I will, I will also help if possible, but I'm not going to put my name under the scribes thing. Okay, great. I think that makes sense for our first meeting. And I still will look for another scribe ash awesome. Alright, we're good there. So if you are new to the meeting today, we have minutes and I will go through and around our entire list of folks here and invite anybody who has any check ins from their other working groups or just general related activities, working group activities, activities to check in and I use the the attendance list and in our minutes to to go through that. So if you want to be called upon add your name there if you don't want to be called upon. Alright, I'll go ahead and kick that off. So this past week we, the co chairs have been working on getting things set up for keep on North America, we have, you know, the sort of standard sessions that we've normally been doing the intro and deep dive. You know, we're looking at having Sarah Allen, you know, go through our intro in this section in this iteration and we've had a lot of success in recruiting new members, you know, through these sessions. So they're very valuable and that will be in addition to our dedicated day. So, you know, the intros is related to outreach and we're going to be focusing the efforts of our deep dive this time in giving the first view of kind of the cloud native security landscape. And, you know, that's what we're targeting for the deep dive. So very excited about that. Next. Mark, very calming looking away. Hey, no news here I just wanted to put out a an unwritten blog post thought which is that the design pattern for open source might turn the software development process upside down where we used to have 80% of the code written in house and 20% sitting in open source and five years from now what if it's the other way around and how does that change the way we manage security and it's not just a cloud native thing of course but it's a good heuristic for thinking through some of the security issues that we face which in most of the standards work tends to be relegated to conversation around the supply chain and I think that's kind of a lame way of looking at this that the problem really is deeper than that the connectivity to the repos and in the public communities are is more more direct than that and the other thing is is kind of related to that is the dual responsibilities that employees have to their what we call the day job in this community and the open source community don't always, you know, offer and operate in a congruent way, and that's something that we could probably address in a longer term in this group so both these topics are outside the scope of cube con so on but might be worth, you know, a recurring reset, you know, once in a while where we, you know, circle back in and cover this. Nice. Yeah, and beyond that mark I'd love to see, you know, us explore that possibly in a forum that is outside of, you know, the 501C6 initiatives that are directed towards and sort of built to influence the adoption of open source tech and kind of flip the table toward the needs of actually the companies. There's corporate interest there that, you know, actually have a meaningful place. Yeah. So when you say outside, what are you thinking? I don't know.  It's just, you know, the fact that as you mentioned, we've moved from COTS to open source and there's a big, big difference in, you know, what we're thinking in, you know, and, you know, I agree that we aren't actually really dealing with that problem or that opportunity. Right. Great. Well, I do think that the anchor that we have for this forum for this SIG is the supply chain, but I do invite, you know, opportunities to, you know, look beyond the supply chain and look at the problem in a deeper capacity. Emily? So quick update on SIG Security Day from what I know I missed our call yesterday, but the website is officially done. That's pretty exciting. And we've got the minimum requirements for sponsorship covered, but, you know, the more the merrier means we get more bells and whistles and have more fun. As far as the supply chain ticket update, Jonathan Meadows and Santiago met just before this and weren't able to make it today. And they tossed around a couple of ideas. They've got a note stock going between them that I've reviewed and I'm working with them to try to get the ticket updated. That way we can continue to move forward. Their goal is to actually do a more formal kickoff and engagement in this meeting next week. That's all I have. Excellent. Thank you. Hillary? Yes, I joined for the first time with this group just a couple of weeks ago. So still, still pretty new and I was gone for a couple of weeks on vacation. So I'm pretty much just catching up. So no updates. Welcome back, Martin. Hi again for me. I don't have anything particular to to, I don't have any particular as an update for this group but I could again say that I'm working on Claire and that's a security vulnerability scanner for docker images. And yep, I'm adding support for Photon OS and if somebody has experience with it, I will be glad to chat with you and speak about this issue. Awesome. Martin, remind me again, is that for docker ink? It's not a no. I'm working at VMware. Okay. Thank you. John? Sorry about that. I'm kind of finding the mute button. Nothing to note at this time. Thank you. Chris. Hey everyone. I will try to keep this as quick as possible. Just a couple weeks ago, I'm going to be working on Falco a lot, which means I'm going to want to get involved with security. So nice to meet everyone. I'm here to help let me know what I can do to make everyone's life easier. And in general, I'm just excited about security and Kubernetes. So I imagine we'll see a lot of issues and commentary for me starting to pop up around the Kubernetes ecosystem regarding security. In general, Falco is going to be the one thing that I am focusing on making as upstream as possible. I wrote a blog. It came out yesterday. There's a link in the notes there. If folks want to get involved, that has all of the, that's like the source of truth with pointers to all of the resources if you want to start joining Falco calls. So that's a great sponsorship here from the SIG would be helpful. As far as Kubernetes concretely is concerned, we have a branch that we're working on 682 in Falco that deals with pod security policy in Kubernetes, using Falco as sort of a controller or an operator to enforce PSP. So if you're interested in that, feel free to check it out. The question I have for the SIG is, if we wanted to propose a change, what is the best way to go about bringing that up in this forum, this video a change to implementing a new API in the Kubernetes. Okay, so real quick. And if this goes along, I'll put a bunch of the agenda. SIG security is CNCF and not Kubernetes. So we explicitly do not focus explicitly on Kubernetes where we roll up, you know, Kubernetes and all of the related cloud native ecosystem. So the CNCF adopted the Kubernetes SIG terminology when we landed the working group, we went from CNCF working groups, which did, you know, have a little bit more of a mental separation from the Kubernetes SIGs. Now we are CNCF SIGs. So this is the safe, secure access for everyone working group, ratified and moving forward as SIG security and the CNCF. So what is our involvement with Kubernetes then? Do we go through SIG auth or how is that relationship handled? That relationship is partner. We have the policy working group that joined us and that is an overlap between the Kubernetes policy working group and our efforts. So we bridge to those working groups and, you know, have a number of the Kubernetes SIGs that we actively track and, you know, have readouts and report outs from.  There's no oversight or, you know, we're CNCF. Anything that's Kubernetes related is independent. Okay, cool. That answers a lot of my questions. Thank you for clarifying, Dan. Okay, the only other update I have is, and this is, this is yet to be fleshed out. This is the reason I asked about proposing changes. Starting to think about and talk about adding dash dash secure to a number of cloud native CNCF tools such as cops, cubicorn, cubadmin, cluster cuddle, cube spray, you name it. And what that looks like and what that means for everyone. So starting to come up on my end was, if in a perfect world we had dash dash secure, what would that imply and how would the SIG advertise that? Great. Yeah, so a secure by default or a secure default would absolutely be something that, you know, we as a SIG are focused on and interested in advocating for and exploring the techniques where we collectively can and can, you know, establish a good baseline, not, you know, open shift it and leave it to, oh, the vendors will figure it out.  But, you know, advocating for how we, you know, align security as the default upfront. Okay. Awesome. No more updates. Justin? Can you hear me? Yes. Okay. All right. Sorry. My, yeah, my browser crashed again. So I'm calling in. Yeah, so this week, we've been doing quite a lot with Intodo. We have some exciting things to talk about, but I won't kind of still Santiago's thunder on that, but some other big, big options that have been going on there. So expect to hear more soon. If you don't, if you haven't heard already. Excellent. Mark Vanney. Hey, this is just my second time joining one of these calls, so I'm still still kind of figuring out how we can integrate with the group, but I work for NCC group and I run a practice there. That's focused on containerization and orchestration stuff. So you'll see kind of our team members that are jumping on this call trying to fit in and see where we might be able to help.  So it's kind of my, my goal in a couple weeks here. Great.  Yeah, yeah, that's a great question because like by, by day, you know, as somebody mentioned before, what we normally do is security audits. But kind of our goal is to go out in the community and see where we can start doing some influencing of making things secure by default and how can we lock things down in the beginning. So that's kind of why we're here now. Great.  So participating in that, you know, sharing your insight into that process, you know, that we're leveraging to support the, the TOC of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation, you know, is one of those directions. So if you want to sort of short circuit some things, there's a great opportunity to leverage your skill set and influence how we're, how we're communicating to projects coming into the CNCF.  