Welcome to the 23rd lecture on cryogenic engineering under the NPTEL program at IIT Bombay. The earlier lecture we were talking about gas separation column or a distillation column. The earlier lecture we have studied temperature composition diagrams and enthalpy composition diagrams and we have understood the importance of these diagrams in gas separation. The separation of a mixture is more effective when the difference in the boiling points is more that is also we have understood. In this column the distillation column the low and the high boiling components are collected at top and the bottom respectively of the column. For example in a nitrogen oxygen you will get liquid nitrogen at the top and you will get oxygen at the bottom of the column. We also defined mercury efficiency which is a ratio of actual change in mole fraction to the maximum possible change that can occur in the mole fraction. In a way it actually points at the ineffectiveness of the column. This can help us to calculate the number of plates or number of processes of condensation and boiling that should occur in the column. In today's lecture I will again continue with the gas separation and what I would like to bring about is a beautiful animation to understand the functioning of rectification column or a distillation column and then from there just giving an animation so as to understand what all different processes that happen in a rectification column and then we will go ahead to understand the theoretical plate calculation or actually design of a plate column or a rectification column. So let us come to first the animation. I am showing you a distillation column. The animation has been done by Sneha Devrukkar and this animation has been done under the project OSCAR which is open source courseware animation repository at IIT Bombay. Please look at this and possibly you can come to understand different processes that happen when the feed enters the column. Now in this column I have shown the not the steady state operation but I have shown different processes that happen in this column. When the feed comes how the feed gets pre-cooled first before it enters the column and how the high boiling component and the low boiling component travel up and bottom respectively. So please see and each process has been highlighted and at the end what you see is a steady state operation of this column. So lot many ideas can get clear how exactly this process happened because the vapors go up and the liquid comes down. So you can see this is a column and the process gas and let us say air it is coming through this and this process air comes through this and it goes through something called as boiler you know about this. Now as I said I am just saying process by process and assuming that there is a high boiling component sitting over here for example there is a liquid oxygen already sitting over here and this process air will therefore get pre-cooled in this boiler. And there is this pre-cooling some of the vapors get evaporated and they start coming up and this process gas then gets expanded through a jetty wall and enters over here at the middle of the column at some location in the column and the liquid starts coming up over here and you can see that on this plate there are various plates the liquid starts getting accumulated and once the liquid levels goes to a particular level it starts coming down to the next plate which is below it. So you can see that as each and every plate gets filled up to the wear height the liquid starts coming down and from the bottom the vapour starts coming up because of this pre-cooling vaporization happen and the heat transfer happens as we have already seen between this vapour which is coming up and you can see this boiling happening over here. So the boiling and condensation that starts happening together the liquid starts coming down and as the liquid starts coming down it gets richer in high boiling component and slowly you can see that the vapours are going up. And this vapour reaches the condenser dome and you can see that the condenser needs to be cooled by some cooling effect which is supplied by an auxiliary circuit. Some cooling effect is offered over here some heat is taken out from here and whatever vapours come out it gets condensed over here and from here what you get is a low boiling component in liquid form not all the liquid is taken out some liquid starts coming down also in order to have a steady state you will have some liquid coming down and what you can see again is heat transfer between the upcoming vapour and the down going liquid and you can see that on each plate there are small holes or bubble cap through which vapours rises rise up and the liquid will go down through this wear. So the beautiful animation to understand how the vapour start coming up and how the liquid start going down and a steady state it ultimately reach as shown over here. So ultimately you will have some liquid at this point and you will have some liquid on the top of the column and this is where you can understand how this process happen. So we have seen the animation of a distillation column we have understood how the vapour rise up how the liquid start going down and what is most important is the heat transfer between this vapour which is going up and the liquid which is going down. This knowledge will help us now to understand how this different process of boiling and condensation happen that is the most important thing and based on this we do the distillation column design and in this case now we are going to talk about the number of plate calculations or how many plates will be required. Again coming back to some basics this was a column which we just saw what you get on the top is a liquid nitrogen or a low boiling component what you get from the down from the boiler over here is liquid oxygen or a high boiling component when we assume that the feed is air. So here you can see now the feed is coming at this point and as seen earlier in the rectification column the liquid moving down is enriched in high boiling component. So as the liquid is moving down the high boiling component means temperature will go up and as it goes down from here or as it comes down from here it will get richer and richer in high boiling component. At the same time as the vapour is moving up it will get enriched in low boiling component which is nitrogen. So as it goes up that means it will come down in this temperature composition diagram you can see here and as it comes down it will get richer and richer in low boiling component. This is the basic which we have studied in earlier lectures also what does it mean it means that forgetting 100 percent pure product that means if I want 100 percent nitrogen from this mixture or 100 percent oxygen to be separated from this mixture I would need to have infinite number of rectification processes that means I would like to have condensation and boiling which is happening on every plate I will need so many plates to be there and in principle I would require infinite plates because the heat transfer is never perfect it will always have some ineffectiveness associated with it. So in principle we need infinite plates but in reality the size and the cost of the column limit the number of rectification processes and therefore the purity. So I will have to sacrifice some purity that I need not have 100 percent pure nitrogen I need not have 100 percent pure oxygen but may be 98 percent may be 97 percent is good enough for me and therefore a column has to be designed for a given purity which is a input data that is very very important. So in order to calculate the number of plates that are required or in order to design this distillation column various researchers have developed various mathematical procedures which are very important to calculate the required number of rectification processes that means how many plates will be required which will indirectly determine the desired purity for nitrogen as well as for oxygen and this is what constitute a major design of a rectification column. Now these procedures require following data what are number of components so your feed should have so many components if the components are many the there will be difficulty in separation or even in calculation. So how many components are there can we have some reasonable assumption for example air we say that we have got only two components but if you have got four components then the data for all these four components in a mixture will be required and what is essential therefore is a phase diagram of the mixture. So more the number of component more important will be to have a phase diagram for this mixture. Also what is important is the property data of mixture at lower and lower temperature which is also very very difficult to get and ultimately what is most important is to know the heat transfer correlation because as you know boiling and condensation heat transfer occurring on every plate. So one needs to have all these correlations validated correlations for this data which is very very difficult. The method of calculation that are used for theoretical plates are so we have got several methods and we are just naming three methods which is called method of Ponchon and Savarit which is a first method. The other method is called method of Maccabay and Thill it is called Maccab Thill method and third is a numerical method. So these two methods are named after the scientist who developed these concepts or procedures. So we got a Ponchon and Savarit method we got Maccab and Thill method and ultimately what we have is a numerical method. Now let us just see what these methods constitute or what are the requirements basically in order to get the distillation column design. The Ponchon and Savarit method is an exact method for a plate calculation. It is applicable to any number of components and this method requires detailed data of enthalpy composition diagrams of the mixture. So I can have four component mixture, five component mixture but what I need is a correct detailed data of enthalpy composition which is very very important and which is very difficult to get also. While Maccab and Thill method was proposed by two scientists which is Maccab and Ernest Thill in 1925 and this method is less general and is simplest technique. This is a very simple technique less general however why it is less general because it is used widely used for binary mixture that means a mixture consisting of two components and at cryogenic temperature. So this method for binary mixture has been found a simple technique as well as it validates very well with the cryogenic conditions and cryogenic temperature also. The third is a numerical technique which as you know many of you know now with the mathematical tools we can have various equations for mass, energy, momentum etc. that we solved at every point as the vapor moves up and the liquid comes down. These methods as you know are tedious, time consuming and very very computer intensive. So for the sake of understanding in this lecture and in this course we are going to concentrate on Maccab Thill which as I just told you it is valid for a binary mixture and is relatively simpler and also validated at cryogenic temperature. So we will now see what is this Maccab Thill method comprise of alright. So of all these three techniques let us go for Maccab Thill and understand how do we calculate number of plates that are required to separate a given mixture for a given purity. That means if I want to have 98% purity, 95% purity etc