What is going on, you guys? Happy Monday. Happy Monday night football. We have yet another Monday. Well, no, not another Monday. We have another prime time game where the Denver Broncos are playing. I am a fan of the Denver Broncos. As you guys know, born and raised Denver Broncos fan. That does not mean I enjoy watching this team in prime time, especially this season. Tonight, I feel like it's going to be the Broncos defense versus the entire Chargers team. I think that's the only half of the Broncos team that I really trust at this moment. That being said, I'm a psycho. And I took Broncos cover the spread now. Yeah, we're going to see how that goes. I'm loving fading the public. I already saw on ESPN as I've got the game pulled up on my iPad. Everybody on the panel is on the Chargers. I love that. That always makes me feel good when I'm on the other side.  They do it a lot, not intentionally. They do mush our bets. So yeah, I'm on the Broncos to cover the spread. That's the only play I have tonight. There were only a few like rushing props available. This is such a weird game with some, but not some questionable players. We've got keyboard Slayer 907 on the Twitch chat. Thank you for coming to hang out. Welcome KJ Hamler anytime touchdown. Now listen, you guys know in this stream we have a live pick and we have a chat pick. So I let you guys basically tell me what we're going to ride. And I really want to get a first touchdown score in there. Dave from YouTube says hello. Hi Dave. Thanks for joining. Happy to have you. But we need to figure out a first touchdown score because not to toot my horn, but my picks last week went to an O first touchdown score that we chose did not hit. So we need a winning first touchdown score. I'm letting you guys take control of this. I've got the tick tock chat right here. Fired up there. They're going to tell me hopefully tell me what they like in this in this game in terms of a first touchdown score earlier. We had some people saying Boon on here. We also had people saying Broncos defense with the first touchdown Dave from YouTube says Broncos four and a half is the sharp pick with Melvin Gordon first touchdown. Okay. We know that the Broncos do like to use Gordon in the red zone. Even if there is a healthy Williams available and every fan is screaming at the TV for the Broncos to use Williams. That doesn't always seem to be the case. We do see Gordon a lot in the red zone. So I don't hate that play at all. I also like that you agree with my Broncos to cover pick. I earlier when I talked about this pick on tick tock it was four and a half. Now it is four. So I'm just going to keep with the four. I like it. If it ends up being a push, it ends up being a push. Hello, Louie Louie or Louis ask this dang question every week. He's saying Dave I see you brother great picks. We've got some home Rotary in the chat. I love to see a keyboard Slayer 907 from Twitch says sorry first touchdown score Tray McKitty. Okay. We've got Cameron Mingo in the chat as well with a parlay tick tock. If you like this parlay lock it in on the Fandals sportsbook app. Chargers Moneyline Austin Eckler anytime touchdown Austin Eckler. I'm assuming over 59 and a half rushing yards and Justin Herbert over 216 and a half passing yards. Don't hate it. I do like the Broncos pasty though. So I'm a little worried about that Herbert over Portland Sutton first touchdown from Rashid power. I'm seeing a lot of Broncos first touchdown beds, which I don't hate. I'm not super against that. What else are we liking? Let's look at. Tick tock says Chargers minus four and the under. This is one of those games where I feel like you kind of have to lean under here. I mean got a really solid Broncos defense and the Chargers have a weaker run D. I don't love their defense really at all. They've got a pretty weak defense all around but what is this Broncos offense going to be doing today? I don't imagine much. I think this is definitely a defensive minded game. So I don't hate that at all. Let me let Twitter know that we are live. And then we need to lock in our first touchdown score bet. Let's see what else we've got. So we've got Cortland Sutton as an option. We've got Gordon as an option. We had Boone on here quite a bit. Russell Wilson under 233 and a half yard or 233 yards. Don't get that at all. Austin Eckler first touchdown lock it in. So I know you guys mentioned here on the chat on Twitch and YouTube that you like Austin Eckler anytime. You like him with the first touchdown is the question because that's what we've got to lock in. We don't have, Williams is out for this season. We don't have a ton. We've got another Melvin Gordon. We've got a Russell Wilson. Okay. First touchdown Jerry Judy or Palmer first touchdown. Got a lot of options here. Everyone in the chat right now drop your, if you had to pick right now, drop your first touchdown score bet. And whatever I see the most of is what we're going to rock with. What everyone's saying. Rashid said, I'm going to lock in Palmer. TJ smooth guy, welcome back. Hey, live. Do you have a first touchdown score prop for us? TJ smooth guy. All right. We've got the TikTok chat pop in Mike Boone is one Judy Eckler Gordon. We've got four different options. Another one for Eckler. So right now Eckler is in the league. Another one in for Eckler here. TJ smooth guy says Eckler. The kitty. One of the options. Let's see what TikTok continues to say. We've got more people there. Dave says Gordon. The prince. That's an interesting one. Okay. Pull up these odds really quick. The line by the way in the Fandle sports book has already moved three and a half. So glad that I got it at four. If you got it at four and a half, you're pretty good right now. Let's go first touchdown score. I am. We got a lot of Ecklers, you guys. We got a lot of Ecklers in the chat. Do we rock with Eckler? Is that, is that what we're thinking is Eckler the move tonight for the first touchdown. Anytime touchdown that doesn't worry me at all. That doesn't phase me with Eckler. I think that is a given in this game. We're seeing him kind of start to heat up a little bit for the chargers in the last couple of weeks. I don't hate Eckler at all to get an anytime touchdown. It's just a matter of, will he get the first touchdown? That is the question. Keyboard Slayer says fade the public. Lol. No, I don't hate that. Um, guys, we got a few options here. We do get better value rocking with Gordon. How do we feel about Gordon? Are we anti Gordon first touchdown? The game is about to start, so we got to make a decision. Do we rock with the chargers first touchdown? I think we got to go Eckler. That's what the consensus was. Let's go Eckler. Everyone said Eckler. So we're going to go Eckler. Okay. That is the chat pick. Uh, we're going to go Eckler tonight. See how this goes. Okay. Eckler is the pick for the first touchdown game is going to start here soon. So let's lock it in Austin Eckler with the first touchdown. Again, I think he'll get in the end zone tonight without a doubt. But will he score first? We have seen him heat up. It feels like Justin Herbert is relying on him a lot. Um, offensively. So let's go with it. Austin Eckler. First touchdown score for plus five 50. In the Fandall sports book. Let's lock it in before this game starts. I like it. Um, Ah, someone in the chat says Gordon. Big mistake. Gordon.  Let's go with it. That's what the chat. That's what the majority of the chat said. If you guys just weren't loud enough. We're going to go Eckler with the first touchdown. We've got somebody from Twitch saying Boone first touchdown for my bed. I like that as well. It's plus 1400. I got you guys. What? You were right with Barkley last week. Okay. So what did you say your choice was? Ah, well, okay. Yeah. I'm in the kitchen. I'm in the kitchen. I'm in the kitchen. Yeah. I'm in the kitchen. So that's good. I'll be back in a minute. Oh, I'll be back in a minute. Okay. This game is pretty special right now. I've still got it sitting here. I've got the $10 typed out, but I haven't, okay. Drop Gordon is good too. Honestly. Ford Slayer says Gordon is good. Hey, E. God.  I don't like that whatsoever. Oh, OK. I love analytical great list. This is why I love having this kind of stuff I love it because he gave a reason he said Echler didn't do well last year against the Chargers I'm assuming you meant the Broncos no first game touchdowns We're not going Gordon for the first fumble positive vibes only Okay, let's go Gordon. We're gonna go Gordon Not Echler and we're getting better value for Gordon. We're getting better values. Let's do it plus 1,400 a $10 sprinkle Could get us a nice little 140. Let's go Melvin Gordon Let's but let's lock it in because we don't have much time left. All right Gordon, here we go We're doing it. It's one bet one 10 to win 140.  