesting to note that any variations of temperature, humidity, ionization of air, frequency and voltage act simultaneously on both sides of the bridge. That means any variation will affect on both sides. That means the variation will occur between C and D as well as between E and D. So this variation has no effect on the reading. That means these variations will not affect the variation of the workpiece size. A bracket for fixing the gauge to the machine is needed and the final setting is done by means of a compensator hatch. As you can see here there is a compensator is provided by operating this we can do the final setting so that we can achieve an accuracy of 1 micron repeatedly. Now let us study another type of auto sizing system wherein we have dual fingers. So this is known as dual finger gauge head. The diagram is shown here. This is the body of the gaging head which houses the transducer either capacitive or strain gauge sensors are used in this system. And two fingers are there. These two fingers will be in contact with the workpiece which is being ground. As the diameter reduces due to the continued grinding, the fingers will be always in contact with the workpiece because the spring force is active. And since the fingers move closer, the capacitance or strain will be changed and the changed electrical characteristic is supplied to the electronic circuit that is control unit which will display the size. And when the correct size or the desired size of the workpiece is reached, a relay will be operated to withdraw the gaging head from the workpiece. So in this photograph we can see this is the workpiece being ground and we can see the grinding wheel and we can see the coolant jet and then the fingers which are in contact with the workpiece. And gauge controllers are provided along with the gauge head for data storage and for zero setting. A multi-diameter gaging is also possible by using multiple fingers, finger sets. Now what are the features of real finger gaging device? The precise diameter control is possible and real time control is possible. And setting of the gauge head on the workpiece takes very little time, around half a minute per setup. Stainless steel body is used so that the complete setup does not get corroded due to the usage of water based coolants. And a repeatability of 0.0004 mm is possible at 5.15 sigma level. Integrated air retraction system is available for retracting the wheel head when the correct size is reached. Externally adjustable contact force, over travel and retraction is possible. This gaging system can be used either for dynamic parts or it can also be used for gaging the static parts. The range of operation is 5 to 200 mm on OD and 12 to 165 mm on ID. The wave finger gage system can be used for plane outer diameters or interrupted outer diameters. And this can also be used for gaging inner diameters. So the retraction amount of finger is 2.5 degree per finger. So when the correct size is reached, the fingers get retracted. That means the finger will move, swing back and then the gaging unit is withdrawn. Retraction mechanism air pressure is about 5 watt and the total weight of the dual finger set is about 1.56 kg. And the system can be used for gaging armatures, bearings, bushings, camshafts, crankshafts, cylinder linings, drills, impeller shafts, motor shafts, pistons, reamers, rotors. So like this it can be used for gaging many industrial parts. Now with the schematic diagram we can see the grinding wheel, the workpiece mounted suitably.  The signals from the gage head will be sent to the machine control unit via the measurement control unit. When the desired size is reached, machine controlled will send a signal to the wheel head for retraction. You can see in this photograph the two fingers in contact with the workpiece which is being ground. And here you can see the gage head in action. The grinding wheel is grinding the workpiece and this is the gage and two finger gage head. In this photograph we can see that the dual finger gage head can be used for... In this photograph we can see that the auto-sizing device that is calibrated gage head can be used for online inspection of crank shafts. The close view of the crankshaft gaging is the grinding wheel and is the gaging head. We can see the shoes and the plunger which will be in contact with the ground surface. Now in this diagram we can see the arrangement for online gaging of the crankshafts. The crankshaft will be rotating and the gaging head will rotate along with the workpiece that is the crankshaft. Also it will move up and down because of the crank. So this is the gaging head which will be mounted on the wheel head. There are some gaging heads in process measurement systems for measurement of diameter as well as for measurement of roundness. So one such gaging unit we can see in this diagram. So the diameter measurement different models are available. In this model workpiece diameter range will be 24 to 90 mm. Stroke that is the stroke of the gaging head will be up to 120 mm. Measurement speed is up to 80 rpm and resolution is 0.1 micrometer. The other model stroke will be up to 340 mm and measurement speed is up to 80 mm and resolution is again 0.1 micrometer. And then at the end of the grinding is over roundness of the ground workpiece can be measured. That is the resolution. The evaluation points in the first model will be 3600 points. The data points will be collected and the measurement resolution is 0.1 micrometer. And measurement speed while measuring the roundness is up to 60 rpm. And least square circle method is used for evaluation of the, for assessing the roundness. Now let us discuss about the in-process gaging systems for internal grinding. This diagram we can see is the workpiece. The internal bore is being ground using this grinding wheel. And this is the gaging point which is in contact with the bore. So this is a single point contact system. The stylus is in contact with the internal surface of the bore. And you can see the arrangement. This link will move up as the grinding proceeds. The gaging point will be always in contact with the internal surface of the bore. Because this is spring force. Now as the grinding proceeds this link will move up. And there is a hinge here. And the B, the another link which is carrying the contact point will swing in this direction. And it makes contact. This contact will make contact with the other point, other contact. And a circuit will be closed and a relay can be operated to withdraw the grinding wheel. Now when there is, when the bore size is small that is, there is grinding allowance. The contact will be between A and B indicating that the bore is small. And when there is contact between over here it indicates that the correct size is reached. Also when the grinding is in progress we can see the change in the diameter by reading this indicator. Now this schematic diagram shows two point contact system. You can see the two points are in contact with the internal bore of the workpiece. This is the grinding wheel. And because of the spring tensions the two plan stylus points will be always in contact with the inner surface of the bore. As the grinding proceeds the diameter is getting enlarged and we can see the change in the diameter which is indicated by the indicator. There is no feedback to the machine tools