are the requirement how do I design a distillation column. So this is the distillation column and now let us come to the Maccab Thill method. This method calculates liquid and vapor fraction of each component at every plate and also the number of plates. So what do we do basically? We march up or we march down from the feed this is the feed you go up or you go down and at every plate we calculate what is the liquid and the vapor fraction of each component and again we are talking about a binary mixture over here at every plate and also therefore we will calculate ultimately the number of plates required for a given purity. Now let us come to the mathematics involved in this right there are various mathematical steps I have tried to go in details but you will have to go through that many times to understand all the algebraic derivations involved but what is most important is to understand the physics behind the system. For the sake of understanding let the plates above the field which is called enriching section labeled as N similarly the plates below the field which is what we call as stripping section be subscripted as M alright. Let the total mole flow rate of top and the bottom products be D and B. So whatever moles we get at top as moles per hour moles per second whatever and what you get here is a low boiling component what you get at the bottom is a high boiling component. So let us say we receive D moles per hour and we receive B moles per hour at the bottom. So let the total mole flow rate of top and bottom be D and B respectively. Now consider small plate over here and you can see that it is important to understand the indexing pattern of the plate and its corresponding liquid and vapour. So as you know that for this plate we have shown just two plates and the vapour will leave this plate and it will also receive liquid from the top. So we have just shown two plates that the vapour will go up and liquid will come down. Let us call this as a jth plate any random plate in this and this is jth plate and this is a j plus 1th plate alright. So let jth and j plus 1th plate be any intermediate plate as shown in this figure. The liquid and the vapour leaving from the top of the jth plate are therefore called as lj and vj respectively. So consider any plate jth plate the liquid which is leaving this plate is coming down over this wear as you saw in the animation and let it be represented lj. So lj represents the liquid which is leaving this plate and vj which is going up the vapour which is going up the vapour which is leaving the jth plate be called as vj. So for any plate you got lj and vj as liquid leaving the plate and vapour leaving the plate alright. Similarly the liquid coming to the jth plate is from the j plus 1th plate. So this is the jth plate and it is receiving liquid from the top plate. So what is the liquid which is leaving the j plus 1th plate is lj plus 1. So therefore the liquid which is coming to the jth plate is lj plus 1 and liquid which is leaving the jth plate is lj. Please understand this nomenclature because it is very important. So jth plate receives the liquid lj plus 1 and the liquid which leaves the jth plate is called lj. Also the vapour coming to the jth plate is coming from the bottom. The liquid comes from the top the vapours come from the bottom. So what is that vapour which is coming from the bottom is the vapour which is leaving the j minus 1th plate alright. So vapour coming to the jth plate from bottom is vapour leaving the j minus 1th plate and therefore it is called as vj minus 1. So for any plate let us just revise for any plate lj and vj are the liquid and vapour leaving this plate. This plate receives liquid lj plus 1 and this plate receives vapour which is vj minus 1 alright. The vapour and the liquid on any plate lj and vj are in thermal equilibrium. We have seen this earlier that for any plate the liquid and the vapour are in thermal equilibrium that means their temperatures will be remaining the same that is lj and vj. Ok now let us take a control volume and as we have done we will do the mass balance and the energy balance etc. So consider a control volume enclosing the condenser and top section of the nth plate. So this is the nth plate and this is the top part of it. So this is the condenser on the top and let us have any plate nth plate over here and this is our control volume ok. As explained earlier for this nth plate the vapour leaving is vn. So this is the nth plate and therefore whatever vapour is leaving up is the vn and whatever liquid is coming down is ln plus 1. I think this is very clear now. So applying the mole balance across the control volume what we get is now what is coming in in the control volume is vn and what is leaving this control volume is d and ln plus 1. This is very important to understand again. What is leaving is d and ln plus 1 and if we do the mass balance now what we get is vn is equal to ln plus 1 plus d alright. So this is the most important whatever vapour goes up ultimately it is equal to whatever condensate you receive at the top and whatever liquid comes down very understandable. Multiplying the mole fractions a mole balance equation with mole fraction. Now this was a molar balance which comprises of both the components v moles are going up alright and d moles are received but all these moles will have both the fractions of let us say component a and component b. Now if I want to make a molar balance of only one component of let us say component a or let us say nitrogen for example we have to multiply by its mole fraction. So what is the mole fraction of nitrogen in a feed mixture? So multiply the mole balance equation with mole fraction of a particular component in a mixture we get mole balance for that component. Now we are talking about component balance component mole balance. Therefore yn vn is the mole number of moles of a component which is going up. So let us say nitrogen if I say so yn vn because I know yn is a fraction of nitrogen in the mixture. So yn vn is going the vapour fraction yn vn gives the vapour fraction of the one component of this mixture and xn plus 1 ln plus 1 is number of moles of that component which is coming down and at the same time xd into d is the moles of that particular component which is leaving this control volume. So now we are doing a component mole balance from the earlier complete mole balance. So where yn xn plus 1 and xd are mole fractions of particular component in vapour, liquid and top product respectively alright that means if I got a component xd which is leaving over here. So xd actually represents amount of nitrogen in d for example alright it is very important to understand that xd therefore if I say I want d is the top product if I say that d should have 98 percent nitrogen then my xd becomes 98.98 actually which is what it says it automatically means that xd which is the mole fraction of a particular component is a desired purity of the top product alright. So this is basically desired purity of that component in d. For control volume taking into account qd watts now we have got a condensation happening out here and therefore some refrigeration effect has to be supplied and this is qd because some heat has to be taken out from here. So qd has to be taken into account when I do energy balance. So qd watts as the heat rejected by the condenser the enthalpy balance is given by now I am doing energy balance alright first we did the molar mass balance now we do the energy balance and multiply all the component with respective enthalpies and include qd in that. So what is the energy of the molar moles Vn which is coming up hn Vn is equal to the liquid moles which are coming down and therefore corresponding enthalpy of small h we know about this we have seen the enthalpy concentration diagram enthalpy composition diagram. So small h denotes the enthalpy associated with liquid the capital H associates the shows the enthalpy associated with vapor. So hn Vn is equal to hn plus 1 ln plus 1 plus hdd which is the enthalpy associated with the top product plus qd. So this is entering and all these are leaving and therefore the energy balance has been done. Now do the mathematical jugglery and therefore we have some algebraic rearrangements over here dividing above equation by d what you get is this. So you have got now d at the bottom over here rearing the total mole balance equation we have already got a total mole balance which was this and if I rearrange that or divide that by d I will get expression. So what is important to see here is you have got Vn by d over here you have got Vn by d here you got ln by d over here you got ln by d over here. So if I replace this ln by d by this you will get a further expression just replace put this values over here and eliminating ln plus 1 by d from the earlier equation what you get is this. So now you got the two terms which has got Vn by d common and doing that I will get an expression like this taking capital H and small h difference that is the enthalpy difference between the vapor and the liquid Vn by d and you got all energy terms over here. So here I can rearrange the whole thing and get d by v as this expression what does it mean? What is d? It is the moles of a top product coming out and what is Vn? The moles of in vapor form which is entering the control volume. So d by v actually represents something Vn is entering the control volume d is living the control volume. Condense low boiling component which I am getting so many moles I am getting at the top and it depends on the enthalpy difference between the vapor and the liquid and you got all the energy terms coming over here Qd, Hd and Hn plus 1. So all the enthalpy terms plus the cooling effect that has been supplied coming over here and this gives a very important term called d by vn. Now let us see the enthalpy terms. You know the enthalpy composition diagram enthalpy and mole fraction diagram is shown like this. The enthalpy composition diagram for a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen let us say at one atmosphere is shown over here. So this is vapor and this is liquid and there are different temperatures knowing that we know the change of phase is not at constant temperature alright. If we neglect enthalpy variation with the mole fraction the bubble and dew lines can be taken as horizontal these are the bubble and the dew line you know understand from here you got some inclination over here and can they be approximated can they be approximated you can see the enthalpy changes with mole fraction. But can I say that you can understand that change in enthalpy is not so much over here it is not very it is not so much. So understanding from that you can see that this is this. If I approximate as a straight line I can come to a conclusion that now both the enthalpies are independent of mole fraction and if I do this matter become very simple for me. So now coming back to the expression you have got this and if I say that also one more expression and the argument which we just did that it leads to the fact that liquid enthalpy vapor enthalpies are constant they are independent of the mole fractions and hence we can say that because they are all enthalpy dependent and if we say that they do not change at all we can say that d by v and therefore l by v is constant that these terms are constant they will not change from plate to plate because the enthalpies will remain constant they will not change with molar fraction which is what happened from every plate right please understand this concept. So we