I'm Danny Oliver. I am a folk singer-songwriter. I'm originally from Regina Saskatchewan, living out in Victoria, BC. And I'm using TC Helikon's critical mass pedal. Overall, I would say that, especially for gang vocal parts, it's especially for parts that you really want to be heard. And for a solo artist like myself, nobody else is singing with you. TC Helikon's critical mass is amazing. There's a ton of different options. I like the octave-off-down option, because it doesn't sound big. Let's kick up some dust. We're not our shoulders. Forget all the plans that we made. The reverb is great because you have three options. Room, Hall, and Club option. So varying ranges of the wideness of whatever you're using. So if you're using an octave-off-down, and you change the Hall reverb, it's going to sound way wider than if you were to change the Club reverb. So the adaptive tone is very easy, because it doesn't leave much up to the front of house, whenever you're mixing vocals. It's built right into the pedal. So you touch it, where you go, and you can rest easy, knowing that your voice is going to sound good as soon as you're singing to that microphone. In summary, I would definitely recommend critical mass to anybody, especially solo artists who are looking to make their vocals sound wider, especially in certain areas of the song that they're playing. It's awesome.


How to add YouTube timestamp links, YouTube chapter tutorial. Hey guys, I know you've seen this, right? You've gone to a video and it had these little timestamps on it and it's really cool because you can actually click on one of those timestamps and go to that spot in the video. In this video, I'm gonna show you how you can add those to all your videos. Now, this is really important because some people just wanna get to a certain piece of information and the easier you make it for them to get to this piece of information, the more they're gonna enjoy your video, the more they enjoy your video, the more they're gonna be likely to subscribe and like your video and of course turn on notifications. So I wanna jump right in here. I'm gonna go to some of my videos. I wanna show you what it looks like on a desktop computer. I wanna show you what it looks like on mobile and I wanna show you how you can do it in almost no time. I also am gonna show you some examples of ones I have on my videos so you can see that and we'll change these in real time so that you can see how it works. So let's go ahead and jump over to my channel right now. I'm gonna pull up a video and then I'm gonna alter it so you guys can see exactly how to add these timestamps. Let's get going. Okay, I'm at one of my videos right now and I'm in the editing portion of it but let's go ahead and look at the video first to see what it looks like, okay? So I'm actually at the video now and I'm gonna stop this and I'm gonna just scroll down and I'm gonna go ahead and look at the show more. Now these are the timestamps that I'm talking about right here and these particular timestamps if you were to click on them is gonna go to that spot in the video. Let me get rid of this ad on my video though I love ads because I get paid on those but let me go ahead and get rid of that real quick. Okay, so I'm going to go ahead and stop this video right here. Now if you notice if you zoom in a little bit see these little separators here these are what's called chapters in a video. See that, okay? And the way you do that is down here I have all these chapters added, okay? So in this particular one I want you to try to memorize this just a little bit because I'm gonna go back and change them and then you can see what's changed but I've got 0000 which is the title, okay? And then custom cat, if you wanted to go to that that's 306, if you wanted to go to Lulu Express that's 426, T-POP is 617 and JetPrint 803 and AOP is 946.  So what we'll do is I'll go into the editing of this particular video and I'll add one, let's say at 10 minutes, okay? And I'll say it's a test or something along those lines. In addition to that I also put some links in here for some of these things for people makes it a whole lot easier for them to go to and that way the easier you make it for people the more you help them out the more they're gonna like your channel the more they're gonna subscribe. So I try to make it as easy as possible give them a good description here. So let's go to this video here and I'm gonna go ahead and go into the editing side. All right, so I'm at the editing side right here and you can see here's all the timestamps. I'm gonna add another one here. Okay, so I'm gonna put one right here and I'm gonna say 10 colon 02 and I'm gonna say test chapter because I don't really know what's a 10-02 I'm just sticking that in there. Now as soon as I put this here and I click save it knows to actually go to that spot in the video. So let's go ahead and save it real quick. Okay, it's now saved. Now I have it in another tab here. So what I'm gonna do is refresh this page and I'm gonna go ahead and stop this ad that's in here because we've got to add at the beginning of all my videos, which I love. I love ads, of course I do. Get paid on ads, ads are awesome. So now I'm gonna look down here. Look, here's the one I just added, test chapter. Now we have to go ahead and get rid of this ad real quick so let me do that and I'm gonna get rid of the ad and then let me stop this here. Watch what this does. Over here it's added another chapter and see how it says test chapter? It put a break right there. So now when a person looks down the description and they click on this right here, it's gonna go to that spot in the video right there which is test chapter. Is that amazing or what? So it doesn't take you a lot of work to do this. Now I will tell you the best thing to do is go through your videos and pick some sections in there that change. So maybe if you're doing restaurant reviews, say here's where I review the steak, here's where I talk about the potato, here's where I look at the menu. So maybe if somebody's interested in the menu of that restaurant, then they're gonna go look at that timestamp and go there and it's gonna make them that much more likely to watch more of your videos because they're easier to watch. Some people will argue, well, I don't wanna do that JR because they're gonna skip over the whole video and I don't want them to do that. Well, if they wanted to skip over your video anyhow and scroll to get there, you might as well make it easy for them because if you don't make it easy for them, they're just gonna get frustrated and maybe they won't watch any of your videos. So it doesn't hurt your views like you would think it does.  And now when I go back to that video, let's go make sure that that 10 is gone because we really don't want that on there. I'm gonna go ahead and stop this. Okay, we got another guy in his living room doing ads. So there you go, huh? And then I'm gonna go to show more right here and that timestamp is now gone so that is all set up for you. Now, there's actually a real advantage to adding these timestamps. Google actually will reward you for this because they know it's a better user experience. If you add a timestamp on there, they click to watch the video and then they click again to go to that timestamp that's actually gonna give you two views. So they actually reward you for doing this. Now, something else you can do, which is pretty cool, let's say you wanted to share a video with somebody, one of your videos, but you wanted them to go to that exact spot. You could actually stop the video at that spot and click share and share that video and it will actually start at that particular spot.  So they do reward this, they understand it, they get it and if you play the game, which you gotta play the game and you do the things that they want you to do, you will get rewarded with more views. So it's a simple and easy hack to do. You do have to go through your video, remember what you said, because you really can't do it in your script because you don't know what time it's gonna be to get to that spot. But after you've recorded the video, you should be watching it and you should be editing it anyhow so you're gonna know where those spots are on the video. In addition to that, guys, I do have a course below that's absolutely free, it's a $97 course that you can get. All you have to do is click and learn. And guess what? There's timestamps in this video. So you can go to one of those timestamps in this video and see how it works and watch that particular part of the video. Understand building your channel on YouTube is not easy. It's not easy. A lot of people try to start YouTube and they never really do anything. I had somebody that I know that bought one of my courses the other day and this kind of makes me think about it. And after about a week, she sent me an email and she says, are there refunds on your courses? Because I feel like you have done so many videos that I could just get everything out of your free content and use that money to start my business. And I look through it and it seems like it's the same thing. Now, what this person didn't know is that my software tells me if they went through any of the courses and how much they watched and how many videos they watched and she had watched absolutely nothing. Absolutely nothing. Guys, you gotta take action. And my answer to her is, yeah, as soon as you go through the