I'm Dave Vellante of Wikibon.org, and we're here with Steve Killen, who's the Enterprise Server Manager at James Hardy Building Products, an SAP customer. Welcome to theCUBE. Thank you very much. So, Steve, you know, we've been listening all week, actually, before we do that, tell us about James Hardy Building Products, and then we'll get into it. So James Hardy is a manufacturer of fiber cement building products. You make siding the houses, and you might have heard of Hardyback at the Thailand Lehmann. And we're about a one and a half billion dollar company, predominantly in the U.S., but we have operations in Australia, the Philippines, and Europe. So you've been an SAP customer for a while, I presume? Yeah. I think about seven years now. Okay. So when you think about SAP, today and yesterday, we've been hearing about fast, simple, mobile. Those aren't adjectives that you typically associate with SAP. Now, we love to talk to customers, because we can cut through the marketing and say, okay, where are we here? So, criticisms of SAP are complex, they are expensive, but incredibly robust. Where do you want to see SAP go?  You know, if we go back to sort of about five years ago, everything was physical. You know, every time we wanted to bring up a QA environment or something like that, we had to bring up sort of 10 physical servers, have the power in the data center to do that. And so now that we've sort of virtualized that, we can, you know, give us more agility. And I think, you know, as things go forward, being able to move that seamlessly to the cloud and back again, you know, as resource requirements, you know, increase, that's sort of what we're looking for. So when did you guys make the decision to virtualize SAP? We did that about three years ago. You know, again, because of, you know, power requirements and things, we just couldn't keep growing the way we were growing with a physical architecture. Disaster recovery was also big for us. Being able to, you know, do any kind of DR in a physical environment was really tricky. So now we just replicate the entire VM and we can bring it up within a few minutes. So Steve, as an infrastructure professional, I'm sure you love the fact that you virtualized SAP. How did the application guys feel about that? Were they sort of a little tense? Yeah, it was interesting at first. I mean, we started off by virtualizing test dev, which I think a lot of people do. That gave those guys, you know, some comfort level. You know, we did that for about a year. They sort of played around with it, realized it was stable and worked. And then, you know, we had an implementation to move to a 64-bit architecture. And that was when we decided that this was the time we were going to virtualize at the same time. OK, so 64-bit Intel, presumably, right? Yeah, we're Windows Oracle and VM. OK, so you're virtualizing Oracle? Virtualizing Oracle on Windows and VM. So that's a whole nother interesting discussion. Oh, yes. I'm sure you've got the full support of Oracle that you're virtualizing with VMware. Yeah, they're obviously, you know... Not OVM? I mean... Yeah, I think there's one person using that, right?  I could see the headlock, Mark. Exactly. I think they're a little bit more happy with it these days than they were about three years ago. But at the end of the day, you know, their kind of support model is, if you might have to reproduce it on a hardware platform, nobody ever asked you to do that. I mean, you know, we've been running it now for sort of three-plus years and we've never had an issue just running under VMware. So you're still getting good support from Oracle? Yep. And having any issues? They may threaten it, but the bark is louder than the bark.  Yeah, that is fortunate. Okay, so talk more about your infrastructure, what else is underneath there? Yeah, so we're an EMC, we had a Clarion CX-4 240. We've just actually, recently in the last two weeks, upgraded to a VNX 5700. So that's nothing quite on that yet. We also use RecoverPoint to replicate between two sites, which is in Irvine and Chicago. We have a 100 meg length and we have about a half a terabyte of data on the ECC that we replicate and we're about maybe if a minute behind. So we can get really, really up to the minute. So pretty tight RPO? Yeah. We don't have our RPO to 15 minutes, but at any one time we're only about a minute behind if not. Okay, so and you don't really have to compress that any further in your environment? No, we have a riverbed system on either side to help with compression, but now it works really well. Okay, so talk about the applications. You've got SAP, obviously, talking about what you're doing there and what other apps that you've virtualized. We're about 99% virtually. Really? There's a couple of systems that have cards in them that just won't virtualize yet. But yeah, so we virtualize Exchange, SharePoint. We have Manugistics for transportation. Yeah. BI, BW, everything on VMware. And what do you do for backup? We use Avama. So we basically have about 28 days of everything backed up on the disk, which we then replicate that as well to our Chicago office. We still right now do quarterly backups of Tape, but you know, because it's not really a great solution yet for long term archival. That's put it on Tape and hopefully you don't have to have to get to it, but it's cheap strategy. Yep, pretty much. That's that scenario and we already keep it around. When you went to Avamar, I mean, obviously, well, not obviously, but was that in conjunction with your decision to virtualize or was that separate? Yeah, it was separate. It was separate. So what were you doing before Avamar? I mean, it was all backup extension. So you kind of fixed it in the play section, but you could have kept your system back for a while and popped into something like that on data. So talk about what's on VMC to do. Oh, let's hear. I've mentioned this many times. The UI needs improvement. Unisphere is a step in the right direction, but I still feel they're paying a bit of catch up with some of the other vendors out there. It's not quite as simple to use as I think it can be, and reporting would be the other one. It's kind of, you know, the reporting's there, but it's not sort of in your face and being able to really quickly get, okay, what's the performance on this disk? So they're the two main things that I've been beating EMC up over the last 12 months, and hopefully they make some changes there. Okay, yeah, reporting, and those are fixable problems. They are fixable problems, and I think it really wouldn't take that much for them to sort of really get a small UI team together and come up with something whizzy and easy to use. What do you think about the SAP messaging around analytics and real-time mostly? What's your experience? Obviously, you've got virtualized environments. That's a fantastic accomplishment. But now you've got the analytics going, and they're talking about all those dashboards.   That looks really kind of cool. Pass that over this, smoke the crack. I guess my concern is how easy is it to get there, right? It's the demo version. It's the demo version. I mean, you've got your iPad with your widgets that you put up, and I'm like, hey, if someone could do that for me inside 30 days, I'd sign up today. But I get the feeling it's kind of more of the millions of dollars. What's your take from your seat, your chair, you're looking at your landscape, which is your environment, to that dashboard, which is the Nirvana. What's the challenges? How do you get there in your mind? What roadmap do you see from your perspective?  I mean, I think a lot of times these solutions are kind of get designed by IT in a vacuum and they kind of go, hey, here's a dashboard for you. Well, I didn't really want that. I wanted this, this, and this. Can you change this? It's going to be six months. Exactly. So I think, you know, I really think IT is kind of changing and I mean, I'm an infrastructure guy, right? I went and did my MBA a couple of years back and I think that the way that IT is going is the propeller head kind of guy is going to be moved sort of towards the back and IT, even infrastructure people are going to need to have a bit more business acumen to really understand what's going on. What do you think of the whole DevOps movement? Are you familiar with what's going on there? And is it something that you guys have looked into? I'm not familiar with it. So it's the whole notion of maybe describe it and talk about what it might mean to you guys. So DevOps is the intersection of application development and infrastructure operations. The idea being somebody in application development takes a piece of code, they throw it in the fence to your guys and then you got to put it into your production environment and then you got to sometimes hack away at it.  And you say, well, it was fine when I gave it to you and it goes back and forth and back and forth and the project elongates and so there's this notion of cross-training in both disciplines, both application development and infrastructure operations. Maybe it should be better termed ops dev, as John Furrier says. So do you see that kind of culture shift as a sort of beyond agile programming? What are your thoughts on how that might apply in your world? Yeah, I mean, it's one of the main reasons I'm here. I'm an infrastructure guy at an SAP business conference and the reason I'm here is to really kind of start to understand what SAP is trying to do so that I can provide better value to my app dev guys when they come to me and ask for that kind of stuff. So yeah, I think it's absolutely... Yeah, because those guys obviously have a lot of juice in the organization and they're the interface to the business and so good. All right, Steve. Well, listen, thanks very much for coming on theCUBE. It was a pleasure meeting you. Pleasure meeting you too. Good to be here. Thanks for coming on. We'd love to hear the customer's perspective. Love the question of what he needs to work on. It comes right out. Thanks for coming on theCUBE. We appreciate it. We'll be right back with our next guest after this break.