come to the conclusion therefore that both d by v and l by v are the terms which are constant and if I rearrange my mass balance expression early I now get an expression which is y n is equal to l n plus 1 by v n x n plus 1 plus d by v n x t. So here we have got two components which is l by v and d by v and both we have just proved that they are constant what does it mean what does this equation tell you y is equal to m x plus some constant term so it is a basically equation of straight line and that is with this assumption we are leading to this conclusion that this represents an operating line for the top section of a column which will give me what is the vapor fraction at every corresponding to that vapor fraction I will get what is the liquid fraction. So I can now calculate y and x at every location in the top section and this is what we were aiming for. The above equation represents a straight line and is called as operating line for enriching section gives you a relationship between y and x vapor and liquid at every stage and this is what we wanted to do basically when I told about what do we basically aiming for in a design of a rectification column. So this is an expression which we have just derived also understand that at every at the top most plate I have got x n plus 1 is equal to x t at the top most plate this is x d which is coming at its condensed set alright because there is no other plate and at the top most plate the purity is going to go on increasing and this is equal to x t substituting this value x n plus 1 is equal to x d at the top plate what do we get I just replace x n plus 1 as x d I get if I put the value of x d taking common and if I put the relationship between this 2 this is nothing but equal to 1. So what do I get y n is equal to x t what does it mean for the top most plate y n is equal to x t not for any other plates only for the top most plate I get y is equal to x t and what is this intercept of this line what so we have located one point on the top which is at the top most plate and other point if I want to draw this line is the y intercept and this is nothing but the y intercept d by v n into x t and this will happen when x n plus 1 is equal to 0 and that is why it is called y intercept. So you have got a y n is equal to d by v n x t and therefore what I conclude from here I know 2 points to draw this operating line for a enriching section what are these 2 points y n is equal to x d at x n plus 1 is equal to x d which we just derived and also the other point is the y intercept which is y n is equal to d by v n x d at x n plus 1 is equal to 0. So if I know these 2 points I can draw the operating line for the enriching section if I want to do that now I am plotting y versus x for a component let us say a component. So a plot of vapor versus liquid mole fraction for a particular component says a is as shown in the figure. So what I do first I will just draw y is equal to x line because I know that y is equal to x for the top most plate. What I also know the desired purity of this component a in the top product is x t this is the problem definition for me that I want to design this column for getting a purity of x t for the top product or for the low boiling component alright. So I got I can locate this point which is x d over here on the x axis and if I want to locate that point on the on this scale I got this equation and as you know I got other point which is at x is equal to 0 I got a y intercept. So what are these 2 points the first point is this y is equal to x. So y d is equal to x y n is equal to x d I can locate on this I am sure because it lies on the y is equal to x line. So look at this point the other point is this and if I join these 2 points I will get the operating line for this n reaching section I will know the how much y is there for every x at every location in the n reaching section. So if I know my x is this much corresponding to that I can calculate y which is also given by this operating line equation for the n reaching section what I am doing ultimately with some reasonable assumption I am trying to get the liquid and the vapor at every plate in the n reaching section and now I will do the same exercise for stripping section also that means for the bottom part of the column also this is what we are aiming for basically. Similarly the slope of this operating line is L by V alright slope is basically how much liquid is coming down how much vapor is going up for every plate. We are saying that the slope of this line is same that means what we assume is L by V is common for the entire n reaching section this is what there are some reasonable assumption and that is why we say that with enthalpy remaining constant this will automatically come. Now what we are concentrating on is the bottom part. So if I take a control volume for now n reaching section similarly for the analysis of mth plate and boiler in the lower part we have the following equations. So what is the mole balance now L m plus 1 is entering. So I have got a mth plate over here and I am taking top of mth plate and boiler over here we have got what is entering is equal to what is leaving.  So if I do mole balance entire mole balance for both the components L m plus 1 is equal to V m plus B and then if I do component balance as we have done earlier for a given component A I will have X m plus 1 into L m plus 1 is equal to Y m V m plus X B B. Again X B is now denoting how much A is there in bottom. As you know X D we are assumed to be 98 percent but X B is now going to be very small because I do not want this nitrogen to be there in oxygen. So X B is going to be only 0.02, 0.03 etcetera right because the purity of B has to be 97 percent and I am talking about component of nitrogen in oxygen here and that is what X B will denote because we are doing mass balance for the same component over here. The third is energy balance multiplied by enthalpies and also I am giving some heat to this boiler that also would figure in this as it had figure Q D in the condensation in the earlier case. So if I do enthalpy balance H m L m plus 1 plus Q B which is entering the control volume is equal to H m V m which is leaving over here and H B B which is leaving the place alright where B and Q B are the mole flow rate out of the bottom and heat input to the boiler respectively. Now I will do the similar rearrangements as what we have done in the earlier enriching section rearranging the above equations we have the following I will get B by V m is equal to H m minus H m plus 1 divided by Q m upon B minus H B plus H m plus 1 and again we have got a similar assumption that enthalpy values are independent of the molar fractions we can again show that B by V is constant and therefore L m by V m also will be constant.  So similarly what we had done earlier I have got an operating line for the enriching section which will be giving me amount of vapor for every X amount of vapor for liquid on every plate as we march down and this L by V is going to be the slope of that line which is constant throughout and this is the Y intercept. So again if I want to draw this line graphically I have got two points which is what we will see down. So this is my expression for the equation of line for the stripping section again putting the same assumption for the bottom or the lower most plate near the boiler we got X m plus 1 is equal to X B it basically shows how much nitrogen is there in oxygen which is going to be very small amount alright it going to be 0.02 or 0.03 it is actually talks about impurity now for the down product and which is a purity for the top product substituting this value. So if I write this equation only for the bottom most plate I will get X m plus 1 is equal to X B in that case putting that I will again get an expression as 1 and I will get Y m is equal to X B that means this line again has Y m is equal to X B or Y is equal to X at the bottom most plate. So again this line will intersect Y is equal to X line at the bottom most plate as we saw earlier this is one point I will get another point again is a Y intercept which is minus B by V m into X B. So other point is a Y intercept which is definitely going to be at X m plus 1 is equal to 0 which is the Y intercept. So again I have got two points which are Y m is equal to X B at X m plus 1 is equal to X B basically the intersection point of the operating line at Y is equal to X and other point is the Y intercept Y m is equal to minus B by V m X B at X m plus 1 is equal to 0. So now I have got two line two operating lines and I will draw those two operating lines graphically. So this is my earlier line which is operating line enriching section the plot of vapour versus liquid mole fractions for a component A with operating line and 45 degree angle as shown over here. The purity of the component A in the bottom product is X B. So what is the purity now actually is going to be impurity for this product it going to be 0.02 how much of component A exist over here is going to be X B which is very small. So if I look at that and now look at this point on a Y is equal to X because at this bottom most plate it going to be the Y is going to be equal to X. So it is going to be on a Y is equal to X line alright. So that point is going to be the Y intercept which is minus B by V m into X B this is this. So one point is going to be here other point is going to be here and I am just going to draw this point. So this is my one point and other point is this. So if I draw a line between this two I will get operating line for the enriching section and this is my operating line for enriching. So this line gives me what is Y for every X in the stripping section and what does this line give me what is my Y for every X in the stripping section and what does this point indicate this point indicates where both of them beat and this is thing called feed point where the feed inlet happens. The slope of the operating line is given by L m by V m as shown in the above expression. So now after seeing that how this operating lines for stripping section as well as for enriching sections are drawn now we will come to the third point which is third line which is called a feed line which will denote the feed condition for the column and this is very important because this is the point at which both this line intersect. The mixture that is to be separated is called a feed it is introduced in the column through an opening called as feed inlet as shown in the figure. So you can see here F this F denotes this is the feed inlet through which the mixture enters and this feed point could be anywhere it need not be at the center of this column it can be at this point at this point depending on the feed condition this feed inlet can vary alright. Now let us consider a control volume across this till now we had a control volume including the condenser or the other control volume we had including the boiler and that was above the feed or below the feed. Now let us take a control volume which encloses some part of the some plates in the enriching section and some plates in the stripping section. So you got some 1 n plate and 1 m plate over there and let us do again the mass balance and the energy balance and the difference of this is going to come from the feed because inlet is feed what is leaving here is going to be n what is leaving here will be m. So consider a control volume including the nth and mth plates and feed inlet as shown over here let F be the number of moles in the feed. So the total number of moles that are coming are F let