course and you apply the information, if it doesn't work for you, sure, we'll give you money back, not a problem. I found that most people don't do anything. Most people not only don't go through the whole course, some people never even start the course. So these things that I'm telling you to do, guys, do work. But you gotta do them. You gotta do them. I know in the beginning I tried the wrong way. I tried not having descriptions. I tried not having thumbnails. I tried not having timestamps. And that doesn't work, okay? You're gonna have to do the work. So watching this video will teach you how to do these things but you have to apply them. When somebody says, hey, I bought your course so I should be getting rich any day now. No, it's not true. My course doesn't make anybody rich. None of my courses do. What makes you rich is learning the information and applying it. It is application, okay? It is effort and you still have to do it. And there's no getting out of that. There are videos on YouTube that will tell you that you could work four hours a week and make a million dollars a year. It's a lie. Don't believe it. It may make you feel good. You may get excited. You may go, hey, on the weekends, I can just knock out four hours and in the year I'll have a million dollars. No, you won't. It won't happen. It's just not gonna happen. Anything that's gonna give you any kind of big reward, you're gonna have to put a lot of effort into it. And as soon as you realize that, then you can start putting effort into these things and you can start making money. But do add timestamps, all your videos, make it easy for the viewer and you're gonna get more subscribers, more likes, more bell notifications, all that stuff, which reminds me, I want you to make sure you subscribe right now. Turn on all bell notifications so that you're notified every time I upload a video or I go live. In the comments below, let me know what you think about this.  Have you put timestamps on your videos? Put that in the comments section below. I would love to hear your input. If you have any questions about starting, running, and growing your online business, please also put that in the comments below. Thank you so much for watching this video and I'll see you in the next one. Hey, thanks for watching my video. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel and click that little bell right here so you can be notified every time I do a new video. Also, click on one of those videos there. Keep watching on my channel.


That was more or less it This this Oh if and check the first room. Yeah, this is a How much they they said it's gonna cost how much they needed and the third one is accumulated how much we paid and this is like Accommodation food and travel what they requested some people didn't want to Well, they know the ranking yeah, probably but I've all individually it's okay, I guess But so yeah, so that's That's the ranking. That's how we did it Everybody voted between minus three and three we get the median out of it, and that's how we rank it everybody But from that and that's what the buff is about I build this list So there is recommendations for the next people to do which is not really important here It's more about how much time you you're gonna need Especially for the Germany guys well you already being through that so but for for the Germany beat to have an idea of how much Time it takes to get ten people to agree on something There are notes for that but The main thing is For me most of the ten people had different Dimensions right some people care if you were coming from us or not or America's Some people cared if you were your first time or if you were from some type of diversity Some people cared if you were a strong contributor or not Some people cared if you are willing to pay money or not So I more or less synthesize it all those dimensions here as form of questions And my first thing was most of this should be possible to be automated likely inside summit itself the first My main concern is if we publish these rules because if we tell them like this is the rules You're gonna be bound to would people then try to cheat us would they try to lie Do we care about that or not? And then I'm not sure how to collect this answer from the project or from the chairs or from the comfort self But we probably need to ask this somehow and find out but so the first thing which is very strong is That confident us if you're coming from America you got high points So if you're coming from South America Central America North America We got you got better points than other people This should be fairly easy to find out because people has to tell them like I'm coming from this country So that is an easy one to rank when they don't forget to feel the few Yeah, exactly Right, right, yeah Right, okay, that's that's a good point And probably we can separate those things in terms of this is just gonna be used it for us to dirt Mind if it's a fair price or not. So That's that's doable And now so another challenge here is we never had any that comes at Asia or Africa so when do you prioritize those guys like when do you tell it's time for Asia because it's always expensive New Zealand was a we had a big discussions around a request from New Zealand because it was quite expensive And then it was like oh, it's easier for them to go to Germany and then our team was a split it No, it's cheaper to go to US. No, it's cheaper to go to to to Europe. So I think maybe both I don't know I remember for New Zealand, so Right The other thing which is a very recurrent and people usually penalize like the it not only this year from past years. I remember that usually people get Hard heavily penalized it is if they are not willing to pay a part of their trips So if people ask for their entire like all my trip is gonna be a thousand dollars. I want a thousand dollars Usually half of the team will penalize heavily against that Meaning that if I'm coming from Brazil and and Martin is coming from Brazil and I asked for a thousand But I'm willing to pay a hundred I probably will get scored above him if he's not willing to pay some part of it Does does it matter do we care about it? Because we don't enforce my main point is we never enforce this if somebody gets a cheaper ticket We don't enforce it so You go first and then Marty Everybody given that we didn't have any rules in place the first three team members Could use whatever bases they want for their rankings. Yeah, that's fine But this is something I feel very strongly about that. It's not appropriate for us to penalize somebody Or because we are second-guessing their cost especially since there are a lot of other costs related to travel beyond The only thing we reimbursed is we are reimbursed the cost of a flight If it takes them if it costs them fifty or a hundred dollars to get to the airport because they have to take a bus Or they have to rent a car or whatever there are there are costs that they really own meals while they're traveling to the airport There's lots of other stuff that goes into travel that are costs that we're not reimbursing And I don't think it's fair for us to second-guess and say for somebody especially in in countries where You know, that's a lot of it's a lot more money. Well, I guess I guess cost of living means it Maybe it's maybe it is or maybe it isn't but Anybody who's traveling they're they're invested in that whether they're asking for the full price So they're playing ticket or not unless They're getting a ride to the airport in their town, right? Just this is a little bit different from what we discussed over the list This is like the person asked it for an 100% they didn't ask for everything Right, they said I'm willing to pay a hundred dollars. That's it How much they say they're willing to pay of their own ticket price, right shouldn't affect. Oh, right. Okay. Okay Anybody that's traveling there's costs associated with that beyond the ticket price, right and there's cost associated with taking the time Huge fan of free stuff, you know, like Travel given away for free Usually that leads to more views than if there is a certain they sell committed to it Now, this is not really a formal self-commitment though saying yeah, I can pay 10% It would be much better if like they said We reimbursed them a hundred percent afterwards, but that's the Nigerian scan My point is though to get to the airport. Yeah, they're already doing that if they make it to the airport They've done it So I don't think that should play any role because I mean that otherwise you are going to be What if what if these two Brazilian people you were talking about what if one of them, you know Right, right. So that's why and I mean all those questions they did to get some feedback because when I'm wrote in this Proposal I would try to say here is the feeling around this topic and then that's my point is say like We kind of think that this doesn't matter. So for the next time the rule because this year we didn't have a strict rule like it's like Every team member had their own vision and then they rang for the next year I would like to have some rules and as much as possible be automated. So there is no We reduce the margin for interpretation Which country There is a topic about that also you'll see in a minute The other thing is does it matter if you're a double-comf newbie this year? We didn't had the new BQ which seems to be very successful