so continuous monitoring is very essential in this system. Now there are pneumatic systems available for gauging the internal bore that is the gauging systems for internal grinding. The pneumatic pressure will be point 61.5 bar. And you can see in this diagram there are five lamps to indicating different stages of grinding. There is a pivoted lever we can observe here. There is a pivoted lever with a pad which makes contact with the bore of the component. This is the pivoted lever. The other end of the lever is in contact with the internal bore of the workpiece. As the bore is enlarged during grinding the lever turns about the pivot and the other end progressively restricts the outlet. So because of this pivot element this side it will swing downwards and it will be restricting the air escapement from this nozzle. This nozzle which causes the air pressure to build up and indicator gives the change in the pressure. This can be calibrated to show the change in the diameter. Now the increase in the pressure because of the restricted passage over here. The electrical circuits or relays will be operated and the feed rate will be adjusted. Finer feeds will be given to the grinding wheel so that the grinding enters into the finish cycle. The response time being 0.5 second very quickly the feed rate is adjusted. The indicator lights are eliminated. You can see here 5 lamps are there. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 lamps are there indicating the different stages of internal grinding. That is the roughing operation, semi-finishing operations, parking out with no feedback and work within limits. These are indications given by these lamps. So finally when the correct size is reached the automatic unloading cycle is initiated. Now there is another gaging system known as gagematic system for internal grinding operation. You can see the arrangement here. This is the table of the grinding machine. And there are two contacts E1 and E2 two contacts are there. And this is the gaging head which carries two solid flake gauges A and B. The size of B is smaller than A. Now this is the workpiece and this is the dressing wheel diamond point and this is the grinding wheel which will grind the internal surface of the workpiece. Now at each stroke of table two solid gauges A and B they try to enter the rear end of the workpiece board. So at each stroke these gauges they try to enter the bore. They are unable to enter the bore until sufficient metal has been ground. Initially there will be the size of the bore will be smaller because of the grinding elements. So these gauges will not enter. On nearing the finished size gauge B enters and allows a contact to be made by E2. When they due to the grinding continued grinding the bore size increases and at one point of time the gauge B enters into the bore. At that point of time there will be a contact made by E2 which actuates the wheeled dressing cycle. And then the diamond point comes into position and it addresses the wheel so that the finishing cut can be given. During the finished grinding gauge A tries to enter. When the correct size is reached gauge A will enter. When A enters it actuates another contact given this also contact end. Now when contact E is made this will activate a relay and the grinding wheel is withdrawn and the machining stops. Now let us study an auto sizing device made for inspecting interrupted surfaces. This is basically an electro pneumatic unit so wherein the compressed air is used for measurement purpose. So here you can see the anvil wherein we have jets. I am just writing this I am enlarging this portion. So here there will be a nozzle and compressed air will be escaping and this is the workpiece. This is a spline shaft, a spline shaft being ground. Now so in this spline shaft we get two pressures. When there is landing position the gap between the nozzle and the workpiece surface is less and hence the back pressure is more. When the space comes into position that means when the space comes into position the gap will increase and the pressure will reduce. So this electro pneumatic unit is capable of distinguishing between the pressure, the increased pressure and the reduced pressure. So in the schematic diagram we can observe that two open jets are mounted in a non-contact type caliber gauge. When grinding commences the gauge head is away from the workpiece that means this gauge head is in the retracted position until the component is within 0.5 to 0.1 mm of the required size. Now you can see when the workpiece size comes within this range or within the 0.5 to 0.1 mm of the required size the gauge head is moved to the position by operating an air cylinder. At this stage an electrical signal is produced and the gauge head advances the measuring angles to the preset position. Now you can see these dashed gauge heads indicate the gauge head is in position. Grinding continues when the correct size is reached the gauge head sends a pressure signal to the controller to withdraw the wheel head. That means when the pressure, when the size of the workpiece is lined shaft approaches the correct size there will be a certain pressure and when that pressure is equal to the preset pressure, a pressure signal is sent to the machine control unit which will withdraw the wheel head. An accuracy of 0.0005 mm is possible with a system like this. Now we can observe from the diagram that knurled B and thimble D. So this is knurled B and this is the thimble that is D. These are used to adjust the gap between the gauge head angle and the spline surface. The system differentiates between the large and small variation in pressure which occur alternately as the spaces and lands of surface pass the jets. Pressure variation is applied to a sensitive capsule carrying a set of contacts which breaks relay circuit when preset pressures are reached and wheel head is metron like this, this electromagnetic circuit works. Now let us study a system which is used to gauge the turned workpieces. This is called the digital lathe system and this system is preset using a master workpiece. Direct reading of dimensions can be obtained by reading this display unit. Now we can observe from this diagram that linear encoders are used for the two axes X and Z. For X axis there is a linear encoder and for Y axis for Z axis there is a linear encoder and we can get the direct reading from the display panel. And using a master workpiece we can set the values, preset values can be input to the system. So we can see the two buttons are there for setting zero when the master piece is used. All measurements are with reference to the preset data. The machine runs continuously and the operator stops the machine when the desired size is reached. That means the operator will be observing the readings in the panel. When the correct size is reached he will stop the machine. Now here we can see the linear encoders. You can see this is the one linear encoder fixed to the lead bed. This is for the Z axis and similarly for X axis there is a linear encoder. And this is for Z axis and we can observe the appearance of the linear encoders and this is the display. This is for X and this is for Z. Turning the continuous values, the radius and length values are displayed here and the operator will be observing. When the correct size is reached he will stop the machine.