We don't unit around here. If you're unit or take a hike kick rocks Okay, he just moved guy man, please Gordon get the first touchdown. We need this so bad We need this so bad you guys we've been doing Again, not to toot my horn, but to toot my picks have been doing really well on Monday nights for whatever reason But our first touchdown scores. We cannot see it a handle on it, but I think this might be our night Melvin Gordon with the first buddy I think it's our night I'm gonna tweet this out Out really quick on twitter And dual sports book because those are my odds plus four hundred All right Let's ride. You already know I had to put that Already know I had to put that at the end Whoo. Okay. We got it duty over three and a half smash Okay Natural one says hi. Thank you for joining. Hello. Hello. Hello. Let's write it. So corny it really It is it is why am I doing this so much? Like I've got sanitizer on or something you guys been noticing me got a lot. What's up with that? anyway Or that please Am I nervous about the Broncos live? Um You Let me tell you something about being a Denver Broncos fan right now. We're numb We're emotionally numb. We can't get our feelings hurt anymore. It's like that saying that goes Expect the worst and hope for the best that way you're never disappointed, right? I don't have high expectations for this game or for the rest of the season But no, I don't really get nervous and no, I don't really get my feelings hurt I just accept my fate and just Feel me. So no, we're good. We're not nervous. We're we're chilling It's we're chilling. We're good. Everything's fine Cameron mango says gotta nail this parlay before basketball starts tomorrow night. That's right The nba does start tomorrow night before we jump into this game because it's about to start The fandals sportsbook always has some really great You know boosts and promos and whatever We have all customers No sweat same game parlay place a three plus leg same game parlay or same game parlay plus on any nba game And if your bet loses get a refund in free bets up to ten dollars come on first night We're kicking off the nba regular season. You might as well one refund per person So build that same game parlay tossing some player props in there some spread bets some money lines some totals whatever it is No sweat get your money back if it doesn't hit. I mean come on. What are we doing? Um There's a couple other promos. We'll we'll start and we'll watch this little game and then we'll jump into some nba stuff But yeah nba c is Literally right around the corner. It kind of freaks me out that we're already there I did Am I tweeting a basketball bet tomorrow? You know what? I think I just might Yes, I think I'm gonna be putting out some nba plays tomorrow if you guys have been following me for a minute You know that my specialty nba player props so those will be making a return very soon Uh, I just got to like get my brain switch gear All right.  Um All right, let's not make rookie mistakes right off right from the jump. Let's go come on So, yeah, I am very good at nba player props I'm not even trying to sound like cocky that is just what I well that just is where I feel most comfortable So I will definitely be hooking up nba stuff very soon. Let's tackle. That's part of the game So, yeah, I'm excited Blake m from youtube says bad start already for broncos not loving what we're not loving what we're seeing here You've got to block some more Another idiot who asking a woman if she's gained weight Then Oh do better men Do better men I want to do a segment on live get him I want nice.  Thanks for coming jp awesome. Love the content live keep up the great vibes We're all about great vibes over here. I may not hit every bet And I may have hot takes that make no sense, but we're all about great vibes Let's get us And that's a fourth down Broncos defense Going in hot. All right Broncos offense. Let's get that ball to gordon. That's what we Oh tj smooth guy you're popping in and out of both channels. I love you for What's behind my ear? This is a thing so I can hear my awesome producer running the show Favorite NBA a team come on now.  Shout out to the nuggets Well, I think you're gonna be great While we're okay Really went for it on fourth and we let them get what they wake up You're gonna really really start pissing me off and to be honest with you. I had a pretty good day Got it. I mean I had a really good day today. So I don't need this And I did my job today. I did all the work I needed to do. I did my job It's your turn Don't make us miserable in yet another prime time. I'm begging you. Come on broncos Make us look bad Okay. Yeah, let's get them get them Good. I love defense. I love defense Echler. Oh if echler scores the first touchdown after we changed our minds He just moves a guy says my weekend was terrible brady loss and alabama loss tough weekend if you were on alabama I've come to the consensus that the packers are asked excuse my french just in case my grandparents are too And so are the bucks They're fraudulent. Both of those teams are fraudulent and yeah, I know the broncos are also fraudulent and I bet on them tonight What does that say about me? Well, it says that I might be delusional Or insane Whatever I acknowledge it. I'll get help. I'll speak to my therapist. It is what it is But yes, the packers are garbage and I bet on them and that was just But I did have a lot of people shout out to tiktok. I did have a lot of people tell me taking jets I didn't listen.  Um the bucks. I just don't have any faith in them. I really don't. Um Shout out to the jets that to the giants shout out to the falcons I mean What a thought Oh, what a thought the yellow handkerchief on the field again Let's turn it up and see what we're working with I'm watching the broadcast on my Xfinity Oh natural one. What a great bet bucks under 11 and a half wins Fall start offense That's right Fall start Oh and now he's mad. He's like what you know what you did Hey, hey, hey now it's third down. What what you need to get that ball To the broncos offense what? Now that's a lot. I don't need it. Yeah, I can see Um natural one great bet. I do like that. Come on No flag dab Soulja boy Soulja boy What we on offense Broncos All right, we still have Let's see.  What's up my man? Funny because I love the podcast that he's on It's great You guys know pat is that man. I mean that was just incredible. So I love the show but If you're gonna be on a show that I love I also need you to cover this red, please Anyway All right broncos. Okay, so there's there's hope after all for our melvin gordon first touched on bed is hope now Now we just have to put our faith in the broncos offense, which is disgusting if Yeah, you guys reminder again. I said it before nba tomorrow um Kevin said I just put 20 on melvin gordon first touch on let's ride Cross but yes nba starts tomorrow the regular season. It's nuts You can place a no sweat same game parlay three plus legs if it doesn't hit you can get your month you can get Refunded in free bets up to ten dollars. So it's like it never happened. Love that. Um, there is also Give the opportunity to get three months of nba league pass on Fan duel Nice, I guess that five dollars on the nba get nba league pass on us There's a bunch of steps that you follow but basically head to the fandalsports book. It's under our promotion Find it there. I want the league pass. Go check that out Yeah, the nba starts tomorrow, uh, which is exciting I did post or I did make a video today and is going to be posted on the fandalsports book instagram tomorrow With some futures bets in terms of player awards that I like for the upcoming season So make sure you're checking that out on instagram Blake m says game going under I believe You are probably right. Blake prime time unders have been nuts Uh, I gotta tell you my pick to win it all here is the clippers you may not like that pick but I do and Who I have coming out of the east is a big big toss up for me, but honest to goodness I don't want to say it, but I want to say nets and I don't want to say it But I do you know what I mean?  I'm just Wouldn't be the first time so I'm struggling. I do like the clippers though. I've got someone in the tiktok chat you're laughing at me but I think I think if they can stay healthy it's gonna be so Oh, we got a flag on the play really Get a life on with the freaking flag Hey And I was thinking about the other day because I'm obviously not a football player and never will be but How ticked would I be?  I just did doesn't count nothing. Oh, we're fighting.  I think some Anyway, watch out for brooklyn this year. I'm saying Ooh the hawks that is a good. You know what? I don't hate that Okay, wilson with loss All right, wilson. I'm still not convinced so you better keep it up Kevin says I hate wilson. I know Off out here. Uh, yeah, the hawks is not a bad one whatsoever. You know what? Then there's the other part of me. I'm not I don't have faith in the Celtics with no coach I just don't I'm sorry. I think it's not gonna happen this year I want to go bucks too. I mean they've got the best player in the league on their team I do like him for mvp Because he's the best player in the league. What can I say? So I don't I don't hate the bucks either coming out of the flag Better not be honest Philly I can't give philly one more successful support or I'll lose my Broncos you're really starting to piss Are no touchdowns being scored in the game. Is that like the new lock of the century prime time game besides obviously of course last night But like these monday thursday it might be the lock of the century Joe says this is the pelicans here. I could be persuaded or get that ball. That's p. I That's p.  That's for sure Never been quarterback Celtics winning it Second in two come on. No more funny business. Here we go Wilson just run and not sideways. You're on Was he in bounds? Broncos on the move. What a catch there says tj smooth guy couldn't agree more Yeah, that was a nice throw and that was a nice catch. Okay Broncos offense. Nope Don't even start getting comfortable. I find what a knock Or did All right Moving let's get that ball in melvin's hands We need it. You've got oh the chat needs it so bad. It's so bad y'all melvin gordon buddy first one. Come on No more funny business Come on. Well, thank you. I like you like my clippers future bet. Let's go Come on melvin.  Didn't you Mel? Third down Got a little stuck No gordon fumbles keep that out of the chat Out of the chat exit That's somewhere else. We're not doing that here Kevin says they better run melvin in the bread zone. I agree. They do tend to do that So we just got to get there Third in two. I don't want to watch I don't like watching on third down. It makes me sick Oh tj says sm age. That's not a good sign Oh, you guys are telling me what I'm about to see Wilson, could you look slightly more athletic just for one second? Just this much more athletic That's all Like this much more you doesn't have to be by much like slightly more athletic. I need to look a little He just fell to the ground like a stack of potatoes Like he got manhandled bro.  