Hi, my name is Ardam and I'm from Turkey and I got my TEFL certification from the ITTT Academy And it helped me to get a Kickstarter to find my dream job And I got my first interview of tomorrow to be a teacher They had great contacts and materials which helped me to understand many many new things about language and teaching as well I would recommend it to anyone who has a passion for teaching And I really thank all the stuff there. It's been a great experience to me really Bye


Welcome back to our meds smarter lecture series where we're taking a smarter approach to preparing future physician Before we get started if you'll take just a quick minute and click that like button and also Subscribe and turn the bell on so that you'll be notified when we post new videos Let's talk about pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is another gram negative Let's break down that aeruginosa Latin that Originosa we can think of that as aerobic All right, so this means that it has to be in the presence of oxygen somehow. Okay, this is motile So it can move it is a catalyst positive Gram negative rod so you see in this picture here. It's not a very clear picture, but we are seeing that red color stain Indicating that it is gram negative It does not ferment lactose and it is oxidase positive So we often see pseudomonas and water a lot of times in soil also It's fairly easy to tell if someone has an infection with pseudomonas because of its odor The odor is grape like this is probably a buzzword that you can use for Pseudomonas if they talk about a patient having An infection on a leg and the wound is you know They'll describe the wound and they'll talk about how it has an odor that smells like grapes That's a great buzzword for pseudomonas infections So what all type of symptoms do we have with pseudomonas? Well, pseudomonas actually in and of itself can be a mnemonic to help you remember what different symptoms that it causes so Pseudomonas spelled out can be pneumonia sepsis ecthyma gangrenosum UTIs Diabetes osteomyelitis mucoid polysaccharide capsule otitis externa or swimmers ear nosocomial infections addicts and skin infections So remember all of those particular things associated with pseudomonas that can be Present here. So let's break down a couple of these specifically the muco polysaccharide capsule This is what helps cause chronic pneumonia in patients that have cystic fibrosis because it actually forms a biofilm That biofilm is very difficult to get rid of and that's where we can have chronic pneumonia Even though we can give antibiotics and kill some of that bacteria that biofilm is much more difficult to get rid of Pseudomonas also produces peep which is a phospholipase C that degrades the cell membranes So that's the P in peep the E in peep is an endotoxin that endotoxin can give us a fever and shock The second E is an exotoxin a that exotoxin a specifically will come in and activate the EF2 cascade And then the final P is pigments So pyoviridine and pyosinan are going to be present in Pseudomonas, that's what gives it a characteristic blue-green pigment. So if you see patients that they describe a Wound on the leg or on the arm or somewhere on the body on the skin That has a blue-green pigment and it smells like grapes then this is diagnostic of Pseudomonas for us It can also cause corneal ulcers and keratitis of specifically for those patients that wear contact lenses Not just necessarily contact lenses, but that they have contact lenses that they consistently wear without taking them out That's why it's important to Educate your patients that wearing contact lenses 24 seven three sixty five and never taking them out to give your eye the chance to breathe And and get rid of some of these potential infections is very important We don't want to keep contact lenses in all the time because of things like Pseudomonas Keratitis there minor eye trauma can also cause some of that too if it gets infected with that particular bacteria So we also mentioned a minute ago that ecthyma gangrenosum. What is that? That is a necrotic Cutaneous lesion that's caused by Pseudomonas. You can see here in this picture. It's a little small, but there's some Lesions here on this individual patient all over the legs here So that is a rapidly progressive necrotic lesion there caused by Pseudomonas and it's labeled as ecthyma gangrenosum Oftentimes we see these in patients that are immunocompromised So how do we treat Pseudomonas? We're gonna treat Pseudomonas with campfire drugs. Okay campfire is another mnemonic that we can use here that's going to spell out Carbapenems for the C the A is amino glycosides the M is mono-bactams The P is polymixin so polymixin B or co-listen. This is also known as polymixin E The F in campfire is fluoroquinolones. These are going to be like ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin The I and the R are kind of mixing This is just a little bit of a way to get this mnemonic to work But third and fourth generation cephalosporins so cephtazidine and cephapeme are two of your main ones that work very well for Pseudomonas and then finally the E in campfire is your extended spectrum penicillins like Pipericillin and tickericillin If you found this material helpful for your studying, please like and consider subscribing to the channel Also share this video so that more people can benefit from it like you have


Check it man. Check it. Check it. Check it. It's unique. Also, it's your boy E ceo No money most by the way and we create cuts every damn day check it say man Yeah, man, we got one in here today, man You know, he was here the other day. He had a lot to say from behind the scene I got all kind of footage where he was talking. He wanted to get on the mic that day and I wouldn't let him The nigga wanted to get loose with me. You know, I'm talking about man check it man Hey, you've seen this guy. He's been on song with what sauce Walker and I mean He was summon by Boosie. I heard on the what's up with that and then then they had the nerd to say that That boy over there. What's his name? Yo got it one of them niggas rich out to it. You know CMG. Is that right? Yeah, check it man. AJ1 K is in the building. All right Coming on the show man, I appreciate you bringing me on. Hey, man. Come on man. She's family now Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Hey, man. I'll take it now. Hey, we're going to a it's it's way beyond It's headed places now. Oh, yeah. Say man boss talk man We've been on you know, I can say we just come on the scene man And we we like I said we watch the artists that are coming up as well And just to have you in our presence, man, we appreciate you for coming on the show Oh, yeah, it's a pleasure and I'm gonna be here, bro Man love your spirit. I already checked you out man in some about your humble spirit Even he said it and then they go hard on everybody. Yeah, man. That's a good dude. You got a humble spirit I said man, that's dope. Yeah, you know I'm saying I appreciate that So let's get into it man.  Ajay 1k, bro, I'm I'm me. That's what I've been already. That's me. That's me. Yeah, I love your energy On the music I'm talking about you know right now, you know, you kind of laid back. Yeah, I'm see that's the difference though Like I'm my interviews and so you gonna see I'm laid back. Like, you know, I'm chillin Yeah, yeah, you know the music I am lit But at the same time, it's it's just all business I get it. I get it. It dang sure. It was all business man. What y'all spending that money? I see two niggas everywhere. I don't know y'all how y'all getting out But you niggas leaving and going places and everything else When I seen you on there, you from Mississippi, right? Yeah, that's why I'm born and raised Okay, how long how old were you when you start venturing into the music?   Oh, they're like three four years ago. Okay, okay It took a serious like when y'all say took a serious with the hell it mean Because when I say that I really mean take a serious cuz I like in their interview when they asked it It's a difference between serious and doing something like if I was gonna choose to be a Doctor, I'm gonna take that serious and I'm gonna do what I got to do to be a doctor You feel so I decided I'm gonna be a artist. So I'm finna be a artist Oh, that's when I started doing the things the artists will do to try to you know catch it So what was one of the first steps? To get serious.  We're hard in the studio.  So No, I cut my first single and Like I'm finna this me AJ one cut you feel me? It's my this my first single which was built like me you feel that was the name built like me feel like me Yeah, like and it was So what anything strike like anything pop off when you was in in Jackson, Mississippi, right? Yeah, that's where I was it because like I said, I graduated and then I Really I ain't even record that song in Jackson. I went to the coast like that's the little beach part of Mississippi Gulf Coast Biloxi. Mm-hmm. All that so, um, I Met I had a homie out there. He had a studio. So, um, I went out there created the singer And like I said, we chopped it. We put a little video to it and then it did. I But like I personally don't like the song Yeah, looking back, you know, like I wouldn't have dropped it. I don't think I think everybody's starting out They don't like what they first body work right now. It ain't that but what is it down there like the good songs How you know so damn much about rap? Let's just talk about that for a minute because you was a rapper You know Okay, stop listening to your friend.  Let's go back to the list though. Yeah, that's every song sound good. Yeah Well, we was in Vegas. Let me ask you something I took the nigga I took the nigga to the dispensary got the niggas some weed and everything because it's legal out there when you made that song Balling with Trump. No, that was okay. The song I made in Vegas.  Yo, I was making a beat Well, okay. Mm-hmm. Was that hard? No, okay. That's it was trash That she was trash I decided to stop rapping The music I mean it's like the Like the beat and she won't trade just the way I Presented myself on the song. It's trash. It's like the lyrics. Oh, it's trash. Yeah, it's just you know I need more delivery practice. It's a lot of records. I got like that like that might be hard But I'll trash no bit really you'll never hear I think I think it's important man to Just just really focus in on the fact that you know, you making music there is gonna be evolution You're gonna grow and as you grow, you know, you're gonna get better and better, right? Oh, yeah So you're gonna look back at your music be like man, that was trash man But I never bought I never trashed a bottle of Trump because that was a hard song I just didn't I just didn't put it out. I didn't try it though. I just put that one out That song was the way we had a style now This is how it's called ballin with Trump. I didn't think yeah, I got a coat But I don't like I mean I just ain't putting them any better quality behind it This nigga he went on better quality.  Yeah, I got it I still can do all that just don't be like man, I know interested like forget it Well, well, I get it.  Hey, but I can tell you though. I feel I can tell you for a fact if I ever get my delivery down I'll probably be one of the hardest rappers around here. That's what it gets.   