for another years I think we should have it again And I think bursary should take care of it as a separate queue Like we don't need to have other people involved in this process and make it confusing for whoever is subscribing But then for next year, we should be sure to make it work and advertise and this kind of stuff Because this year we try to do that with a few people I think this is the first time this person is coming and and and that also correlates to the next one For a few people we had this like We should bring this person right this is a minority like we have it is not well represented that among us So we should bring This person and then it was everybody fell the same way. So it's something that the team cared about So probably something we should think but then what types of diversity we cover, right? It's not that just gender. There's other types and then it starts to become tricky The one big question is what Martin mentioned is Are we worried about people taking vacations on us? Like we are paying for free vacations because you're not covering every single corner and checking everything Because once we approve it, we are very relaxed. We basically tell SPI or FFIS is like here's the list of people if they send you a ticket and then reimburse them We don't really go through a long Detailed process to do that. So Another common topic that came this year, I was like should you penalize people that don't answer all the questions We had a lot of that people that didn't provide all the money information we requested people that Please explain you why do you need the sponsorship? Some sometimes people just said because I'm a DD Is that fair it's not this is this is another of our concerns Some people said and that's some people said it's like I work the entire year for Debian for free I have my job and I spend a lot of time on my volunteer. I think I'm entitled to Other people actually told a little bit of their lives to us like things like I have kids and I'm unemployed And then I really want to see you guys again, but I don't have the money. So we get access to those details. So That's and that's that's exactly the next point but before go ahead Sponsorship that was what do you do for Debbie and the answer was I have a needy I believe when we wrote that question the purpose of it was to make sure that the Bursary's team had enough information Know who the person was not for them to judge Their qualifications. We've had discussions in the past about this that was how I remember that we were We want to ask the question to make sure that the person who submitting themselves that the Bursary's team has enough information And they can inform the opinion not to judge Whether they've given enough detail Like from my perspective if I know the person is a DD I don't need more information to evaluate whether they would be right But yeah Yeah Their activities during that Because then I don't know How we scale this but it's true like I'm all I owe I this is also something that I am I have concerns about and It's true that most people get closer shit like here We don't have any means of controlling what they do so they can't really expand the whole day outside and or Your pilot night and don't attend to talks or walks or whatever. So if we had a way of not really keeping track but That it very encouraging very much people to publish what they are doing then we could maybe next year have access to what they did Let's see here. They will Sure, so Murray then Dave then yeah, I think I Personally think it would be fair and appropriate for us to ask people who take Travel sponsorship also in fact people who take food and accommodation sponsorship to have effectively a compulsory Reply her report of that I've come up afterwards. Of course, this wouldn't stop them from having holidays Like just a few come a paragraph or two on what on that I've got This clearly would not stop abuse because people can invent something But I think apart it would discourage abuse a little bit And also it would help us a lot for going to sponsors in the future to say look at all these useful things People have done who you paid for you would put it in the final report. Yeah It's too late now to I think that's And it's not a condition because all we're saying is if you would like to Beneficially Okay, this is actually for next year Dave so I think that Sounds like But I think is if you're not Then you should be willing to say what you did at the last And some people have tough time remembering but then I mean I think that's fair as part of the process. You're you're applying for the seventh time for sponsorship to DevCon and so What did you do last time and it doesn't have to be anything Baroque? And I think that would Remove some of the enforcement questions is just a question on the forum You can either fill it out or not and we can You know tell people we're going to ask for this So encourage them to make a blog post that they can link to that would be completely okay from my point of view but also Yeah, and Before Martin do still have the pointer you already mean yeah So I mean the other thing is as long as we agree with ahead of time I think the rules are clear like if you're applying for these you have to do that And if you don't submit your report, we are going to penalize you next year then it's fine it's fair game right the rules are ahead of time and The thing that I mentioned that you said like about details is that how much details do want to know about why people can't Form like does it matter for that? And if you are poor or unemployed or anything like that because we do ask that in a very vague question And people like share details or sometimes they just as I said said like look I said that and he I know I can quote him. He said like I'm the DPO. I work a lot. So I hope I can have the sponsorship Murray Yeah, I think on that point. I think more important in a way than Exactly what is the rule on that? I think it's more important that we had a kind of a level Agreed rule for everyone at the moment. It's very opaque and some people Feel personally that they shouldn't apply for travel sponsorship because they have enough money and other people need to travel Other people who with good jobs in Europe or the US apply because well, they're worth doing work for them Yeah, and that is that part is not fair I mean at the moment they will probably be treated fairly if they apply But many people do not apply and it's unfair. Some people feel they are entitled to isn't apply and get the money every year And other people never apply. Yeah, that's Lucas find me during the conference the look Lucas newsman and then he He told me he asked me about how was the process and and if you could have bring more people and we discuss it a little bit And one of the things that he asked me to do is for next year to ensure that we had thevertize heavily that people should apply for a sponsorship so that we should tell people to ask for travel sponsorship because Debin money is over two hundred thousand and he wants us to spending this money to bring people here We needed for India in 2016 Go ahead I mean I'm fine with advertising that everybody should apply, but I think we should agree that everybody should apply before we advertise it Yeah, I think this goes back to the question of how much does financial need matter in the allocations Go Marty and then Marga Any other Conference, I think it's important that we work very hard to have as much money as possible so that we can buy it for as many people as possible And then this regard I would be just pretty interested. I stepped in two minutes Maybe since the beginning, but it was my understanding now that we didn't use up all the money that we could have used for a travel sponsorship this year and Even though we had like some people in the list That was probably because of time pressure and everything and what can we do to? Have anything yeah, I had two specific suggestions that I've made on the list That let's just hear Marga and then you can go So I have two comments one is that maybe we could ask people To be volunteers like for the beauty more from this for something in return for getting the sponsor trip Then the other thing is that for me Financially it should be a very important point. So Participating in deviant is a very important point Financial need is also a very important point for me I think we should try to bring as many people as possible and if you can't afford it Then why should they pay for it if you can't afford it if you can't afford it then We want you here. So we pay for it But it's very difficult to assess and you have this what if people self-assess and What I was going to be people that like don't think that what they do is valuable enough But others do and they're going to be people that over State what they do. So it's very hard to get that right, right I think the two points are related or is Well, so I was going to comment on what can we do about spending money right and making sure we spend the money That's in our budget and the two proposals I had were first of all Look at our historical usage of our travel sponsorship funds and set an over-commit level that we give the bursaries team Based on those historical rates just to say yes, you can approve One percent or three percent more than what's in the budget knowing that we will have some cancellations because we've never not had them And the other