Hi everyone Sean with jaspyscasebrakes.com here doing a 2020 panini Don Russ football fat pack break random team number 14 Where I'm gonna get to random team no veteran common ship end of the break where randomized all 32 customer names top 10 names Well each win a spot in the contenders six box random team break coming up next So that'll be a separate randomizer at the end of the break. No veteran common ship, but let's get to the break itself Here's the list of customers from Sarah Down to TJ and the teams from the Cardinals down to the Washington football team dice roll randomized both lists four and one five times one two three four and fifth and final time from Jason Down to Corey Now five times on the teams one two three four and fifth and final time Buffalo Bills down to the Houston Texans King D for fun working on it or Like for repairs and like because you have to like is it like a like your every day or is it like a like a project No trade window, but let's get it all on tape as far as who got who or who got what? Team in this break.  So Obviously looking for 2020 class bangles chances at Joe Burroughs for Ryan Dolphins Chargers chances at Justin Herbert there for Jason What were the dolphins on here right there? Chance that to a for Chris Let's go ahead and sort this And print and rip So this is the pack we're gonna do and right behind that you can see the boxes that we're gonna be using for the upcoming contenders Here is our final list last spot moja TJ Poyer Broncos Jaguars and Steelers So Jordan Brooks rookie Tristan Werff's rookie KJ Osborne It's no real highlights as far as the rookie class this time, but Now let's give away ten spots in the break So here is the original list from TJ last spot mojos back up to Sarah Bernard new dice roll three to five eight times And it's the top ten after eight Right three and a five eight eight one two three four five six Seven and as you can see even if I go down you're gonna be able to see who wins the tenth spot So from spots 11 down to 32. Thank you guys for getting in on this. Hopefully I can do better for you next time I do appreciate it though and Congratulations in the meantime to Jason wainer You're in Jason wainer TJ Poyer Dusta Nussie Corey Camara Ryan Harold TJ Poyer Aaron Goverabe Raymond de Jesus and Oliver Soria, it's about number one you ten now have spots in the upcoming contenders six box 2019 break In the meantime, that was 2020 Don Russ football one fat pack break random team number 14 I'm Sean jaspys case breaks calm this contenders breaks coming up next. Thank you guys for hanging out I'll see you guys in


Howdy how's it going, my name's Davy Chappy, and today we're going to be talking about a new UA that gives options for the race that puts the D&D, the dragons. This article updates the Dragonborn by giving them new rules and splitting them into not two different races, but three, as well as updating Cobolds and giving new feats and spells so that you can be the dragon you were born to be. As always keep in mind that a lot of this is just my opinion, so if you prefer the original Dragonborn's bad breath weapon then feel free to play your games however you want. But with that out of the way, let's begin. So the Dragonborn UA starts off by giving four new full races to choose from. One Cobold, and three Dragonborn, the Chromatic, the Metallic, and the Gems. Each Dragonborn type gets a breath weapon associated with its color, as well as resistance to the chosen element. But unlike the OG Dragonborn, the shape of the breath weapon isn't connected to how their dragon ancestor breathes anymore, instead of it being decided by color, now all Chromatic dragons breathe in a line, and all Metallic and Gem dragons breathe in a cone. Not sure if I like that change, although the damage was buffed from D6s to D8s, and now their breath limit is tied to their proficiency bonus, so it should finally feel more satisfying when you blow all your enemies. Also in keeping to the theme from Tasha's, ability scores aren't tied to any specific stat, but it should be pointed out that now you can split that plus two into two plus ones so that you can give a minor buff to three stats if you so choose. I do like that change. As for the individual abilities, each race gets a special power at third level, as an apology to Dragonborn players for the last six years. Chromatic Dragonborn come packaged with a ward against their associated damage type that they can activate to keep them immune for ten minutes. Against certain enemies, this could be devastating, so I'm tempted to lower this to one minute, but that's still ten rounds of a fight.  The Gem Dragonborn can harness the power of rocks to fly as a bonus action for one minute, and they also get the innate ability to speak telepathically with people right from level one, so now nobody can escape learning about the healing powers of crystals. Also, for those of you not in the loop about Gem Dragons, this UA provides five, and they all use completely different elements from the normal dragons. Amethyst uses Force, Crystal uses Radiant, Emerald uses Psychic, Sapphire uses Thunder, and Topaz uses Necrotic.  They can also unleash a draconic roar as a bonus action, startling enemies and giving advantage to you and your allies. It seems like this version of the gutter snipes aims to rebrand kobolds out of their original image as cowardly clutzes that fail upwards and into the exact opposite image of brave draconic descendants in a bite-sized package. Moving on to the feats, the draconic UA gives three options based off of the three dragon types that aren't actually race-locked in case you want a character with draconic blood, but it does mean that you can have a metallic dragonborn that was somehow descended from two star-crossed lover dragons who had to keep their illicit romance a secret, for society would never allow it. The gift of the chromatic dragon lets you imbue a weapon with one of five elements per minute, and you can use a reaction to defend yourself against one instance of draconic elemental damage.  What's interesting about all these feats is that they each give an ability that activates off of your reaction, which isn't really something that most classes make use of too often, and they vary in range over how often they'll be used, so like a rogue who uses the reaction all the time can still take the chromatic gift since that won't be used very often, but a barbarian who doesn't care about their reaction other than for attacks of opportunity can take the metallic gift and become even more obnoxious. I do think that the gem feat is going to get old fast since it's so reasonable that anybody could make good use of it, and it might lead to a reality in which the warriors of the crystal gems come rolling in and smacking everybody with their fat amethyst. Finally we come to the spells, and while I won't break out the diving meter, I will break out the old formats that we can get through them quickly, and I'll go in order of spell level instead of the insanity that is going by name, starting with icing deaths frost.  As for the spell, not only does it do damage, but it wastes their action unless they want to stay stuck, giving you the chance to walk over and say, it's ice to meet you. Nefair's Mischief. Basically a draconic wild magic spell, all but the molasses ball provide the same level of debilitation, so you have a 75% chance to be happy.  For a third level spell, this is pretty hot. Raulothum's psychic lance, what it lacks in a pronounceable name, it makes up for it by having a really cool effect of ignoring covers as long as you know your target's name. Also, 26 damage at fourth level is big yikes. Summon draconic spirit. Summon Spyro to protect you. This spell lets you summon a stat block just like the Tasha summons, except this summon is also protecting you from its chosen element, and it's a large creature, so you can ride it. Fizzban's Platinum Shield. Judging by that name drop, we might be seeing a dragon lance book soon. The amount of buffs that this spell provides are crazy, and it seems to be made specifically to fight dragons. That being said, it costs a 500 gold platinum-plated dragon scale to cast, and where do you even get one of those? I don't know, and I'm the DM. Draconic Transformation. Finally, you can be the bad dragon you've always wanted, and all it costs is an expensive dragon statuette, which if you've been to bad dragon, you already have. All of these powers look cool, but considering that two of them want you to stay within 30 feet of your enemies, one poor concentration roll will have your opponent ripping your helmet off, and then you're not a dragon anymore, you're just a creepy guy in a costume. Buuuut that about do it. I hope you enjoyed this video. This UA is pretty well balanced, so I didn't have much to complain about. Be sure to like, comment, subscribe, ring the bell, and maybe support me on Patreon, because I will keep making bad dragon jokes until you do. But yeah, devy out.


Hello Hello, my name is Arnold Feyn and I call about maybe booking advertisement I can't help you, I sold that building a long time ago Why your number on the billboard there? It's been there for 10 years, I have no idea I don't know who the new owners are You listen here pussycat, okay? This is not because I have accent You don't want to or to business with a strange foreign man So you pretend your number been there for 10 years No idea, I have no idea what you're talking about buddy You give me number from building owner So I call them about the billboard Listen here, listen here, mate Oh no, you listen here You are you listen here, okay?