I think I need some wine I think I need to eat food and honest to goodness the way this is looking We may not get a touchdown in this God's sake This is one of those games, you know, or I'm just like Sure We're even going to get a score here, but we do have melvin gordon as a touchdown scorer. So we just need One of my trying to say I need wine. We need the defense to step it up Step it up on this next possession. Please step it up and uh, we melvin gordon big So anyway, colorado avalanche goal by the way shout out to the abs They're leading two one 452 left in the first period shout out abs Let's go abs Um, thank you guys for tuning in as always as you know, I am on broncos plus four So we will see how libs pick unfolds in this game and our chat pick We are rocking with melvin gordon with the first tutty. Let's hope we can get it because we really struggled with these first touchdown scores Uh, the nba season starts tomorrow the regular season how exciting it feels like I don't understand Like my brain can't comprehend that we're already about to The overlapping seasons. It's kind of a lot. I kind of want to just give You know give football their moment basketball. It's not about you guys right now I mean You're acting a little desperate for attention. It's football season like calm down. No, I'm kidding. Uh, I I love betting the nba. I love player props. God. They are my they are my jam So we'll be cranking those out here soon We'll be doing this every single monday night 8 p.m. Eastern time live from the fandall twitch and youtube Hanging out chilling. You guys see how this works very casual. You just have fun Um, are we doing nba tomorrow or waiting a little? I think we'll be doing an nba play tomorrow I'm gonna do research tonight while I watch the rest of this game and eat some dinner So give me a follow on twitter at live moods on instagram at live moods on tiktok at live moods I will be posting my plays all throughout again I will be collabing with the fandall sports book on instagram tomorrow with my futures player awards for the nba So we're slowly gonna start diving into basketball, but for now Obviously, we have the wonderful football season We'll be sweating out broncos plus four and also sweating out that uh, melvin gordon first touchdown Until next time. I will see you guys soon Hopefully you're making some money tonight and yeah, we'll catch you next monday. Thanks for hanging


Okay, let's get started. Okay, hello everyone. Thank you for coming. This is Co-operative Drupal, Growth and Sustainability through Worker Ownership. My name is Finn Lewis from Agile Collective and this is Business Track in case you thought otherwise. My contact details up there on the Twitter and do you feel free to get in touch on Drupal.org or by email if you have any questions either now or later. Hopefully there'll be plenty of time for questions here today. I love Drupal, as many people here do, and I also love co-operatives and I've been involved in both co-operatives and Drupal for about the same time since about 2006 when I first set up a worker co-operative as a Drupal company or actually back then it wasn't a Drupal company but it became a Drupal company rapidly and my love of both has evolved very much in parallel over the last 10, 11 years. So my motivation for speaking here today was really to share my knowledge of the co-operative model as a business model and hopefully inspire at least one of you to consider worker ownership as a viable alternative because I think there's perhaps a lot of assumptions, mismatched assumptions around what that might mean. So hopefully through this we can uncover some of the realities and demonstrate that indeed it is. So firstly if anyone who doesn't know what is a co-operative, this was the best definition I came up with that wasn't very long, co-operatives are businesses that are owned and run by their members who have an equal say in what the business does and a share in the profits. In about 1844 a group of interesting looking gentlemen set up a co-operative in Rochedale and they were then known as the Rochedale pioneers. This was the first sort of known example of what we modern day co-op. It was a grocery store where they shared the profits back to the people who spent money in the store. They established seven principles of co-operation by which this store was run and these principles have since been adopted by the wider co-operative movement and the international co-operative alliance. These principles are very much around democracy and autonomy and openness and you can google them online if you don't already know them there's some great detail but there are seven of them and this leads to many different types of co-ops so there are producer co-operatives, people who make wine or farmers who want to share the production and rally together to be able to get to markets in a more consistent way. There are grocery co-ops as previously mentioned, so consumer co-ops that share the profits with the consumers and the consumers are very much the members of the co-op who benefit. There are housing co-ops where people club together to buy a house and people might come and go as different members of the housing co-op over time but have a sustainable form of affordable accommodation and there are worker co-ops which is what I want to talk about today, bottom right being an example in in the UK about 150 strong wholesale food co-operative which is owned and run by by its workers. So you know just sum up in a nutshell a worker co-op is democratically owned by its member workers, is democratically controlled by its member workers and it democratically benefits the member workers. So what's all this got to do with Drupal and the Drupal community? Well I think quite a lot and I mean I think even this morning's keynote around sharing and how you know we are at a community of people who share with each other is very there's a lot of synergies I think between the co-op movement and the Drupal values and principles. I mean to start with Drupal is based on the GPL which has some very key core freedoms with the values of the open source free software, of the freedom to be able to run the software, to study the source, to share again sharing is quite a common theme today and to improve the software and this bubbles up into the community in general. I think I've seen over many years of talking to people and businesses people are very open and sharing in this community and if we look at the mission and principles on Drupal.org there's a page which mentions that we believe in open source innovation, globalism and collaboration which I think ties in very nicely with the co-operative principles and defines one of the values of collaboration supporting open and co-operative information sharing. You know we have the word co-operative right in there so I think co-operation is in built into the Drupal community and in many ways I'm kind of surprised to see fewer co-operative owned companies within the Drupal community and just why I think it's important to come and talk at these things and share the fact that it's a reality and it's a possibility and it's definitely viable. So to summarise I think there is a strong cultural fit. It's all about people both co-operatives are about people and the Drupal community is about people and it's about people contributing and it's about people benefiting and this I think goes the synergy I think is there very very very very strongly. They're not exactly the same owning a business is different from contributing to open source but they go very well together in my eyes. So benefits what are the benefits of working in a worker co-operative? Firstly I think it's important to note that a worker co-op is just a normal company it you know or it can be it can be other things to you but in our case it is we you know it's a normal company we've got normal employee benefits we are on payroll we can have pensions we have sick pay maternity pay etc you know all of the normal things you would expect in a working and vibrant company but on top of the employee benefits we also have co-operative benefits that those benefits being that we own the company that we can share in the profits of the company or decide how to how to reinvest the profits and we control the company. So one small example of that which means we can extend our employee benefits in our case at agile collective we all have company bikes because we thought that was important for employees to have you know a decent form of transport we like bikes basically so but the point being we can we can control what the benefits are and change you know the direction of the company. Other things we decide around who to hire you know whether to grow what kind of clients we might want to work with or might not want to work with so this control and ownership is you know a wrapper around everything else but it is a normal company we do get paid normally as it were. Other benefits which are more sort of external to do with the perception of worker co-operatives there's some research done by somebody at Leeds University in the UK one of one of the points of which he summarised as worker cops survive at least as long as other businesses and tend to have much more stable employment therefore a lower staff turnover and recently there's a you go survey that actually was just published this month which surveys you governs a big pollster survey organisation in the UK I believe and 58% of people polled said that they think employee owned businesses are more trustworthy so we've now got some external evidence that actually the perception of worker owned businesses is another benefit to perhaps our sustainability and our growth and how we can go on to do more business in the future. Another another stat from that survey is that 44% are more likely to apply for a job at an employee owned business which I found interesting and that 41% are more likely to buy products or services from from worker owned businesses. Now I find this really interesting I didn't haven't seen this data before today actually but it does add to the kind of other reasons for having a worker owned business other than your own direct benefit as a worker owner there are external benefits to marketing and to growth and sustainability I think but let's talk about challenges because I think that's probably where the interesting information lies you know we have been doing this well I've been in working cards for 10 years and in agile collective since 2011 when we started it so there are many challenges we have more individual responsibilities as worker owners making decisions can take a little bit longer when there's lots of you making the decision finding the right people to join can be tough and as you grow communication becomes an ever exponentially growing you know burden and