thing is to have stronger expense tracking Earlier to the point where we know exactly how much it's costing us out of our budget for each person so that as we identify People who are not attending or as we get as we get closer down and we see like date ranges of people actually attending versus not we can Move the money from the the accommodations and food budget over travel sponsorship because based on just that alone We had enough money to sponsor another five people But we couldn't be sure of exactly how much money we had in the budget for that until it was too late for them to get reasonable tickets So Murray and then Marty. Yeah, I don't know again. I still Personally question how things are really work if we just say that everyone by working for Debbie and irrespective of circumstances is eligible Yes, we may have 200,000 in the bank account But you could easily spend that on what come in this conference probably the amount people spent on travel would be a lot more than that I will say personally I haven't yet applied for travel sponsorship for that car because I thought I was in a Reasonably well-paid stuff in Europe. I am not deserving compared to other people of Debbie and targeting me with that money Of course if it's now, but if it is announced as a policy everyone working on Debbie And is ought to be getting troubles one chip then I would apply And I'm sure many other people would suddenly start applying and you then then you actually will need to Filter it and then it becomes a bit pointless that you've told these extra to apply right So what's gonna happen if we introduce a checkbox that says If you don't get sponsorship, please still come we've tried that and what happened People say they won't come So the intent of the current wording on the web page is how much is it gonna cost you? How much sponsors of money do you need to attend? Deb-con so the intent of the current questions is to ask them to provide needs-based information to us as input I Don't see any reliable way to Ever be more precise than that. I mean having people evaluate their own need People have different views on on what their their needs are so like and just because they have money doesn't mean that They don't have other things that are also important for them to spend it on if they have a family if they're if like it Is a significant cost to their family for them to spend the time away to conference and as a result They have to give up something else then It may be that if they don't get sponsored, they're not going to come does that mean that because the reason they're they would not come isn't due to the balance of their bank account does that mean that We should reject them. I mean, it's a very Everybody has their own personal circumstances, and I don't I don't know that always saying that looking at some how much money Somebody makes is the driving factor for whether we should sponsor them so maybe instead of trying to solve that problem which I think we all agree we can't solve and we should focus again on the expecting certain things from sponsored attendees which includes volunteer session sign-ups and Includes a little report that they should send in and it's not a requirement per se But maybe we could at this conference already say that you know write your reports because when we have your report from last year How about the stuff that you've done? That's a very that's very very important piece of data for us to decide you next year One Especially the benefit moray writes down that you know, he's he rewrote that No, but that's by all means you know the heck you should come again But again, I think for the I for the financial side, I agree it's not possible to Without giving some completely ridiculous ten-page forum and lots of numbers you cannot evaluate people's true circumstances However, it does seem to me personally that Debian does not sustainably have money to sponsor everyone who is contributing to Debian Therefore seems to me personally that we again. I'm not saying this is wins everywhere else I personally feel that we ought to be prioritizing people who have some financial need not merely because they are Contributing and I think if we set that as an expectation and Document that we will already filter people who really have no justifiable financial need Obviously, what is almost a file mean? You have no way to measure this Well, so you say we should tell us everyone I you say I'm saying I'm saying however you were to you're gonna get some people who are gonna feel bad about asking for the money And you know some people who are going to feel that what they do is important And we have no way to effectively evaluate this by any sort of objective metric So no matter what we write people are going to decide to ask for whatever money they're going to ask for it We have no way of telling whether it's just a client or not Well, but I'm saying that we are already asking the kinds of questions we already have questions saying how much do you need? Adding different words doesn't change that it's the same fundamental problem There is no moment. There's no documentation anywhere to tell people whether or not they should yeah Everyone should apply or any people who ever make a need except except for the emails or the forms that we send There is no details on this is what we encourage This is the form here. I'm just saying the emails that are sent out and so on do not specify You know who we want to apply well, okay There's a reason for that and that is if the three people currently Discussing things can't agree on a standard. What are the odds that the project can right? There's a deep lack of consensus On this issue. So I that's why it's not Express clearly. There's nothing to express It does seem unfair to me if it's just because the people who Brazenly apply Are the one that automatically gets funding and a lot of other people are not currently applying So they feel they're not appropriate. So the point is that you want to encourage more people to apply than I'm Okay with that. I agree that Messaging that no way encourages me. I personally don't think it's sustainable for everyone to apply I think it's not but if that's if the if the team cannot implement any policy does not agree on any policy That then it should then we should whether on the team tells them other people should be saying everyone should apply I don't understand what's not sustainable and everybody applying Everybody applying doesn't mean everybody gets sponsored It's just more work for bursaries Yeah, yeah, it's definitely more work Yeah, because then many people that could afford it's gonna Yeah, he's gonna have a truck special strip. So people who really can't come without Right, so we are trying like we're raising money for people who can and at the end those who can Yeah, shifting money So I think I'm at least I don't understand Saying everybody should apply as saying he doesn't matter and so I think it's a question of where this filtering happens and I think that Maury Has a point that people self filtering Is not a necessarily a good algorithm because if you're I mean names for some people, it's obvious Like Borla right no the other guy your boss So but for a lot of people right here it's tough to say and So what we should do is in the evaluation path process use that as part of the ranking like we do now in some Kind of mission not very good way right I agree, but if we could agree at least that the idea is that It's part of the ranking that would be progress I mean that's a different question rather than saying You should only apply If you can't go otherwise right and that seems like not a great algorithm because It's not an easy question to answer anyway, right? Right, you might be able to yeah, I think go and like with a lot of sacrifice Right, whatever sacrifice means. Yes for you Let me just wrap this Because this is the last thing So those are ideas this is different from what happened that it generated questions This is actually ideas that I don't think we ever try And I don't know if whoever will but So when I say self-assess, of course, I don't mean We'll take that as whatever you self-assess it in rank But it's like would that work to ask like how much we're involved in or how much you plan to be involved next year Ah Should we switch your percentage values that is the discussion that um, I had with Steve and on the list which is if you say you can pay a hundred dollars out of a thousand But you get tickets for eight hundred dollars. We ended up paying your entire ticket Should we say instead of its percentage like I can't pay 90% of my flight ticket doesn't matter How much it is and then if you get a cheaper discount will also get that been also gets a discount So for me Right, I mean the point is you can still say 100% right Then we will have to deal with if you get a more expensive ticket So it's a two-way problem. I'm not saying it's better or worse I'm just saying if we can save money together But we also means that then we'll have to make a reserve like that kung fu have to have like I don't know 10 20% reserve because we will get a lot of more expensive tickets, right? So I don't really know There is a few things that we can do but the other thing is I don't know if it's right now We all rank all everybody. Maybe it's easier if we rank at them in different dimensions like two people rank on geography three people rank on budget three people rank on activity