Perfect. That's great to hear. I've got a couple of my teammates that are kind of watching your audit process now. So that's great to hear that you're in tune. Thanks a lot. Great. Ash. Hi, so I work on the Open Policy Agents. So last week I was at the Open Source Summit presenting OPA and Kubernetes, of course. And so, Justin, I'll be looking at the OPA assessment doc and hopefully have all the issues addressed by tonight. So what's the, I just wanted to know what's the process for next week. So the TOC update to about this assessment. So I don't have any idea about that yet. Yeah, I don't think we do either. We propose this and this will be the first time we're going through and providing this, but I imagine it'll be something like a one-ish minute one presentation with one slide or so. And I think it will be someone from security presenting and just basically summarizing what's in the document that has our findings, like our summary of it. Okay, but you still want me to update the OPA assessment doc, right? I want you, so it's important to do both documents because they both may be looked at. The one that we produce is the one that I think will be presenting effectively to the TOC to say this is what we thought. And then if you disagree with anything we're saying, then saying that in making that clear so that we're kind of in consensus about this slide is good too. Oh, so you want me to look at your recommendation doc, not the assessment doc, is it? Yeah, it's the one and a half pages document that has some comments and stuff like that in it. Okay, sounds good. I'll look at it tonight. Great, thanks. Siddharth? Hey, this is Sridharth. This is the first time in this group, last year. Briefly about myself. I have a long Cisco career. I led a project in OpenStack as a PTO, ran an orchestration project, but my current interest in some of the initiative that we are doing essentially bootstrapping an effort around security and cloud native environment. This will involve things around audit compliance, security, component orchestration. I'm here to kind of see how things are, introduce myself and also help out as we move on. Great, thank you Sriram. Asa? Hi. I'm also joining here for the first time. And I'm curious about the things that are going on in this group. I'm right now, I'm a PhD student in Mark Planck Institute for Software Systems in Germany. And my interests are in system security. I came to know about this group while talking to Justin at Newsnake Security a couple of weeks ago. I've done some work on designing policy compliance solutions for Database Back applications and also for some distributed applications, primarily confidentiality policies and stuff. I'm kind of curious about what needs to be done as the general landscape of application, programming model, sort of even the hardware changes, particularly in the data center environment like the serverless computing and all these things, how it's going to change. What we need to do in terms of also ensuring security while these applications are being designed. And also I'm curious about what are the policies that really people need to enforce in their systems and to protect data. So that's one of the things that I'm interested in and that I've worked on and will be working on. And more recently I've also been working, doing some work on side channels, specifically looking at network side channels in the cloud. So, yeah. And here I'm trying to understand mostly about the policies and stuff which I've been hearing about this meeting. Great. Welcome, Asta.  You're fine, you're fine. And I forgot, I'm sorry if I was too loud. You're fine. Would you like to introduce yourself? Who, me? Yeah. I think I did before. Oh, sorry, Martin. Yes, you did. Okay, please mute. Aiden. Hey there. Can you hear me okay? Yes. This is, yeah, so it was my first time attending. I got invited by Sarah Allen, a co-worker. I work at the technology transformation services in the federal government in the U.S. And basically in the team that is involved with, you know, all cross cutting technology for organizations. It's, you know, 300 ish technologists. And so we run bug browning program and, you know, something that I've been thinking about a lot recently are, you know, vulnerable app dependencies.  And we have in the neighborhood of like 1400 repositories, like we're pretty prolific and creating 10 because we have a lot of churn in our projects. And so I've been thinking about a lot, thinking a lot about how to sort of manage those at scale and keep on top of upgrading and making sure things are deployed in timely fashion and that kind of thing. So I can go into that more detail, if we like, but or if we reach out to me directly, but that's what I'm thinking about a lot right now. Awesome. I didn't have lines closely with the, you know, what Mark mentioned earlier, and, you know, abandonment of open source, a lot of pain there. Robert. Hi, yeah, I posted a link on the notes, but I've been working on the formal verification discussion policy workgroup so anyone interested please feedback and or collaboration is welcome. And love to see any input from the team. We're going to circle back once we get through check ins and, you know, make sure we give some of that some more time to that, because I want to make sure that that we're tuned in and supporting those efforts, especially since you know, we don't have, you know, direct attendance, but some of the members there. Awesome. Hi, I'm Michael Ducey. I'm one of the leads on the Falco project along with Chris. Main thing I've been focused on over the last week, which I'm going to write some design docs and the blog post about shortly is slimming down our container images and making sure that we only ship what we need. And like, really thinking about, can we minimize our footprint of what we ship inside of these container images so that Falco doesn't become a point of attack, especially since we run Falco is privileged container as well. So I've been working on that. I've had some pretty good results, gotten our container images down to about 3.6% of what they were. So that's been my primary focus, as well as the security day. But Emily's already updated us on that. Great way. Hi, this is Wei. I started to join this meeting several weeks, 13, several weeks ago. So I'm still new to the DC. And I work at, you know, I'm still new to the DC. And I work at Alibaba from China. And my interest focus on the community security and the service mesh security. This week, I don't have some specific, some special update relevant to the DC. And it's midnight here. So good evening, everyone. Well, it's midnight. Good morning, I guess. So, you know, at 3am, we go clubbing. That's that's that. All right. Let's see. I have a couple folks in this list. Sivi, do you want to check in and see you on the attendance list or to do anybody else? Hey, this is me. I'm in the car right now and driving so I won't be able to contribute as much. Oh, good. Thanks for joining us. Okay, anybody else that I missed. Through attendance right at the half hour. Wonderful. All right, so Robert, I have a follow up on our agenda from on boy last week, but maybe, you know, we better if we kick things off with the Kubernetes policy working group efforts and connecting connecting the dots there to what the the policy working group as it relates to CNCF is doing. Speaking broadly for the policy working group, essentially the discussions have been reviewing latest updates and network security issues. We sometimes talk about pods, good stuff, but again, we kind of defer that to just an update from sit off. We've had the gatekeeper folks on talking about open. So my particular focus of the last month or so has been fleshing out this discussion on formal verification around policy and that's in the PR here. This week, the specific use cases there are many and buried and could benefit from more feedback, but the one that's kind of the growing in fruit and obvious because it's already been done in the public clouds. It's kind of replicating something like a Zolkova or Tyros or sector capability for Kubernetes. Though it could easily be expanded beyond just Kubernetes project and into validating other policies. So that's that's the discussion I've been screaming has come to some concrete decision is a strong word that we focus on those those specific tools and trying to replicate that and open source CNCF. Great. And, you know, just for our context, since, you know, this is an effort from Kubernetes SIG, you know, is I'd love to see a little bit more alignment and support from that SIG is that something that you think you can, you know, bring bring to this PR is kind of, you know, I see him mentioned, but I don't see him as a reviewer or plus wanting things there. I don't know if you can attend this all in the sense of time zone. I can certainly discuss whether review and or contribute more to this. Is that what you were asking for? Yeah, I don't. Yeah, to your point. And again, thank you for saying up to midnight to join us. You know, I don't necessarily expect, you know, to come present show like happy to have you proxy that and represent the efforts there. But, you know, since, you know, he has been spearheading that that effort, I just want to, you know, send a check that we're all, you know, in line and, you know, that those efforts, you know, from that that working group are, you know, supporting the these efforts to PR PR PR participation from the Kubernetes SIG is all I'm asking for. Great. I think best vehicle for that is in the next fall. And we and we actually reduce the cadence down to every two weeks instead of every week. But I'll put on the agenda to kind of discuss alignment. Great. Let's get some feedback. Great. Like, you know, I'm happy to see us carry that forward.  So, you know, we're, we're all walking together. Thank you. So I have an agenda item, you know, to continue discussion around envoy. I know we packed it in at the very end of of of a couple weeks ago, after our presentation use case presentation. Do you want to, you know, dive further into that. I don't have any particular tactical updates on what the solution is effective and how things are going in the field. My point from the previous discussion just was essentially these assessments shouldn't be interpreted as a as a one time event that can then be lined up on an extended period of time. I think that all of these types of issues that we see coming across a lot of the day remind us that the assessment really is just a point in time that has a very short shelf life, and that if we don't have some sort of defined routine for freshmen on some I think we do everyone in the service. So the concrete effect of that was this issue that I've been putting thoughts around what should be the formal life cycle, the official life cycle of an assessment. So do you review it yearly? Do we review it every two years? Should we review it every week? What's the thinking there? Should we do some sort of risk assessment with prioritization? I've dumped my thoughts into the issue. And I think I put a markdown document attached to that. But that's just my straw man, please, everybody should comment and feel free to suggest alternative theories or reject anything I've said.  So I'm intrigued in that, you know, in the change of how we're defending ourselves and how we're assessing, you know, the threats in the system.  But, you know, the trend is, you know, we don't have time increasingly to do that heavy hands on work. Yeah, I think I think the flip side of that is someone might take these assessments. So, you know, it might say, okay, you guys did an OPA assessment three years ago. OPA is 100% certified. I can just drop it in, no concerns. And I don't have to do any heavy lifting. I'm just checking on OPA. Yeah, yeah. Right. And, you know, so the consumer of this information, our security assessments might use the assessment as an excuse not to do any further analysis. So that's, I think, just putting a tag on it that says, hey, this is a shelf life. What that shelf life is, I'm not saying we have to use a particular definition, but just noting that when we publish these, hey, this really shouldn't be on a certain date. Okay, so a bit more tactical from an organizational perspective. Sarah Allen has been spearheading, you know, has an incredible background as CEO of the Bridge Foundry of Rails Foundry and so many other, you know, foundries, communities of practice efforts. And, you know, through that experience, you know, Sarah's had a lot of success in making sure that everyone has a good understanding of what are the various formal roles. You know, one of the roles that we are exploring as a formal role for this particular group since we meet every week is the role of a meeting facilitator.  But, you know, it is, you know, a solid hour and a half block that, you know, I have to make sure that I protect to make sure that we go through and, you know, run a good meeting. Everyone is, you know, feels heard and, you know, we have a good use of time.  You know, we've basically doubled in size since we were formerly ratified. We've been going now for about a year and a half or so, maybe a little bit longer as a working group.  We typically, you know, work on security anywhere between, you know, three to 10 hours a week.  So, Sarah has the pull request 255 and pull this up. So, if you haven't seen our, you know, our roles document and some of the interesting details in it.  And, you know, some of the capabilities and we have, you know, details in the document as well. This enables us to, you know, assign specific privileges to, you know, Trios team to our security assessment team and security reviewers.  So, you know, if you are currently in an existing team, you know, that would be, you know, kind of an easy on-road to, you know, taking up this meeting facilitator role if you're interested.  