and so management structures may need to evolve alongside that so we'll just pick out a couple of those to talk about in a little bit more detail communication and decision making being a key one as mentioned you know with lots of us communication takes longer and decisions perhaps a harder to make so we have started using an online tool called Lumio some of you may have come across this it's developed by the Inspiral Network in New Zealand and this allows us to take our decision making online and run it asynchronously so it may take you know a couple of days or a couple of weeks to to discuss and come up with a decision a member decision for the members of the co-op um the the voting model for proposals is very much based on the consensus model where you can agree disagree abstain or block um how you choose to interpret this is is very much up to you in in your obviously decision making algorithm or whatever um this may result in something like this where you know nobody blocked one person disagreed four people agreed and three people abstained so general agreement in the proposal with a certain amount of sort of whatever so like like I say you can decide how to use that uh it's a very interesting piece of software actually it also does polls and sort of scheduling to help you find out when you can have meetings and and such and it's open source you can self host it or you can use it as a service from from themselves uh from from Lumio um the other area that I wanted to pick up on is management structure there are 12 of us now and they started with six of us so as we've grown the this kind of flat communication structure has expanded until uh members meetings were quite busy and long and arduous to some extent um especially when you're trying to do them very regularly to to decide lots of key uh important decisions so we have moved recently this year to a sort of committee based structure where three of us are on the coordinating committee and that the coordinating committee will take the uh the operational decisions on a day to day basis and a week to week basis um very much guided by the members input on an annual basis on a quarterly basis where we have members meetings to to to guide the strategy of the company in which direction we're going um this is quite new for us so so it's kind of early days but in the six to nine months that it's been going it's been great it's actually freed up lots of time for people to uh get you know get on with more client work essentially and less internally focused work um so this kind of management structure I think is something that's important to consider depending on what size of organization you are and I think as organizations grow to uh like the size of LEAP for example in the swiss company which has 160 people then you start to see that there are um you know so the the 12 to 15 number of people seems to be like a nice natural size of of a of local groups so it may be that that this evolves again as we grow pay pay structure this is a a an interesting area because a lot of people assume that all cooperatives get equal pay flat pay um and that's not the case some people do um in our business I think that is difficult um just to be able to attract people at the right level um experienced developers and to do for world tend to expect a certain amount of pay and people who don't know anything you want to come in as juniors you know would expect a a different amount of pay so at the moment we have a a banded pay structure but we are exploring the idea of coming to a a flat pay structure with some kind of a sort of on ramp up to that but um it as you can imagine there's lots of discussion around that um and these kind of discussions are often best facilitated by external people um in our case in in in the uk we have co-ops uk which is the development body um and they're they're yeah very good at facilitating such such decisions um so yeah the title of the talk was growth and sustainability because I note that generally the business track is very much geared at growth and sustainability uh they they always seem to go hand in hand um one thing I'm interested in is is is whether growth is necessary so we are 12 people maybe we just want to stay at 12 people and that's fine for for a cooperative model where um where perhaps uh growth is the motivation for growth is maybe not so much profit driven as it may be in a company where you have uh people who you know a small number of owners and and and more workers um but yeah there are other motivations for growth as well so firstly that you know that's slightly different perhaps in a co-op but I think the things that are the same are sustainability um in order to sustain ourselves uh we do need happy workers we need sorry we need you know we need job satisfaction we need to uh be able to maintain our um ourselves we need to get paid we need to have a work line um and uh and so all of these kind of sustainability goals I think are probably very similar from a worker owned to a non-worker owned company um and doing my research with other worker cops that we know one thing that came up was um one cop's goal was to get big enough that any one of them could just disappear for a year and that the whole company would carry on and so I thought that was interesting they're about six seven people at the moment they don't feel that they can do that um I think our sides have about 12 people we can um and we have done and it's been fine so so that's you know they're a good they're a different perhaps yard sticks or measures by which you might consider yourself sustainable um and I think that's something we review quite regularly as well so talking of reviewing regularly you know do we want to grow is something we ask ourselves and each other um and one of our uh 2015 I think survey before our visioning weekend 80% of us did want to grow and by 2016 80% of us did not want to grow so during that time one person had joined I think um which is quite a small you know and it's not no just you know it's nothing on that particular person but it was interesting that a small amount of growth can change the culture quite a lot uh within within a team of you know 10 11 people um and that can you know take a little bit of time to uh to to balance out so so we don't want to grow for growth sake we want to continually check whether we want to grow and you know at the right times we do and we will um another thing about growth is generally you know the motivation to grow to be able to take on bigger projects and to be able to do more interesting work perhaps um one way we've addressed that recently is by scaling with other co-operatives um principle six of the co-op uh principles is co-ops working with other co-ops it's very important that we try to work as much as possible with other co-operatives um and in our line of work um we're lucky enough now um that there are many other technical co-ops uh in the UK we've recently formed something called co-tech which is a network of 25 co-ops um taking the number of people working there up to about 160 and vastly you know diversifying the the resources that we have to pull on um so this results in collaborations and people taking uh you know some people taking on projects and then subcontracting to other co-ops in the same way that might happen with with you know non-worker owned companies but um the fact that we're all co-ops really does bind us together and and allow us to be very open and transparent with with everything on that so another way that we can grow and scale without necessarily growing our own company because again the motivations might might be slightly different so how can you guys work for a worker co-op um so that's one of my motivations is to inspire at least one of you to consider that um if you're not already working for a worker I should probably you'd probably all work for co-ops don't you sorry I should just check that at the at the beginning um assuming you're not um first way is to start a co-op I mean if you're a freelancer or somebody you're planning a change in your business uh you're also to start a new business um you can start a co-op there's lots of help out there from co-ops UK or co-ops Europe there's this starter.coop website which gives you a lot of the tools and answers a lot of the questions you might want to to to start a co-op of business for which you just need two people a business plan a commitment to the seven principles of co-operation and you're good to go obviously you need you know dedication and hard work um second way is to convert an existing business to a worker co-op um which until I sort of did my research I didn't think was perhaps such a popular thing um but it is and there is also a lot of support out there for people who are considering that because it's it's not without its challenges um but a couple of examples in the UK include uh cooperative web who um recently I'll say recently within the last few years acquired another company which was 31 people strong and kind of mutualised it and gave the company back to them so they kind of converted an existing business into a worker owned business uh not quite overnight but um anyway it was a success story another one is Outlandish uh who specialised in data visualisation in London and they've reached recently also uh mutualised and become worker owned the third way is of course to join an existing worker co-op um and within the Drupal community there are quite a few these are ones that I could immediately lay my hands on um at our collective ourselves point blank and grease agaric across North America and Nicaragua and possibly other places and and more in in Spain and South America I believe um on the slides I did put links to all of those in case you wanted to get in touch with any of them um and as our collective is currently looking for another member just in case um but but yeah what's what's the reality for for me like working in the worker co-op um I guess work-life balance is is something that I always have trouble with and tend to either do too much work or too much life but um but you know it's it's good to have that control to be able to adjust my my working patterns you know as I need to sometimes I do need to work more um for for various reasons and