us see the control volume like this. So you got a nth plate and you got a mth plate and you got a control volume as shown over here comprising of let us say just 2 plates above near this feed. So what is coming in the control volume and what is leaving the control volume have a look at this. So the above control volume we have what is in is feed inlet which is F. What is entering from this mth plate is V m and also what is entering from the top here is ln plus 1 this is the nth plate 1 nth plate what is entering this nth plate is ln plus 1 liquid. So what is entering this control volume is F, V m and ln plus 1 F, V m and ln plus 1 are entering the control volume and what are leaving control volume what are what things are leaving the control volume is V n which is the vapor which is leaving the nth plate and the liquid ln plus 1 which is leaving or which is entering the mth plate. So this is ln plus 1 over here and this is V n which is leaving. So if we do the mass balance of the molar balance of all these components what you get applying the molar balance what you get is equal to F is equal to V n minus V m plus ln plus 1 minus ln plus 1 have a look is F is a number of moles that are coming in the feed different between the vapor component which is V n minus V m different between the liquid component what is ln plus 1 minus ln plus 1 all right very important to understand that this is the feed and we can have some the feed can have some vapor component as well as some liquid component. So what is the vapor component V n minus V m what is the liquid component ln plus 1 minus ln plus 1 sometimes vapor may not be there. So only liquid component there will could be there in the fluid F that time ln plus 1 minus ln plus 1 is to 0 sometimes only vapors can come in the feed and that time ln plus 1 minus ln plus 1 could be equal to 0 all right. So feed conditions will decide what is the form it has vapor plus liquid only vapor or only liquid and that will decide what we call as feed quality all right. So please have a look at these things. So if you come to the same thing again we define a parameter called q all right we define a parameter called q which can denote the quality of the feed also ok q as the ratio what is how do you define q it is the ratio of liquid moles in the feed to the total number of moles in the feed. So how many liquid moles are there in the feed is called as q or the quality what does it actually denote it actually denotes how many liquid moles are there in the feed. In short it called it actually shows the wetness fraction of the feed how much wetness is there how much liquid is coming with the feed. So it is the ratio of liquid moles in the feed to the total number of moles in the feed. So mathematically if I want to write q q is equal to ln plus 1 minus ln plus 1 upon F. If we just saw the definition earlier the liquid components are going to be given as ln plus 1 minus ln plus 1 and therefore q is equal to what is the amount of liquid moles to the feed number of moles coming in the feed. It also denotes something if I have q is equal to 0 that means ln plus 1 minus ln plus 1 is equal to 0 that means there are no liquid components in the feed what does it mean if q is equal to 0 the feed is completely vapor because your numerator is going to be 0 and no liquid moles are coming in the feed. So if q is equal to 0 your feed is completely vapor or if q is equal to 1 that means ln plus 1 minus ln plus 1 is equal to F that means feed is 100 percent now liquid F upon F and therefore you got q is equal to 1 it means therefore that the feed is completely liquid. So it has a meaning to the value of q if q is equal to 1 it is completely wet that means it is only liquid it is bringing only liquid and this liquid could be saturated liquid. If q is equal to 0 the feed is bringing in only vapor and if something in between then you got some v and some l also that means you got a two phase feed now got a vapor and liquid component also we will study that in detail in the subsequent slides but understand the concept of q because very important. So this is what we have already studied that we have got operating line for the stripping section we got operating line for the enriching section from the earlier slides we know these equations for both these sections. Now you have got an intersection point and the locus of intersection of this operating line denote the feed condition. So where do they meet at this point and they can meet anywhere depending on the slope of these lines and therefore slope of these lines also play a very crucial role the point of intersection however we denote the feed inlet condition alright. The condition of the feed is vital to determine the number of plates. So what is this locus this locus could be like this the feed line could be like this like this or anywhere in whatever direction and this is very important to understand how many plates are going to be there in the enriching section or in stripping section this plays a very vital role in this and how does it.  Again from the operating lines of upper and lower section we can rearrange to get v n and v m. So I can get v n and v m from the feed line or the feed expression for the feed and I can also get expression for v n and v m as this because I have already got a equation as y n is equal to l m by v and etcetera I am just rearing that to get the value of v n.  So I got two expressions for v n and v m and from here it is very important to note that v n minus v m is the vapor content in the feed we have just seen that thing. So v n minus v m is going to be the vapor content in the feed if we are writing this equation for the n th and m th plate what we have defined earlier. In the calculation of point of intersection now I am very keen to know my feed inlet condition which is denoted by the point of intersection of these two operating lines. So operating lines will have some coordinate x and y and they should be satisfied by both this equation of operating line for the stripping section and also the operating line for the enriching section. So we choose a common point and let us call it as x and y.  The locus of this point of intersection is the feed line or q line and is calculated as explained in the next slide. So here for a column as a whole using mass balance we can now have an entire molar balance for the column which is x f f is equal to x g d plus x b b right these are the most coming in these are most leaving the column.  So we got three lines now where is operating line for stripping section operating line for enriching section and this is now what we call as feed line. More importantly it is the locus of the point of intersection of operating lines this is line is called as feed line or q line. So we got a third line now which represents the locus of the point of intersection of the operating line but it has got lot of physical significance which depends on the value of q or the quality or as I said weightness of the feed and let us see how it denotes that thing. So this is the column it is clear that the value of parameter q is yet to be determined applying the energy balance to the control volume here I got enthalpy balances for everything h f f is equal to v n h n minus v m h m. So I got an enthalpy associated with this rearranging this and we say that all enthalpy are same or capital H is equal to h all small h is equal to h putting them together I will get this expression I will get this expression as again rearranging the term and ultimately I know also v n minus v m is equal to 1 minus q into f I know the quality expression or q expression basically putting these values over here and putting this value over here what I get q is equal to h minus h f upon h minus h. So this is enthalpy difference h minus h is a complete enthalpy difference of the latent part of it difference of enthalpy constant due and a bubble point and this is the feed enthalpy h f is the feed enthalpy which will determine what is the q otherwise this h this h and this small h are constant. So this q will be determined what on the fact what is the enthalpy of the feed. So this is our enthalpy composition diagram and we know q is equal to h minus h f upon h minus h also we know that the slope of the line slp is equal to q upon q minus 1 this slope of the q line or the feed line depending on the feed condition q can take any value. So depending on the feed condition h f will be determined and depending on h f value q will be determined. So now we have got a feed at various possible conditions various possible condition will decide the value of h f and which will decide the value of q which will decide the value of slope of the q line. Let us see those conditions the first condition is the feed is coming at saturated vapour in this case h f is going to capital H and this is the point this any point on this line is going to define the saturated vapour condition. If I put h f is equal to capital H over here I get q is equal to 0 and if I put q is equal to in this line I get slope as equal to 0 slope of the q line slope of the feed line is going to be 0 which means it is parallel to x axis if I plot in a graphical way. Second point is if I got a saturated liquid which is coming with the feed. So everything is liquid and therefore h f is equal to small h and the line will be at this point the feed line will be the feed point will be somewhere on this line. If I put h f is equal to small h I will get q is equal to 1 and if I put q is equal to 1 in the slope I will get slope as infinity and infinity line therefore will be parallel to y axis. So if feed line if feed has saturated liquid it will be the line will be parallel to y axis. If I got 2 phase now my h f will be somewhere between h and h and therefore q will be somewhere between 0 and 1 which can be calculated from here and the slope will be negative if I get the value from over here. Similarly, if I got a subcooled liquid that means h f is going to be less than small h I got a q is equal to now more than 1 and therefore the slope will be now a positive quantity slope line direction will denote a positive slope. Similarly, if I got a super heated vapor I got point feed point somewhere over here above capital H enthalpy q is less than 0 and the slope according to this equation will be positive slope and if I want to now denote all these conditions graphically please understand this it will look like what I show in the next slide. The equation of feed line therefore is this this is what we know and q upon q minus 1 is the slope and this is my y intercept. So, if I condition saturated vapor condition we have already seen that q is equal to 0 slope is equal to 0 and therefore feed line is going to be horizontal to x axis alright. If I got a saturated liquid coming my slope is infinity and therefore feed line is going to be parallel to y axis. If I got a 2 phase flow I got a slope which is going to be negative the feed line is going to be passing through this point and in this direction and sub cooled liquid will be shown by this and super heated vapor is going to be shown again by a positive slope. And therefore this point or the q line makes a very very big impact in determined number of plates for the enriching section and for the stripping section which we will see in the next lecture also. So, this is the graphical representation of all the possible line. Enriching section enriching section and one of this line will constitute a q line or a feed line for your problem. The point of intersection also what we of interesting is