How did you when you was when I remember looking at off the porch and I seen you You say that I guess you was down there doing something with Boosie. Yeah, that's um, big homie Boosie I was actually well. Yeah, they invited me to open up for them. Yeah, that's tonight. Well, how did you build that relationship? My first year rapping see that's what niggas understand.  I'm you know, still building but I still had that tough I dropped my cold red album.   You do who was managing you then because you weren't with mama. Yeah, that's yeah.   We want to you know, listen to it See what it's about.  You know, we I can come kick it You know anytime out there. So, um, that's basically how that happened bro.  Oh, yeah. Hey, what's the best advice he gave you? Um, I was like, you could you know booze a real nigga now, you know Be talking like yeah, you like me. They're gonna just show it to be who he is That's what he do me. I'm talking. I Just know the business the personal conversations we had, you know, like Yeah, I don't shot die you in the new year.  I'm being lit. But personal conversation was Just nigga Give right because that's when I went when I went the first time That's what that personal conversation was about. He was, you know, telling me about how to how to go about myself To because at that time when I went I wasn't nowhere near, you know, ready I thought I probably was but you know, I wasn't ready how you know, he maybe thought all the way. So, um Like I said, the main thing he told me was to build myself and focus on myself.  Let's walk a bad boy, man You know when you jump on the track with him, you gotta add that energy you got to an arm Y'all chemistry was right. That's what it was the chemistry, but we two different type That's what made me feel and that's what made it and you know to make the track level out, but um, I Say he already a nigga to South. No, I like it.  Yeah, my career wise locally.  We'll film that on to shot this That's the one shot that viral one with younger nights. Uh, mm-hmm Well, now you're gonna look cards. What's the name of this? I forgot But yeah, he a viral videographer though So yeah, it was on scene that night actually when we I had a choice between like six niggas that was ready to shoot Yeah, I think you made the right choice, right? Yeah, I went with the best for shows, you know if I'm Investing in myself. I'm gonna make sure that quality, you know was there. So I like it.   Okay. They was already down. Okay that night.   It was actually a genuine Call, you know, to where we comfortable enough to do business in this rap because sauce already had done hit me and Even my label made journey in the past, you know, that's just how he do, you know Yeah, tap in so yeah, and we know I actually went through with it, you know, like all right I'm gonna do it cuz it didn't make sense.  Oh, yeah, that's Corio, he's actually from on east as a dfw. Okay, or he got a lot of he produced a lot of songs for a lot of people like In this area, you know Yeah, he that was actually like it was I made that song bro I didn't have the beat till I got there Yeah, we had a problem with the other beat That because we like I say it was so quick.   So I mean the thing that that that's crazy is the way that they Link back the how fast it happened. Yeah. Yeah, that's that's the thing man And you got to move when it you gotta move when it when it when it when it's happening You got to move with you can't let that opportunity miss, you know I'm on that nigga that's gonna take some opportunity. I can tell as far as if I got to be in New York The mom Because that's how it happens. Yeah, I move around a lot with it Well, I got comedians that come on this on the set and and when they come certain ones like shout out to Jesse McDonald You know every week we talk whether every once a week. I'll talk to him and he'd be like I'm in Where ever I'm in New York. I'm in Florida. I'm in Cali. I mean I'm with this person I'm in Arkansas and that's the way it go with when you move in and trying to get people to see who you are When we went to Miami, that's dope spectacular happened. What happened? I got recognized in my Somebody seen you somebody don't make you feel that make you feel wonderful I was in the store nigga walked up behind me. I'm like damn.  Yeah I'm like, yeah, he said man, I'll be watching you man I've been watching if you are I had a guy to call me from Oklahoma, right? And he was like II I watched every single video. This was before this all happened He just I went viral talking crazy about actually the young dolphin the yoga situation and I was like man You know the nigga need to sit on there It was real gangsta when I see it and it went viral somewhere Yeah, and it was like when it happened People start watching me. You know how that go and and they were seeing the video and they were seeing how black business owner was doing this I used to take girls and people everywhere with me.  It's a unique. Yeah, that's the way it go down So so basically what happens is it make you feel good. So who was it? How did it go down? What happened nigga? We what we Where we was on my hand? We went through a little peaceful spot. Yeah, so yeah, we just out there. We grab it Where was what? Oh, yeah, he actually he was from Texas That's that's how you jay bro. Nah, we was actually another big homie on the side of the show You know, we networking. Yeah. Yeah for sure.    You don't think I was just listening to them Oh, yeah, let's go Oh, yeah, you gotta Always show love man. I had niggas to do me like that a lot of times, bro. Don't it feel good? But No, he's like, I don't want no picture.  This is a good part about this. It was rock tea It's a little the cat to make all the beats right now for like, uh, he make for joinna lucas and all them niggas, right? Like like the nigga hot. He did from yellow beats. He done did if you look him up when you rock tea Just look him up. He's he's living this area. And the niggas see me. He said you eco He like what you doing here?  He was like, man, come on. Take a picture with me, man And my brother ain't gonna believe it. That's dope.  I had a uh my big homie Carlos brown From Atlanta. Okay. I don't know. You know, that's uh track star. He's around there. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah He had a testimony. He was like, uh He even showed it like uh cuz was reaching out the car loads like A lot could call out do a lot of promotions and you know, so he was like, uh, He kept reaching out to him. Carlos overlooked them. Shit. Wow. Like, uh, next month or so um That's when that song blew up, but The messages was how much Carlos was inspiration to the guy, you know, so he was like you never know who you Inspired That's dope, man. Niggas watching you. Oh, your views is up. I mean people watching you. You're doing your thing, man It's a blessing man. What happened down there though. Yeah, when you didn't make that list nigga. Let's talk about that Yeah, what happened down there? Yeah, nigga. What happened? You crashed out niggas. You crashed out No, I'm gonna tell you I talked to him about that list man.  And but you did something on on the on off the porch where you you shot it out of these I always do that, bro. And that's that's why sometimes I feel some type of I know because you care about it Like you like I'm helping to make make moves down there And um and like I said, it was most so with that situation, uh, I won the little poll thing Yeah, yeah, yeah day before the day to ease like work like work Look, Trill don't have me in another way. Look like he finna do Yeah, I'm like, all right, if I win this one now, hold up.  I got love No, no, no, we don't we Where I'm at when we're so you hear niggas what you're talking about, you know, niggas and that's what you pulled up I pulled up and I'll be outside And I saw a little bro like wherever I go, that's where I'm taught, you know I ain't come into Texas like niggas, you know, you know, so you come in trying to like I'm affiliated Because I come from an area where we got no opportunity Man, I came through your area niggas and I didn't want to stop niggas Yeah, there's too many niggas down there. All these black folks.  I came in. I'm looking for the white folks.  And then I just drove Politely out of y'all city Shout out to Jackson though, man. I love my people down there, man But I really did trip when I first went like I didn't I didn't expect it. It's a lot of poverty. I was like down there as far You know No opportunity. So you don't think it's a place where you can like then y'all have somebody Yeah, what I killed why and who down there down there. Wow. He went home. Yeah, you gotta you gotta move Yeah, he did move but he went back home same thing happened that other dude. Yeah, uh, what's that nigga name? The great uh, yeah Yeah, I know you're talking about. Yeah He went back home to visit. That's how it be bro. But Killed him at the wafer house, man. And they just Got broke for that convicted for that. Did they they call it? Yes, like, wow. I didn't know that Was it the one you talking about in? I'm talking about a little learning. Yeah, I'm talking about really they just found that Like, you know, just convicted them as whatever. Wow. So Like I said, when you go back home and shit, so it's just Be careful when you do be making you gotta watch how you move Because jealousy and envy is something else. It's real. Oh, yeah. Go ahead. You was about to ask a question Yeah, I'm like since you uh, uh miss sipping and you moved to Texas. All right.   That's why I'm saying I'm just saying because it's because of the reason though Because the music industry if you're going if you're going through the music Thanks, you gotta see but I say Louisiana is similar It's similar as far as the opportunity though, bro I couldn't just it's easier to come to Texas and in this marketplace as far as finding marketplace rather than me Going to bad news shot out the lj echoes from Louisiana. That's the southern blues singer that moved to Dallas. So yeah, nigga I feel you move the text. Yeah, but I ain't want to I want to know what's great I went to bad news and tried to I was like, I can't do it.  I went down to Miami and they were staring at me They were staring at the Indians nigga leave me alone Hey, no, why you do that? Why don't know why they do that? Why you do that? Why are they were staring at me? No, when he's staring at you, why would you say to him?  So they look in like all in the game from it Listen, bro, bro. I can tell when they came from there. That's a problem. That's a problem that we have as a color Yeah, when we look at each other first thing on my mind is It was up. What's up? Yeah, we're good.   Other way and that was Yeah, like that's why niggas say what's up nigga? You looking crazy? I was in Miami at the king of diamonds and he was staring at me. I had my gold. I put my gold It wasn't my little gold my big gold I wouldn't put nothing in it came over right by me because if you go to king of diamonds, it's a dark It's a dark road. Yeah, it's a very long. Yeah, it's a very lonely road No, I'm talking about the one in Miami. I'm talking about. It's a very lonely road.  I ain't got nothing.  Niggas do sit like that. They do One nigga walked up to me. He was like, hey man, uh I know you mean you used to hustle the guy. I said nigga, I don't know you think boy Nigga, I was like, nigga, I don't know you nigga. Don't walk up on me like that I went all the way left on that nigga.   