sometimes I need to work less many of us in our collective work four days a week some people work part-time some people adjust that um over over time so having that control is I think really important to me and I don't think I could uh could could really give give that up um I do have a say on how the profits of our company are spent uh currently we tend to reinvest them rather than do an actual profit share but we're always looking at that as a as another way of you know sharing uh you know incentivising or or you know if we make it when we do make lots of profit then um sharing it is is an option um and I have a control in the direction of our company which is again critical um the types of clients that we do the types of projects that we do um all of this you know adds up to the all-important loving your job and I do love my job um I do say it not every day but probably at least once a week um you know some days are tough but uh on balance I think you know three out of three out of five days uh uh uh you know days where I go home loving my job um and I'd love other people to be able to say the same thing I'd love people to be able to own and control their own workplaces and and create the work that you want to do so um so yeah like I said we are looking for new members we have a sort of job ad as it were at the moment but it's not just about the skills it's about members and people and good fit as well as um you know it's one of the the type of work that that we're looking to do so do share that around and tell people if if you know of anyone who's looking to work in a worker cop so that's about it don't forget the sprints tomorrow um especially uh if the first time sprinter um there is a core mentor mentor to core sprint um to help people get on board um I'll be there there's a first time sprinter workshop as well I didn't realise there were two different things um anyway uh come along tomorrow um but that's it for me thank you and any questions hi Finn thank you that was awesome um I have a question about you you mentioned that as your company grew from six to 12 or 13 and coming up with the structure where you have a committee of people who are sort of given the authority to make certain types of decisions how did you decide who was going to be in that group of people versus who was going to be not essentially a democratic vote um it was a discussion but it was more consensus really rather than you know blind ballot or anything there were a couple of people who were obvious um contenders based on the type of work that that they were doing I mean beforehand we all sort of had different hats as it were and so somebody would be doing mostly finance and somebody else would be doing mostly business development and sales and so having a few core people who were already in some of those roles to be sort of you know liberated from having to talk to everybody all the time and allow them to just get on with it uh made a made perfect sense um but it started off actually with four of us but then one of us suddenly had to be off site with a client four days a week for for six months so then it was just three and that's worked really well I mean they they meet regularly they're still doing billable work as well but a proportion of their time is just on the operational management side so um but the idea is that we'll rotate every six months we have a look does somebody want to step down somebody else want to come on and really share those the experience and the responsibilities I like that the idea it's not a fixed position but over time you kind of reevaluate indeed indeed yeah so you kind of do your time on the committee perhaps you know and uh I think that's important as well other worker co-ops do that they rotate their roles in and around the different jobs within the co-op to make sure that everyone has a better understanding of each other's jobs and you know even if it's something you may not immediately be the best at then I think learning that gives you a mutual appreciation of of uh you know yeah what other people do thank you thank you hi thanks for the talk what how do you deal with changes in qualification and commitment in the cooperative changes in qualification and commitment can you give me an example when somebody's you talked about work life balance when somebody's spending older uh more on the work and another one's always spending more on the lifetime does it reflect somehow in sure I mean people's situations change and and we're just up for talking about that and working out how best to to deal with that two of our two of my colleagues moved to Italy to see if that would work and that's fine they're now living in Italy having a great time you know that's mainly motivated by being close to great mountains for mountain biking and but the quality of the work is still great and we're all you know communicating through online tools and meeting up every three to six months you know I mean I appreciate some organizations that are totally distributed we're kind of half you know mostly centralized but then a few of us are distributed um but people's yeah life situations change and sometimes they need to go from a full time to maybe a part time job or maybe they want to take time off to go to study you know accommodate that discuss it and decide and how do you how do you get to to an understanding about share shares of the how big are the shares of the company and about payment types this is a this is a also a demographic process so there are no sort of equity shares in the company as such well I mean there are sort of one pound equity shares but it's you come in with nothing and you leave with nothing as it were it's just your your shares are voting rights in terms of how the company has run everything that is through pa y and there was no sort of uh yeah equity model as it were and then people get paid but in proportion to you know to full time if there's a full time equivalent if they're working less you know a few hours they will get paid accordingly just a follow-up question to the equity so technically how are you organized or how is the company organized so the company is a company limited by shares normal uk limited by shares company and there are two types of shares equity shares and member shares the member shares are the ones that carry the vote but we still have equity shares for some historic reason but we've never decided to use those the idea is that the equity shares could be used to raise investment but that investment does not carry any voting rights with it so very much separating any power that might be perceived to come with monetary investment into the company from the fact of the members and the workers owning and controlling the company so somebody owns the equity shares yeah that's right i'm slightly i think we've got rid of them now but when we started it we had six equity shares and six member shares with six of us i think we've got rid of the equity shares because we didn't need any investment and it just confused things but in another co-op as a startup where you might have wanted to have investment then the equity shares could be used in that way just doesn't doesn't then have any power in terms of governance thank you very much okay thank you i think we're are we out of time any more questions thank you very much and don't forget to go and you know give us feedback on the session because it's always useful thank you


It was this this This is what caused them in China to stop me at security every time okay Hey, welcome back to our stupid directions you did some Corbin I've been to China And he got the coronavirus and I may have and today We are on to the second to last episode of deli crime their last episode there was a lot of the a lot of the stuffing and they The politicians trying to derail it. They're still searching for two people We don't know how they're gonna get everything done in two episodes, but maybe they will we're hoping justice was served But we still don't know because we don't know this story a lot of you probably didn't if like it turned out to like not Have the justice it needed all of you might have known that We don't know that so we could be in for a huge giant disappointment knowing that one This story is real and how depressing that would be So hopefully that is not the case But this is called episode six It should be a good one Once again, we can only use five minutes of each episode during the reactions Terribly, sorry. That's all Netflix and the other streaming services will allow now If you'd like to see the full uncut version head over to patreon for exclusive patreon members. Hi patreon You ready? Yes, I will hopefully we'll find this one appealing. I Don't like that Three two one What No one feels sympathy for you Even if he was and it's not equal to what happened to her And all Well her inside will your insides pulled out of your body What do they cut themselves? Yeah, they slept the rest with it.  So sorry Understood But I will shoot you myself one day But I'll stand in between anyone else who tries to shoot I wonder if she was formerly military before she had this job their character Yeah Maybe you understand do you agree? Don't want to know what they're gonna do with him Which is a little guy But I see a chacha Pallavi kumar Kapati Dilly's a crime character for our a cha chori key Uncle G Kisi sonu ko jantai. I'm I'm sonu. Yeah, but I don't know. Come lock. Oh, huh Yeah Yeah, oh, Pogalatini Oh, my yes See, I believe that if she hadn't resisted the assault, she wouldn't be in such a bad way. And how can you say that? I've been trying to pack my bag. What? If that was said on an American television show, that person would be blacklisted. That is an awful thing to say. Horrendous. I can even repair the wounds around her vagina. But the potentially fatal damage is in the middle of small intestines. This means the iron rod was thrust in completely through her vaginal and anal openings that have cut both the intestines at several places mortically. The act of insorption and retraction of the rod was committed repeatedly.  