Alright. Yeah, it's working. Okay, cool. Thank you. I've got a good feel to it so far anyway. Yeah, a little wider than some of the hammers we got over the core center. Is that a very same thing? Well, we'd like to welcome everybody to our UGA luncheon here. Glad that you've showed up. It's going to be a great meeting today we think. So enjoy yourself. We've got some more food over here if you need a little bit more. But we're excited for today. We'd like to welcome new members and guests. Do we have guests here? Please stand up just to introduce yourself. Tell us where you're from. Okay, very good. What kind of projects are you doing? Okay, great. They're all coming over to the course and over for a tour as well. So be glad to see you there. It can be fun. Glad you're here. Just a note, time to renew your membership. If you haven't done that, please go in there and renew that. I always have to remind myself to do that as well. So we got recycling in the back. Not today, apparently. Okay, I'll cross that out. Recycling in the back. Announcements. Do we have any general announcements? Bill, would you talk about your part? Okay, I am with you. It'll be in the newsletter next month as well, so appreciate that. We'd like to ask Mike Vandenberg to come up with me, please. You know that Mike was the chairman for the National AAPG convention we had here last year, and we were part of the sponsors for that, and it turned out really well for us as an association here in Utah. And so we thought, because he did such a great job on that, we're going to give him an honorary membership to the UGA. So he did a really good job on it. Thank you. It put us in really good standing here that we'll be able to do a lot of things with geology and education and road signs and all sorts of things here in the state of Utah. So this was a huge benefit for us. This was a big win. So really appreciate Mike for doing that and doing a great job at it. This year we're sponsoring the golf tournament in September, and we're looking for somebody that would like to sort of head that up and be a chairman for it. So please think about that if you would. We'd be working with sponsors, all that kind of thing. So be thinking about that. We're going to be looking into seeing if we get that. We'd like to have 70 by January, so we can start moving on dates and sponsorships and the whole thing for the tournament. So we'll throw that announcement out there. So if you've got an anchoring to learn golf or you're really good at it, we appreciate your help out with that. So Paul, anything else that we have? I'm sure we're forgetting something, but if not, we'll pick it up next time. I think at that point, oh, yes, we'll have cake after the meeting here. That's part of the HENSI Award for Dr. Chan. So at that point, I'm going to turn the time over to Paul for a minute to sort of discuss the HENSI Award. And then bring it up, Brenda. You want to go first, or do you want to just kind of give a background on the HENSI? What you do background on, and then we'll turn it over to Brenda for this introduction. This award is a joint award that the UGA and the Utah Geological Survey puts on together. And the first recipient was Dr. HENSI from BYU, the namesake of the award in 2003. And since then, we've had very deserving recipients, a couple of whom I think are in the crowd. So this recognizes significant contribution to the understanding of the geology in the state of Utah. And it has gone to a number of excellent contributors, and I think Dr. Chan is somebody who's deserving of this. Because she has contributed significantly to the understanding of Utah geology. With that being said, I will pass the award to... Can that have you come up here, Margie? And then we'll have Brenda introduce and give an outline. So usually the director, Rick Alice, is the person who passes off the award and gives an outline. Fortunately, while he's doing charity work down in Southern Utah right now, I'll do the honors. Congratulations to you. Well, I was asked to introduce Margie Chan as she'll give us a little talk here this afternoon. Is this on? It is on. I'll just hold her. Okay, so for those of you who don't know me, my name is Brenda Bowen, and I'm a professor at the University of Utah. And I had the chance to reflect a bit on when I first met Margie in preparation for today, which almost 20 years ago, actually 19 years ago, when I was looking at graduate programs and came to the University of Utah to explore whether there might be a chance for a PhD here and met Margie Chan. And she and Bill Perry had just gotten this grant from the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund to study diagenesis of the Navajo sandstone. And I remember meeting with Margie and she said, well, this project is going to require a lot of field work. You're going to have to go out for days and days, hike every exposed outcrop of the Navajo sandstone.  She said, we're going to get you llama teams to go into the back country. We'll get you a houseboat to go around on Lake Powell. I'm still waiting for the houseboat and some llama teams. But we did spend hundreds of days exploring the Navajo sandstone and quickly realized that the field areas were places where usually they draw either national monument or national park boundaries around these outcrops, because that's a spectacular, iconic sandstone. And I was very fortunate to then get to come and work with her for several years as her PhD student. And from the beginning, Margie's mentorship was so field-based. You had to see the rocks. You had to be out in the rocks. And really, I think this is what has defined so much of her career. She has seen more rocks, particularly a mesozoic strata on the Colorado Plateau than just about anybody I can imagine. And spending time with her in the field, often with John and her boys who would join her field work. She taught me so much about Aeolian sedimentology, but then also diagenesis and geochemistry. And then we realized it's linked to the structural deformations. We're like, oh, we got to figure out structures. And through all of this, other mentors might have said, no, you're supposed to be a sedimentary geologist study this. But instead, Margie encouraged me to explore everything. And we were always finding new tools and new collaborators. She taught me the value of collaborations from the very beginning and working closely with Phil and others. We really had a team of researchers working together. I remember one of the first field tools she bought me was my very first digital camera. This was 2001. Digital cameras were just coming online. And she's like, there are these amazing things. And from the beginning, she said, your field photos are your data. Those are not just pictures. They're data points. And you need to document them. And the meticulous field notes that she would take was really a part of her mentorship for me. She also taught me very early the importance of balance in life. So she was out working hard in the field and writing papers, but then also was spending her Saturday morning scouring all of the yard sales and would show up with these treasures and things. She'd find me cool earrings or rocks or different things that she knew that I would value. And she was quite a collector and has the collector's eyes. Many of you know and have benefited from. She also taught me from the beginning as a grad student the importance of outreach and education and was always encouraging me to go volunteer for K through 12 types of outreach things. And you know that it wasn't just about our research careers, but about giving back to the next generation. And I know that she's done that throughout her career. So halfway through my PhD, we got to share a very unique adventure where we sort of stumbled onto Mars and had been studying diagenesis of the Navajo sandstone. And everyone was writing papers about where could the hematite on Mars have come from. And so we should look right at paper, maybe it's diagenetic. And so we wrote this paper that we don't really think would get that much attention. And then we were at a meeting in Houston at the Lunar Planetary Science Conference and they come up on the Megatron and say the rover has just landed and they're concretions. And I just remember we were right. And proceeded to then sit down together at her desk and write this nature paper that ended up getting quite a bit of attention and really putting Utah geology at the forefront of planetary research that also got us to things like meetings in Spain where I remember sitting with her in a courtyard with our Spanish colleagues under Mars. It was bright and red over us that night as we were trying to understand more about what this might tell us about the history of life on Mars. This transition into the planetary science community for Margie I think was a really interesting point in her career. And she did it with just the right amount of bravado and tenacity that people had to listen to her