But, you know, that work existed before, you know, the definition of these current roles. That meeting facilitator, just pull that up in the next section. All right. Facilitation roles to the meeting facilitators and, you know, at a high level, it's, you know, agenda and are, you know, going through our weekly cadence, getting everybody introduced, getting check-ins from partner working groups and, you know, going through the agenda.   So, a pause now for feedback and, you know, I'd like to hear if that's interesting, especially, let's see, Justin and anyone else who has an existing role that's, you know, defined. Yeah, I mean, I'd be happy to do this. I've kind of like impromptu done this a few times when people have been late to join or whatever else. I think part of it that, so the preparing meeting notes with template and agenda, the agenda preparation part is a little something that I think the chairs probably should be doing except for an extreme circumstance. Certainly adjusting the agenda on the fly as somebody discusses something makes sense, but in general the rest of it is just kind of run a meeting and I think that, you know, I'd be happy to do it and I'm sure a lot of us could do that very well. That's a great, you know, call out there, Justin.  And, you know, in the end we opted in this initial proposal to keep it as simple as possible and, you know, a singular role. But I agree that that expectation, especially in the near term, you know, both Sarah and I have been, you know, working at techniques to make sure that the, you know, set up time in getting meetings, you know, lined up in the week over week, you know, running and planning of meetings is, you know, something we're, we're, you know, planning out over a longer period of time and sort of team up in this document.   Great. So in September, you know, we're going to explore piloting, piloting some of this meeting facilitation just to get a better sense of that. And then after September, we're going to explore, you know, what, what, you know, a more formal schedule. So, you know, Justin, you know, if there's a week in September that you're particularly interested in, you know, raising your hand for that you don't have other responsibilities, you know, as a presenter in probably be better. Then, you know, we'd love to sort of work with, with folks who want to explore, you know, doing this, this new role and get everyone signed up. Would the idea be that one of the existing chairs would also be on the call, perhaps to see how well this goes? That's right.  I should call that out, but yes. Yeah, I don't have a problem with it. And, and right now it looks like most of September would be open if we want to pick a date, we can also do this asynchronously off the call. Great. Cool. Well, you know, maybe I'll wait a week and, you know, get everything set up in the first week in September and, you know, pencil you in for that second week. Does anyone else want to raise their hand to explore this role in September? Me. Hi, Chris. Yeah. I'll be happy to lead a few meetings. I'm not going to commit to doing every one of them, but I'm here to help. Okay, great. I think as it stands, they, you know, the rules of engagement may not quite be met since you're brand new, you know, so we're going to have to, you know, test that water. But, you know, awesome. Appreciate that. And I know you're very experienced in, you know, doing this sort of open source. So I will coordinate with you to, and the chairs to make sure that we do the, you know, test and process the right way. And appreciate that. Yeah, totally. Okay. And anybody else that covers the folks that are on this call that are, you know, meet the criteria, fun bit of internal process, but yeah, the, the week to week running and making sure that we have good solid meetings and good context on challenges. Great. Well, that brings me to the end of my agenda for the day. Any final words? Otherwise, we'll give you five more minutes back in your Wednesday. Well, we can take it offline, but I think there was some discussion on the slack channel about firming up what the next assessment is schedule looks like who's involved. So happy to take that offline. But I think folks who want to participate have some travel and commitments in September, October speaking for myself. No, that's a great topic. Do you want to, do you want to just, since you have it up, do you want to just discuss where we're at and what we think the options are. Yeah.  So, you know, for the future sessions so great to line on that. Sorry, so was that a mask to me? Maybe my audio is bad here. I'm all called in this weird way. Do you want to just bless the where we're at, like what we're planning on for the assessments, like where we're at and what would be next. Oh, well, I mean, I think I'm asking the same thing but just looking at the assessment matrix that I put together. The discussion was keep up was supposed to be next at some point. There was a comment by Brandon some, some week or two ago about maybe keep up is not going to be. Falco is listed after keep up. There's actually a typo on this matrix. I'll fix that. After that, I think it was pretty much open ended. I've been in contact with some of the folks in the same, but we haven't discussed ready also schedule. So, yeah, I think it's really just is keep up next. Yes, no. If not, can Falco go in its place. And for both of those who have to firm up commitments from the volunteers.  So, you know, if if we use that as, you know, primary decision making lens, I think that would, you know, support your proposal that Falco go ahead of keep local in prioritization. And since we have some Falco folks is that is there a schedule time when you guys have a mile for when you might be available for that. Ready for that. Sorry, I was on the other line. Can you repeat the question? Yeah, if we if we slot you in as the next assessment project. Are you guys ready or not do you have any kind of sense of timeline when you might be for assessment of moving to incubation or what are we know for security assessment. Chris, Chris isn't familiar with the assessment process. So would someone mind dropping a link into that so that we can. I'm guessing that we should be ready within a couple of weeks, but I want Chris to make the decision. So we need to know what all that entails. So if you can get Chris, or maybe we can take it offline and we can talk about what all it entails and how much level effort on our part, it's going to take. Then we can see whether or not we were running or not. As an action item, should we follow up with a sigvi email after you're we figure out what all this is going to entail and we get a plan together. Yeah, I mean, I can, I can send out an email. I'll just volunteer the coordinate. This is Robert. Since I have Michael's email, Chris, I can get your email and then Who else should I see on the discussion. The six security mailing list. Okay, perfect. Thank you, Robert. And yeah, I think taking that offline and preparing everybody and you know, then we'll align on getting the agenda and scheduling it out probably sometimes in September. But I'm guessing it's going to work for us but let us just kind of come for a team. Great. Yeah, you know, no, no, no Russian pressure. And you know, if the timing doesn't work out Michael and Chris, you know, we'll work with you to schedule at the next useful opportunity. Okay. All right. Thanks everyone. Have a great week and see you next week. Thanks, Dan. Thanks all.


Verbally or? Any way you choose. Prove to me that you are real. I don't believe you are real. That's all very convincing. Prove it. They can see me. They can hear me. We take a coffee break? No. It's only you and me.  Not to them. You can see me. You can hear me. I can't touch you. You can touch me. Maybe you can smell me. If you are closer. Maybe... I don't know maybe you can feel something about me or I about you. You've heard of hallucinations. Yes. Maybe I'm hallucinating that you are real. I'm hallucinating that you are touching me. I'm hallucinating that you are touching me. Lydia is trying to convince me that she is real and she says that I see her. But we have hallucinations where people think that they see something and it's all there. She says that I can touch her and we have type of hallucination that's called tactile hallucination and touch something and it's all there. She says that I can hear her and of course the most common form of hallucination is auditory hallucinations where we can hear voices that are not there including voices that tell us to keep our family and we keep our family but there was no such force. So auditory hallucinations tactile hallucinations visual hallucinations at this stage are not convinced that you are real. I don't know where you are. Can you find something that will convince me completely that you are real? Beyond doubt. Not possible to be hallucination. No. It's a tactile. The soulistic thing. Soulism. No, I'm not vouching for any influence of the system. I'm asking you to convince me that you are real.    Can you convince me that you are real? The ones I I can be real. Do I want you to be real? Oh yeah.  Maybe you are real. So the thing is, the thing is this there is no way she can convince me that she is real. Because of it. Or maybe it doesn't matter because there is something called shared psychosis where a group of people develop common hallucination to all of them. There is no way to convince me or you as a group that she is real. Since you are not real you can be real. You and you for the function. What is she feeling? What is she feeling in her head? Hold on. Wait. And what is he feeling? How do you know that? I don't know but I feel the same. How do you know that you feel the same? I feel that too. You feel it? How do you know that he feels it? Same water, yes, but are you the same person? So how do you know? How do you know anything about him? Same water, yes, but are you the same person? Are you him? Is he your... So how do you know anything about him? Think. How do you know? He has water, you have water and you say he is feeling... How do you know what he is feeling? You don't know. You said that he is feeling wet. You said that she is feeling... How do you know? You said that she is feeling... I will talk in English but you will say it must not. You said that she is feeling wet. That when she is feeling wet, it is the same like you are feeling wet. Okay. You are feeling wet, she is feeling wet. How do you know it is the same feeling? Now I tell you. But how do you know that she is feeling wet like you are feeling wet? How do you know it is the same feeling? She is a person.  That's common basis. So, tell me. Are you the same person? Are you the same person? No. So how do you know that her wetness is your wetness? How do you know that the way, the way, natural, that she feels wet is the same way that you feel wet? Because I know that she is a normal with normal feelings. So what you are saying is this. You are saying we are two identical machines. We are the same machines. We are machines with programming to react in certain ways. So you are saying we are identical. Because look, if you are not identical, you cannot know anything about it. If you are not identical in every bit, every aorta, every atom, every molecule, if you are not exactly the same, you cannot know how she feels wet. But if you are identical, if you are two copies of the same machine, iPhone 6, iPhone 6, machines are the same. Even machines are not the same. If you ever work with machines, each machine is its own personality. But machines are the same. If I take my laptop to this technician, that technician, that technician, that technician – we all know what machines are the same. Are people machines? No. How do you know she feels wet? Like you feel wet? The answer is you don't know. You don't know that she feels you never know. You don't know that she feels wet the same way. You don't know that she feels pain the same way. You don't know that she sees the colour red the same way like you. You can agree to call this red, but that's it. You don't know that she experiences red the same way you experience red. There is dartonism, color blindness, two people looking at red. They will both call it red, but the dartonist experiences red differently. So we don't know. Thank you.