Oh, yeah, lake club He had a Yeah, that's because I know the nigga trying to get close and I don't know you nigga I'm getting to the calm. I don't even play with niggas because I don't like I felt I was already guarded because I had no I was totally right. You know what I'm saying? No, that was what you told me. Let's go to the car. Yeah, I got Yeah, I know what's up. I already know Yeah, no, but I really I I'm trying to go and my wife and me and we are having a good time That's what it be bro. We just when I go out. That's what I'm trying to do. Have a good time Yeah, and it's ignorant D days.   Yeah, I did that one before I think yeah, I did that one before that one before the end and that's really what like I said that world star That that pushed out that pushed me out there too to another I'll put that bread up a world star be tripping That much it ain't that much It ain't that much crazy. I got a Out the idea that I established a relationship with how much do you think it is about about a thousand Look at you crazy Now that's for just maybe an instagram post Yeah, or just the youtube yeah to get on that youtube you gonna have to come with it Yep, and and and it's but it's worth it, right? Do you think yeah, because like I said when I did that Shit, it was up like I got laid with me. I got Really? So people start checking in Y'all pay too much. No No, I'm telling y'all I'm telling y'all. I mean you can't see what I see You If you got them plug nigga plug me like you But that going through the site nigga But I'm like you now don't see I got that relationship So now I can You gotta do that that first time niggas want to you spend that red That's the type of game that you gotta learn that we I know that game you ve'em you established that go that one time You might turn it into something I could tell you something that'll blow your mind I put some money up in a minute and god got a way of pushing it right back to you All you got to do is take that one step and you take two towards you. I've seen it happen here Me too. I was just coming here and and I was like here. Here's this for that just And they come before they leave they don't gave me double that back It's just the way you gotta you gotta be a business If you respect other folks business and they bring they're gonna respect you All the way like because you're establishing good business and and they'll tell you that that's the crazy part Like niggas with millions of dollars or niggas with that's well off They don't mind spending money with you, but they want to be respected for what they've done I've helped I've helped open barbershops. I've helped open all type of uh businesses Student music studios and and and they come right back. Oh, yeah, they come right back. I need that one You need I need to do it right now. What would you want? No because I know so many people that actually know. Listen. See, he ain't rapping them up Like this nigga's bipolar What you mean put people in position to get what they need. Oh, that's what you want to see. I'm saying why I can't do that Well, you can't but you can explain what I'm talking about But you wouldn't let me the next minute that nigga rapping. I'm not When the road said there, I'll be like say man, tell them about your rapper. I don't care about these We put that old world stop Let's do it. Hey, listen. I really think if I get on song somebody's gonna go hold I just gotta get my cadence down. Let's eat once I get that down. You don't get them down if you don't practice That's it. Easy though. You got Hey, but niggas getting on without cadence. Yeah, see hey, hey, he back. He back the rap the rapper is back He read this nigga come right back. Let's get in there. I can get in there. I was gonna start back See what I mean He'll get back He's gonna make you interesting I actually stopped I haven't started back yet, but you think about it. I am gonna Like if y'all hear my first song that I first one's the name of it. I don't even know I don't know but I know it's trash. Yeah And to my last song which I know that's trash too, but you listen to the comparison. It's totally different upgrade But it's still trash. Yeah, I know what it is. It's just my cadence. I know I can play songs y'all right now Y'all can say I got bars. It just I don't play.  I haven't heard it.  We'll put it in the let's plug it in AJ one came out to get a listener Nigga, we crazy You don't talk about we don't get into a listening session. Yeah, let me get there. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah Yeah, balling with trump bring that whole on I'm gonna do it just because you want to let's see what he got. I know what I know what it does for me Let's see what he got Caj1k, you didn't ever know you're gonna do a listening session Yeah, we better get this whole pumping in here. Nigga could be a celebrity. We don't even know yet American idol I'm gonna see with a five Here you go You get on there already.  He came and held the brother up when I had ran out of luck deposit He didn't worry to the song with me Can't be mad by this song Cuz I'm balling with trump. He gave me 1200 bucks It's a new battlefield When I had ran out of luck deposit Now I'm balling with trump Cuz I'm balling with trump He gave me 1200 bucks When I was broken up my ass he came and held the brother up When I had ran out of luck deposit He gave me 1200 bucks Cuz I'm balling with trump Cuz I'm balling with trump When I was broken up my ass he came and held the brother up When I had ran out of luck deposit He gave me 1200 bucks Cuz I'm balling with trump My mama was a ghost Cuz my daddy was on drugs So you know what that mean I had to get it like the mood My brother called himself He was always next to him I got you, I got you Hey man, make sure y'all go in the comments And let us know if my co-host Money Moses If he really wrecked that I'm balling with trump No, no, no, we want to know I'm trying to get in the comments You liked it?  I think that's what's different about us, man. When I go, I don't want to miss it. That's what all my family want to talk about. And I just want to be chillin', bro. You know, once you start rapping, I... They want to talk about rap. You know, I be like, bro, I just here to kick it, bro. Yeah, I think it's time to talk about rap, bro. But yeah, it's like that. So, hands down, we're the most different podcast you ever done. Oh, yeah. I love the diverse... I think that's the way we, like, try to portray it. Like, we just hanging out. And I think that's why people be like, man, shut up, man. You talk, let him talk. No, nigga, we're having a conversation. Yeah. Boss talk is where the bosses talk, nigga. So what's the dopest person that you really, like, would want to do a song with, you know, as far as if you could pick anybody in the world? Uh... I'll say right now... Bruno Mars. Except for the... You're right. You're right. We've been a kid a while. Gucci Man came on when we got Bruno Mars and Kodak Black, nigga. Man, that was the nigga I was with. It's like, Gucci. Did you know what I said? That nigga got a... Gucci Man got out, and he went and got Kodak Black and Bruno Mars and said... They said, what's his name? And then I'm fly. That was it. I knew it was over. But that's who I was going to say, Gucci. That's somebody I'll do a song with. He's smart, too. And y'all don't even realize how hard he worked. He built the foundation. Yeah, I've seen it. What's that nigga name? Uh, Wes, what? Yeah. Giovanni the God that came on here was like, man, you need to interview him. I ain't never gonna go. I told you the name, Wes. Wes, come on, dawg. We will go and interview you, nigga. We saw it, nigga. Come back, nigga. I told you a year ago. I told you a year ago. You better leave me, nigga.  I signed whoever, nigga. You see? I'm a boss, dawg. I got to go like that. In six months, I need a feature. That's what you're coming back? Six months.  I'm the next year. At the beginning of the year, I'm gonna have a whole mix tape. Wherever I'm at, nigga, call him. He's gonna pull up, right? He's gonna come do it. Video too, nigga. It's up, nigga. I'll take these cameras out here, nigga. You know the quality. We hidden. We moved his style. Yeah, man. How did you end up landing that interview off the porch? What's my nigga name? David. David from whatever the guy. I don't know if I forgot, but he reached out. Oh, he did. He knew you was in the city. Yeah, and I believe he saw me when I was in Atlanta one time. Okay. Before at a showcase.  Grinding, taking some steps.  Opportunity. Like I said, he reached out to me on Instagram.  You can pay to get on DGB. See a lot of niggas don't know. There's a lot of opportunities that come to me be free as fuck.  When you say you can pay to get on which one? Off the put. You can pay a lot of bread to get on there, bro. Yeah, they reached out. Hold on, I got somebody shaking the hook. Gonna put it on the A. Hold up, brother. What you doing? Put it back up there. Put it back up there. Once you touch it, it's bought. That's what I'm saying. Put it back up there. You just stopped the whole show. No, I know it. That's good. I got a habit like I'm a hustler.  I ain't worried about that. I'm just worried about making a sale. Clothes. You making a sale? Thank you, man. A sale right here. What? Let's go back into the off the put. You can buy, get on. I've never charged nobody to be on here.  But there's something that some people do. Get on there. And they reached out to you? Yeah, he reached out. It combined with that weekend I was opening up for Boosie. That was the weekend I did that. How'd you feel? You felt like, all right, I'm moving. Yeah, I felt good.  That was a great couple of weeks, right? Yeah. I'm over here with you, Niggles. I was with Boosie last week. Oh, that's dope, man. That's a big-ass weekend. That's a good week, right? I'm having a lot of fun. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I got a question though. When do you make your best songs? When you're serious or when you're playing?  Like I said with me, how I make music I gotta hear the beat first.  But I hear the beat and then I go from there but I say, so I'm gonna be serious. So I say I make it when I'm serious, bro. So I'll be serious. If I'm finna get on the beat, Niggah, I'ma be serious. I think it's better that way, too. Because sometimes you can write then you try to go back and listen. Yeah, yeah, yeah.  So that's why I go off the beat. You gotta make me let me hear the beat right here.  Right, and that's why I tell you I flow between the cadence of the beat and that's why I really come up with the hooks or the verses and everything. Like with me, most of my songs if it's two verses, the second verse is gonna be the hardest. But the songs without the features, of course.  Like a lot of niggas that record me be like, dang. I book a three-hour session knowing I don't need them.  Let me tell you something, man.  