as she came into the scene where there were long standing leaders with kind of more igneous patrology experience and she got to tell them, no I've seen more sedimentary rocks than you have and I can tell you what these features are in the sedimentary rocks that you're looking at. Her work has now in that area led to large proposals. She's served on many panels given hundreds of invited talks, invited symposia and has led field trips here in Utah for the planetary community. Her tenacity in this work really helps bring the significance of terrestrial analog to the attention of the planetary science community and has fundamentally advanced what we know about sedimentary geology and water processes on Mars. When Margie first came to Utah as a professor in 1982 she just finished her PhD with Bob Dot in Wisconsin and before that had done an undergrad degree at UC Davis and came here and she was the first female professor ever in the geoscience department at the University of Utah and in fact at any university in the whole state of Utah. So you could just imagine the challenges that she was able to take on with grace and with a lot of talent and skill and train so many students. She has taken hundreds of students into the field. She has taught thousands of students skills around sedimentary geology and her research has really had amazing breadth. She's studied rocks from the Precambian through the Pleistocene and has worked on things that have now filled over 138 peer-reviewed articles. I know she's got more because we have one that we're working on revision on right now and not only that but it's been a leader in things around geosciences and outcrop preservation and trying to make sure that we're keeping some of these key outcrops that can be there for future generations to be able to study as well. She's really had a vision for the importance of earth sciences that we all have seen in the beauty of the Sutton building where I have the great pleasure of getting to work and really had this eye for how we could showcase and do something really special about the importance of earth sciences here in Utah. Seven years ago I was lucky enough to have the chance to join Margie as a colleague at the University of Utah and I remember her calling me when I was still at Purdue when it wasn't clear if there was going to be two ten-year track positions for both me and my husband and she said, you know, that's okay. You just have to be brave and try something new. There's something really cool, weird and interdisciplinary thing going on at the university and you might be able to do something a little bit different if you're just brave and said, you know, just because something hasn't been done doesn't mean you can't do it and taking her advice really has changed my career in so many wonderful ways and I think that that vision of just because we haven't done this doesn't mean it can't be done as something that she's passed on to many of her students so that'll take any more of her time from Margie Chan. That's quite the interview. And I think you can see why I was lucky to have Brenda as a student and really I have to say that so many of the students have made a big difference in what I've learned and really kind of enhanced my career. Being around young people all the time, you don't feel as old as you are and that's been one of the great things. And also I want to mention that Casey, one of my current PhD students is here and he's out-studying some of the things that he has to help me with. So today I'd like to share something different that I don't think I've talked with many of you about and that's just the idea of view of conservation and preserving classic outcrops as resources and for accessibility. So today I'm going to talk about these three things. Number one, about how we use rock archives in some of the ethics of outcrops. Number two, I think you'll find this fascinating is what I call the case of the missing marbles and has to do with some of the mostly marbles in Southern Utah. And then three, I do want to talk a little bit more about the technology and what I think is going to be happening in our science and the future. So those are the three stories that we're going to start with. Number one, we work in really remarkable places and when I think of all the places that I've had the chance to go to I think it's really incredible and in particular you think how many other occupations other than ours get to call this work. We could be out here and people look at it and say, you can't be serious, you're not really working really. But I think that our connection to the landscape and what we know about it so intimately really makes a difference. It shouldn't inspire us to be more concerned about what is actually happening to this landscape around us. And a lot of this falls into the field of geo heritage. Geo heritage has to do with significant places and it can range from the history of the place to the beauty, aesthetic beauty of the place to the science of the place. And it includes the diversity at all different scales. And then the second aspect is geo conservation which is more specifically the preservation and the conservation of heritage sites. So these two things in combination have really been getting a lot of attention over the last two decades. In particular you can see that there are publications and there are even journals that are specifically about geo heritage, geo conservation. So this is a very big movement that is happening globally. And in the US I would say that we are slower to include some of these ideas. We have had this longstanding park system and the park system is certainly very good and helps preserve some of our land. But it doesn't actually cover some aspects where there's a dichotomy between public land and private land or even scientific archives that are important that are on private land and how do we preserve some of those. So I want to talk a little bit about some of these issues of both geo heritage and geo conservation. Starting first with the rock archives I think all of us as researchers really believe in having pristine out-props and really the best out-props have no parallel to be able to see the major uncomformity at ticker point or some of these other types of things are just really unique experiences. And these are some of the places where we can make discoveries that can really influence science and give us the opportunity to explore these at depth or in deeper knowledge than we can usually do with other out-props that aren't good. So what we really love whether it's on earth or whether it's on Mars are really pristine good out-props that are going to give us the most information. But one of the challenges is that there's a lot of increased pressure. And it's particular what if those best out-props are on private land where we don't have access and even the places that we do have access to a lot of times we're losing access because there are potential for lawsuit. And so there's too much risk to allow us to go on to the land to see some of these things. And then we also have the challenge in that a lot of our landscapes are being altered and they're actually changing in a very dynamic way so they aren't the same as what they used to be. So all these things in combination are really kind of challenging to some of the best out-props. So I want to show you some examples of out-props that we might consider the best, the most pristine, and what's happening to some of these. So this is an area that I think many of you have driven by. This is right by the Moab Falls where you have the Jurassic, Intrada, Sandstone, Dexapose against the Cretaceous, Cedar Mountains. So just that out-prop exposure alone just shows me the beauty of being able to see the hanging wall against the foot wall. But what's happened is that there's also really some spectacular examples of deformation bands that are in the foot wall. And these deformation bands have such great exposures that the students can actually measure and plot the deformation band's density and discuss the relationship to fluid flow. You can see some of these examples of the deformation bands here in the foreground with the falls in the background. Unfortunately, what happened is that somebody went in several years ago without a permit and actually tried to extract some of the deformation bands that you can see here. And it is illegal to use any motorized instrument on VLM property without a permit. And so somebody actually tried to cut this out. This was actually taken several months afterwards. So it takes a long time for something like this to actually be repaired or visa so that it's not noticeable. And, you know, many of the structural biologists were actually enraged that this happened because this was a site that they went to with students, and now it's permanently large. Some other areas that are classic examples of homo-key cross-stratification are in the quotations of the book Cliffs. You can see one of the best exposed examples of this beautiful bed showing homo-key cross-stratification. This was at Tessert Canyon in a place where many oil companies and student field trips would go to look at homo-key cross-stratification in the Blackhawk formation. And some groups from the UK actually went in and drilled holes there. We aren't really sure why where they find a look at the permeability as you go across, you know, the homo-key cross-stratification. But the bottom line is that it's really damaged that outcrop permanently. And so other students that come and want to learn from these outcrops are really quite unhappy with their predecessors that actually drill those holes in there. And so this has been controversial. One company actually asked the people that did this to go back in and try to remediate. And the holes, you know, can't really be remediated very well. But not only were those big holes, but there are also some of these other holes that someone did in a vertical sense right here that actually goes through several beds. So all of these are kind of altering the experience that you get when you go to these. And the attempted remediation, as I mentioned, is not that good.  