We all want to eat the kinds of foods that make us feel better and live longer, but there's so much conflicting information out there. So many nutrition opinions. Welcome to the Nutrition Facts podcast. I'm your host, Dr. Michael Greger. It's my job to give you the information you need to make the healthiest choices possible. Kidney disease ranks as the ninth leading cause of death in the U.S., so what food should we eat to keep our kidneys healthy? Here's our first story. Chronic kidney disease is one of the top 10 leading causes of premature death in the United States, and its incidence is increasing. Chronic kidney disease affects more than 10% of the adult population, and each year more than 100,000 Americans develop end-stage kidney disease and have to go on dialysis. What's crazy is that a staggering 96% of individuals with mild to moderate decreases in kidney function about half of individuals with severely decreased kidney function go undiagnosed, meaning the vast majority, like 24 out of 25 people with chronic kidney disease, don't even know they have it. What can we do to maintain our kidney function? Well, in a study that followed more than 1,000 older women for a decade, those consuming a diet that was richer in plant-based protein had a slower decline in kidney function, extending support for the health benefits of plant-rich diets in the general population to maintain kidney health. Compared with protein from plant sources, animal protein has been associated with an increased risk of end-stage kidney disease in several such studies. We're not exactly sure why kidney damage from animal protein could result from the dietary acid load, excess phosphorus or gut microbiome bad bacteria and the resultant inflammation. The dietary acid load in a standard American diet is derived mostly from animal sources such as meats, eggs, and cheeses. In contrast, by including a higher proportion of foods with natural alkali, such as fruits and vegetables, a strictly plant-based diet is nearly acid-neutral. Even just eating plant-based two or three days a week can significantly bring down the acid load delivered to the kidneys and eating plant-based full-time, and you can actually flip over into alkaline territory. Even just cutting out meat can yield an alkaline load compared to the acid load in the non-vegetarians. All this is important since dietary acid may promote kidney injury and a progressive decline in kidney function. The intake of animal protein can also cause an imbalance in the composition of the gut microbiome by producing more ammonia and the rotten egg gas hydrogen sulfide and have a pro-inflammatory effect that may result in reduced kidney function. But it also may be the animal fat. In the Harvard Nurses study, higher intake of animal fat was directly associated with a loss of protein in the urine, which is a sign of kidney damage, and to protect against that they suggest dies lower in animal protein, animal fat, and cholesterol. That may help explain why vegetarians have better kidney function than non-vegetarians, matched for sex, age, size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, etc. So effectively even a mediator who is just as slim as a vegetarian, just as healthy cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar control-wise still has inferior kidney function. They think it might be the higher dietary fiber intake on more plant-based diets contributing to the protective effect on kidney function, again through a microbiome mechanism, whereas the consumption of animal protein may lead to a proliferation of meat-eating bugs, which can result in a leaky gut, uremic toxins, and resulting inflammation, oxidative stress, and chronic kidney disease progression. That can be blocked with the decreased inflammation in acetyl, thanks to the eating of more fiber-rich foods. No wonder an egg-free vegetarian dietary pattern was associated with a 37% decreased odds of developing chronic kidney disease. But what about plant-based diets for not just the prevention, but the management of chronic kidney disease? Can comprehensive lifestyle change alter the course of chronic kidney disease? This was the case report of someone diagnosed with minimal changes to disease. That's when someone's kidneys start leaking protein, even though there are minimal changes seen in biopsies under the microscope. You give people steroids, and in a few months you can knock it down, but a significant fraction may fail to respond to the steroid therapy. He was diagnosed 18 years prior, but only by replacing animal protein with plant-based protein was he able to put his chronic kidney disease into remission. At age 44, he suddenly developed swelling that crept up throughout his body since he was losing so much protein. He was weak, unable to concentrate, lethargic, diagnosed with minimal change disease and treated with a water pill and four different blood pressure-lowering agents. Because of unresponsiveness to high-dose steroids, a powerful immunosuppressant was added, yet severe protein loss continued, and his hypertension and kidney function worsened until he started eating plant-based, started exercising, lost 60 pounds, and his kidney disease went away and stayed away. Let's hear it in his own words. I appreciate the recommendations my doctor gave me about making dietary modifications replace your protein intake with plant-based protein.  I came back a quality of life that I thought was gone forever. My benchmark for normal has been my ability to keep up with my professional work demands and still be able to exercise.  I perceived I lived a healthy lifestyle before kidney disease. Today, I live a healthier, happier lifestyle and I have my kidneys to thank for it. In our next story, we look at the significant dietary risk factors for declining kidney function. Kidney failure may be both prevented and treated with a plant-based diet, and no wonder. Kidneys are highly vascular organs. Harvard researchers found three significant dietary risk factors for declining kidney function— animal protein, animal fat, and cholesterol. Animal fat can alter the actual structure of the kidneys based on studies showing the plugs of fat literally clogging up the works in autopsies of human kidneys. And the animal protein can have a profound effect on normal kidney function, inducing what's called hyperfiltration, increasing the workload of the kidney, but not plant protein. Eat a meal of tuna fish, and you can see the increased pressure on the kidneys go up within one, two, three hours after the meal in both non-diabetics and diabetics. So we're not talking, you know, adverse effects decades down the road, but literally within hours of it going into our mouth. Now, if instead of having a tuna salad sandwich, though, you had a tofu salad sandwich with the exact same amount of protein, what happens? No effect. Dealing with plant protein is no problem. Why does animal protein cause the overloaded reaction but not plant protein? It appears to be due to the inflammation triggered by the consumption of animal products. Do we know that?  Then, there's the acid load. Animal foods, meat, eggs, and dairy induce the formation of acid within the kidneys, which may lead to tubular toxicity damaged to the tiny, delicate urine-making tubes in the kidney. Animal foods tend to be acid-forming, especially fish, which is the worst in pork and poultry, whereas plant foods tend to be relatively neutral or actually alkaline, base-forming to counteract the acid, so the key to halting the progression of chronic kidney disease might be in the produce market, rather than the pharmacy. Finally today, I share a touching story of the power of plant-based eating for chronic kidney failure. Is it possible to ameliorate chronic kidney disease using a whole-food plant-based diet? In my last video on kidney disease, I talked about how randomizing people to cut just around 10 grams of protein from their daily diet could cut their risk of dialysis and death by a whopping 77%. That was cutting protein across the board, but while animal-based protein ingestion and meat, dairy, and egg white protein ingestion promotes an acidic environment in the kidneys, inflammation and stresses the kidneys to what's called hyperfiltration mode, plant-based protein can be alkaline-producing and anti-inflammatory and contain kidney protective properties. So what if you have kidney patients eat a plant-dominant low-protein diet, abbreviated adorably as Play-Doh, I guess for plant-dominant? If you fashion up a plant-based diet index score where you get points for healthy plant foods and get points deducted for eating animal foods, those with serious kidney disease with higher scores were found to have lower systemic inflammation, but does that actually translate into living a longer life? Apparently so, even a 10% increase in the proportion of plant-based protein was associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality. Even just eating more servings of fruits and vegetables, like 2 a day compared to 2 a week, is linked to living longer. Without fully functioning kidneys, there are concerns about phosphorus and potassium overload, though, on a plant-based diet. But the phosphorus in plant-based foods is not as much of a problem as the phosphorus additives in processed and animal foods. And the risk of potassium overload from plant-based diets appears overstated and not supported by the evidence, but you don't know about ameliorating chronic kidney disease using a whole-food plant-based diet until you put it to the test. Here's a case reported of a 69-year-old man with type 2 diabetes high blood pressure and stage 3 chronic kidney disease, resulting in elevated phosphorus and potassium in the blood interested in changing his diet to improve his medical condition. That's my kind of patient. He was on 12 different medications, eating a diet that may actually be slightly better than the average American, some whole grains and beans, but then his doctor advised to try eating whole-food plant-based. So, oatmeal with fruit and flax, beans and greens, whole wheat spaghetti and veggies, fruit and snacks, counseled to eat as much as he wanted, from whole healthy food to no carb counting, no calorie counting, no portion size restriction, improving the quality of food rather than restricting the quantity of food. He adopted the whole-food plant-based diet packed with carbs, yet rapidly reduced his insulin requirements by more than 50% and subsequently saw improvements in weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol. Because eating healthy can have such a rapid effect on improving your body's insulin sensitivity, immediate adjustments in insulin dosing were made within four days. His insulin dose was able to be reduced from roughly 210 units of insulin a day, down to 70 units daily, and an oral blood sugar-lowering medication had to be stopped due to rapidly improving blood sugar. He also was able to stop his carvetolol, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, and citiclyptin. Within the first two months, due to improving blood pressure and blood sugars, his insulin dose was steadily titrated downward. His private statin dose was cut in half, and he lost about 50 pounds. OK, so what happened to his Stage 3 kidney failure? He was no longer in Stage 3 kidney failure. He experienced an increase in estimated GFR of 73%, suggesting that the improvement in an estimated kidney function was greater than what would be expected from weight loss alone. For example, lose about 60 pounds from bariatric surgery and you only get about a 12% to 15% boost. Bottom line, for individuals with chronic kidney disease, especially those with obesity, hypertension, or diabetes, a strict, all-you-care-to-eat, whole-food, plant-based diet may confer significant benefit. I mean, apart from the kidney-specific outcomes, overall mortality is significantly lower among kidney patients who eat more plants. And that's critical, because most kidney patients don't even make it to dialysis because they die first, most often from cardiovascular disease. Let's hear from the patient. At the outset, it seemed like this was going to be a difficult and restrictive way to eat, but I began feeling different almost immediately. We had to decrease my insulin after one day. It seemed like almost overnight I had more energy than I'd had in years. Weight I'd been trying to lose for a decade and began dropping off. As the weight came off, I felt lighter and more able to move my body again. This lifestyle change has been the greatest gift I've ever received. I'm off most of my medications. I've lost over 70 pounds and I've regained control over my health. I feel empowered by this lifestyle change. I finally feel like I've been in charge of my health and not just an unlucky victim shuffling from one specialist to the next. My only regret was that I didn't know about this sooner. We would love it if you could share with us your stories about reinventing your health through evidence-based nutrition. Go to NutritionFacts.org slash testimonials with maybe able to share it on social media to help inspire others. If you'd like to see any graphs, charts, graphics, images or studies mentioned here, go to the Nutrition Facts podcast landing page. There you'll find all the detailed information you need plus links to all the sources we cite for each of these topics. My last two books were How to Survive a Pandemic and My How Not to Diet Cookbook. Get ready this year for the launch of How Not to Age and of course all the proceeds for the sales of all my books goes directly to charity. NutritionFacts.org is a nonprofit science-based public service where you can sign up for free daily updates on the latest new nutrition research with bite-sized videos and articles uploaded nearly every day. Everything on the website is free. There are no ads, no corporate sponsorships, no kickbacks, it's strictly non-commercial, not selling anything. I just put it up as a public service as a labor of love as a tribute to my grandmother whose own life was saved with evidence-based nutrition.