A hook at the end of the rod along with the serrations has only aggravated the tearing. It wasn't just the rod. There was a hook. But the fact that they literally pulled the pieces of intestines out from the vaginal opening. So I've never been with them in my life. Definitely wouldn't want them in those. My world is different than yours. But we're trying to protect our daughters. Just heard that your male victim has closed the deal with DCTD. They're going to do an on-air interview.  Nice. I like that. I like that. Good moment for her there at the end. I like that. Yeah. That whole scene was really nice. Yeah. It was a really good moment for her. Really, really good. Obviously, that was my two favorite characters in this whole thing. Both actors are doing really, really well. But that whole conversation, I'm guessing he was looking because we saw that one of that or the marriage classifieds, which is obviously something I've never seen in my life. But the fact that he's looking for his daughter and then he's talking about not telling people he's a cop and then he's telling her that they live in different worlds. So it's, it was very interesting and then I thought it was actually a great moment to see her actually lose it like that, felt like the first, like I thought it was a really good moment for her. I did too. I wonder how that was done. I don't know if it was scripted that way or they just let her have whatever reaction she felt at that moment and did that. That was really, really nice. That line he said, that whole conversation was great, but he had a powerful line when he said, my world is different from yours. Yeah, it's interesting.  So our law enforcement officers often come from military backgrounds, which gives many of them a military mindset and sense of discipline. And again, everything he said, it also does help. Those things he said are absolutely true. Police officers make enough money to have a home, to have a car, to usually when you start working, you don't get to choose your shifts and you're doing graveyards, you're doing weekends. But and it's even with all of the problems we have here with injustice and things in police that have been bad, it's still very much considered an honorable profession. My Micah wants to be a police officer. That's how he wants to be. That is, yeah. Interesting. Yeah, he does. And when he first told me that, my immediate thought was how proud I was of him because that made a lot of sense. He's always had a deep sense of justice, always wanted to protect the innocent, has very good control over his emotions. He would make a fantastic police officer. Well, yeah, we need we need a lot more good police officers that haven't been in the system. We have our obviously everywhere has their own issues. America has their own unique police issues. But obviously, I didn't know that. But obviously, I think Micah would be a he's obviously a great kid. And so I think he's he's he's he's very caring. And yeah, I think you I think you'd be a great police officer. That's interesting. Yeah. But yeah, but he was being being being six foot six helps, too. Yeah. Yeah, you won't be intimate. He'll need to bulk up some, though, for sure. Yeah, he will. He'll get there. Oh, I was going to say when when they were going to kill themselves and. And that, you know, everyone talks about hanging them. One of the things I'm just personally, I don't I don't I understand one of the death penalty. And trust me, if I was the dad in the situation, I wouldn't be around. Yeah. I know what I would do in the situation. I would be going vigilante. Yeah, I just I know me. And I'd I'd have people helping me. The very fact when they wanted to kill themselves, one of the reasons I'm not for the death penalty is because, one, it statistically isn't a deterrent. And number two, I think that's that's a that's a way too easy out for people who commit these kinds of crimes. They want an escape. That's why they wanted to kill themselves. They wanted to escape from the shame, escape from the punishment, escape from the memories. And I would much prefer a rapist be cashed rated and live a very, very long life remembering what they did. Yeah, there's many reasons for for a debate for and against, especially not in the United States. It's it takes it's actually more expensive to put somebody on the death penalty than it is to keep them in prison for life because of all the appeals and everything. And then there's issues with the way we do it with injections that can go completely wrong.  I'm personally not for it. I would I think it's much. I think it's much worse for a person to do something that heinous and one have to live with the the people, the repercussions in prison, but also have to think about it for the rest of their life. And what awful thing they did. But so. And I just our justice system also has had people that have been on death row and or been executed who were mostly accused. Yeah, correct. So it's it's there's there's currently there's there's currently right now some federal executions that the commander in chief is doing, which is the singular. Yeah, he he that jury members. Are asking him to not go through with these executions. People who were on the jury. Yeah, are saying, please don't execute this person. So but it is and it's a it's a touchy subject. Yeah, it's but so I'm there's no way to wrap on this up with one episode. So I just looked, it looks like there's going to be a season two. I don't know if it's I'm not reading anything because obviously we haven't finished. I don't want any spoilers about. See, but it looks like there will be a season two. I don't know if it's good continuation on this story or if it's going to be like a completely new crime. It has to be a continuation of the story unless this was suddenly determined to be 100 percent not prosecutable and everybody goes free. And we find that out in the last episode. Yeah, there's one episode left and they have to they have to clear up so much. But I feel like nothing was in terms of the case. Like furthered in this episode. I mean, there's stuff that happened and the character development and it was great and I'd like the episode. But in terms of on the ongoing case, they really the outside of that one lead now that they have with that one guy on the bus that that's as far as they got. Past two episodes, we haven't moved forward. So I'm quite nervous that it's going to be very depressing. What happened in this case? Or they're going to just leave it and I don't know, I have no idea. And in a situation like this, I don't I guess it's not the law in India, but in the United States, a judge could, if the police asked, could make a key witness, not do interviews. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, you can they could tell them that they cannot do interviews just like they have the law, the legal right to sequester juries, which there's no jury trials in India. They can sequester juries so that juries don't hear news, don't get any outside sources, and they tell people involved in cases. The judge can say you are not permitted to talk to the media. Only your attorneys are allowed to do that. This I think this would be like if this was cases in the United States, this would be one of those that's they would probably do that to the jury. Yeah. Anything high profile like this. It's just in order to have the. Fair and unbiased jury, even if these people are evil, but they under the law, they deserve a fair and unbiased trial. Right. Even it's actually quite interesting what they've done with these people when they've gotten in custody. They're trying almost to make us feel for them, which I don't.  It's it's all this stuff. And then you're like, oh, yeah, but I don't care. About you because you did this right evil thing to this person. But they're I actually kind of like it. Do you feel that way that they're trying to almost make us feel for these people a little bit? I do on two counts. One, it's just more interesting and probably more realistic because people are they're not judging the characters in the script, which you can't do. And I also, like the doctor said, I am a big believer in the the primary reason of arresting someone and putting them in prison is not just for punishment, but they're called correctional facilities for a reason that ultimately someone should be corrected. And that person, it would be the best result to have somebody like these guys become definitively repentant. That means 100 percent apologetic. They understand the damnable thing that they have done. And everything about their life has completely changed. And everything about their life will now be in as an activist and advocate that prevents and helps people who've gone through this. And those kinds of things have happened. But then there are stories of people that are just definitively evil. Yeah, that's that's one thing I struggle with the death penalty. It's like, I think there's 100 percent people with things that they do that 100 percent deserve to die. But do I think it's the government's place to issue? Right. That is the is is where the the issue comes in. I believe there's like like what these people did. They 100 percent deserve to not live anymore. 100 percent. You don't need. Yeah, you don't need to let the government do it. Just just hand a bat to the dad. Yeah, yeah, I go into a cell with those guys chained up to a wall and they all are and go, dad, they've been found guilty. Please go ahead and enjoy enforcing the punishment they deserve. Yeah. And I'm really curious as to the boyfriend situation going on. I don't know what's going on with that. Like well, he's going to try to control the narrative, I guess. It what it looks like is I don't know that he's necessarily going to try to control the narrative. Maybe he is or he's recognizing he can make some money out of this. Whatever he's trying to do, he's trying to save his ass and it's wrong because what he should be doing is helping the police do anything and everything they can to find justice. But since the moment they arrested that guy, I have thought this guy's something's not right with us, dude. Yeah, something's not right with us, dude. Well, one episode left in this season. We'll see what happens. It's going to drive me insane if it just ends like these have been ending and we don't know what's happening. It's going to drive me nuts and I'm justice for this girl. On to the next episode.