And I think you could actually do better. So other things that have happened up to the same canyon is that people have measured sections and it might be kind of hard to see from here, but even people putting permanent section numbers on mar the ability to photograph 15 exposures. And so here's an example showing some of the numbers that you can see here. And again, you know, while you might not think it's that bad, some people would like to take pictures of that without having those numbers in there. Another classic area is the Cretaceous panther tongue in Gentile Wash. Many of us drive by this all the time going down to price. And the owners of this property for a long time haven't had any signage. But now the black cotton coal company has to paint this. Excuse me, let me go back. I can't reach this on. And this is a no trespassing sign, even though it's not what we are used to seeing. And we do have to, as geologists, we have to obey this, because if we don't, they're going to stop allowing access. And now that's required, this is Dave's notice, written permission, in order to take even student groups up there. And this is such a good exposure that, really, we all have to respect the land use rules, or risk everybody having access. And this is just a classic area to look at fluvial dominated delta deposits. Other things are considered geovandalism. BLL says anytime things are done without a permit, and it leaves damage, because that seems to be geovandalism. So here, in a highly visited dinosaur track site, in Grand Staircase, at Calante, somebody went in and did these drill holes, maybe to look at some action of a footprint, not really sure. But the BLM paleontologist was quite unhappy about that and tried to start an investigation. And unfortunately, we didn't have enough evidence to really pundit on who had done it. In another example from Scott Kloss, who was the BLM paleontologist, this was a site of tetraglyphs on a BLM trail in Nevada. And what happened is somebody went in to do heliomagic holes, and they did it right on the same face as the tetraglyphs that were right on the trail. And the paleontologist was quite upset because he said he could have easily gone on the back side of the outcrop and taken the same drill holes without marring the tetraglyphs. And the excuse was that the people that did this, and they knew who it was, they said, well, we didn't see any tetraglyphs. I don't know how, but there is any way that you can do that and not see that there's tetraglyphs there. Another picture that was sent to me was one of this. This is out in the Great Basin from twice to two weeks while hot in the closet. And this was a two-foot tower that it naturally tumbled over. Even though you might think, oh, nobody's ever going to see that, there's a lot of geologists that get out there. And so this geologist, Harry Blair, got out there. He said somebody tried to do some probably specifically in there, but he was quite dismayed that they had done this without even attempting any remediation. Not only did they take samples here, but they also took samples here where there was this beautiful head that was just coalesced to the barrel. And again, it's marring the experience for others that would come afterwards. So remediation isn't too difficult, and I think maybe more of us should be carrying these little things in our backpack where all you need is a little baggie of some of the quick-set cement. We all have water. You don't even probably need a cup because you can mix it in the plastic bag with water and some sticks that you even find. And maybe we should have this and just remediate regardless of whether we did it or not. And it couldn't be too difficult. So just to show you an example, if you have these boreholes, all you have to do is mix up some of your quick-set cement with some of the local rocks, some of the material that's just right here, and it's a much better fit than waiting years and years and maybe it doesn't quite look as good if you don't have some of the natural material mixed in. I also wanted to point out what happened even in some areas that students go for field trips. And this is a Miocene evaporate in the surface base of Spain. And this actually shows an area right here. And these are evaporates that are natural white, although they have a patina on them.  And what happens is that some field kits with 50 students and they all have new rock hammers, and they come out here to look at the evaporate and they've got their rock hammer and they're going to hit right at the waist level and that's where all these hits are here. And again, it's actually damaging the outcross and maybe we really should be using rock hammers unless we absolutely have to, because it's just too easy to have it in our hands if it's naturally want to hit something. And I can say that I've done that myself. And I know how it is. So half hammer will hit. I think that this is a major problem. And we should maybe be changing our attitudes towards the outcross. Another example from Norway is where there's some garnet fritipides. So I thought I could show a sedimentary rock, maybe show a metamorphic example. And so this next picture is actually from an area that's right in here on the north side. And this is an area where there's some spectacular garnets that are in a fritipide. And many people wanted to sample the garnets or just get pieces of this. So this has been 1976. And then you can see the difference just to the year 2000 how people had actually decented this actually trying to expose and get some samples. And you can probably imagine what this would look like in 2019 or 2020 or 20 years later. It's probably even deeper than that. And again, some of the geologists that worked in these areas, here's one in front of a science protected area in the Czech Republic. And now those are our instruments, but it's just too easy to maybe overuse those. In the red rock conservation area you're actually near Kinky Duncan's field area. There are these beautiful exposures of Aztec sandstone that are equivalent to the Navajos.  And has anybody actually seen this particular area? It's right near a pull-out in the park. And you look at that and think, well, I wonder what that is. And if you get close up, here's somebody for scale, what you'd actually see is that a lot of people have left gum on there. And they've left gum of different colors. And again, you know, yes, there's lots of exposures, but what if this was covering up the very depths of something. And I don't think we should get in the habit that it's going to start being too probable. More than what we actually want. So I think the bottom line with ethics is that we should act responsibly. We should leave no trace. None of this stuff is biodegradable. We should have minimal impact. And if we have to sample, we should renegeate. We need to all respect what the land-use rules are or lose access to everybody. I think as people that are educators, we need to actually teach etiquettes to our students about how crops and uphold high ethical standards and really only hit the rock if we absolutely have to because a lot of times it gets picked up close. And just as an example, you can imagine how this crop used to be as somebody was getting the sample and even for a hand sample, this amount of damage to this outcrop was way too much. And this is actually a site along the Amur River where field strippers go all the time. And this is really damaging the outcrop. So we need to preserve these localities, I think, for future generations, for future studies that actually might be able to do more than we can even do now. One way that could perhaps preserve some of these outcrops are to actually have new archived data that can do things in different ways than we've done before. And in particular, CC