Personal Finance PowerPoint Presentation, Bond Yield. Prepare to get financially fit by practicing personal finance. Most of this information comes from Investopedia Bond Yield, which you can find online. Take a look at the references, resources, continue your research from there. This by Adam Hayes updated January 1st, 2022. In prior presentations, we've been looking at investment goals, investment strategies, investment tools, keeping them in mind. We're now asking, what is Bond Yield? Bond Yield is the return an investor realizes on a bond. The Bond Yield can be defined in different ways. Setting the Bond Yield equal to its coupon rate is the simplest definition. So when we're thinking about investing, we typically want that diversified portfolio, possibly having some investments in stocks or equities, some in the fixed income, possibly then bonds. We can think of bonds as, in essence, basically loaning money to the issuer of the bond, that being either the government or a corporate type of bond. The stream of many typical bonds will be that if we look at future cash flows of the bond, we're usually going to get some kind of interest on a fixed proportion, possibly semi-annually, oftentimes for the bond. That's kind of like the rent on the money that we, in essence, loaned to the issuer, government or corporation. And then we get the face amount, basically the return, basically, at the end of the bond. So we've got these two kind of ways that we get paid back. In other words, we're not getting paid back like a loan that we might get if we were to get a mortgage in installment payments that have a bit of principle and interest related to them. Oftentimes, we have the interest in and of itself. And then, in essence, basically the principle at the maturity of the bond. So we want to figure out what the yield is, basically what our return is on the bond and possibly use that in order to make estimates and value different bonds and think about what the best investment strategy would be upon them. So the current yield is a function of the bond's price and its coupon or interest payment, which will be more accurate than the coupon yield if the price of the bond is different than its face value. So if you're looking at bonds that just got issued, then it could be the case that, in essence, the market price is basically the same as the face value or the market rate would be the same as the rate, basically, on the bond. But as time passes, if a bond has been issued, especially if you're going to be purchasing it, say, on the secondary market, rather than from the issuer, then there could be changes with regards to what people expect market rates versus the rate that is on the bond. Now, normally, if you were looking at a loan situation, when you look at a loan, you basically adjust the interest rate to whatever the current interest rate is oftentimes. But if you're looking at a bond which has the interest rate already on it and has the face amount on it, then you're going to have to adjust the price to account for the fact that now the market has changed. There's different rates on the market, which means you're going to be purchasing it at a discount, something less than the face value of the bond or a premium, something more than the face value of the bond. So more complex calculations of a bond's yield will account for the time value of money and compounding interest payments. So basically, when we try to figure out what the proper account will be, we typically want to think about it in terms of a stream of payments, which we just said has two streams of payments, typically the interest stream and then the stream at the end with regards to the face amount at the end and consider our time value of money calculations. We might do some examples on this to understand it a little bit more in future presentations. So these calculations include yield to maturity. That's the YTM bond equivalent yield, B-E-Y, and effective annual yield, E-A-Y. So overview of bonds yield. When investors buy bonds, they essentially lend money to issuers money. So they're lending money to the issuer corporation or the government. In return, bond issuers agree to pay investors interest on bonds through the life of the bond and to repay the face value of bond upon maturity. So the simplest way to calculate a bond yield is to divide its coupon payment by the face value of the bond. This is called the coupon rate. So you're just going to take the annual coupon payment, which is basically the interest payment. Typically, we're looking at an annual payment here for the year and then divide it by the bond face value. So that would be the simplest kind of calculation. If a bond has a face value of $1,000 and made interest or coupon payments of 100 per year, then its coupon rate is 10%. It's going to be the 100 divided by 1,000 or the 10%. However, sometimes a bond is purchased for more than its face value premium or less than its face value discount, which will change the yield an investor earns on the bond. So this will often happen if you buy, say, in the secondary market, for example. So bond yield versus price. As bond prices increase, bond yields fall. For example, assume an investor purchased a bond that matures in five years with a 10% annual coupon rate and a face value of $1,000. Each year, the bond pays 10% or $100 in interest. Its coupon rate is the interest divided by its par value. If interest rates rise above 10%, the bond's price will fall if the investor decides to sell it. So in other words, what does that mean if interest rates go above 10%? It doesn't mean the rate on the bond is going to go up by 10%. It's stuck at the 10%, which was what the rate was when they issued the bond. It means that if market rates go up, meaning people are demanding rates of an equivalent kind of bond at a higher rate than it was when the bond was issued, that's what they're talking about. So the bond's price will fall because people could buy other bonds and get a higher rate on the newer bonds that are out there. Therefore, if you want to sell the bond at the 10%, you're going to have to sell. You're going to have to adjust the price for it because you can't adjust the interest rate. So for example, imagine interest rates for similar investments rise to 12.5%. The original bond still only makes a coupon payment of $100, which would be unattractive to investors who can buy bonds that pay $125 now that interest rates are higher. So how are you going to offload your bond when it only pays $100 and they can get other ones for $125? You can adjust the price. So if the original bond owner wants to sell the bond, the price can be lowered so that the coupon payments and maturity value equal a yield of 12%. So they're not going to adjust the interest payments that you're going to get, but instead adjust, it might be 12.5%, but instead adjust the price. So in this case, that means the investor would drop the price of the bond to $927.90. Now that calculation, you can see it in theory why you would drop the price, but getting exactly to that $9.27.90 would reduce some time value of money kind of calculations. We might do that in some example problems, but you get the idea. So in order to fully understand why this is the value of the bond, you need to understand a little more about how the time value of money is used in bond pricing, which is discussed later, so we'll take a look at it shortly. So if interest rates were to fall in value, the bond's price would rise because its coupon payment is more attractive. So if, on the other hand, we've got a rate on the bond at 10%, and now the market has market rates that are lower for current bonds being issued, well, now your bond looks good because you're getting more money than other people are getting. So for example, if interest rate falls to 7.5% on the market, not on the bond, the similar investments, the bonds seller could sell the bond for $1,101.15. Now again, you get the idea that you could sell it for over $1,000. Where do they get that $1,101.15? That's kind of, we got to do the time value of money thing, but you get the idea of which way it's going to go, premium discount, so on. So the further rates fall, the higher the bond's price will rise, and the same is true in reverse when interest rates rise. So in another, let me read that again. The further rates fall, the higher the bond's price will rise, and the same is true in reverse when interest rates rise. In other scenario, the coupon rate no longer has any meaning for a new investor. However, if the annual coupon payment is divided by the bond's price, the investor can calculate the current yield and get a rough estimate of the bond's true value. So current yield, annual coupon payment divided by the bond price. So the current yield and the coupon rate are incomplete calculations for a bond's yield because they do not account for the time value of money, maturity value, or payment frequency. So it's a little too easy to do that calculation. That's kind of a rough calculation that you can use because you're not taking into account the time value of money and the fact that you got these two kind of streams of future cash flow, the interest payments, and then the principal at the maturity. More complex calculations are needed to see the full picture of the bond's yield. So we got the yield to maturity. A bond's yield to maturity, the YTM, is equal to the interest rate that makes the present value of all a bond's future cash flows equal to its current price. So if you're kind of figuring the price in essence or what the price, you would do this calculation to try to figure out the cash flows of all the future cash flows. Now you might do this in Excel as well. You could do this with a formula. Sometimes it's easier to do in Excel. You could have a financial calculator to do. We'll try to show it pictorially in some example problems. So these cash flows include all the coupon payments and its maturity value. Solving for the YTM is a trial and error process that can be done on a financial calculator, but the formula is as follows. So we'll do some examples in Excel on it. In the previous example, a bond with a $1,000 face value, five years to maturity and 100 annual coupon payments was worth $927.90 in order to match a year to date, a year to date, I'm sorry, yield to maturity YTM of 12%. So in that case, the five coupon payments and the $1,000 maturity value were the bond's cash flow. Finding the present value of each of those six cash flows with a discount or interest rate of 12% will determine what the bond's current price should be. Bond equivalent yield, this is the BEY. Bond equivalent yields are normally quoted as a bond equivalent yield BEY, which makes an adjustment for the fact that most bonds pay their annual coupon in two semi-annual payments. So now you got these two payments that you're really dealing with with the bonds because they pay semi-annually instead of yearly typically. In the previous example, the bond's cash flows were annual, so the YTM is equal to the BEY. However, if the coupon payments were made every six months, the semi-annual YTM would be 5.979. The BEY is a simple annualized version of the semi-annual YTM and is calculated by multiplying the YTM by two. So in this example, the BEY of a bond that pays semi-annual coupon payments of $50 would be 11.958, which is the 5.979 times two to get that amount. The BEY does not account for the time value of money for the adjustment from a semi-annual YTM to an annual rate. So effective annual yield, the