Working with the Indonesian Marine Corps is definitely interesting. It has that language barrier, but once you get to know them and you get comfortable with it, it really kind of builds the relationship a little bit and you can call them your friend. They've been quite good at what they've done. I've watched them do a couple of patrols, watched them clear some buildings out. It's very similar to what we do. Overall in Indonesia, the quality of training has been great. When we were doing McMap, it was very beneficial for both parties because we got to see a little bit of their moves and then we got to see how they interpreted our moves and how different it was from what they're used to. After that, we went on to do a patrolling exercise where we did a reconnaissance patrol and a contact patrol. Patrolling was really good training because they really spread out the grids a lot so that we weren't operating in the same areas that we'd seen before. Moving through the jungle and it was getting really thick, trying to pick places where we wouldn't get seen or we wouldn't make too much noise. I thought the jungle survival was a really good part of the training. They were showing us all the foods that are inside the jungle that are good to eat and then afterwards, they pulled out a couple of snakes and we got to drink the snake blood from them. I would say that the best training we've had so far was the mount because cities are very tactically important in large-scale warfare and so it's very important that we know how to clear them out, how to control them and how to overall seize the cities. So far, training with the Indonesian Marines and it's been a lot of fun.


What's up guys, my guru in jazzy is doing a recap for 2023 tops chrome or tops cosmic chrome case break pick your team number two was done fanatics live here's the list positive you need to and here's the recap just kind of kind of fly through the inserts and rookies and all that stuff as a S3 Ruiz the 75 had an orange really a Domus to 25 Riley green green name match to 75 we're just talking about that have you ever pulled a green green green Riley green there was it's a name match it's worth more than a color match or a jersey match so Edward Julian first rookie cards as a refractor we had a few of those in here Corbin Carroll refractor I'm kind of getting into the good stuff Gabriel Moreno to 199 gold Jram Francisco Alvarez Stella Nova we had Austin Riley a green autograph to 75 supernova Anthony Volpe and then another supernova supernova of Rafael Devers that one is red five of five then we had another supernova of Gunner Henderson black two of ten jersey number there and we had the son Adley launched into orbit Bryce Harper to 25 Mercury of Aaron Judge Francisco Alvarez gold to 50 the son of Soto earth J rod Andres Jimenez auto Peter Lonzo auto the son of Mike trout and a Brett Beatty auto so a very nice case it was yeah that does it for the recap thank you to everyone who got into the break thank you guys for watching and I'll see you guys in the next one bye guys


What's going on everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Guard is ripping one box of 2022 Panini Select UFC H2 from Michael H. Good luck here Michael. Let's see it. Probably that shirt that I bought the blade. Probably not John. If you do it will go with Forest on probably tomorrow would be my guest tomorrow night. But yeah I mean I have got we've got like at least 12 in queue and we finish like half hour behind. Sorry about that man. Steven Pearson. Silver Alexandre Pintoia. Same honestly same here. Same here Kyle. There is a Ian Gary on the disco and a disco Steven Thompson. This pack right here right? I know but this is a nice one. How about a Octagon side Valentina Shevchenko on the red. That is 64 out of 99. Nice one there Michael. Congrats buddy. That's actually pretty awesome. We'll take that. Robert Whitaker. Nice one there as well. And a blue of Nikita Krylov. That is 12 out of 49. That'll do it for you right there Michael. Thanks again for hopping in. Appreciate it. We'll get these right out to you.


Let's explore tropic levels and how energy flows within them. So a tropic level is a diagrammatic representation of how we all get our food. At the bottom, we have the producers, which is basically plants and vegetation. They're called so because they produce their own food from sunlight. Then comes your primary consumers, like the deers, rabbits, insects and so on, which are basically herbivores. They get their food from the producers. They eat the producers directly. That's why they're called primary consumers because they eat them directly. Then you have secondary consumers. How do they get their food? Well, they eat the primary consumers. You can think of them as carnivores animals, but usually these are smaller carnivores in the sense that they are not at the top. There are other animals that can eat them as well. And then that finally brings us to the tertiary consumers. Think of them as a large carnivores. They are at the top of the food chain. They are the apex predators. It's like Yumi humans, tigers, eagles and so on. These are also called as tropic levels. So you can think of this as level one, level two, level three, this is level four. In some cases you can have more levels. You can have up to five levels or six levels maybe sometimes, but it usually doesn't exceed that. And we also see that the bottom of the tropic level, the producers, they are usually the maximum in numbers. You have the most number of individuals over here. However, if you, as you go up the tropic level, the number of individuals reduces. And that's why we have a pyramid over here. So you have the minimum number of apex predators, tertiary, the top of the food chain, minimum number of tertiary consumers. But why is that? To answer this question, we need to look at how the energy flows. Now before I talk about the energy flow, let me talk a little bit about the food chain and the food web. So in reality, things are not so straightforward. We have something called as the food web. It's called so because it actually, if you try to map out who it's whom, you will see it's actually a web, mainly because, you know, animals can eat multiple things. Like for example, snakes can eat frogs, they can eat tiny birds. The reason why things get a little bit more complex. But you still see the levels. You see the tropical level one. You have the producers. You have the primary consumers, the herbivores. You have the secondary consumers, the small carnivores. And then you have these apex predators. You have the large carnivores. You have the tertiary consumers. The second complication is that there is another class of organisms called the decomposers. Let me just shift this a little bit up. Okay. The decomposers, we don't put them over here because these are the ones that eat dead things, all of them. They eat all of them once they're dead. These can be your mushrooms, your bacteria. So they're also a part of our ecosystem, but they don't fit anywhere in the topic levels. And finally, some animals are both herbivores and carnivores. We call them omnivorous animals. For example, human beings. We eat both vegetables and meat. So doesn't that mean that we should also be a primary consumer? So human beings should also come over here, right? But of course, nobody eats us and therefore it doesn't make sense to bring us over here. All this is to tell you that this is not so straightforward. There will always be exceptions. Yes, we are sort of doing classification because we need to classify to make sense of everything, but it's not so straightforward. Things will, there will always be exceptions. A lot of things will not fit. So remember that for the rest of the video. Anyways, coming back to our main question. Why do we see most individuals here and less over here? And why do we see only four to five levels and not more than that? So it has all got to do with energy. Let's think about energy. See, the reason we eat food is because we want energy. So where do producers get their energy from? Well, they get their energy from the sun. So the producers get energy from the sun. Photosynthesis, and that's how they store their energy. What about primary consumers? Well, they get the energy when they eat the producers, right? But here's the thing. They don't get all the energy over here. In fact, studies have shown that they get only about 10% of the energy. When they eat only about 10% of the energy they're able to store, where does the rest of it go? Well, the rest of it is wasted. It goes as a heat into the environment. And that heat is generated at multiple levels. For example, when you are digesting food, you get heat. When you are doing respiration, you get heat. And so a lot of energy gets wasted. And guess what? The same thing happens when secondary consumers eat them. It turns out now only 10% of their energy gets transferred. So that means even less energy gets transferred. Only 10% of their energy goes. And similarly, when third-gen consumers eat them, only 10% of their energy goes over there. So you can see the amount of energy keeps reducing as we go up the tropic level. And after a point, we'll just not have enough energy to sustain life. And that's the reason why we only have about four to five levels, max, not more than that. And this also explains why you have less number of individuals over here. Because if you have the least amount of energy coming in over here, then it's very hard to get that food. You need to eat a lot of food. And so naturally, it's hard to evolve to apex predators. And that's why we have the minimum number of these individuals. Well, over here, they get directly energy from the sun. It's very easy to get that energy. And therefore, you have the maximum number of producers. But there's one more thing to consider when we think about tropic levels. And that is called biological magnification. This is where as we go at top of the food chain, top of the tropic levels, the harmful substances like pesticides and stuff, their concentration increases. Let's see how. So we directly spray pesticides over here. So that's how they get them, how that's how the producers get them. And then these primary consumers eat them and that's how the pesticides goes inside them. But guess what? Remember, these can also eat other producers, right? And so they might get more pesticides from them as well. And therefore, the amount of pesticides actually starts increasing. And now as the secondary consumers eat them, they will have even more pesticides. Because again, remember, they eat multiple things. And so you get even more pesticides. Let me just use black to show that now. Even more pesticides. Then finally, as the apex producers eat them, they will have even more pesticides. And so can you see that the amount of pesticides, the concentration of the pesticides has now increased in our bodies. And so that concentration has become magnified. And this is why we call it, we call biological magnification. So the amount of harmful stuff that goes into our body, that's not good for life, that also keeps increasing. And also another reason why we don't have a lot of traffic levels, also the reason why we have a lot less of these individuals.