and team membership. So this is more about internal dynamics and the other thing is This is more about system-wise and instead of having the ranking having a yes or no And then you go back to the budget team and they do whatever they have to which is like you should sponsor this people This is high priority and then then this is the next and then this is the next and whatever you do We don't care. This is the final list and this is a the big discussion and topic that we Discussed and Steve is very strong about never reducing the amount of money that people requested And he already explained why and then I I Think that in some cases if you walk for 50% Instead of nothing would be better And we we didn't have time to keep arguing about that because we had to do other stuff But that's that's not a better outcome But there are also cases where that could actually be a battle absolutely result of author get it results in hardship And I don't think that we can distinguish those cases with the information that we have which is why I think it's better Do not do it. Yeah Why would it result in hardship because if you ask somebody My plane ticket. How much is your plane ticket $1,000? How much of it can you pay $200? And and that's what they say they can pay and you come back and you say well No, we can't give you $200 or we can't give you $800, but we can give you $400 And that person really wants to go but the first time you asked them the question They honestly told you this is what I think I can afford and we offer them less money than that What are they going to do they're going to look at that and they're gonna say I can get to dead pump if I just make if I stretch my money a little bit farther And in some cases that's that's not a good thing for that contributed to do and I think it's not good for us to Encourage our contributors to sacrifice that much Beyond what they can just raise the amount that they asking for just in case if you change your mind Yeah, yeah, so the last thing that I thought it's we don't have a database for sponsorship So we don't know from year to year what happened Which I'm willing to go and try to pursue as much as we can find and then we would have a database of hey We sponsored this guy every single year This time he's gonna give his spot to somebody else right we can try to make those decisions If we have this because right now we are basically on an empty canvas every single year Like we don't know what happened some of us remind but we don't and also changing systems doesn't help with that We can dig we can dig this data. Yeah, I'm pretty sure this data is around somewhere When we last call her like two three years. Yeah, at some moment I started doing that because I remember about about this about this in this content that repeat a lot of the Conversation we are having so I'm willing to work with you on that because the year I have work in the committee I have this data Okay, great. I think we need to keep some kind of historic track It's track because there are people that when the rest come is out of Europe. They are not they're asking a sponsor chip But when he's in Europe, they are not in a sponsor chip So which I from is a quite good for European people, right? There's also the contrary Something I say for the other I think is worth mentioning Is that we should consider changing the way that asking a sponsor chip works right now?  It means it doesn't require you a lot of effort and you have a lot to win There are people like more I'm already said that it's okay. I don't need the money I won't do it but for plenty of people is just click on you might get money I also don't like of the system that is no way of feedback between them The works at his team and the person asking asking a morning Sometimes it happens for example when I went to the content. I asked for a sponsor chip I bought my tickets a lot of spending on bus because I saw a very good friend So I didn't ask a lot of money for a different Spain as somebody from the community The community has me. Oh, it's your own right because we didn't ask a lot of money But is the only time I have seen somebody reaching out other people I haven't done that Yeah, we did that this year mostly Steve and I feel like Martin also did We had like I think less than 10 people that we had like questions One one case was somebody that asked it more money than the flight ticket So the flight ticket was a thousand and the person asked it 1200 1200 and it was like is this a mistake and then we actually find out that The person was considered all the other like taxi to the airport price to get a visa So the person was like, okay, my flight tickets a thousand But I actually need a thousand and two hundred to do all the stuff that I actually need to travel Which was I think first time I saw that But we reach it out, but I agree the system should have some easier way to Know everything So this year when we did have doubts and where we were confused about the information or we thought it looked strange We did reach out to them and ask for clarification by email So they had an opportunity to respond We had a couple of people who had strange requests for food sponsorship But not accommodation or we wanted to know why they were not asking for accommodation because we thought if they have the money to Apply for a hotel should that affect their ranking for food and accommodation as well We had the other we had the other way around now So they didn't ask for food and we said oh, I didn't know I thought we were saving money. No, no, no, it's okay You can ask for food so A few cases like that a few with some strange prices tickets So you're almost off of time So I will roll the three last comments and then we kind of closed session Luciano to easy somehow and The I also remember that one when I was also evaluating people I remember that it was hard to know if people is in deep and nearby why the present was so different and they don't think So maybe we can extend the system to tell more information. Okay, which which which flight are you planning to take or? And which how much is each flight how much is what why is your stops on that more information that you show that you Yeah, you make some research and investigate which one is the best option and even we can share that information with others Coming from the same place or nearby. I know that everybody from Europe for example take the plane from Amsterdam to here So obviously we wish we can share that information and we can also Force or enforce people to to do more research. That's just This is still just being the black, right Yeah Or any kind of feedback that supposed people Should be the encourager For sure to do the other thing is As I think the team could agree in some goals What is this team working for and why the response of people so that it would serve as guidelines for people? to see if they not that I Am I like eligible or not to sponsorship? But is it the thing of giving space for more people if I can pay or like some What why do we sponsor people and should I ask for some sponsorship or not? if we can can agree in various goals of this committee this this Or this effort of that point organization, I think this could already like at least serve and we believe that the trust people to be sensible and to be Fine and Dave the problem is that many people apply and We may trust some of them, but probably not all of them So but I think it would already have help because what we have now we don't even have this Yeah, so people can just I don't know. I thought you had plenty of money And why not if there is money? Yeah, but if we have at least the goals here Why we and why it's not sustainable that every single DD apply So maybe you should consider that you can contribute a little bit so that you live for Who else need more Dave so I think we should Harder to get something concrete down What? How me Even if it's white They and it's not satisfactory to any one of us having nothing there is worse Than I mean, it's I think it's a big Problem with the current well, I say the current the process for the last five years So I don't know how we can move forward with this, but I suspect that Anyway, so it's not so much a question is I think this is a problem People because we it is a problem, but it's not drama. I mean people is not it's not like stop eating for coming here and then it's Yeah, and this this is kind of a lecture. I don't know I take my ticket and I spoke sponsorship if I don't get the sponsorship I Put money in advance in David and I've maybe not be able to come the next year But it's not like I'm pretty sure that is not Or it should not be a Decision for the economy of anybody to be here Well, I think but Okay, so we're way over time. I think I'm talking about something different. So so you're you're talking about what it means for need for individuals I'm talking about Supposing we could define that What it should how it should matter to the committee right and we have a range of options I think nobody thinks it shouldn't matter at all No, at least I haven't heard anybody suppose that I Don't say that it would be crazy, but and some people think it should be Marga explicitly said it should be one of the main criteria right and so I don't know if we can I Think I have to do better than we do now in terms of people knowing as Mars a going in a little bit about How much this matters and that will also help people fill