where does this line hit y is equal to x. The point of intersection of the feed line or q line and y is equal to x it gives the liquid content of the component a in the feed x f how do we conclude this. So, let us find mathematically it is calculated by substituting y is equal to x in the feed line. So, if I put x is equal to y is equal to x in this what you get here is nothing but x is equal to x f by rearrangement I will get x is equal to x f. It means that when this q line wherever it hits y axis y is equal to x line you get corresponding to that is your x f that means amount of component a the liquid content of the component a in the feed is given by this line. So, I know now two points if I want to draw the feed line I know the liquid content of a component in given feed I can locate this point also if I develop equation for the two operating lines I know in point of intersection and joining this two will give me what is the q line what is the equation also for the q line or the feed line. So, I know all the equations I can plot them graphically and this is what I wanted to cover in this lecture. So, graphically it is clear to draw a line through this two given points rather than using a given slope and a point. So, I got two points basically over here this intersection point is used to draw the feed line as given in the figure. So, I got two points join this two point what I get is a q line or a feed line. So, summarizing what I have just talked about in this lecture the plate calculation procedures requires the data line data like number of components, phase diagrams, property data variations of mixtures, heat transfer correlations macapthil method is less general and is widely used for binary mixture at cryogenic temperature and this is what we are going to study in this particular topic. The major assumption in this method is that the liquid and vapor enthalpies are independent of mole fraction and that is what simplified various calculations. The equations of operating line for stripping and enriching sections are this for the enriching section and this for the stripping section. The locus of intersection of this operating line denote the feed condition or the q line or the feed line it is given as this which denotes basically the equation for the q line or the feed line and the point of intersection of the feed line or q line and y is equal to x gives the liquid content of a component in the feed except which is what just saw in the last two slides and this is what our graphical representation of all the three lines are and this is what the slope of the line and this is what we understood depending on the feed conditions you have got various value of h f which determines the value


Hello, I'm Galina from OnLayOffice. In 2020 we have added a lot of very useful features for businesses to comprehensively and securely collaborate online independently on the real location of your team members. The central component of OnLayOffice are powerful open source document editors for docs, sheets and slides. In short, why should you once move to OnLayOffice? Full compatibility with MS Office formats, highest quality of text formatting, seamless real-time collaboration due to the document processing moved to the client side, and focus on data security. OnLayOffice integrated with your next cloud allows you to create full-featured customized working environment with online collaboration on documents. No matter if you are sitting in the office or working from home, and the updates of the last year will definitely make your work even more effective. The first improvement we definitely would like to tell you about is that OnLayOffice now supports collaboration between federated cloud storages and it's very important for beacons and prizes for research centers that have multiple next cloud server locations and need to work on docs together. One more cool feature is that now you can see exact document version history right in the editor who and what exactly has changed in the document will be highlighted with different colors. The next cloud right sidebar panel is now available in OnLayOffice that makes you easily share the documents with other users and track the activities. Besides now you can not only share a file from a file view into a talk room but also drag and drop it into a chat and work on it with other participants in the same window. OnLayOffice document comparison was released in version 5.5 to easily compare to documents and see the differences highlighted with revision marks, accept, reject or merge the changes. Now you can also use three different review modes, original mode to see the initial document, markup mode to see all the changes just highlighted and final mode to see the document as if you have already accepted all the changes. If you prefer to use your smartphone on tablet the next option is right for you. Now you can edit and co-authored the docs stored in your next cloud with OnLayOffice right in the next cloud app for Android. If you have your OnLayOffice online editors already integrated with the next cloud instance, next cloud desktop version 3 makes it very easy for you to work on documents stored on your local computer and synchronize to the server and a very high abated feature, force saving the document before the editing is finished will let you really feel the control on the editing process. Among the latest improvements released this September, we have changed the license of our connector to Apache just because we want to make our solutions more open for you, edit support of open document templates, set up certificate verification, it will be very helpful if you use a self-signed certificate, translate it on the office to Japanese and much more. Of course, we constantly improve not only our connectors but also our online document editors and the next update will bring a lot of improvements for our spreadsheets like pivot table, conditional formatting for viewing, new hotkeys and many others. Actually there are a lot of features we can talk about but we suggest you try it yourself. If you are new to OnLayOffice you need just to install OnLayOffice document server and connect it to your next cloud instance using the official OnLayOffice integration app. Want to first see what you get? Test OnLayOffice with your next cloud using our demo cloud instance for 30 days after enabling it into your settings. What's more, now you can install OnLayOffice next cloud combo all at once already pre-configured using Univansion, Virtual Appliances or a Docker Compose. You are welcome to visit our page on github and our official website OnLayOffice.com. Thank you very much for your attention and stay safe.


Good morning, good afternoon, good evening, whichever the part of the world you are, I first of all congratulate all the participants as well as the speakers for being part of the parcel and post expo in Vienna, Austria. Unfortunately, because of the COVID-19 situation, a lot of participants may not be able to attend, but I am sure a lot of people are attending the virtual mode. Thank you for giving opportunity to the post PG to present the short presentation onto the postal area of the postal area. As we know that the post has seen a huge changes and transformation over a period of time. If you remember those post services which used to be segmented towards the parcel post, prison of war post, pre-ADC's post, registered post and then EMS post. So post has really gone through the huge transformation of the manual driven processes to the automated processes. With the post PG being a portion of the island nation which is close to Australia and New Zealand, we are one of the island state and we have a different challenges compared to the developed nations. And if you see that the postal network is been demarcated with the developed nations, developing nations, least developed nation and small island nation. So each country have got a different challenges. With the post PG, our challenges are different compared to the developed and developing nations into that one. So we also believe that all the most of the DO's which are the postal operators are governed by the government agencies and they are all state-owned enterprises and I'm a strong believer that all the state-owned enterprises should be performing as a commercial driven organization because end of the day it is the money of the people and the taxpayer monies must be utilized in such a way that all the SOE starts performing well for the sake of the community and for the employees, for all the stakeholders involved into the business. I'm glad the post PG along with all the team is performing so well during this COVID-19 situation. We all know that the COVID has really pushed us back. We all gone through the different stress level and one of the challenge what post PG has faced during the COVID-19 situation is we literally got locked down by various countries and the parcels, the merchandising, the e-packets which used to come into the country stops happening. If you see the developed nations normally they have the city-wide cross logistical activities used to happen. They were selling in terms inter-country whereas the post whereas in Fiji most of the e-packet come from overseas and that's where our business hamper drastically onto that. We reached to the stage where our revenue declined more than 80 percent and that's where we thought that we really need to work on to the different strategies where we can look after our business and take out the drop in revenue and sustain the business was one of the important attributes we had at that time. So we were thinking what sort of strategies we should use and how do we come up all this situation where all the revenue is going down and we need to look after our staff look after our customers and the day. So we use the various strategies we one of them is a Pestle model we use where we work on to the political, economical, social factor, technological factor, environmental and legal but that was not sufficient to determine whether the Pestle model will work on to that. So we thought that why not we use the BCG model as well. Boston consulting model where we thought that certain products are performing well certain products are in the declining stage. So we analyze the each product category in such a way that where the market potential is high but our products are not performing we start working on to giving the more marketing push on to those products. We also decided that those products which are not working well or which are slowly going down it's time to harvest those products or prune those products so that the return on investment in totality becomes better into that one. Based on to that we decided that why not we launch the new products. So when we were going into the traditionally post PG do the postal services as well as we also sell the stationary product especially to the educational institute and corporate but that's a seasonal product and we thought why not we have a some different product which can put on to the shell and people can utilize that and with the team when we discuss this and we come up with a new idea that the today the need of the people is a groceries. People wanted to have a groceries so that they are leaving remain constable. So we launched the grocery literally in a fraction of two months time and most of the shell we fill up with the grocery product and our objective at that time was not to maximize the profitability but to ensure that we keep the prices lower so that people can afford our products and get this get the products at the affordable prices. So eventually there was a lot of a lot of uncertainty because we are not into the grocery business and it was a learning curve for our team. How do we merchandise? How do we price a sink strategy? What product to be put on to the shell? Which product should go at the back? All those thoughts process we starts working on that and we learn a lot and we engage some outsiders including the suppliers who keep on keep on teaching us how the product should be put on to the shell. So eventually in the three months times and four months time the thing starts working and we were glad that our revenue starts going up into the grocery side. So as we go on to those things so we also have work on to the different product category we thought that why we stuck up only on to the stationary and grocery and eventually we launch the insurance products. So whether it is term life insurance whether it is vehicle insurance so we starts expanding the product category whether it is a vertical or horizontal. It's basically product extensions you start giving so that the you increase the valid share of the customer and that really works well as well. During the decline of stage of the product life cycle we saw a lot of product like the postage mails, private mails, rental we used to have properties where a lot of people starts vacating the place.  