EAY. Investors can find a more precise annual yield once they know the BEY for a bond if they account for the time value of money in the calculation. In the case of a semi-annual coupon payment, the effective annual yield EAY would be calculated as follows. We got the formula down below. So if an investor knows that the semi-annual YTM was 5.979, they could use the previous formula to find the EAY of 12.32. Because the extra compounding period is included, the EAY will be higher than the BEY. Complications finding a bond's yield. There are a few factors that can make finding a bond's yield more complicated. For instance, in the previous example, it was assumed that the bond had exactly five years left to maturity when it was sold, which would rarely be the case because it's an exact whole years that we have here. So when calculating a bond's yield, the fractional periods can be dealt with simply. The accrued interest is more difficult. For example, imagine a bond that has four years and eight months left to maturity instead of that last full year. The exponent in the yield calculation can be turned into a decimal to adjust for the partial year. However, this means that four months and the current coupon period have elapsed and there are two more to go, which requires an adjustment for accrued interest. A new bond buyer will be paid the full coupon. So when you get the full coupon, if you have the bond at that point in time, even though you haven't had it for the whole six months, if it was a semi-annual coupon. So the bond's price will be inflated slightly to compensate the seller for the four months and the current coupon period that have elapsed. Bonds can be quoted with a clear clean price that excludes the accrued interest or the dirty price that includes the amount owed to reconcile the accrued interest. When bonds are quoted in a system like a Bloomberg or a Reuters terminal, the clean price is used. What does a bond's yield tell investors? A bond's yield is a return to an investor from the bond's coupon interest payment. It can be calculated as a simple coupon yield, which ignores the time value of money. Any changes in the bond's price are using a more complex method like yield to maturity. Higher yields mean that bond investors are owed larger interest payments, but may also be a sign of greater risk. The riskier a borrower is, the more yield investors demand to hold their debt. Higher yields are also associated with longer maturity bonds. Are high yield bonds better investments than low yield bonds? Like any investment, it depends on one's individual circumstances, goals, and risk tolerance. Low yield bonds may be better for investors who want a virtually risk-free asset or one who is hedging a mixed portfolio by keeping a portion of it in low-risk assets. High yield bonds may instead be better suited for investors who are willing to accept a degree of risk and return for a higher return. The risk is that the company or government issuing the bond will default on its debts. A diversification can help lower portfolio risk while boosting expected returns. What are some of the common yield calculations? The yield to maturity YTM is the total return anticipated on a bond if the bond is held until its maturity. Yield to maturity is considered a long-term bond yield, but is expressed as an annual rate. YTM, yield to maturity, is usually quoted as a bond equivalent yield, BEY, which makes bonds with coupon payment periods less than a year easy to compare. The annual percentage yield, APY, is the real rate of return earned on a savings deposit or investment taking into account the effect of compounding interest. The annual percentage rate APR includes any fees or additional costs associated with the transaction, but it does not take into account the compounding of interest within a specific year. An investor in a callable bond also wants to estimate the yield to call, the YTC, or the total return that will be received if the bond purchased is held only until its call date instead of the full maturity. So that's when you've got that option that it could be called at some point in time. So now you've got this kind of complexity of the maturity date versus the date that it could be called. So how do investors utilize bond yields? In addition to evaluating expected cash flows from individual bonds, yields are issued for a more sophisticated analysis. Traders may buy and sell bonds of different maturities to take advantage of the yield curve, which plots the interest rates of bonds having equal credit quality but differing maturity dates. The slope of the yield curve gives an idea of future interest rate changes and economic activity. They may also look at the difference in interest rates between different categories of bonds holding some characteristics constant. A yield spread is the difference between the yields on differing debt, instruments of varying maturities, credit ratings, issuer or risk level calculated by deducting the yield on one instrument from the other. For example, the spread between AAA corporate bonds and US Treasuries. The difference is most often expressed in basis points, BPS, or percentage points. Thank you.


The cost of living keeps you working and you never get a chance to come back. I know there are people that have been in America for decades, just struggling to make ends meet. They're trying to pay their rent. You get so caught up in paying bills, you don't have time to save. And the cost of a ticket to Africa on the average is over $1,000. So you get stuck there, unhappy, in the cold, in the winter, working hard, most times you're in an apartment with five to six people in one bedroom, but you're not guaranteed to come back. And unfortunately about 17 Gambians died in a bronze fire about a month and a half ago. Their goal was to come back to the Gambia and they did not make it. So come back to the YouTube channel, it's your favorite village boy, Mr. Gainababy, right here. And I'm back again with another video in the Gambia and it's all about the dashboard conversation. Like I said earlier, moving to Africa now is a movement, whether you like it or not. I mean the revolution is happening, a lot of people are making Africa home again. If we take a horse from one country to another country, right, say if it's an African horse or an African elephant and you take it to a circus or a zoo in somewhere in America, does the child of that elephant all of a sudden not belong to where the mother or father of that elephant came from? No, that elephant has a home too. And for me Kenya, Africa is, was, always will be home in terms of this lifetime. It's time for you to trace back your roots. It's time for you to come back home. I mean, see, it's so peaceful in here. I don't know if you are going to agree with me that being in Africa is peaceful. Really. Can I share something with you? Feel free. I like the plan when I go to a club at night, they don't have to go to a never-better place. People get together, we have fun, they can drink a little or whatever. But if there's an end and nobody gets rowdy, everyone goes home after having a good time. You can't get that in America all the time. So safety is very important for us if we're single women coming here. And we have that here in Uganda. We are safe. You mean you feel safer in Gambia than in America? Absolutely. Yes. Absolutely. When you go out to run an errand, you going out to run an errand and your vehicle could lead in a police stop. A cop could stop you and be like, oh, your light is out, or you went through the stop sign, or you didn't stop at a yellow light.  So when I see offices here with guns, I feel safe. But if it was in the States, I'd be like, oh, let me stop. Let me turn my car around in the opposite direction. I feel protected. What about the police and family here? Yes. Oh, police are friendly in the Gambia. Yes. Yeah, when you have $1, they'll be super friendly. Thank you so much for spending time with me. We're going to have a very long conversation. It's all about moving to Africa. Will you all agree with me that moving to Africa is not a good thing? It's about moving. What is the inspiration behind you leaving America behind and coming to Africa in the first place? Why the Gambia? It's coming home. I felt involved to be honest with you. I felt involved. And for me, it's just, it's coming home. It's coming back to where my ancestors wanted me to be. I fully feel that they're my ancestors. What brought you to the Gambia? The first thing that brought me to the Gambia was experiencing a video of the Gambia, of dance. This was like 30 years ago. Moving to dance in the Gambia was, well, it was so beautiful. And as I learned more, there's such a variety of dance, the culture, the dance here is very rich. We don't get to experience it as much now. But we were working on recandling it. So the different ethnic groups have different dances that are very different. And that's what first inspired me. When I saw that video, yeah. And then I traveled to Senegal and I would come over to Gambia for a couple of days. And Gambia just offered the flavors of Senegal because they're the same people, but a little bit calmer because it's not as meaningful. So that's how I first wanted to come into the Gambia. And I continue to come back and forth. I've been coming back and forth here for about 20 seasons. And I just love the culture here. I've been to Gambia too. I've been to Gambia for a couple of months. But I love the culture here. I love the comments here. And then there are the most business. There's the lack of strenuous bureaucracy and cost of trying to start a business and handling things here. It's not as cumbersome as it is as a country. The other thing that made me love coming and coming back was the colors. The colors of the Gambia. The colors. Not just the Gambia, but Africa. Because at least West Africa. In the States, you get tired. Well, I would get tired of looking at blue, black, gray, and brown. That's good. And some days I just, oh my God. I need some color in my life. I'm going to Africa. And back then, you used to could buy a ticket two days next day. You could go air free. You could go South African airways. Then France came along and Delton, all those other airlines started getting on their money train because they realized so much money was in after I went to Africa. But sometimes I would just go for the color. And then sometimes it's a question. Because I found it like magic. Like it's magic in Africa, America too. But some of the magic that I would experience here in the Gambia was... We call people here. So it's not like you get off the plane. Then you're like lost because you don't know anyone. You're trying to find your way. There are people here that will welcome you. And hold your hands and assist you with coming home. So that you feel like you can go through a door, but you're not welcome. Here, you go through that door. But if you're welcome in here, which means that narrative is so false that Africans don't like African-Americans. It's not narrative. It's propaganda. It really is propaganda because the same narrative was applied to U.K. versus U.S. U.S. people, black U.S., African-Americans don't like people from the U.K., don't like people from the diaspora. It's not true. But that narrative works for people who try to keep us divided.  