out the form in a more sensible way if they know that this is We base a third of our ranking on your financial. Yeah So to wrap up there are like I will try to provide as much data as I can Publicly about this year so parts of that form in terms of medium Request and this kind of number so people can have an a public idea about it and that can goes into the final report and then I would try to synthesize what we discussed it here and then Thinking about some goals and then especially for me It's very important to have the rules like this is how we try to grade you and then and then mix that with the Goals of like our primary goals to fund people that cannot come without this sponsorship our second year goal So try to reach consensus around that And then so in the third thing is we'll try to find some of these questions one little thing that I remembered I didn't post here But she were discussing is that one of the things that I would like to try for next year is ask some volunteers to go and like Get a list of all the countries that people are coming from like what 40? And then we split among 10 people Every people makes for research about how much is a flight ticket and we have a million or as Luciano suggested We crowd search that and have everybody put that so we can calculate a medium So those things can work and the last thing is For the next year one of the things that I'm going to propose which I know is controversial is having Two people on this committee be sponsored by Debian So we don't worry about last-minute things like all you're asking for travel sponsorship So you can organize this which will be my case I won't be able to go to Germany if I don't ask for travel sponsorships I won't be able to work on this thing again. So and I know that it will be a problem for other The our Auditors team ask it for nobody on the bursaries can ask for travel sponsorship So I will ask this to be sponsored directly by Debian, right? Yeah, I remember that era but this year they requested to not even be penalized that you can't be part of the team You can have access to the numbers. So The auditors. Yeah clean clean and somebody else asking for this Discussion of this topic Martin I think you have the last word and then we are done Because I did want to say thank you very much for this work It was awesome to be working with you you took it up and you drove this And for us at least being just being part of the bursaries team It felt like you know stuff was moving and I could have a little bit So I hope you're gonna keep doing this and I you know, I would say you should just get sponsored Thank you. Thank you. Thank you for coming You


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Never let your education interfere with your learning, Sal said. And I'm sure everyone in this room and in our virtual audience has in their mind something that Sal said. Of course, most of them are not to be repeated in this room, but I'm sure, nevertheless, you've thought of them, you've maybe said them and maybe quoted them, which he would have thought the ultimate compliment. A proud native Houstonian, Sal graduated from Texas Heart Institute class of December 1987 and stayed on staff full time for 27 years. He genuinely enjoyed interacting and teaching students. He became our lifelong friends, as you saw there, and armed with only a bucket of water, some tubing and clamps, he provided a low fidelity simulation experience that was still able to convey not only the mechanics of profusion, but the responsibility of profusionist to the patient and surgical team. Even though one of the older staff in later years, Sal just had a natural ability to relate to and engage students, a testament to this consistent character, quick wit and happy spirit. The Sal Gretchen Memorial Scholarship is a $5,000 annual award given to a THI profusion student of junior or senior status to defray educational expenses. Applicants must meet an academic threshold, provide transcripts and write a 1000 word essay. Our selection committee this year included myself, Dr. Ott, who couldn't be here today, he's out of the country enjoying retirement, and Dr. Livesey is here with us today. We also sought feedback from profusion staff that work with these students clinically and that we're also co-workers of Sal's. This scholarship would not be possible without the generous donations we've received over the last two years, and I really have to say there's not a week goes by that I don't get a letter from the Texas Heart Institute telling me that someone has made a donation in Sal's memory. So I really am thankful for that. And since we lost our wonderful colleague, I have received so many of these letters and it's really a testament to the impact he had on profusion and our cardiovascular community. So to the scholarship, every applicant had an inspiring and compelling profusion story, and I really have to give a shout out to some of the moms of these students. Several of our applicants were exposed to cardiovascular surgery and encouraged in profusion by their mothers. So way to go moms. You introduced your son or daughter to an opportunity in healthcare and you encouraged them to pursue that. It was truly uplifting to read these essays. Every applicant is deserving, you really had a hard time selecting the recipient and congratulate all of them on their hard work and the exemplary qualities they already exhibit as healthcare professionals and leaders. But as we can only select one, it is my privilege and distinct honor to award the first Sal Gretcho Memorial Scholarship to Kyle Gustav. Kyle, we're not going to put you on the spot if you don't want to say anything, but I just want to let you know that we took that wonderful picture, Dr. Cooley and Sal in the operating room for the 75,000 case and I was telling Kerry that there's actually some of these students are here today. So that picture is really going to be awesome and it will be given to every recipient. So Kyle, and we also will have a plaque with every recipient and Kerry is going to show that. I will be here in the Texas Heart Institute. So Kyle, you're the first one on line. This is hard to speak, kind of a loss for words, being honored to be in this position. I just want to say thank you and thank everybody here that's put a hand in my learning and education. So thank you all very much.


anatomy of spine or the vertebral column as all of us know that the vertebral column is an amazingly complex structure which is designed to meet the mobility and stability and simultaneously protect the spinal cord. So, this vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae of which may be 24 or pre-sacral, 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar and 5 sacral and 3 to 4 oxygel vertebra with an intervertebral disc which are 23 in number as C1 and C2 do not have the intervertebral disc. The adjacent vertebra with the intervertebral disc and the ligament is complex associated with it make one functional spinal unit. In the fetal life if you look at the curvatures because it is a curved rod. So, initially there is a curvature which is convex posteriorly and this posterior curvature is actually maintained in the thoracic and the sacral regions and as the child begins to hold the neck a laudotic curve appears that is in the cervical region and the second laudotic curve appears when the child begins to stand upright and walk. So, these are the primary curves which are kyphotic that is thoracic and sacral and the ones which are secondary curves are the laudotic curves seen in the cervical and the lumbar region. Now, because of it being a curved rod it is not a straight rod. So, this curvature gives it a 10 foldability to resist the axial compression. Looking at the center of gravity we can see that it passes through the dense in the spinal column and then anterior to the thoracic spine and then from the sacral promontory. Now, if we come to the parts of a typical vertebra we all know that it has an anteriorly cylindrical shaped body and posteriorly posterior structure which is an irregular shaped structure and is known as the vertebral arch. This vertebral arch is further divided into two components that is the pedicle which is lying anterior to the articular processes and the posterior elements. The pedicle which is lying anterior to the articular processes is well designed that is it is tau thick and which is actually meant for transmitting the bending forces from the posterior elements to the vertebral body. By posterior elements I mean the laminas, the articular facets, the transverse processes and the spine. If you look at the laminas they are actually centrally located and they are the origination point for rest of the posterior elements here. Now, this laminas are actually here kept to you know transmit the forces from all the posterior elements and then to the pedicles and from pedicles to the vertical body. So, to transmit this forces it is the anterior part of the lamina which actually we see between these two facets is known as the parts. So, this is the part which is responsible for transmitting the forces from posterior elements to the pedicle. So, these are actually known as the bending forces because the lamina is oriented vertically and pedicle is oriented horizontally. So, these bending forces are actually transmitted through the parts or we say parts interarticular is because it is between the superior and inferior