So this product starts going down and that's where we identified that either we rejuvenate these products, give more energy to these products so that they can bounce back and start getting the better revenue into the market. The other thing we also found out what products are in growth stage and we realized that the parcels are there. The EMS products are the great opportunity for us to pump more marketing budget into that. So we put up more marketing campaign for domestic market as well as international EMS market and to tell you that this has skyrocketed with the transactions with the EMS local as well as international. We also gone into the smart mail where we print the invoices for the many of the companies because many of the organizations were at the home during the lockdown. This product really works well as well. So these are the revenue drivers we start working on to that. We also thought that since the postal is changing and the transformation is needed in today's business because our people were used to have the postal services delivery for ages and to have that change to happen to change the mindset of the people is not an easy job. It takes a long long time and that's where we start thinking that how do we change the people mindset people culture into the organization. We would like to have the productivity driven organization where people put their efforts in delivering the productivity. So we had a couple of training programs. We have internal sessions. We executive team starts understanding the new objectives and goals and then we starts developing the team. Just to give the good example we used to have a standard bonus system being a government organizations which always happen but we developed the PMS system which is a performance measurement system and during that period we realized that the lot of people who are doing extraordinary job and they got the higher scores in terms of their PMS and we are happy to deliver those results and give more incentive to our own people. That boosted the confidence of the our team. At the same time we also increase the prices. As we know that any price increase takes a while to digest into the market but we thought that it is an essential element for our sustainability of the business and that's where we have increased the prices in a slightly way. We also ensured that it will not give a huge impact on to the customers as such and that price increase also help us to boost our postal business. Apart from various BCG models and product life cycle strategies we use one of the important element of transformation we realize is a 3R strategy. Basically 3R strategy works on reforms restructure and re-engineer the business. Being a government the lot of reforms activities required and the change management happens in a very gradual process and we start working the reforms from the top management and it starts penetrating into the end employee of the organization. We also did a lot of restructuring. We did the rationing of the people. If one particular business has fallen down and there are a lot of people into that department so we trained those people for the different SPU and then we shifted and transferred them into the different thing. So what happened is during that process they all got new skills development and it helped them to learn the new products and new services to be delivered. We also did the re-engineering of our current manual driven processing into the automation and that really helped us to utilize these 3R strategies on to that one. During COVID we also took one of the important aspects is looking after our staff. It was critical to look after those staff who are working for post-PG for 25-30 years time. Whether we pay them during the isolation, whether it is positive cases, we created the bids of the into the organization so that anybody get into the positive they will be going into the isolation room into the postal operations. We also transformed their skills development capacity building and that's where we gave the more focus on to that. Obviously the cost cutting was one of the major restructure strategy we realized and it really works well for the post-PG. So in today what the post-PG is becoming a major pacific hub. We have a pacific nations neighbor countries and we look forward for their support and we would like to support them as well. I'm glad that recently into the UPU congress that director general has candidly informed to the people that the pacific is a wonderful region and I totally agree as well as compliment for being so considerate so compassionate towards the pacific nation. I am confident that anybody who come from the different region to the post to the Fiji they will see that the big smile big bright hospitality this is the beauty of the Fiji and whenever people come into that they never get rejected on to that one and that has really helped us to diversify business as well. Today post-PG is venturing to become a pacific hub for all our neighboring countries so logistics supply chain e-commerce which we have developed which is working fantastically well with the post-PG and we would like to give this sort of services to our neighboring country so they really don't need to invent those product and services so that we can help our neighborhood brothers and sisters by giving our services to the all the pacific nation. So on behalf of post-PG I congratulate once again to all the participants for this world leaders forum during the post and parcel and post expo in Vienna thank you very much. Bula vanakka from the Fiji islands we are proud of our people and our diverse cultures last year we commemorated our 50th anniversary of Fijian independence we are also proud of our rugby as we are the only nation that has won back to back olympic gold in sevens rugby post Fiji in one company that has contributed vastly to the development and economic growth of Fiji the history of post Fiji began in 1870 when the first set of Fiji stamps were issued by the local newspaper this was followed by the passing of the postal act by the Fiji government in 1871 today post Fiji has 58 post offices across Fiji and this has enabled Fijians to have easy access to essential service like bill pay parcel post post shop ems courier and so much more today post Fiji continues to evolve its services to enhance its delivery and customer satisfaction telegraphic money order which used to take hours to transmit can now be transmitted instantly through the new post money order service customers can now access post Fiji services from the comfort of their home from anywhere in the world through post Fiji's online shop called e shop Fiji customers can even buy groceries from the comfort of their home or office with quick deliveries done to their doorstep the consistency of post Fiji's postal services has been achieved through Fiji secure and precise sea freight services and our world-class airlines ensure the effective delivery of our air mails to the doorstep of the world at post Fiji we deliver more shop online and send cash to friends and relatives in Fiji by simply visiting www.postfiji.com.fj


So my beautiful people I am back with another out of the ring video and today guys I'm going to showcase to you an exploit which will allow you as a brand new player or a low level player to get arguably the best staff in the game right off the bat. How's it going guys my name's D.P. Jane if you're doing enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you seem want to see more out of the ring be sure to subscribe. Okay so if you're new to the game or a relatively low level and you want one of the best staffs in the game or even a later usage or just to wield right now because you've specced into intelligence because you want to be one of those majors while this video is 100% for you.  Now the only thing you need is your horse your mounts your steed your torrent that's all you need so as long as you have your mount you can do this it really is that simple guys. So what you need to do is head to this marker on a map right here the dragon burnt ruins now my map hasn't been discovered yet because this is a new character but yeah just head to where I go on the map right here guys once you get to this ruins you want to come down into this uh this cellar run straightforward ignore all the rats open the door run to the chest pop that chest open and just stand in that smoke you're then spawn in at the cellar crystal tunnel which is where we need to be so from here guys grab this chest here left if you want to then follow the path I take on screen now out of this cave just run straight out guys ignore all the enemies you probably get shot up the ass once but you should be completely fine obviously activating the grace on your way out so when you get to this point guys as you can see this ginormous beautiful design castle on your right hand side and if we go up to it you can see there's actually a seal on the door now there's a little uh like puzzle you have to solve in this area to remove this seal but there will be two buses behind this one door you will have no chance of taking out if you're a low level in this game so what we're going to do guys is we're going to glitch into the bus battle and once we are in there we can kill the buses as they don't fight back this will earn you loot ruins you name it so we want to come back to this point on the map right here where we just was as we come out of that cave from here we're going to test your parkour skills on your horse as you have to climb up these roots sticking out of this mountain and then jump over the wall so do as I do guys and run up this branch right here just keep pushing forward keep pushing forward and then do like a jump slightly to your right and then move midair left and do your double jump it's not it's not hard to be honest and you'll land up here now guys you want to go one more slightly and be careful here because you can slip back down and now guys we want to push slightly right and jump onto this one sticking out here just like so now when we're here guys we want to jump off our horse our mount then walk to the edge of this branch and then turn and face the wall