has helped generate this particular movie that I want to show on high-revolution imagery. The high things that aren't so accessible maybe if we're able to do high-revolution imagery, we can preserve that so that if we lose access in the future, at least there is a record of what's there. And many students and researchers are using gigapans, doing photo scans if you can stitch together, and use a drone. And so I want to show an exhumed channel in the Cretaceous Cedar Mountain near Hankville. And this is actually the aerial view of that from Google Earth. And then we're going to zoom into this small area that's in the red box. And this is where Casey was able to put together quite a few photos, over 500 of them. It took a lot of processing, although I think there's some faster ways now if you have some of the right computer power. And these are some of the EEM staff. But I hope we can go ahead and show this particular movie where this is looking towards the south southeast. In case you've done this, so you can look at an exhumed fluvial channel. You can actually zoom in and you can see that the outcropped exposure is about 4 meters high. You can see the content fairly well with the flood plain deposits underneath. You can actually kind of trace out some of the surfaces and move around the outcropped. You can just chime in here. But it's a particular, you can see some of the finding upward sequences. You can see some of the course lags with rip of class towards the bottom. And then you can see some of the changes in the steps of the finding upward channel going from larger steps at the bottom to smaller steps at the top. And so this might be a way to actually help teach students and help provide scientific information, even if we don't have direct access or we can't use hammers or that kind of thing. And you can nicely see some of the course material right down here at the bottom. So I think that drone imagery is actually something that can help us in preservation of our knowledge of future outcropping. Now the second story I wanted to talk about was the case of the missing marbles. And I think many of you know Brenda and I were doing studies on some of these creations with Bill another former history awardee. And what we have found is that in this particular area this is an area that highly visited and has fairly easy access to the highway. And I think many of you know that these secretions are cemented mineral masses. They have these spherical shapes which are the minimum free energy shape and these are really an indicator of how fluids have moved through the rock in the past preferentially cemented these walls. The Navajo sandstone is the unit that has some of the greatest variety of concretions probably because it was such a porous unit and had multiple fluids over time. So as records of fluid flow we can compare these to Mars. So these are the Martian examples here. And this is where they use false color to show where the spherical forms are. They call these blueberry because if you were able to see them with your naked eye they would look kind of a blueish gray color. And then the way these spherules are distributed in the rock is sort of like blueberries on a muffin. They're actually physically dispersed and not touching each other. And that's the kind of relationship that we see with secretions that allows us to say that these are from groundwater flow conditions. So one of the things that's happened is that this is a resource where the shape of the ball and the slide of the ball falls by shape. It's something that's very attractive to people to pick up. And even though this is on VLM land what we found is that these sites have been changing.  And all of this was happening on Grand Staircase land. So the VLM started an investigation into the theft and transport of the mochi marble. And also in 2015 there were another two suspects. So there were five, although one of them was a repeat suspect. So a lot of the issues were that VLM needed proof that these marbles that had been taken off the land were actually from Grand Staircase and didn't need them anywhere at all. And so Brenda worked with me and we wrote up a report to try to document this but you can see some of the changes and how I disturbed the area of us now and really the before and after images were quite sobering. They had actually tried to scoop him up and left home these piles of leftovers right there on this situation surface. So Brenda and I went down to the VLM warehouse where they had store fees and our first visit they had 64.5 buckets in 2012. These were the ones that had been taken off the Grand Staircase property and estimated at over 42,000 marbles with a value of over a third of $100. And these are fairly unique types of marbles and creations and some of the things that are unique about them and the reason why we were able to buy these to Grand Staircase is because they have a beautiful golf ball size you know there are not that many places where you can find 40,000 marbles all laid out like that. They also have some fine softer shapes in addition to the spherical shapes which are from some of the ridges where some of the fluid probably moves preferentially along the Eolean lamina. The outer surface skin have some that look like avocado and some have a very shiny patina that looks like a desert varnish. They also have an internal structure of rice. So here you can see one of our samples and then you can see one of the recovered BLM pieces and these are largely the mineral good fight although the patients can be a multiple composition. So the felony charges against the four individuals were submitted and all four like guilty did that summarizes the defendant here what's in four. Only one of them got a prison term because they've got super revised release and this one here number three this was the one that was the rock gem dealer and so we got a slightly higher fine but actually the fine was quite modest and one didn't even get a fine. So what's the future of these marbles? Well this was really kind of a unique case for BLM and they said that for them this was one of the biggest success stories it actually could be tied to a specific place and the marbles themselves had a specific value and sometimes it's very difficult to find values to landscape or rock and that type of thing. So all of this took a long time it was about five years before they actually came back to me and said we're all done now we have these 40,000 marbles what do you recommend that we do with them? And so the recommendation is that some should be returned to the original setting with the science end where they've been removed. Some should go to visitor centers and museums and programs and actually the UGS received a number, I think a couple of buckets and then distributed those in the state for K-12 education and we should have a new display in the Sutton building by the spring where we will actually have some of these recovered balls that you can be able to see in person. Probably not all of the marbles were removed and this was taken from show where there are still some for sale distinctions for sale and again these have very distinctive properties and they do have a very specific value as you see marked here on the outside. Other unethical behaviors do have repercussions and BLM is looking more seriously at actually having criminal prosecution and so Pat Bagley said I could use this cartoon because it's pretty cute. I think all of you or most of you do remember the story of the hoodoo in Dolphin Valley getting knocked over and again this was difficult while we know that this is a treasure and this shouldn't be done what was the value of this hoodoo. In the end the person was cited for criminal mischief $25,000 fine in one year probation and still I think pretty modest for something that was permanently damaged. The last thing I wanted to talk about is what's going to happen in the future and how can we use technology that's available to us to actually change how we do our science and I think I've already demonstrated the use of drones and high resolution imagery that can actually document changes even over time. That's something that many people have talked about doing. There's also more information that's available to us in many different ways and a lot of social media is increasing our awareness and one application for example that I thought was quite interesting is one that's been developed is called Peritrude and this is one where users can actually report damage on Utah public lands. So you could report if there was outlaw damage and you could take pictures of it and upload those things and you can let people know because the BLM personnel staff is quite limited and it actually helps them to have information for people that have very much broader areas than we typically can see. Also there are a lot of changes in how we use science and I think I used this picture once before that in the old days we used to take a lot of our data in our