You went to Vegas, I've seen that. You built a relationship. And that's what people were missing in the game. They too busy trying to stay local or stay at their place and be so I'm true to what my city and all that. It's cool, but you gotta move around if you want people to start knowing you. If you want to do features, you gotta do that. I believe that you gotta network. You gotta do it. That's just a part of it. And as you do it and you build those relationships, make sure they genuine. A lot of people look at you as a bag. If people look at you as a bag, that's not good. If you're just paying a nigga to do a verse and y'all don't connect, it doesn't mean nothing. And I'm saying to some man, I didn't do nothing. The energy gotta be right, right? Like a feature. Like take my Sauce Walker feature. Like I said, shout out to Sauce because he put me in a hole in another lane by doing that feature. Like I said, a lot of doors and opportunities.  It just increased my value of my brand, of course.   I like it. They was down here this last weekend. I definitely, I'm going to link up with him at some point. We working, we knew a lot of times, you know, on these new platforms, I'll be real with you. It's hit and miss. Like the quality is here. The quality can't be denied. What we're doing is on a whole another level. It intimidates some, you know. And at the end of the day, we love hard. So I know the devil is busy, too. So he going to be looking at us trying to find ways to keep a division going. So at the end of the day, we just got to work. And when somebody don't come on, you know what I say? I just ain't working hard enough. I got to go harder. So I already put out a hundred and some episodes. And we never stop. We drop every day except on the weekend. I don't see nobody else dropping like us.  I ain't even watched all of them. I'm working. That's why on my video, I got them busy stacked. I ain't even watched them. That's the way it be, right?  I don't never watch them again. Me? I'm just saying when I didn't think about that. Right.  I think so too. I think so too.  So you can see where you might have done better if you just... That's something I can do. Yeah. Appreciate that. That's the same thing for me. We talking, it's basically... You know, you think about it. You can come up with new ideas from your past work.  If they like this, I can add a little more sauce to this. I look back at all the stuff that we do, even the titles, the way that we do things. I mean, the quality is there. Did I pick the right people to come on the show? It's the same grind kind. Just making sure that everything we do, it fits. It makes sense. You guys, man, like I said, I'm doing y'all's whole camp. You know what I'm saying? And I don't think no other niggas out here do it like me. Because we be going to play. Damn, it's ten of y'all. I don't play. And I think that's how I win. I do stuff like other kids ain't going to do. One thing about us and I say to people around me, myself, we show love to my niggas. I feel that genuine. You do something to me. You see how I'm on here, bro? Shout out to the niggas that put me.  You don't get love to the people who get paved ways and people who show love. So that's one thing I always do. Niggas out. Ball talk one on one. Ball talk one on one. You always can come back on here anyway. Because once you come on, we love you. At that point, we family. I don't care about nothing else. Niggas can't come to me talking about all man. I'm not going to get on like that because I met you for myself. Until you show me flaw or fake, I'm not rocking with it no other way. That's why I'm saying to a niggas cross you or anything. You know it's love. What's your part of the name over there? Want to be with y'all? You know what I'm saying? He come through and drop. He ain't just come in. Every time y'all been in, y'all come through and show love to the store. Been here 15 years black on an operator. You know what I'm saying? Make sure y'all stop by that baby.  What's up? Point miss only. Point miss only. Don't stop by though. That's so true. Point miss only. Top 3 out of small time. Dead or alive. Number one. It can be any genre. Niggas mic nigga on Michael Jackson. We just had go watch ALD 300 video. That's funny you said that. Everybody say Michael Jackson. I look at Impact. I didn't say Chris Brown better than Michael Jackson. I look at Impact too. As far as what a nigga can impact. Real or inspiring. You remember when that nigga let his glove out the car and white folks went to falling out? Passing out that's Impact.  He never sung a song nigga. Standing there nigga passing. What's that nigga out there?     That thriller that's what got me as a child. I got my kids man. Yeah my kids the same way.  Let me tell you how it went down. When that whole came out. That nigga we were at the house like a movie. That's what you remember. That was cool though. You remember the visual you know. The art and then like I said. I want to feel like that. Why y'all don't do 15 minute or 10 minute one? I said I don't do that.  I already had that. I did think of that too.   If I tell anybody this thing it still didn't go with it and they don't get some money behind it. Keep that nigga till you patent it. No it's not that. It's already a patent just I gotta remake it. Once you remake it it's gonna blow. Y'all gonna... Y'all let me do this every time. Let me do this every time. Let me get my 30 invention. I don't think I'm gonna do it. Listen. Listen. It got something to do with our killing. So check it man. So you said that you could pick top three. You ain't giving them up about one. Michael. Let me see. Pop. Let me see. My special. I was like Pimp C. Hey shout out to Mr. Mako that always here when it come out. You ain't watched the show did you? When I be talking about Pimp C. I don't think so. She'll let you know. She be mad about that. Every guest say Pimp C. I'm thinking I'm gonna take one of them down posters down. I guess the Pimp gonna go right here. I think Poc and the Pimp gonna go right here. I'm gonna change this whole game. Get them all three to go. Yeah that way when they come you know it's real epic. You know boost it big on the wall back there. And then you just bought that play clothes man. That's Pusha T brand. You see your boy Jay-Z wearing it right there. I need to pitch them on the wall.  Yeah I'm gonna tell you what. No, no, no, no. Not them. Cause you got the other side. No, you got T.I. in their own clothing line. Remember that. But I ain't got mine up there either. You got T.I. here. Who else over there? T.I. them gave me T-shirts nigga. You ain't gave me that. You gave Mike Jones a T-shirt nigga. You gave Mike Jones a T-shirt. You gave Charleston White a T-shirt. You gave everybody a T-shirt.  Hell no. No pick up the phone and call me and say come do this. None of them do that. I don't know. None of them. How many fine people built in here that can none of them call me and say do this and do that? Ain't none of them. That don't matter nigga.  He wear my T-shirt. He can get the print and make sure. I want a shirt nigga. So when I bust out with mine.   I ain't gonna tell a word. I need that logo. You gonna put both of them on there? No. I need just the regular logo. Not the boss hug inside of it. Just the thing? Cool. Yeah man. You guys for to get ready to perform at the Fast Bash. That's dope man. I can't wait. I think I'm gonna pull up. It's gonna be a long view. Texas at the Holiday Inn Convention Center.  So it's gonna be big. Real big. They told me to footage and everything. You got sex for me? It's a VIP sex for the bosses. Like we all talk sex. All right. We VIP in there. Real VIP. In my rappers gear. If you ain't doing it. Not to shine a light on nobody else. This room for the people. You gotta be. Like I said. I bring the microphone and everything. Cause I got my own room. Cause I know mine gonna be right. All the cameras and everything. Mine gonna come right. I'm doing interviews. You gonna be out of network with other people. Okay. That nigga done changed the strategy. I ain't done changed the strategy. I'm gonna be doing it with you. Cause I hired her to do our street team stuff. You and your sister. Hell no. That's what she happy. Y'all sitting there to do it. Why? I hired her today. How you talking to me? No. She gonna act right. You guys know each other. No. No more. So man. We want to first of all say thank you for coming on the show. How can people get a hold of you? Instagram official AJ1K. AJ1K in this thing. That's where you find me. AJ1K YouTube. If you can even Google me, nigga. I'm gonna pop up. That's where you're met. Blessings to everybody man. We love you bro. Anytime you in the city. Please call me. Stop by. Lock my number in. That's what I do with the ones that really touch my heart. Really I love your spirit. Everything that you doing man. I pray for your prosperity man. I know that God got you. You know what I'm saying? I got prayers going down the highway. With you getting on the flight with your nigga. If you have nigga. His prayers coming at you. Check it man. It's been another great segment of Boss Talk 101.


Okay, so let's try this one. It says, for the reaction that's pictured, oxygen plus molecular oxygen goes to ozone. The standard enthalpy of that reaction is negative 107.2 kJ per mole. Calculate the average bond enthalpy in ozone or O3. Okay, so in order to do this, you have to remember how to get your overall enthalpy from your bond energies. Okay, so if you recall, the delta H of the reaction is going to equal the sum of the bond energies of the reactants minus the sum of the bond energy of the products like that. Okay, so what we want is the bond energy of the products overall. Okay, and then we're going to actually divide that by two because there's two bonds in this thing. Okay, we'll look at that in a second. So how do we do this? Let's rearrange this equation to solve for that sum of bond energy. Okay, so we'll take this to the other side, so we'll get a negative sum of the bond energy of the products equals delta H of the reaction minus the sum of the bond energies of the reactants like that. Okay, so we want this to be positive, so we're going to multiply everything by negative one. Okay, so when we do that, we're going to get the sum of the bond energy of the products equals the sum of the bond energy of the reactants plus, I'm sorry, minus minus the delta H of the reaction. So you set with that? So I'm going to erase this portion up here and then we'll just redo this equation and we'll plug and choke. Okay, so in other words the sum of the bond energies of O3 equals the sum of the bond energies of the reactants, but this reactant doesn't have any bonds in it. Okay, so this is the only reactant that has bonds, so we'll do that minus the delta H of the reaction, which we've got up there. Okay, so this is in kilojoules per mole, that's in kilojoules per mole, so we just plug and choke, so we got 498.7 kilojoules per mole minus a minus 107.2 kilojoules per mole, like that. So 498.7 plus 107.2, which gives us a total energy of 605.9 kilojoules per mole. So that's the total bond energy of O3, but we're looking for the average bond energy of O3. Remember O3's structure, so there's going to be one, two bonds there. Okay, so how do we figure out what the average bond energy is? Well, there's two of them, right? So the energy is going to be, well, the total bond energy divided by the number of bonds, right? So bond energy total divided by the number of bonds. So that's going to be 605.9 kilojoules per mole divided by 2. So when we do that, we just take that number, divide it by 2, and get 303.0 kilojoules per mole for the average bond energy of O3. Any questions on that one? No, it's okay. Okay, good. That's a good question. I don't think we have any recordings of that.