that we want to be jumping over from here guys we want to pull out our mounts again and from here we want to jump up to that left so you want to jump forward use a double jump turn left there you go simple as that from here guys just come up here and now it's as easy as just basically just taking our time here going along this branch going along these roots just go to those as far as you can go and then guys you want to jump up to your left again so double jump forward well jump forward then use your double jump and pull left here you may want to spam your jump just just to get a little higher let's keep spamming guys until you get to this point I'm at it took me a while to be honest but it's definitely possible to keep spamming you won't fall back down either way so you're good and from here guys we're going to jump in that direction just like so and then guys you just want to be careful when we jump down take your time just like I'm doing on the screen now guys and then eventually people you will end up within this boss battle on your mount the two bosses here but yet they don't react to you so from here guys you can kill them by whatever means you have any weapon any summons absolutely anything now for killing them you'll get the nox flowing sword which is pretty decent by itself but the room then behind will open up for you to open a chest within this chest guys there is the lucid glint stone staff which is arguably the best staff in the game now the staff itself requires 52 intellect to use it but what I will say is guys I have made an ultimate guide in leveling up for new players which you see you get way beyond 52 in literally the first 15 minutes of the video easily guys it's no work whatsoever and I'll link that video down below that alone the first 50 minutes will allow you to wield this actual weapon so do check that out guys but there we have it people this is how you get arguably the best staff in the game right off the bat as a new player to this game from here guys just activate the grace point and then travel out of here by going to another grace simple as that also guys credit to silent nine for I believe was the original uploader of this it was sent to me via twitter as far I had to cover it for you guys what he is the original uploader as far as I'm aware you'll find his channel link down below if you do want to check him out and show him some love but there we have it people if you guys enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out feel like what you think want to see more out of anything be sure to subscribe and hopefully guys I will see you on that next one


Hey everyone and welcome to a brand new video on the Broogly Channel. It's Broogly here as always and in this episode I want to go over a brand new entity that just got found in the back rooms called Entity 999. This has the potential to be one of the deadliest things in all of the back rooms so without further ado let's hop right into it shall we? The entry starts with a quote, there's something strange about my friend today it's like he's been replaced with a totally different person ever since the day he got infected with that virus unlike before he hides in the corner with that gaping smile and weird delusion of taking over the human population or is it just me? So yeah that's pretty creepy I gotta say. Entity 999 has a concord classification of 4b- which means the entity is very likely to mortally wound you and has a high level of human intelligence so pretty much that means it's dangerous and smart. Entity 999 is specifically a pathogen that is seen mostly in isolated areas it can however infect food and water or other items and supplies stuff like that and this thing is very hard to identify because of how it looks it's clear and also because it acts very strangely and has sentience so a weird thing is that the main victims of this 999 virus pathogen are individual people and not big groups so entity 999 is not going to infect just a big group of people like a normal virus would it picks and chooses who it affects and when it happens and this was proven because the proliferation rates or how quickly it creates more of itself slows down abnormally fast when there are other people or other entities near it and that also proves that the pathogen has a high level of intelligence because it actively chooses who it wants to infect entity 999 adapts and changes rapidly when it's in a chemically hazardous environment so if there's a bunch of toxins floating around the environment and there's chemicals everywhere this thing thrives there's been some attempts to wipe out the pathogen but nothing works and on top of that this thing can somehow acclimate itself to the most dangerous environments and not die so you could put it into a freezing cold tundra and it would still live which is unlike normal bacteria which will die in warm or cold environments this one doesn't now the reason the entity itself is hard to see as I briefly stated earlier is because it's almost completely transparent and it doesn't reflect any light even under microscopes you can barely see it but it can be seen on food and other stuff through ultraviolet lights or UV lights so make sure you got a UV flashlight to check your stuff before you touch it or eat it because you don't want to get infected with this thing on an even creepier note this entity has been studied that in the bloodstream of someone it has the ability to chemically alter your red blood cells which means that it can release toxins inside of a person's veins once it gets there and it can control the blood cells that are already in you that is terrifying man these specific symptoms of entity 999 vary between people and it also depends on how the pathogen got into you which can happen in one of two ways the first way is called internal entry and this happens when you eat or drink something that's infected with the entity and this method of entry is the worst kind because there can be a lot of this entity on the food or drink of whatever you're inhaling so this puts more of itself into you the other kind of entry is called external entry which is when the pathogen goes through your nose eyes mouth or anything connected to your bloodstream or lymphatic system and this type of entry is normally pretty mild and the symptoms are not that serious since it goes smaller doses inside of you like that the symptoms that you get from both methods of entry are swelling of your lymph nodes delirium confusion anemia jaundice nausea dizziness memory loss loss of consciousness near unaliving and major changes in personality it's also been witnessed that the entity pathogen kills off your cells that the immune system in your body sends to fight it you can't even win for losing man this is so dangerous over 60 of people who have been affected by this entity said that they have visions or are extremely delusional or that they lose all ability to communicate temporarily for about two weeks to be exact and that's how long the symptoms seem to last but it all depends on how much of it gets inside of you as if it couldn't get any worse there is a subtype of entity 999 called 999B which is a parasitic worm that works together with the normal entity 999 well maybe it does there's no concrete proof of it but the worms only appear when someone gets the normal entity in you so it's got to be together somehow there are also two specific stages of this disease infecting you called stage r and stage in r a stage r is the first part of the sickness when the entity first gets in your bloodstream or in your lymphatic system this is right before the bad stuff happens so enjoy it while it lasts stage in r is the last part of this disease and this is when the hallucinations start now this is where it gets really dangerous when a person is on this stage they've reported seeing anthropoidal shadows and silhouettes or shadows that look like people in their head but this isn't just in their head because they can see it in real life it's a full on delusion now these shadows imitate memories from that infected person's brain so let's say you have a good memory of christmas morning with your family these human shadows acted out in front of you but they're shadows and you can't tell what they are this in our stage causes extreme emotions and anxiety to happen inside of you and even derealization as well because you're seeing your memories just in a completely different way so it can mess you up pretty bad people who get over stage in r and get healthy again claim that their entire personalities have changed due to this sickness and that it messes you up in your head or really bad and i i can't blame them because i i think it sounds like it would just another day in the back rooms though am i right so yeah that was the new it's d999 a mind changing pathogen that is hard to trace and is very dangerous if you get infected it just hides in isolated areas so my advice is to not wander into isolated areas all right so this is future brugley after this video is already completed i'm popping in to tell you that i have a huge announcement for something that i'm going to be launching in the end of july it's a brand new channel the channel will be called spoo glee so spoo glee and on the channel i will be doing scp readings and scp lore it's pretty much going to be the scp channel kind of like brugley is the back rooms channel so yeah the videos over there will be extremely chill they'll be pretty long you know 20 to 30 minutes of me just chilling out reading the entries reading everything like that going over the lore going over that kind of stuff and i'm going to be posting the first video on that channel once it hits 1000 subscribers so i'm going to link the channel in the description below go over there and subscribe to it help me get to 1k and i will launch several videos in the middle to the end of the july for you guys to watch so get that to 1k subs for the brand new channel it's going to be awesome it's going to be a very consistent channel just like brugley and two glee we got three channels now brugley two glee and spoo glee and it's going to be awesome and i'm excited for this expansion hope you are too thank you for watching thank you for watching the video and supporting me i really appreciate it check out the links below if you haven't already and go to something my second channel it's about to hit 20k subscribers that's insane thank you so much i upload bangers on there i really hope you enjoy it and i think you will thank you so much for supporting me on the brugley channel guys we've gained 20 000 subscribers in a week thank you so much i really appreciate you thank you for everything all love love you all i'll see you next video peace