field notebook and now the new generation which is now about half women are using laptops and using much more smart phone and other mobile devices to actually even do our data collection as well as have backend data management. So EarthCube was a project that was promoted by NSF to try to advance our science and meet grand challenges by leveraging the power of cyber infrastructure and they are encouraging all Earth scientists to put more of their data in difficult formats to use and access and share much more easily. I had written this article with some colleagues about the future of field geology because probably some of the sedimentary geologists are the last ones to kind of get on board with this idea of using cyber infrastructure to actually take notes from the field and that type of thing. A lot of the sedimentary data is very complex it's mostly dimensional it's very interpretive there are so many things that we want to describe and there are so many terms but we have started on this path and we are using a variety of different methods and one project that has been quite successful is MacroStrap and that's by Shannon Peters at the University of Wisconsin he has actually taken a lot of the co-corps data and some of the drilling data is all in a digital format and now he has this program that aims more at the public that's called ROC and this particular program allows you to pull up geologic maps you can locate where you are and it will tell you what the subsurface geology is so that's very convenient and even many of the state surveys such as the Utah survey here is doing many more things with digital maps which we can put different clients to give information some of our field apps are actually put on a system that was developed by some structural geologists and this is one that's called GraboSpot and they said meet your new field assistant this is going to be a tablet or mobile app for structure and tech conics structure and tech conics is already a fairly quantitative type of clients where they often take measurements and he needs to translate that to a handheld but what we're trying to do for sedimentary geology is build on this GraboSpot for field data collection and it's particular that we wanted to be able to generate stratigraphic columns and eventually have data management where we can say show me all the places where there were or show me all the beds that show burrowing or whatever it is that we need to know we need to start using this in the field to actually collect information to make the striking depth one of the biggest challenges is still the hardware the ability to see the screen in the sun and battery life and having access to internet but this particular program this is kind of our first path of our beta version we have been able to do things so that we can generate a strat column we can actually do this so that the strat column can actually be climbed into the outcrop photo so these beds that are sticking out here are possibly these beds that you can see here in the shaded background and you can actually kind of zoom in so that you can actually combine more of your field measurements with actually some of your outcrop type of data and your photos so we're going to link many of these more together and we're really looking forward to rolling out a new version by the next DSA another program that might be of interest to people for stratigraphy is a program that's called StratMobile this was developed by Rick Almonddinger who is well known for doing the first Helio-Sterionet type of program and he does a lot of programming just for fun what he's done is he's developed this program so you can use your iPad or your smart phone and you can actually use the I on the phone that has a bar going across line up the bar with the bottom of your bed and then tilt your iPhone or your tablet up and make it to the top of the bed and it will give you that thickness based on the angle so this news uses some exciting so that you can actually get measurements you can kind of use your iPhone as a digital data staff and you can do all these different types of things and again generate different types of stratigraphy so all of this is quite different than the way we've been collecting information in the past I think it's very clear that all of the geologic community have to start adapting some of these things and providing input on what would best work with our workflow in order to get the best product that we can really use while in the future so I wanted to show a short movie about how we can also perhaps have different layers of scientific information on GIS databases this is called MARG Stregs developed by NASA and as you can see by the star I can talk a little bit about this so this actually shows how you can zoom in to different areas much like we would do with Google Earth but the idea here is that we might actually have a lot of our science information superimposed on a Google Earth data from some of the different MARG missions it allows you to actually compare and analyze between different datasets so you can browse some of the highest resolution remote sensing imagery at 25 centimeters per pixel you could actually go in and do different kinds of calculations you could go online like that and instantaneously generate an elevational processing and maybe eventually we could do the same type of thing with generating a geologic process this shows you where the current orbiter location is and you can actually get the actual GPS coordinates you could select certain areas and you can print out those areas on a 3D printer and all this is available now so you could do this type of stuff now for MARG and then to kind of show how this would work combining even popular culture with science data they've actually gone in and taken some of the different locations that were part of the move we need the Martins and Botany would have actually had to get picked up and what his trek would have had to have been to actually get to the area where he could meet the pickup point and so this is kind of a very interesting way to show how visualization can make a big difference in how we can see and imagine and relationship and so I think eventually this type of thing will and it's really kind of exciting because it's the future for the next generation so the bottom line here is that cyber technology and science together is really a hot topic and this is becoming much bigger even at some of the APU meetings and GSA this kind of integration is really going to allow us to make new kinds of discoveries and maybe even resurrect some of the type of legacy data that many of us have in our field notebooks that are just sitting on the shelf when you're ready to retire or something happens don't just let that stuff get thrown out because maybe there's some important information there and they are finding ways to actually scan data and actually archive it more so that it could be used if somebody needs it in the future and it also allows us to network the current young generation is very good at networking and communicating through cyber technology and we should do the same for our science so it is a very exciting future so in summary I'd like to just close with saying number one I think as we have ethical responsibility to our discipline we should do our very best to conserve our heritage because we of all people are ones that understand and really appreciate the heritage and know what needs to be conserved for the future we do need to leverage the new technology and get on board with what's happening and that might enable us to preserve and document some of the heritage even better and I think one thing that I would like to present to the UGA and the Utah Geological Survey is that we should more seriously consider some of these future opportunities to do educational signage and this was brought up at the recent Bonneville symposium that was held here just a little while ago and that even the Utah Outdoors group has money that you can apply for that can actually be used for signage and it's on the order of tens of thousands of dollars and perhaps we can actually leverage some of the money that's from UGA to actually try to help educate people because the more they know and understand about their landscape the more likely they are to appreciate it and want to preserve it and I think some of these Lake Bonneville forms are particularly a case of point because some of these can be so equally enclosed. So in closing this was the Stockton Bar. I think a great place to do signage. I want to say thank you very much to Utah's community. I've learned so much from a lot of you that are in this room and many of you have been very free to share information when I say, hey, that's sprinkle, what about this or that, or come to see this and everybody's really been great. I've learned a tremendous amount from my students, many colleagues and I want to say thanks to my family. I feel it's a fantastic opportunity. So thank you very much.