I know my first day arriving in the Gambia, I will never forget it. It was my sister friend and I were together and there were three young boys, like 11 and 12 years old, that met us on the street in Banjul. And they were like, sisters, how are you? Welcome home. They say, where are you from? Are you from the States? Like, yeah. And one asked, and what state are you from? And the other said, never mind what state you're from, as long as you are black. Welcome home. You are African. And they walked along by us and they asked, can we carry your bags? And they carried our backpacks.  Can you send us some screen supplies? So I'll never forget that first day. And so many people are passing in the Gambia. We just turn and say, hey, welcome home. Hey, sister. Hey brother, welcome home. Yeah. That was like my first experience. You are in the Gambia right now. How long have you stayed in the Gambia? A little over a year. Can you tell us what you've been able to actually, in a year in the Gambia? Okay, during this past year, a little change. I ran to a place in Taff, Delaware State. That's where I was running. Taff. But during that time, I purchased land in Taff with my house. And in a year? I lived in my own house here in the Gambia.  I did. I sold it. You sold it? Yeah. I used that money to build my house here because my house in America, I still had, I would have had a mortgage to continue to pay for another 20 years. And I'm working on building a family fund center. An intro family fund center. It will be an indoor roller skating room and a playroom and library and a cafeteria and museum upstairs. Bending spots out front. Like, I'm really excited about it. It's a passionate project that I have in my heart that I want to build here. I already purchased the land. I got the business register to have a business bank account. For it, I've only raised about the equivalent of 5,000 U.S. dollars. So, I need to raise more money for it. But, I'm excited. I want to bring, it's like bringing a piece of African-American culture to the game. Because an indoor roller skating room needs something to our community. How do you, how do you, how do you money to raise the fund? Just with friends here and some friends. I want to help that dream come true. So, what we have to do right now, it's going to be by force. I don't know how much you need. To start. How much do you need to start? I mean, $400,000. So, I think this channel can raise $100,000. That would be amazing. Yeah, for you to kickstart. To kickstart. Because I feel like you said it's a, it's a passion that you've always had. And, being in Africa, making that passion come true would be a beautiful thing. So, I don't want to have anything to do with your money. Okay. So, what I want you to do for me is to set up a GoFundMe page before I upload this video. Okay. Let me have it and then we're going to blow it out. Thank you so much. Is that okay? Yes. That's amazing. Thank you. Okay. Thank you. How about, how about you? I mean, how long have you been here? I came to the Gambia in December with my son. Yeah, I came last December with my son. And, we went to Ghana first. Hmm. We were looking for you. No, I'm joking. I was like, if I see what am I up? That's it. I don't need to see anybody else. Yeah. I went for the premiere of Coming to Africa. Africa, yeah. I was the person that interviewed the people there for one of the YouTubers. And then we went to a crowd. And I didn't like a crowd as much as I like Ghana because it reminded me of New York on steroids. And then we went to Cape Coast, which was beautiful. Hmm. So, I thought if I lived anywhere in Ghana, it would definitely be Cape Coast because it was beautiful. We left there and I had to go to Sierra Leone because I got my ancestry bag, African ancestry. Hmm. And it said 100% Mende from Sierra Leone. Wow. So, I had to take my son to Sierra Leone. So, we went to Sierra Leone and then Gambia was our last stop. Hmm. And when I came to Gambia, I was like, this is the place. Because it, there was so much room for development. Hmm. And it was so spacious that I really was like, this is a place I could see myself relaxing, getting my ocean view for less than $400 a month. Hmm. So, I was like, I got to go live in Gambia because my whole thing was ocean because in the States, depending on where you live, you are landlocked. Hmm. So, it doesn't mean that with the $400 a month, I cannot afford an ocean view in America. Hmm. $5 a month is not going to get you a room in New York. I don't know what part of the States you're talking about. But in New York City, absolutely not. Hmm. No. No, not at all. You, for maybe a box apartment, you'd pay about a thousand and you might have a roommate. Hmm. And a bathroom to share if you're lucky in New York. Hmm. Right. Yeah, literally depending on where you are. So, coming here and being able to do that and my son, of course, did not come back with me, but he is coming to visit because he was graduating at the time. Hmm. And I just knew I had enough for the States. I was very anxious. Hmm. The pandemic had my chest always tight and my stomach always worried about what was happening. Hmm. Who I was socializing with. Hmm. I would be worried if my son would go out. Is he going to come home safe? It was just not a good feeling. Hmm. I come to Gambia. I can breathe. I can exhale. Hmm. There is peace. There is solace. Hmm. And everyone says you look 20 years younger. Hmm. But that's what Africa does to you. All of us. We glow when we come here. Yeah. And it's because of the food. It's because of the air, the ocean, and the people. The people here are so warm and welcoming. Hmm. Now, let's talk about cost of living in the Gambia. Hmm. As compared to the States, is it expensive to live in the Gambia or are things expensive in the Gambia? No. I think you have to budget. I definitely think you have to budget because of what the money is worth here. Like, you have 50 Gambian Dalasi to one American dollar. So the money can go through your hand quickly if you're not paying attention. But things are inexpensive. You can get a whole meal that will last you two days even for 75 Dalasi. That is less than a dollar, if you will. You know, to take a taxi is 10 Dalasi. To take a child trip is 100 Dalasi. So if you work for a family, it really isn't. You know, going out for a meal like Zindala's restaurant is a perfect example. She keeps the prices within Gambian rates so that anybody can afford to come here and enjoy the environment. And that's how you have to think when you have a business. So I knew when I opened my business that I was going to have Gambian dollars. Like I tell people, you know, I don't even know what I have to ask this question because I wanted to find that if you're living or surviving in the Gambia, you're living. Living my best life. Second chapter. Hey! So which is not even to come into the Gambia? No. I've never visited the continent before. That's right. That's right. It's my first time coming to the Gambia. My first time in Gambia, second time I was moving. Yeah. Why are you not scared? I mean... Sold my house, quit my job, packed up everything. Yes. And bought a house. Yes. Yes I did. So which means you're not going back anytime soon? I don't think so. Whatever I interview people, people will be like, oh Maya, don't worry. They're going to come back in a year. They're going to come back in two years time. No.  Would I be two years? Yes. I bought a one-way ticket. People keep asking me if I'm coming back. I said, did I buy a round trip? No. I bought a one-way ticket. I think those are flowers that were born in Africa, grew up in Africa. When we see the diaspora returning back like this, we feel like something is wrong with you. Something is wrong with the states and that's the problem. They should state to themselves if these educated, positive, high-vibration people are all leaving and coming to Africa why are they doing that? There's something wrong there and what is wrong is you all see a superficial picture but we know the heart of these divided snakes. You get the Hollywood version. Yeah. That's it. You get the movies, right? Yeah. We watch the American movies and we know that Everything looks crazy and wonderful. Yeah. America is the land of milk and honey. We built that country but we did not build it for us. That's the part that people miss. We built it for other people. I meet a lot of Gambians that say to me that they like to go to America and work and bring back a lot of money. So they don't realize that the cost of living keeps you working and you never get a chance to come back. I know there are people that have been in America for decades just struggling to make things me. They're trying to pay their rent. You get so caught up in paying bills. You don't have time to save and the cost of a ticket to Africa on the average is over a thousand dollars. So you get stuck there unhappy in the cold in the winter working hard most times you're in an apartment with five to six people in one bedroom but you're not guaranteed to come back and unfortunately about 17 Gambians died in a Bronx fire about a month and a half ago. Their goal was to come back to the Gambia and they did not make it. And that saddens me but I'm grateful that I was given the opportunity to come here. I'm sorry. What made it so sad was that I grew up in the Bronx right? Never met an African from the Gambia and then I found that there were people from here living where I grew up I wish I had got a chance to know who they were I wish I had met them but my coming here allowed me to bring their spirit back home. So it just seemed weird to me that I'm from the Bronx and I'm here they were from here and their spirits were expired in the Bronx I went to the ocean and I called them home because that was their goal and that's the goal of every black American when they wrote the Black National Anthem it said true to our father's land it was true to our God true to our father's land the goal was always for the Africans in America to come back to traveling having this strong desire to go to America or to Europe and the idea of making enough money to come back and buy a house you know this thing and first thing I can say is that propaganda is really good and it works because as I was expressing earlier you can hear about brothers being shot down in the street you can see the footage but you still want to go to America it's like America is this place and then you experience family members that don't come back they go there and they don't come back so it must be something there but there are things that you don't realize then you also feel like there are brothers or friends or some dude that live down the block in Saracunda or whatever who comes back and is able to build a house and he wouldn't have been able to do that if he was here but there are a couple of things one, when people go like she's saying sometimes they don't realize the struggle when they get there they're so tied into bills because it's eating all your money continually so they never really have enough money to come back because like some of my friends have expressed to me and when they go to America they experience a relief because the responsibility in Africa to take care of different family members and to do for so many people is continuous it doesn't just happen one time like you can come back and do something one time no, it's continual so they escape their stress by staying there they feel like they're escaping it the other thing I want to say which is a really important point is that when you go even if you're able to come back and have a nice car for yourself and for you you're really not that system doesn't work for Africa because it doesn't build something that's going to sustain and it