I've got another present for you guys. I have a very unpopular opinion. Let me know how y'all feel about my opinion in the comments below. I've said that this year of leaks have been kinda mid. Like, compared to the other stuff we have in the vault, but not in the vault. Yeah, I guess in the vault. Compared to the other stuff we have in the vault, I just think they aren't comparing. And so to prove me wrong, my chat wanted us to do a tier list of 2023. Is this 2023 or 2022? What year are we in? Are we in 2024? No, we're not. No, it's 2023, yeah. All right, but chat too, chill. 2023 leaked Juice World songs or unreleased Juice World songs. I still don't know the difference. But yeah, so I shout out to Wolf. He made this. So let's see what we get. Let's see what we go, chat. Bleep.  I think I got... Rax out, I'm raxin' On the sax fills, I just been about ten. Buy yourself a Snickers bar, man. Views of biscuit, lover, and I love your name. Buy myself a Snickers, but you know what's crazy, bro? I hate Twitch so much. They took half of that dollar. I can't even buy myself a Snickers. Oh God, and with inflation, we don't even talk about inflation. If I add inflation into the mix, I can't even buy my freedom. So the first song we got is the song 2019, my year, or is it actually something different? For a ride in a garage cause I'm right down in the engine room. This is the part where I have to break your heart. Like, I don't want to be that person. No, I'm not saying the song's bad. I'm not at all, that's not what I'm saying at all. I'm gonna tell you how I know that. Are we rating these songs based off of all Juice World songs or are y'all only rating these songs against each other? On YouTube, okay, let me ask y'all on YouTube. What do y'all think we should have done? This song is in 999. If we're going out for this year, let's get to the next song, chat. Bad day. You said bad opinion? Bro, okay, so first off, if you think that song is 999, let's another song with that vibe. Fireflies. Let's talk about the song Fireflies. Fireflies, yes or no? Is Fireflies better than 2019? Yes or no, chat? Let's make this simple. We're gonna make this simple and move on. No, bro, no! No, hold on, no, no way, no way, no way. What am I reading? What am I reading? What am I reading? No way, y'all saying this song is better than Fireflies. What? No, wait, what? You said it's top 10 on, what the? No way, no way.   Like, dude, what? Every nigger that just said that, I got a Robby, bro.   I'm gonna do this once. I think we gotta replay Fireflies. I think y'all are really sleeping on Fireflies, chat. Hold up. You know what's crazy, chat? I didn't even look it up yet. I was gonna, look, look, look, I was gonna look it up and make y'all like re-listen to it so y'all can actually think. Bro, Fireflies was already ready to be played. Look at that. Almost 2 million views as an unreleased song.  Like, they, like, bro, Juice well watching us right now from above. He's like, nah, these niggas chipping.  And they're not crazy.  Better than this?  On the comments on YouTube, let me know which song do y'all think is better.  I don't think it's even close. Bro, I listened to this song and I forgot what 2019 even sounds like. I just farted. I don't think I heard that. But, bro, but that's cool. All right, so next we got Bad Day. Let's see, let's see where Bad Day stands.   Man, this song is better than 2019.  Let me chill, let me chill, let me chill, let me chill, let me chill, let me chill, let me chill.   Since we're comparing these songs only to 2023 standards, I am going to put it in fire for now. Oh my God, stop, bro, stop, stop, stop, stop the wham, wham, wham, I gotta listen to everything else first, bro. Chill. Do it good, y'all think good? What y'all think, chat? Fire or good? What y'all feeling? I'll hear y'all out on this. I'm not opposed to putting it in good. Good? Everybody saying good? I'm okay with that, I'm okay with that. I hope we got the same opinion on this song. Because if we don't, something's gonna be wrong. What? Let's get straight to it, let's get straight to it. I'd like to hype for this song. This probably is my, this might be my favorite 2023 song drop. Yeah, I've seen some people saying it's behind 2019. And I completely disagree.   No, it's better. It is better. Journey is better than 2019.  Like, oh, no, no, no.    It's better. It's better. It's at the top. Everybody that's saying AP TikTok is better. You can TikTok on this cock. I'm like, no, it's not. No, no, no. No, bro said I'm wrong. No, nigga, you're wrong. And I can say nigga in my argument. So it makes my argument more valid. Next chat, we got best believe. That journey is the best song that came out this year. Like, I don't care what anybody say. Best believe. Let's see it. Y'all gonna have to hear me out. It's not my favorite that came out this year. I'm gonna put it in a, cause I wouldn't necessarily turn it off.  Well, I guess we doing a lost in my head next. Let's do lost in my head. All right, chat. So yeah, that was a lost in my head. Let's just, let's just place it, bro. All right, so what we got next, chat? Let's see what we got next. I guess we got following my lead. That's, that's, bro. What, what, what, what, what, what? Bro, what's the problem now, bro? What's the problem now? What, what, what? Why there? What you mean why there?  That's, bro, that's the pinnacle of a juice world song. Like what? Yeah, you, bro, you've never heard a better juice world song in your life. Let me stop showing. Let me stop showing, bro. I'm doing too much. Let's do a high school. Well, yeah, within the last week, how many of these songs have you all listened to? Out of like, there's like 20 of these songs. I keep thinking fired, but then this Nicki Minaj part make me put it into the Nicki Minaj part. I don't know why. I think what y'all heard, what y'all think is the hardest part of this song? I think this make my nickname, my gun, Nicki Minaj. I don't know why, but this song is so hard to me. This makes me want to put it in 999. I don't know. Name my new car, Nicki Minaj. Inside, I might have a Minaj. Bro, chat, this could be like the best fire song though. That's what I'm thinking. Like I'm thinking it might be the best fire song.  That's what it's literally going to come down to. I don't think it's going to hurt to put it in fire for now, chat. And if it really gets, we might have to bump it up one. Maybe. I need to do a row raise next chat because I need to do the songs that I'm like, I know they're going to be hard. I need to get the hardest songs out the way. Let's do row raise. Row raise next. In front of high school. In front of high school.  It's locked in. We locked in. We twins. We locked in, chat. Yeah. I don't think nobody's going to be mad at that. I think we chillin'. Talk too much next. Let's see how y'all feel about talk too much. That's what's up next. Let's get it.  Back in the day. I was in a trap.  Bro just said, is this Lil TJ? No, bro. It's Lil Tecca.  Like, come on. I don't care what nobody says. It's 100% going to be above row range. Now the next question I would ask is, is it above it in 999 or is it above it in fire? I'm going to put it in fire. I'm not going to lie, chat. There shouldn't be more songs in 999 than in fire. All right, chat. What we got next, bro? Following my lead. Following my lead is next. Let's see what following my lead got. Hold up, hold up, hold up. Why is he spamming? Hold up, hold up, hold up.  When Juice WRLD freestyles, he just be spamming lyrics. Like this nigga's a freestyle god. Jesus, hold up. Go back. Why did he come in? So he came hard. Is it over?  Hatch, that's it? What did I just, bro?  Like what the fuck, just like what? That was 8K. Bro, he said 10 words. You telling me, him saying 10 words is worth more than my life? Bro, you know how many hours of work I would have to work at McDonald's to make 10K? Are we gonna rate this low because it's only 30 seconds? He spazzed. He was spazzing.  This would have been 999. I feel like I would have to say no because I'm never gonna go back. I'm never gonna search this up to listen to it. And I'm gonna tell people to skip it because there's gonna be two minutes of instrumental after, so I would have to say no. I'm not finna, I'm not finna, I'm not finna sit here and listen to two minutes of the instrumental after he spazzed.  What we got next, Chuck? Four instance, four instance. Let's see what we got going on here. I wonder, bro, he was spazzing on that. Why he stopped?  Barely lover, that's for instance, that's for instance. Yeah, that's definitely going in all right. Personally, I wouldn't go back and listen to that song. All right, next we got Hire. Hire, hire, hire. I'm on fire, fire, fire. Life on the wire, wire, wire. Hey, did I hit the notes, Chuck?   Hire, hire, hire. I've been getting higher. So y'all are saying bottom fire.  I'm sorry. I'm saying what I say. I'm standing on that hill, I don't kill. All right, Chad, lonely. Let's go to lonely. Smoking to my eyes bleed, don't need no vising. I'm gonna make my sprite bleed, I got some red land. Either he's at the top of good or he's at the bottom of fire. If that's the case, I'm gonna put it in good, in the front of good. All right, Chad, next we got my name.  Now today I got time, kid. You know what I'm saying? My name is my name, is my name, is my name. Chad, what does that even mean? My name is my name.  Or am I overthinking it? Like, my name is my name. Is that like, it's giving me dyslexia, bruh. If you ever wasted my time. We'll put it at the top of like, at the end of the day, he did not lie. His name is his name. All right, next time we got, not ashamed. Like, you shouldn't be ashamed to press that like button. You feel what I'm saying? Help your boy out and press that like button. You dig? No, seriously, please. I'm going homeless. Like the video.  No, not today. Bro, just got a new gun that's from Russia. Yeah, it's okay. I'm gonna put it in good. I put it at the bottom of the good, though. I like that song. I like the chorus and the verse is a listenable. Touch my rap. Design it on me and I touch, and I, wait, what? Fuck. Design it on me and I told her ratchet. Design it on me and I told her ratchet.  Please don't touch my fap. I'm gonna just put this in good. I'll put it at the top of good. I don't care what y'all say about that. I ain't go by. All right, sipping red. You'll be sipping green, you ain't leaning. Yeah. I'll be sipping reds brightly. Yeah, yeah. This song is like a nursery rhyme stuff. This is definitely, this is definitely going in I. All right, next we got Out Late. Got some bros on my team that are catching my vibe. One, five, oh drink, saying me and Swerve are going bonkers. Chad, I'm not listening to this over and touch my rap. I ain't go by. I don't care what y'all say. I had to do it. I don't care. Hey, y'all might, y'all ain't be mad. Hey, I'm sorry. It had to happen. I forgot. R.I.P. Jocelyn. I take off no rocky, uh, I need a plug, no socket, uh. Say you that nigga that stops me, uh. I might put it at the top of good. Oh, y'all think fire? Behind high school? Y'all think, oh, y'all think, well, that song was not better than touch my rap. Actually, no way. I mean, I guess I can see how y'all think it is. That song's, but yeah, I see, okay, behind high school. Yeah, I'm cool with that. I'm cool with that, behind high school. All right, next, Her Beauty. Her Beauty. She ain't playin' trash, yeah, she gang, gang.  Are we puttin' it in between good and, I'm puttin' it under lonely, is that cool? All right, next we got Reason. I'm high and it's all my fault. It ain't a surgery in the world that'll fix my flaw. For me personally, I'm gonna put it at the bottom of the good, probably. I'm not going up. That's me personally. All right, the last song, chat, we're almost done. Curtis did blow. Throwin' on the purple, I feel like a different person. Snakes in the grass, God told me, how did she start blowin' no. Y'all know where it's goin'. It's obvious, come on now. All right, so this is the final list. It's been a rough year for Jerusalem, but then again, we know why. Subscribe, like, and comment.  Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. Don't clip that. Give me y'all opinions on everything in general. And join us up on Twitch, because Twitch is better, remember, bro. Y'all ain't know what it is. It's your boy, Baskin.