articular facets. So, it is subjected to the bending forces. So, if we see descend down from cervical to lumbar region we see that it is most developed in the lumbar spine and of course, because the weights are increasing as we descend down. So, this also shows an increase in the amount of cortical bone to accommodate these increased forces and if there is an insufficient bone in this region it can make them susceptible to the stress fractures. Coming to the spinous and transverse processes they are the sites for muscle attachments and of course, they serve to increase the lever arm for the muscles of the vertebral column. Now, the articular processes which we have superior and inferior articular facet they form synovial facet joints they are complementary to each other and also they form the posterior boundaries of the inter vertebral foramen through which the nerve roots are coming out. And this capsule of these joints is actually closely related to medial branches of the dorsal remi of the spinal nerves. So, any injury to these will denervate the muscles of the back and these together form a supporting column which is referred to as the articular pillar. Now, as we saw so the parts so the vertebra which they adhere to a common basic structural design, but they show regional variation in size and configuration that reflects actually the functional demands of a particular region. So, let us see one by one how the features change. Now, if you look at the vertebral body in the cervical region it is very very small as compared to the thoracic and the lumbar vertebra. The transverse diameters are much more than the apiantro posterior diameter and also in the cervical region there is a lateral liping which is known as the yansinate process. So, this discull surface that is which is facing the inter vertebral disc restricts both the lateral and the api gliding movements. In the thoracic region especially the mid thoracic region the transverse and the antropocere diameter are almost equal, but as we you know go up the cervical or the lateral the lumbar extremes the lateral dimension will increase towards these extremes. So, in the thoracic region if you look at the ventral and the dorsal height the ventral height which is the vertical height and the dorsal height. In the thoracic region the dorsal height is more than the ventral height which actually contributes to the normal physiological kyphotic curve in this region and also the body has a unique demi-facet for articulation for the ribs. The lumbar body is massive where the transverse diameter is much more than the antroposterior as well as the height. Now in the lower lumbar vertebra especially the L5 the body and inter vertebral disc both the ventral height is much more than the dorsal height giving it a law-dotic curve rather is a wedge shaped and which actually contributes to the formation of lumbosacral angle. The inferior border of the body in the cervical region overhangs the lower vertebra. Now looking at the actually what I said initially that if you look at the transverse diameter or the width the AP diameter or the depth in the cervical region we can see that it is around 16 to 17 millimetres. There is a gradual increase up to the C5 but there is a steep increase in the transverse diameter up to the second thoracic vertebra more or less constant. Again there is a steep increase and by L5 the dimension has increased up to 46 to 47 millimetre that is 4.6 to 4.7 centimetres. The depth also shows the same pattern and again in the L4 actually we have the maximum depth in the L5 there may be a small decline towards the depth. Now this is actually all designed to permit the efficient load carrying capacity of the vertebra. Now when we look at the ventral and the dorsal height ventral height and behind we have the dorsal height they also the ventral height initially may decline by C6 but then again a sharp increase in this but as we look at the lumbar region the dorsal height that is the posteriorly shows a decrease up to the L5 vertebra. Coming to the pedical anatomy actually four important dimensions are generally used that is we have the diameter or the thickness of the pedicle that is the transverse pedicle width and we have another that's called transverse pedicle angle which is the angle between the axis of the pedicle and the midline axis the sagittal line okay. In the sagittal view we have the height that is the sagittal pedicle width or the pedicle height and we have the sagittal angle that is the angle which the pedicle axis forms with the horizontal plane. Now this the transverse actually talks about the tells us about the orientation of the pedicles in the transverse or the horizontal plane whether they are directed posteriorly postrolaterally or postomerially whereas if you look at the sagittal angle it indicates whether they are oriented rostrally horizontally or they have a chordal bend. Now transverse pedicle width if we go down from cervical to lumbar we can see that it's around six millimeters here may decline there is a gradual increase and T2 has the you know the pedicle width which is around 7 to 8 millimeters showing a steep decrease in the mid thoracic region T4 pedicle is actually the narrowest pedicle we say and then we see here that by the L5 vertebra there is 16 to 17 millimeter of the pedicle width. So this pedicle width is very important because here the manipulation with the pedicle screws is there is more space to manipulate this area. Coming to the transverse pedicle angle we can see here that is the angle which it is making with the mid sagittal plane it is around 43 to 44 degrees here we can see how they are directed they are directed now postrolaterally when we are looking at from the anterior aspect from the posterior aspect we will say they are converging but from the anatomy we look from the anterior aspect so we say that they are directed postrolaterally because they form a very cute angle of 43 to 44 degrees and then there is a sharp decline in this angle and we can see the direction of the pedicles in the thoracic region now they are you know moving towards the more posterior direction and it may be up to 0 degrees that is parallel to the mid sagittal plane and we go down in the minus direction but as the lumbar vertebra they again start to increase and the angle reaches up to the 25 to 30 degrees in the lumbar vertebra the transverse pedicle angle the sagittal pedicle width also shows the more or less same width in the cervical region but steep increase in the from T1 to T5 vertebra mid thoracic again has more or less similar sagittal height steep increase in the lower thoracic region but again there is a bit of decrease in the sagittal height in the lumbar region but actually the dimensions are so massive that it doesn't contribute so much now the sagittal pedicle angle that how this thing is directed if this is the the angle the sagittal pedicle angle so it is telling us about the directions of these pedicles now if if we looking from the anterior aspect they are directed upwards or if you're looking from behind they are directed downwards so in this we can see the angle which is now towards the positive side in the thoracic region because they are directed more upwards when we are looking from the anterior aspect and when we are looking from the posterior aspect from postro superior to antero inferior direction they are going down so this is in the cervical region the angle is around minus 6 to 7 or 8 degrees whereas we can see in the thoracic it's more positive and in the lumbar again they you know tend to become more horizontal the laminas are thin and slightly curved and they face post to medially in the thoracic region they are slightly thick and broad and they overlap overlap is minimum in the lumbar region as far as the spinous process is concerned this is short slender and horizontal with the bifid tips in the thoracic region the spines are actually oblique but more so the oblique actually the which tends to overlap is much more in between T5 to 28 but the two extremes that is towards the cervical and the lumbar extreme they tend to become horizontal and in the lumbar region they are broad thick and horizontal as far as the transverse process variation is concerned in the cervical region if we see this is the transverse process this is the pedicle so they arise from the junction of the vertebral body and the pedicle whereas here if we see the transverse process arise from the junction of the pedicle and the parts so in the cervical region they have foramen transversarium which transmits the vertebral artery vein and maybe branches from the cervical thoracic ganglia in the thoracic region they are thicker they are longer and they are directed more postural laterally and they bear costal fissure for the tubercles of the ribs in the lumbar region if we see they are thin and long and slender and they are directed just laterally they are little more ventrally placed and in the l5 they actually find more ventral attachment from the body so we say they are triangular and they are thick and they have accessory process at the postural inferior aspect of the of their root coming to the facets now it is the facets orientation which actually decides the movement in the particular region of the vertebral column so looking from behind if we see the superior articular facet in the cervical region they are flat and oval and they face postural superior