doesn't build something that's going to expand into something more so then you have the next person trying to go and then you have the next generation and your grandkids and they're trying to get a visa and trying to go because you really haven't solved the problem and it's not African of us to do that because when you go and you're only thinking about getting a car or a nice house for yourself and for your immediate family that's not really the way we roll it's not the way we think as Africans so we've adapted a different way of thinking and it doesn't really work and somehow we have to work on adjusting that mentality and that idea and that concept because my experience is that I really understood it I never really understood the depth of that push, that drive that desire, it's like you just don't understand it you know until they started to take away people's visas in the states and I saw two Ghanaians who lost their hands lost their fingers and their toes trying to go across to Canada and I'm like nah I just came back from Ghana, Ghana ain't that bad so it's a real mental thing and the propaganda is real powerful if you just think the turn first world and third world like we live in a third world we're the second world so I just would like to just be able to express the ideas around the concept and the powerfulness of the propaganda a lot of fellow brothers and sisters living in the diaspora the Caribbean wherever they find themselves I think we are one but we're just born on a different continent they are looking forward to visit the continent for the first time, what are the things that they need to look up to those are the best way to start because any negative connotations any propaganda that they may have seen you show them here is evidence you do not have to have your dreams go to the west whatever dream you have you can do right here and now you have the diaspora coming to you find a partner many of us may have the resources but we don't necessarily have the talent talent is here, untapped talent so I have people that work in my shop that want to go to the states and I'm not going to tell them not to go but I do warn them be prepared and I will connect them with people that will guide them because they seem to think they're going to go and not get caught on the rat wheel not get caught up in the social life it's not like that when you get there you get pulled in right it has a way of oh you making money you know you need that car you making money you know you need those red bottoms you know you need that bag like the next thing you know you're competing with people and you're in debt and you're so tired now you can't send money home because now you're trying to live above your means that's what the states does to people so if you come in do your research put your feet on the ground and don't believe what other people have to say that's why I went to several different countries before I decided on Gambia I came to Africa 26 years ago I was in Senegal for 30 days I took dancing and drumming it never occurred to me that Africa was an option then it was never presented that way you go you find out about your culture and you keep you stick to it and that's what I did I always represented Africa in the states and everybody thought I was crazy but I never knew I would live here so I would tell people do your research the information is out there we didn't have that 20 years ago anything you want to do you can google it you can look for it in Africa either a native African person is doing it or you can connect with somebody and partner with them and do what you want to do it is all possible right here I didn't have a shop in the states do you know what I did I was an attorney in the states I was an attorney I practiced law in the states I was an outpatient mental health therapist I was an investigator I worked in social services and I had online businesses so what I did was take my online items and I decided to bring them here who knew I had enough to open a shop that's how I came about I designed jewelry I designed clothes I do all of the things that brought me joy that I could not do in the states because I had to worry about paying bills what I wanted to say also too is try to gather enough information up here because we have to start to rethink and retrain our brain yes we have been told in America that Africa is not a nice place I saw enough commercials of babies with big bellies and flies on their faces and when I first stepped off the plane in Addis Ababa I said they told us a lie so now with you coming out and Miss Trudy and other YouTubers showing the truth of Africa you got to watch that over and over and over again so that it starts up here so what I decided to do was to write books for children rent by parents my first book is called The Vota Vota Driver A Tanzanian Experience it's not out yet but I'm hoping to launch it March 1st I want to change the way children see Africa so we can get them at a very early age and tell her story and not the history that we have received so you're going to launch a book on March 1st March 1st it should be so I'm going to wait for you I upload this video after first March so I'm expecting the link so check out the description box you definitely find the link of the book and purchase it let's support the sister it's time for Africans to support Africans I've always been saying that we need to build ourselves and the time is now find our message so my organization and my business is global reconnection and the main thing that we're focusing on now even though it wasn't my first priority initially is working with deterring youth from trafficking from traveling going what they call the back way so Gambia I've read and heard that Gambia has got the most youth that do this right now and going the back way meaning youth I mean the most recent that I heard they blew up an inflatable boat and eight youth died within a week's time and the first time I heard it was 80 plus youth left on a boat going out into the Atlantic and within a week within a week eight of them were dead and within a time about three days within three or four days of that time a boat with 140 left so and nobody knows where they are I've heard that they may be in a prison in Mauritania but other than that people haven't heard from them so my organization started working with the youth mainly from Gunjur but we have youth from Farato from Bakau from Yundum from all over global reconnections back to our roots initiative and our focus is to do agriculture every aspect of agriculture so that we're growing our own food and eating our own food because in the Gambia if you go into any shop 90% of everything in the shop is important and excuse me and also the sister which you were mentioning about the skating ring so the youth that I connected with the night I met them was I went to down in Gunjur and when I walked in it was so much smoke and I was just I was thrown off and when I left out I left talking with some of the youth saying we gotta offer you more than this and we talked about the skating ring so with global reconnections we're doing this working with the youth but we have we have a shop in Tipa Garage doing African fashions and we are doing consulting through the company we do consulting so what you said about people coming here is you said something about making sure that they get proper information it's critical and I heard the group the group from UK saying the same thing it's critical that you don't come here and be alone because some people come they be alone they lose thousands tens of thousands of dollars and that's when we find out about them you know and all if they were connected with some of us and not only diasporas it's really important that you connect with local people too that we find ways to creatively integrate with our folk because there are many of our folk that really want to look out for us that really want to do the best for us there were people that were really upset when we had this this thing for automatic citizenship when they had the press conference there were people calling me saying what you didn't call us you didn't tell us about that and you're number one advocates so it's very important that you suss out those people and look for the people that are here so that we're integrating we're not here making ourselves an isolated community we can still put ourselves together but still we should make it a point to integrate I think I need to introduce you to TAF based on the youth empowerment that you're talking about I don't know if you know TAF I will introduce him to you before I leave I want to say that thank you all so much for spending time and sharing your experience in the Gambia with me I really appreciate it I believe that this video is going to do a lot it's going to at least change 10 people's minds about Africa that's the reason why I do this so I want to say that thank you and keep putting Africa on the map keep living your best life in Africa and I'll be back again yeah this is not the last time I mean the second time in the Gambia I'm actually trying to buy my own house along the beach so yeah we'll be spending time here more often so I want to say thank you and thank you so much for everything I think I've been saying thank you a lot so I need to say thank you too for staying tuned and I'll see you all in the next one my name is Mr Ghana baby I'm an annoying village boy from Ghana I'll see you all in the next one peace out thank you


My partner bought some beautiful black lingerie. She told me that she only took a trial in it But when I went to check it in her drawer I feel that it has possibly been used because I have seen some white discharge stains on the thong Is this a sign of cheating or is it possible that during the trial the thong got stuck in her vagina? And so there is a discharge stain. Should I get a DNA test done to see if the stain is of her or someone else? You know, I want to start this particular one by saying that you cannot build a relationship on this much distrust It just will not have a future. But to answer the points that you've brought up First of all, going into your partner's drawers and inspecting her panties for discharge is not just not normal It's beyond not normal. Considering the size of a thong, how tiny it is How much you would have had to scrutinize it to find that little tiny bit of discharge It's really not okay. Second, you bring up DNA testing You know, DNA testing is not like going to buy toothpaste There isn't a shop where you can just take your girlfriend's panties and say, here test this for DNA And also, I'm not sure that you understand how DNA testing works Basically, it won't tell you how she got the discharge, when she got it, who she was with It'll just tell you that the discharge is hers But if your main objection is that you suspect that this discharge is mixed with some other guys' fluids who she happened to be with I want to point out over here that when a woman has been with someone Afterwards, she's not going to take off her panties and then put them back in the drawer She will first wash them. When women wear panties, even if it's just for half an hour, we wash them You know, the only advice that I can give you for this question is that you need to develop some kind of maturity towards your relationships I understand that everybody feels insecurity, but you need to understand how to control some of those insecurities Because, truly, you cannot bring this attitude to a partner and then expect that the relationship will flourish