Team update, you guys ready? YouTube, what's up man? The team got crazy updates, team of the week. I don't know, is it a WRL, the way they're doing team of the week this year? I kind of missed the green color on the cards. Well, let's take a look at the team, what we added to the squad. You know we added champ Bailey, who's actually, no debate is one of the best cards in the game already. Champ Bailey over here, we put short knockout on him. That's one of the abilities I love on defense. So he can knock out slants, drags, whip routes, out routes, everything. 90 speed, 93 man covers. I had the strategy card that boosts up zone and man coverage. He's a beast every year in med. And honestly, let's talk about it. Champ Bailey top five corner ever? I mean, for me, primetime, Rivas one and two. Obviously after that, where are we going? Some of the old school guys say Mel Blunt. Some old school guys say Daryl Green. Some people say Ramsey, maybe Sherman. Champ Bailey might be number three honestly when we really talk about it. But, we got him in corner, we're gonna put him out here. So then you go ahead and offense. We're gonna try this guy, Bletzo. That's what we got. So our outside corners are gonna be Bailey, Woodson, Hayes, and I have Chris McAllister as well, along with that. I have a Raiders team team, 50-50 boys. We're gonna use Morsep, Chandler Jones and Deacon Jones. Derek Johnson at linebacker as well. Offense, we're out here with Crabtree, Fitzgerald, Randy Moss. We have Jeremy Shockey, who is a beast. And we got Bletzo. Let's take a look at the Bletzo man. We put Seth Feet lead on Bletzo for 3-AP. He's got a good speed honestly. He can get out, get 10 yards easily. 92 door power, 6'5", big body. I don't know if that really matters in quarterback. But, I mean, we'll try him. See what he's like. See if he's a little better than Vic. I still like Rodgers the best, but we're gonna try Drew Bletzo for this video. Man, I appreciate the love you guys been showing me on YouTube. Check out this gameplay, man. It was actually kind of crazy. Hit the like button, subscribe. It is madden, it is madden still popping. We're like a month in. I miss weekend league. Let me know what you guys think and did you grab any of the team of the week cards on your team? God, his new controller looks, feels so sexy. Defensive rally, oh, we're in trouble. Bad boy Bozo, what's up Bozo? God, his controller just shows like, oh my God, it feels so good. It feels so sexual. Gun tight off, inside zone. Oh, boy! How did that happen? Did the computer just do that? Well, debut, Bletzo. We'll see what he got. Bro, the ball went so fast. I moved with Ricky the way I wanted. This is his zone right here. Do we got edge threats? Jesus, we lost. Bletzo, will my man end up on that guy? Okay. I have no idea why this guy was in the slot right here. Yeah, that was good. Good play. Short be easier pass if you didn't have seven tight ends on the field, but you know, you're smarter than me, huh? Somebody else take this.  Bletzo, Bletzo, Bletzo. Oh my God, he's the greatest. He just blocked everybody through stuff. Oh, what a return by the boys. To the D-Line would be bagging picks, bro. Over him. Oh, Moss on a fade? Old school? Old school? Oh, you want to double him? User double, okay. You ain't know I had that guy. You ain't know I had Bletzo, though, look. Dude, what if I score a hundred points in my first game with Drew Bletzo? Oh my God. All right, we might, we might. Nice catch, man. Let's go flop. Dude, I wish this corner out there just gradually worked better, bro. Moss is having a career day out here, boys. Catch, Waller?  Perhaps we got her running across the field, bro.  The worst part is he's let me throw this two point conversion to the same player four times in a row. That's like underlying. Like, I understand like, like he's not going to score on me. I probably wouldn't score points on me if I had to play myself as well. But the fact that he's let me throw that same two point conversion is something wrong with him. I'm telling you, it's something wrong with him. Is the dream over? Oh, this is the biggest glitch I've ever seen.  Luckily he put that other guy on a streak and he was mad. Yo, that was the big, all right, I need that glitch. Five wide, flip it. What do you need three touchdowns for this? Good tackle. I'm gonna score. If I honestly, I kick and don't get it, he's gonna score. But we have to go for the dream, right? We have to. We have to do it, right, boys? Like we have to do it. What's our options? We have to like legit let him pass though, cause we're not gonna get a pick if we sack him. We gotta get a pick here. We gotta get a pick so we can't blitz or he'll get sacked. Yeah, he sucks, bro. We can't blitz or he'll get sacked. He gets shetted, bro. Dude gets shetted. It's so hard to guard the running back cause like you'll bump into people on the way out. Like you don't, it never lets you run fast, bro. It never lets you run fast.


In this lecture we will mainly discuss the notion of continuity between topological spaces that is we have x a topological space y a topological space x with a topology tau let us say y with a topological space topology say tau prime and we have a function f from x to y f is function from x to y. First let us recall how we define this notion called continuity for real line and more generally for metric spaces. We know that suppose capital A will assume that a non empty subset of r and f a function from a to r. Now it is fix x not belongs to the domain note the domain is a subset of r need not be a equal to r in particular it may be equal to r in general it can be any subset non empty subset of r. Then this function f is said to be said to be continuous at x not said to be continuous at x not if and only if it satisfies the following conditions namely you take any epsilon first for each let me every epsilon fix any positive number epsilon for epsilon greater than 0 there exist a delta greater than 0 satisfying the following condition namely such that x is in the domain x is in a modulus of x minus x not less than delta that implies modulus of f x minus f x not this is less than epsilon that is this is called distance between x and x not x is within delta distance from x not then f distance between f x and f x not is less than epsilon. So geometrically what do you mean by this is that is x so this is same as telling that so we cannot minus delta less than x minus x not less than delta this is if and only if this then if you add x not both side throughout x not minus delta after adding this x not will get cancel less than x less than x not plus delta. So that is we have x not consider the point x not minus delta and x not plus delta this that is the open interval x not minus delta to x not plus delta that is in fact a basic open set containing x not but now our domain is a that is what we call it as a space of r then you have to restrict that mean this have not just for any x will take this x should be the neighbor root of x but now over we are going to restrict our neighbor root only to a. So you have to take this intersection with a x is here so it implies again here what do you mean by this that is x that is x belongs to open interval x not minus delta x not plus delta intersection a then that should implies again here we will get minus epsilon less than fx minus fx not less than epsilon so your fx not both side we get fx not less than fx not minus epsilon we are going to add plus fx not this will go so plus fx not that is here this is our sender fx not here radius is epsilon fx not minus epsilon fx not plus epsilon that is whenever x is in a and x is in this neighbor root then that will imply our effect should be within this neighbor root then we say that f is continuous at x not that is if you have for example nice this function f this is our effect x not so then we fix the neighbor root of fx not then we should able to find a neighbor root u at x not in the domain so is that whenever x is in then say together you call it say this is neighbor root of x not in our space that is a implies fx fx belongs to v where in this case v is neighbor root of fx not that is fx not minus epsilon to fx not plus epsilon that is the open interval so keeping this in mind let us define what do we mean by a function f from x to y is continuous at a point x not exactly the same definition f from x to y and we are fixing a x not in the domain then this is our definition then f is f is said to be continuous at x not if only if it satisfies the following condition namely here we fix a neighbor root of x not fx not that we call it v so then we should able to find a delta mean we should able to find a neighbor root of x not that neighbor root is say that x is in u implies f of x is in v that is continuous at x not if and only for each open set in fact enough to consider what is called basic open set so for each open set say v containing fx not there for each open set v containing fx not there exist on open set this is for each open set v in our code of mind for each open set v in y containing fx not there exist an open set u containing x not that means it is a neighbor root of x not in x such that satisfying this condition x is in u implies the image fx is in v that is mean fx is in f of u that and f of u that says that f of u is subset of v for any neighbor root v of x not you should get a neighbor root u of x not satisfying this condition namely f of u is subset of v then we say that it is continuous at x not if this function is continuous at every point x in the domain domain is in this case x then we say that f is a continuous function. Now it is easy to prove that you leave it as a exercise prove that a function f from x to y is a continuous function that mean is continuous that mean continuous at every point of the domain is continuous if and only if you take any open set for every for each v belongs to tau prime that mean v is any open set in y for each v in tau prime this is called inverse image of the set v which is defined as those element x in our domain such that the image fx is in v this is a subset of x and this should belongs to tau that is inverse image of open set is open then from there it is straight forward to prove this. So if we consider in terms of close set so this is same as equivalently that is again exercise f from x but we can just write x to y meaning is there is a topology on y and also a topology on x f from x to y is continuous if and only if inverse image of close set is closed whenever f is closed in y implies f inverse of f is closed in the domain x. So this is in fact start with f here close set f closed then that implies complement is open see this is open this and f is continuous if you assume then this will imply the inverse image f inverse of f complement is open but this is same as this is easy to see that f inverse f whole complement that is open so that will imply this is open in x so that imply f inverse of f is closed in x that is f is continuous mean inverse image of close set is closed similarly we can again easy to prove that again the same idea if this condition is satisfied so whenever f is closed in y imply f inverse of f is closed in x then that will imply f is continuous. Now another more intuitively it is quite natural what you mean by continuous means whenever we have take a concept or we have a set so that is we have a function from x to y here you take any set a then what we mean by f is continuous mean you take x is what we have already seen that what is the closer of a set so all the points of a including then odd with that limit points of a so this we have is a union the collection of all limit points. Now continuous mean whenever take a any set any subset of x you can assume that it is say non empty whenever x is in a closer meaning x is closer x is closer to a that is x belongs to a closer that implies whenever x is closer to a f of x is closer to f of a that is x belongs to a closer implies fx belongs to f of a whole closer this is m is telling x belongs to a closer mean fx belongs to f of a closer this is true for every element so that is this is same thing as telling for every set a f of a closer is a subset of f of a whole closer that is quite natural whenever x is closer to a even we do not have any even no epsilon or delta some way we define the notion called closer that we define using the open set x is closer to a imply fx is closer to f of a now let us prove this result then we will see what do you mean by homeomorphism between topological spaces that is essentially that case both topological spaces are all similar so this will take it quickly we will see so we will we have already this two result inverse image of open set is open inverse or inverse image of a close set is close so continuous if and only these statements are satisfied so we have x tau y tau prime topological spaces it is given that f from x mean with a topological structure tau y tau prime then f is continuous f then this function f is continuous if and only if it satisfied the following condition namely for every a subset of x that been including empty set which is trivial for a subset of x for every a subset of x f of a closer is subset of f of a whole closer of course when a is empty left hand side is empty right hand side is empty so that is nothing to prove so now let us assume that first let us assume that f is continuous f from x to y is continuous then we will have to prove this condition say let us call one so take any non-empty set enough to take a non-empty set so let a be a non-empty subset of our domain x so consider let a a non-empty set subset of x then what we are trying to prove is that is write it so if you know just what is given what is to prove in fact that prove will become easier so to prove f of a closer is a subset of f of a whole closer so take an element in the left hand side so what is an element here is let y belongs to f of a closer then y will be equal to f at an element in x y equal to f of x for some x in for at least one x in a closer fx equal to y x is in a closer now what is to prove is fx this y is in f of a closer