and medial so this direction is very important we look at the thoracic region again they are flat and oval but this face postural superior and more laterally and in the lumbar region the direction has completely changed they are vertically oriented they are concave and they face more postural medially and of course they show a very thick projection on the posterior border that is the mammillary process now it's because of their direction and their angulation with the horizontal coronal and the vertical plane we can see that the regional variation in the mobility of the spine and this depends on not only the geometry of the articular facets but the orientation and the properties of the facets and the of course related ligamentous complex so looking at the three movements which are actually possible because there are six degrees of freedom so we have flexion extension lateral bending and axial rotation now in the cervical region if we see the axial rotation is the maximum around 45 degrees they say 44 to 45 degrees both ways that is this kind of a movement and this axial rotation is actually possible at C12 which we call it as atlanto-axial and we say it has no no joints so the axial rotation is maximum in this region and then we have flexion extension possible up to 25 degrees but the lateral bending is not really so much possible but if we see the actually flexion extension is more possible at the atlanto-oxipital joint because of the special kind of geometry the atlas condyles have in the mid cervical region we have flexion extension up to 20 degrees we have lateral bending around 10 degrees and rotation is minimized we say that in the cervical column most of the 50% of the movements are at atlanto-oxipital or atlanto-axial joint thoracic part of the spine shows minimum movements in all directions that is the stabilizing factor here so we have actually almost nil flexion extension a bit of lateral bending and axial rotation is still there because of their orientation and they lie on the arc of the actually axis of rotation coming to the lumber region again because of their geometry now flexion extension has increased the lateral bending is again minimal but axial rotation is not possible because they are oriented more vertically the atypical vertebras that is the cervical first which is the atlas we all of know has there's no body it has lateral masses which are connected by the short anterior arch and a long posterior arch this bears a facet for the dense here and this are the kidney-shaped aty superior articulating facets which are permitting more of flexion and extension so we call them as yes yes joints for a man transversarium for the vertebral bodies the inferior facets are actually more you know flat and oval complementary to the the superior facets of the C2 now posterior arch has the important relation that is a vertebral artery from coming from the for a man transversarium and these first occipital nerve we can see here the vertebral artery and the first cervical nerve related to the posterior arch of the atlas now second cervical vertebra is again atypical and unique in that that it has the centrum the body and from the body projects a structure which is called the dense now this dense has a tip and a base and here is the body now if you look at the part here these are the superior articular facets which are directed actually more laterally and they are kept horizontally this is the lateral mass the for a man transversarium in the transverse process and this is the inferior articular facets now by definition if I go by just the anatomical definition if this is the superior articular facet this is the inferior articular facets so this is the parse this is the parse interarticular is what is the pedicle the one which connects the centrum with all the posterior elements so this becomes the centrum that is more you know side with the superior articular facet but I think most of the literature says that that this part is the pedicle this is the part and here's a pedicle now if you look at this symbology of the axis actually develops from the center we say from the sclerotome five six and seven the occipital sclerotomes are four so it's the five six seven which are c1 c2 and c3 the first cervical second and the third now they say that it's put the sclerotomes as x y and z so the x gives rise to the tip of the dense the y as the base of the dense and z segment gives rise to the centrum of the axis so there is a temporary intervertebral disc which actually is seen between the y and z which fuses later in life and if the x does not fuse with y and z it's a condition that is os terminal and if the x y complex does not fuse with the z is os odontidium or it's like the dentosentral syncontrosis still persist and any abnormalities in this region can give rise to the CVJ abnormalities this is just to show you the vertebral artery on the posterior arch of the atlas how it is related coming to the ligamentous anatomy we have anterior longitudinal posterior longitudinal ligamentum phlegm the capsular ligament the interspinus and the supra spinus ligaments now the anterior longitudinal ligament which extends from sacrum to C2 and beyond that it is continuing actually as the anterior atlantoexial and the atlantooccipital membrane and it is broader caudally and thicker more on the cervical and the lumbar region because in the extension it gets stretched and the tensile strength of this ligament is greatest at the high cervical lower thoracic and the lumbar region now looking at the opposite the bodies and the intervertebral disc it's thicker opposite the vertebral bodies than the intervertebral disc and it's tightly adherent here whereas it is loosely adherent and tries to fill the concavity between this put in three layers superficial intermediate and deep the superficial can span more than three to four vertebral levels intermediate two to three and deep are just connecting the adjacent vertebras it's a stronger ligament stronger than PLL because PLL is actually will be stretched in the flexion and along with that there all the posterior ligaments which are behind like ligamentum flower interspinus will be stretched in the flexion is only the anterior longitudinal ligaments but is stretched in the extension we can see that here I have already shown now posterior longitudinal ligament also extends from the sacrum to the C2 and beyond C2 the posterior longitudinal actually continues as the membranar tictoria which finds its attachment to the clivus here just above the margin of the foremen magnum in the lumbar region it is very thin and resistance to actually axial tension is lesser than the anterior longitudinal ligament maybe because it's closer to the the IAR the instantaneous axis of rotation stressed inflection and extend ligamentum flower which is actually connecting the adjacent lamina the ventral surface of the cordal lamina to the dorsal borders here of the rostral lamina and this continues as the posterior atlantoxapital membrane forms the posterior smooth surface of the vertebral canal now this actually is you know is in the segments it is not a continuous ligament and in the midline it shows a cleavage plane through which the veins can communicate like their internal and the posterior external vertebral venous flexes and also it can give a surgical entrance to the epidural space it extends laterally to cover the articular capsule now this is the only ligament which has a very high amount of elastin and it can be stretched up to 80% without damage it's strongest in the lower thoracic, lumbar and weakest in the mid cervical when we look at more posteriorly now between the ALL and PLL which were now here at here atlantoxapital and membranar tectoria in this region we have some additional ligaments anterior to the membranar tectoria we have the cruciform ligament which has a vertical and a horizontal component and this horizontal component we can see here is the transverse ligament membranar tectoria cut through you can see the transverse ligament which actually is stronger than the dense transverse ligament is stronger than the dense it is said that dense usually fractures before even the ligament rupture so it is that stronger ligament and it has a fibrocartilage surface of which the dense can glide over the ailer ligaments are from the sides and we have the apical ligament from the tip of the dense. Ailer ligaments are slightly weaker in fact a combined head flexion and rotation may avoid sometimes both I mean one or both the ailer ligaments the inter spinous and the supra spinous ligaments now if you look at the concept of the spinal stability the two column and three column concepts have been proposed where the dorsal and the ventral columns that is the anterior column so the dorsal column is where the posterior elements and the ligament is complex and the associated complex anterior column is vertebral body the inter vertebral disc and the anterior longitudinal ligament but the three column concept by Dennis says adds a middle column to this posterior column remains the same and it's the anti the anterior column which is split so the anterior column has the ventral part of the body ventral annulus fibrosis and the ALL whereas the middle column has the dorsal part of the body the dorsal part of the annulus fibrosis and the PLL may be this is to explain some of the fractures in which the different components the columns are involved.