Let's look at another example of an integral. This time, let's find the antiderivative of the function x over the square root of x squared plus four. Now in this example, you can see that this square root of x squared plus four, that being in the denominator really indicates to me that, hey, we could use a trigonometric substitution to help us out here, right? Because after all, if we use the substitution, the second type, that is the tangent substitution, we could set x equals to two tangent and we could simplify, or we could convert the integral into trigonometric form from there and then we could calculate the antiderivative. Not so bad, right? But what they really wanna mention is that although trigonometric substitution is a very valuable tool and it would work successfully in this situation, it might not be the best tool, right? You could take x to be two tangent and that would be very fruitful, but I actually do have a other recommendation in this one. Instead, if we take u to be x squared plus four, notice that du would then equal two x dx for which if we times by two and times by one half there, we can do a u substitution where this thing would become one half the integral of du over the square root of u or more simply one half u to the negative one half power du. So then by the power rule, we end up with one half, well, u, you raise the power to be one half, you'll then divide by one half for which case we should just mention that the one half just cancel each other out entirely plus a constant and then replacing u with the original variable x, we're gonna get the square root of x squared plus four plus an arbitrary constant. And so you can see that in this situation, the u substitution was a much simpler approach than trigonometric substitution. So this one can be very challenging about integrals at times is that we have so many different techniques, we have the u substitution, the trigonometric substitution, just as two variants of the substitution method, we didn't even touch integration by parts here. It can be challenging at times to figure out what is the right technique to use. And this kind of comes with experience and practice. You gain an intuition of things after a while. Now, by all means, if you try to compute this with trigonometric substitution, that wouldn't be bad, it just would be a little bit longer, right? And so before you necessarily jump into the pool on trig subs or integration parts or whatever, I would recommend that you try to consider what are alternative strategies I could use and then pick the path that's gonna be the most optimal, it's the fastest way to compute it. So don't just automatically assume trigonometric substitution, might wanna keep in mind, well, what a standard u substitution work in this situation, which we saw right here. And so that brings us to the end of our lecture, number 12, about trigonometric substitutions. I do wanna continue this discussion in the next lecture 13, so check out that video to learn some more about trig subs, especially for like a secant substitution, which we haven't done yet. But that all officially in lecture 12 right here. So thank you for watching. If you have any questions on any of these lecture videos, please click and post them in the comments below. I'll be happy to answer them. Like this video, subscribe to it if you wanna see some more videos like this in the future. And I will see you next time, bye everyone.


Alright, so let's take a look at another method of subtraction known as counting down. And again, just as a reminder, the goal here is not to learn how to subtract, but rather to be able to perform subtraction at whatever level of knowledge you happen to possess. And this again ties back to this notion of adaptive expertise if you know many ways of solving a problem, choosing the best and most efficient method is known as adaptive expertise. And again, educational studies have shown time and again that students who possess adaptive expertise generally outperform those without adaptive expertise, and that acquiring adaptive expertise is mostly a matter of learning more than one way to solve a problem. Or again in the fairly standard way of looking at it, if the only tool you have as a hammer then the only way you have of solving a problem is to bash it until it falls apart. So let's take a look at this. Counting down is another way to subtract, and the main difference from counting up is that to find B minus C, if I'm counting up, I want to count up from C to B and see how far I've gone. If I'm counting down, I want to count down from B down C units and record where I end up. In general, one of these approaches is going to be more efficient. But given identical problems, the algorithm that is more efficient depends on the student, and in fact the same person working the same problem on a different day may decide one method is more efficient. Let's take a look at this. Let's consider the problem 31 minus 7. If I only knew how to count up, I'd have to count up from 7 to 31, and this could take a while. On the other hand, if I try counting down, then what I want to do is I want to find the seventh number before 31, and that's going to be much faster. Now if I know nothing else other than how to count, then I could still do this problem by just counting. I have to count backwards 31 to 30 to 29 to 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, and that's my 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7th number before 31, and so at this point I know that 31 minus 7 is equal to 24. Again, the thing that's worth noting here is this is the problem that you can solve as soon as you know how to count and what subtraction is. Now again, a lot of basic arithmetic is bookkeeping, so let's see if we can record the things that we've done using our arrow notation. So again, I started at 31. I went back 1. I'll indicate that using this minus 1 above the arrow. I went back 1 to 30, back 1 to 29, back 1 to 28, back 1 to 27, back 1 to 26, back 1 to 25, back 1 to 24. And so I've gone back 7, and I end at 24. As with counting up, we can use what we know about subtraction facts to improve the efficiency of our algorithm. So if we do learn some subtractions, we can apply this method much more efficiently. So from 31, I might go back 1 to 30, and if I'm at 30, well, maybe I know that 5 before 30 is going to be 25. So instead of counting back down by 1s, I might count back by 5, down to 25. And so far, I've gone back 1, 5 more. I've gone back 6. I want to go back 7, so I'll go back 1 more, and that takes me down to 24. Well, let's do a little more complicated problem, 103 minus 35 by counting down. And again, just to see the variety that is possible here, let's take a look at this in three ways. Again, mainly because this is a problem that can be solved whatever your level of knowledge happens to be. If the only thing you know how to do is count and count backwards, you can solve this problem. If you know more, you can solve the problem more efficiently. So again, we can read this as trying to find the 35th number before 103. And so what I might do is I might just count down by 10s from 103. So I'll count backwards, that's 103, 10 backwards is 93, 10 back is 83, 10 back is 73. That takes me back 10, 20, 30. That takes me back 30. So I need to go 5 more, and I'll just count back by 1s. So 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and going back 35 takes me to 68. And so 103 minus 35 is 68. As an alternative, I might make use of those benchmark numbers. So my first benchmark number counting backwards is going to be 100. So I count back to 100. Now I want to go back 35, so I can go back again by 10s. So there's 10, 20, 30, 1, 2, 3, I've gone back 33. And so now I want to go back 2 more. And again, if I've gone back 35 from 103, I get back to 68. Now if I actually know some subtraction facts, I can actually count down by larger amounts. So for example, I might know that 103 minus 30 takes me back to 73. And that's really a collapse of my counting back by 10s. So I don't really need to know subtraction facts to find this one because I can do that by repeatedly going back by 10. But then I may have another subtraction fact. If I go back from 73, back 5, or count down to 68. And so again, I've gone back 35, 103, 35 back takes you to 68. And there's our third method of solving the problem.