to prove we have to prove f this y is in f of a closer we have seen that from the definition it is clear that an element x belongs to any set say closer of a set if and only if for every open set u containing x u intersects in f is non-empty either it may be a point of f or if it is a limit point in any case for every open set u containing x u intersects in f is non-empty this is if and only if so start with a to prove that fx is here so we will start with a open set containing so start with an arbitrary open set so start with an open set say v containing f of x now we have seen that f is a continuous function so in particular so this will imply continuous at every point so v open set containing fx implies there exist an open set u containing x such that f of u is a subset of v so hence by assumption by our assumptions now fv is a continuous function v an open set an open set containing containing fx implies there exist on open set say u containing containing the starting band x such that f of u is contained in v so this we call it 2 so now we got an open set u which contains x and varies x x is in the closer of a say x is closer of a now this now x belongs to a closer u an open set an open set containing containing x that is the neighbor root of x implies u intersection a is non-empty so note that x may not be in a but u intersection a will be non-empty because x is in the closer so this will imply it will have at least one element say take so this is non-empty this imply there exist y belongs to y in the whole space x y is in u intersection a this means what y is in u as well as in a so y is in u y belongs to u so that imply f of y belongs to f of u but we have f of u is a subset of v so f of u is subset of v so one way we have f of y is in v and the other hand y is in a also also y belongs to a implies f of y belongs to f of a so this f of y is in y as well as in f of a so this will imply y belongs to v intersection f of a so we started with a y in f of a closer now and for every open set v containing y we have proved that v intersection f of a is non-empty so this implies this imply the here just we have to be careful about the notation so let us here already we are using say fx equal to y so we say that there exist some y say y prime in u intersection a so that f of y prime is belongs to v and f of y prime belongs to f of a that is we have got that is this imply f of y prime belongs to v intersection f of a so that mean for every open set v containing fx so we started with an open set v containing fx then we have proved that v intersection f of a is non-empty because this element is there so that implies our fx belongs to fx which is equal to y this implies fx belongs to f of a closer f of that is y that is y is in f of a we have started with that is y belongs to f of a closer implies y belongs to f of a full closer that implies f of a closer is a subset of f of a full closer this is the first part so now in fact the other part is quite easier once you assume that now this is what is the converse part is now let us assume that this condition is satisfied converse assume that assume the following that is a for any set a subset of x f of a closer is a subset of f of a full closer the quite natural here is because we have this closer of a set it is natural to prove that inverse image of a close set is close so that will imply it is continuous what is it to prove is f is continuous x to y is continuous so start with a close set in y so let us say f let capital F be a closed set in y what is our climb is f inverse of f should be closed in our domain x so let us call this set is a consider a equal to f inverse of f now by our assumption f of a closer is by assumption yeah consider this set now by our assumption f of a closer this is true for any set f of a whole closer hence what is our a closer is so the right hand side that is that is f of a closer is subset of f of a a equal to f inverse of f so just we are writing f of a closer is subset of f of this correct so but f of this is easy to see that for any function whenever f is a subset of y f of f inverse of f is a subset of f so the closer will be a subset of the closer but what is f f is a close set so which is equal to f for a close set always f closer equal to f now again here what we want is say again we have seen that you want to prove a set is closed what is enough to prove always a will be a subset of a closer so that is what we have to prove they are equal so a closer is subset of a imply a equal to a closer that means that set is closed so now take inverse both sides this imply that is we have we have f of a closer is subset of f this imply f inverse of f of a closer is subset of f inverse of f what is f inverse of f is our a correct so this is our a but again here for any set a in this case a closer is in the domain that set a closer will be a subset of this so we have proved that a closer is a subset of a so that imply a closer subset of a imply a closer equal to a that imply a which is equal to f inverse of f is closed in x so inverse image of close set is close hence f is a continuous function so what we have used here is this is for any sets so you have here can do this exercise for any x and y need not be even any just set x y sets non empty you can assume non empty sets f is a function from x to y then if you take a f in y for f subset of y imply take the pre image that is in x take f then that will be a subset of f this is the first condition and second for a subset of x a subset of x now you have to take f first f of a subset of y then bring it back f inverse then this is superset of a that is a will be a subset of this of course if the map is bijective or 11 and 12 they will be equal so this concepts are very important in topology that is the notion of continuity in fact you see that even in or I mean we have any number of examples from R to R or from a metric space to another metric space here in topology say consider even the nice topology R so let us say we call it either we use U for usual topology or sometime we write S for standard topology so that means let us say x equal to R with usual topology that is this is the topology generated by the collection of all open sets in R so same and we call it y the set is same but now the topology we call it lower limit topology so that is this is the topology generated by this collection set of all closed a open b say that a, b belongs to R a less than b this will generate a topology that topology is this even if you see the set is same x is underlining set x for x R y also R so we can define function define f from R to R so but when we just write this there is no topology so when there is nothing is specified it is normally we take the usual topology but here so what we mean is the domain with our x is this we can just write f is a function from x to y to y R with lower limit topology so define even the identity function define this as the trivial fx equal to x for all x in R question is f a continuous function that the inverse image of open set should be open so what will happen here we know that because in particular every basic open set is also an open set so in particular even take say v close 0 open 1 this is a open set in y because a basic open set an open set then v is on open set in R with lower limit topology so but what is the what is f inverse of a see in this case our function is identity function which is 1 1 and 1 2 the inverse image is set of all I will write it what is definition set of all x in our domain say that fx should belongs to v but what is this is same as set of all x in R say that fx equal to x that is how we have defined x in v that is this is the all those elements in v which are in R that mean v intersection R already v is subset of R so that is same as close 0 open 1 which is not an open set in R with usual topology this is but close 0 open 1 is not on open set in R with useful topology so we have called this so hence this function even the identity function is not a continuous this is not continuous sorry while defining yeah so Rajesh says pointed out some I mean writing mistake here the domain is R with useful topology co-domain is with lower limit topology yeah so our function the identity function is not continuous if we domain is usual topology on R co-domain is lower limit topology see what will happen to the other way that is essentially inverse function R say now if we define say g from R with lower limit topology to R with usual topology in fact all this concept though we define inverse image of open set is open once we know a basis it is enough to prove that inverse image of basic open set is open in fact later we are going to see that still smaller collection inverse image of sub basic open set is open so here now here take any open set arbitrary open set here now we have to prove it so that case any arbitrary open set so then that can be written as union so that we will see first for basic open set again f inverse of a b equal to a b this is open in R with lower limit topology in fact tau with the usual topology is weaker weaker means sub collection of tau here so this will be continuous if the function is just quickly tell what is a homeomorphism so homeomorphism f from x tau to y tau prime is said to be a homeo is said to be a homeomorphism like in any concept in algebra or analysis mean we have this structure is I mean structure on x and y they are similar that case we should have a bijective function which preserves the structure f is homeomorphism if and only if first f is bijective bi mean both 1 1 and 2 bijective 1 1 and 2 second f and f inverse both are we will just write it f from already given f from x to y with the corresponding topologies then f inverse will x is because it is a 1 1 function which is well defined from y to x both are continuous see then almost this two spaces will be similar because whenever now a is open if and only if f of a is open this homeomorphism imply f is bijective and we have a open in x that imply f of a is open in y only a identification the domain when they are in the domain a they go to co-domain the new name is f of a a is open mean f of a is open f of a is open mean a this is if and only if so using this we can see many topological properties will be preserved under homeomorphism see the simple thing for example if we consider even the open interval 0 1 that is our x we consider this as a subspace of r that means we restrict that usual topology to open interval 0 1 and y we call it open interval 1 to infinity again consider this as a subset of x so now we will see as an exercise defined or let f of x is a natural 1 by x see here x is in the open interval here whereas here this is spaces from 0 sorry from 0 and when x is 0 when x tends to 0 this will goes to infinity whether smallest when x is greater than 1 less than 1 it is greater than 1 so it is open 1 to infinity that is what we say that this in fact we can prove that this is a bijective function and f and f inverse are continuous correct so it is a homeomorphism yeah so just we will quickly again some more exercise which we which I should have given in the last lecture just before closing this lecture so in the last lecture we have proved if a topological space is host of x is a host of topological space a subset of x then an element x in x for x in x for x in x x is a limit point of a if and only if for each open set open set u containing x u intersection a is a infinite set in fact what we assumed one way is if it is host of we prove that in a host of space every singleton set is closed and that imply every finite set is closed then we assume that suppose for a for some x in a prime take x in a prime suppose for some open set u containing x this set is finite so that set f is finite then the compliment that mean finite set is closed compliment is open using that we concluded we could prove that we could get a contradiction see that essentially what we have used there is only the every singleton set is closed so that mean this result is also true for a T1 space that is that mean x is T1 then for x in x x belongs to a closer if and only this is an infinite set this is you can easily see also try to give a direct prove for even without using first you do not look at prove that x is in a host of space every singleton is closed then using that we prove that theorem so now directly prove that without using that like that every finite set is closed so let us see in the next lecture thank you very much.


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What's up everybody, Jason here for Jasper's Case Rates.com. This is our last filler guys. Gives away the last nine spots in the hip parade football break. This is 2021 Penini Chronicles football hangar pack break number 11. And again guys, third two dual spots. Remember, note that combination out of the pack. We'll do the pack break first, then we'll randomize the customer names again. And top nine, get into the hip parade break number 10 series. So dice roll it. And we got ourselves a five out of five. Ten times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10. Russell down to Justin Beard. So 10, 10 here. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Cleveland Brown's down to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. All right guys, stick to what you got of course. We're just a quick little hangar pack, which usually, honestly, guys, there's really nothing super crazy here. But there is chances at some nice numbered cards. And obviously you'd look for prison blocks, which are pretty nice too. And potentially, you never know. I mean, that could be something, but more often than not, a little hangar packs, a little bit more just for the rookies and stuff. A little nausea here. Wood scenes. Let's do the giveaway guys. Top nine. Roll. Two and a few of four times. Top nine are in. Two, three, four, four, top nine. Jason Parker, you're in. Justin, Josh, William, William, Justin, David, Will, and Ryan. Wow, a good mix of names there. So there you go. Top nine are in. Let's paste your guys' names here. And coming up next, guys, is the break, thanks.


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And I was about to say we are all Senegalians now, but are we also all Ethiopians? Arkebe, so the floor is yours, and I would like to say about you also that you are the author or the editor of a number of very important books, not only in Ethiopia, but also on economic development in a large sense. So the floor is yours. Thank you, Seri. First I have to thank you and express my appreciation for the great work that contributes to creating a new way of understanding of global issues. And I'm referring to the contribution of IFRI and the World Policy Conference, which I have found to be quite important contribution. So we thank you for this, and I would ask my colleagues here to upload for the great job that Seri had done. It's now considered as one of the leading think tanks, although we know that most of the leading think tanks are in the US, and this is being ranked as one of the leading global think tanks, and I'm really happy about this. And I also congratulate my sister Aminta for the great job our Singapore colleagues are doing, and maybe one of the few female prime ministers, and I congratulate you Aminta. So let me start with the point Seri raised. Are we all Ethiopians? This was a question, and the answer is yes. And I have a good reason. The human origin comes from Lucy. Lucy is founded in Ethiopia, and its human remains 3.5 million years old, and this is in Ethiopia. So your origin, your grand, grand, grand, grand parents are from Lucy, Ethiopia. And Ethiopia is also known for being one of the first countries who accepted Judaism. That's why there are Ethiopian Jews, and this goes far beyond before Christ. Then, Ethiopia is also, we're talking with Aminta, one of the, actually, one of the oldest Muslim countries. The first mosque was built in the seventh century, and followers of Muhammad, Prophet Muhammad, when they were not welcomed in Saudi, the Ethiopian king at that time, Nuguz, welcomed them, they settled, he gave them land. He was a Christian king, and since then, even Prophet Muhammad said that every Muslim should never declare war on Ethiopia, and this makes it the oldest Muslim country, but it's also one of the oldest Christian countries. Christianity have a long history. So we are a very diverse society in terms of religion, and, but people tolerate each other, and in some places, Muslims and Christians also marry each other. We are also diverse society. So, coming back to the prestigious award our prime minister has received, I would like to say a few words about this issue. One of the main reasons that our prime minister was awarded, the Nobel Peace Prize was he took a very bold initiative to end a 20 years old war between Ethiopia and Eritrea, which may not be politically popular, and without major intermediaries, the two leaders met and agreed to make a peace, and our prime minister took the first initiative. And now, Ethiopia and Eritrea are in peace, and we also appreciate all friends who facilitated this great peace, including Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and other leaders. Our prime minister also, one of the first initiatives was he traveled to Cairo and directly appealed to the Egyptian people that Ethiopia is committed for a peace with Egypt and that Grand Renaissance Dam is also to be built with the common interests in mind. So, he also made it clear that we need to closely work together. So, peace has been a major focus of our prime minister in the area. The second reform our prime minister had focused was on governance issue. One of the changes in our political system is our government has been an increased involvement of female. And here, now our president is President Salor, a female president. The supreme judge is female, maaza, judge maaza, and 50% of the cabinet members are also female. And also the speaker of the House of Adoration is a female. Female are good to lead a country. And of course, we can learn from the Germans. Merkel, we can see the first leader who has been able to be in chancellor's position for long time. So, this has been a major intervention in the governance area and also additional economic reforms. But the key point is, why is Ethiopia raised, the name of Ethiopia raised in many platforms? And there is one important reason. Since 1991, Ethiopia has been able to initiate a very fast economic growth. The country is big in population. And between 1975 and 1991, during the military regime, the economy was stagnant and we had a big war. And after in the 90s, a new constitution was adopted, a multi-party system was adopted, and the country focused on recovery. So, it's now considered by IMF and the World Bank as the fastest growing economy because the economy has been growing by 10.5% for continuous 15 years. And this has been twice Africa's average growth rate, which was about five to 5.5%. And this has been one of the key recognition of Ethiopia. Ethiopia does not have petroleum, does not have diamonds, big resources, and this entire growth was achieved especially by the hard-working people of Ethiopia and Ethiopia also focused on attract investment. In terms of social indicators or improvement of the livelihood of the people, there has been some significant, not sufficient, but the achievement has been quite important. A key indicator while going, while not talking about education, health, food security, et cetera, one critical indicator is the average life expectancy. If people are able to live longer, it means there is relatively better improved health services, improved food security, education, et cetera. So the key progress in this respect was in 1991, the average life expectancy in Ethiopia was 44 and Africa's average life expectancy was 50, whereby 10 years behind Africa's average. In 2016, the average life expectancy in Ethiopia has reached 66, which is a 21 years increment in average life expectancy and compared with Africa's average in 19 in 2016, which was 60, this is twice the average increment. And this is an important indicator because growth has to benefit the public. However, the country has also been focused on improving and focusing also on long-term investment. One key area where the country has focused was on education, but not education primary schools only. In primary schools now we have 30 million population are studying in primary schools. We have big population. It's the second populous country in Africa, 100 million. And every year the population is growing by 2 million. 2 million are usually to give an indication, the significance I always say, say that the population grows every year means twice the size of Mauritius every single year. So here education becomes quite critical. The most important education reform Ethiopia conducted was the transformation of university systems and the introduction of technical schools. And in transforming the universities and technical schools, we tried to see alternative systems and we found out that the German system is more appropriate to us, especially the apprenticeship system of technical schools. So for the last 15 years we have had a reform transforming the system and currently the number of technical schools has increased from three schools in 1991 to 1,300 technical schools who can train 1 million technicians every single year. The second major expansion and transformation has been in university system. We only had three universities and the intake capacity was only 5,000. With the reform made, this has increased. Now to 50 public universities in addition to hundreds of private colleges and universities and also the number of students in public universities has reached half a million. And every year we have 100,000 university graduates from public universities. But more importantly, the major change was the university education had focused on social sciences and humanities. While economics is important, linguistics is important, but for rapid economic transformation, engineering is important and technology is critical. So the major shift has been from 85% social sciences and humanities courses, we shifted to 70% in natural science, technology and engineering. And from this 70%, 40% has to be in engineering. And we have basically achieved this level and we had to train thousands of lecturers with PhD and the government also spent a lot of money on this. We brought in 500 Germans and as you know, the Germans are expensive and all their salary was paid by our treasury. We wanted their technical skills. So education and human capital has been a prime focus. Second prime focus has been infrastructure. You cannot sustain rapid economy growth without infrastructure. However, infrastructure is not a quick fix. Building a hydro power has a long gestation period. At least you need minimum 10 years from inception to completion. So you have to think long term and Ethiopia had focused on infrastructure, building energy, expanding highways, expanding rural roads, now building electric powered railway systems. And our government has been spending close to 50% of its federal budget on expansion of infrastructure. This has helped us to attract more investment. In the last six, seven years, the FDI is increasing, inflow is increasing in Ethiopia. In 2017, the Ethiopia had was one of the major destinations of FDI in Africa, an increment of 50% that year. Between 2012 and 2017, the FDI size has increased by four times. And the key aspect is 89% of all FDI in flow to Ethiopia has been in manufacturing. And I should like to note on this occasion a misperception that it's only the Chinese who are investing in Ethiopia. That's not the case. If you look at infrastructure, one of the major infrastructure projects for instance, is being built by a Turkish company railway company. And it has been financed by Credit Suisse and the consortium of many banks from Europe. European investment bank has been financing important infrastructure. On the investment side, in some sectors, it's mainly Europeans who have dominated specific sectors. At Floriculture, a very dynamic sector for exports. It has been dominated entirely by Europeans and there is not even a single Chinese. In food and beverage, the major investors are Europeans. So in brewery industry, which is growing fast and it's growing at a rate of 25% every single year, we find companies like Diageo from UK, Castile Group from France, Bavaria from and Henneken from Holland and other companies also from Germany. So I would like to highlight that the government is continuously improving the business climate. And when you invest in Ethiopia, you can also find the right type of skills from university graduates to technicians. One of the good things is that although French is not widely spoken, but English is widely spoken, which makes it easy for know-how transfer. So these are the few points I would like to highlight. I would also like to add, as it's important to indicate that the European and African partnership is important. And here a good initiative by G20 and also many European countries is the G20 Compact with Africa. And Ethiopia is one of the few countries selected to be part of this process. If I'm not mistaken, also Senegal is part of this priority list. So this is an opening that will encourage a broader partnership between our continent and Europe. I was at one of the portes of Morocco and it's just 15 kilometers away from Europe. So these two continents are basically like one big region. And it's very important to think of the potential of this continent. Now the population of Africa is 1.2 billion. By 2050, it's going to increase to 2.5 billion. 25% of the world's population will be living in Africa. By year 2100 or 2100 after eight years, 4.5 billion population will be living in Africa, which is going to be 35%. This is a challenge for job creation because currently in Africa needs to create 20 million jobs every single year, minimum. But this is also a huge opportunity. This is a demand, this is a market, this is a new economic opportunity. This is also a source for productive investment. Productions, facilities could be established in Africa and this could also contribute to competitiveness of foreign companies. Well, thank you very much, RKB. This is also a fascinating presentation and I think we heard about two countries and I think we heard about two highly successful cases illustrating like the other day about Rwanda that Africa has a huge potential for development.