Ay ba't hindi nag-record? Ayyan, it's recording. Okay, so we discussed last time that your hematopoasis actively happened within your red bone marrow. So can somebody enumerate what are the sites of red bone marrow or the site of active hematopoasis? Miss Obreking, give me one. Sir Lim's book. Miss Manalo, give me one. Skull, sir. Skull, aside from Skull, it's completely menang yung tatlong S. Scapula and sternum. Scapula and sternum. What about Miss Lappie? What is the V? Isalang naman ata yung V. Ay, ay, ay, may vote. May iba pa lang. What is letter V, Miss Lappie? Two. One. Okay, let's go to Miss Lapore. Lapore, what is letter V? The vertebrae po, sir. The vertebrae. Wait lang. Parang may nakikita kong bagong picture. Ready ng ready na po si Mr. CMT. What is the other P, Mr. Montero? What are the other sources? The letter P in RSVP. Approximal long bones po, sir. And? And? Okay, nasa bintika papatakas. Ano yung nasa? Pelvis. Pelvis. Or your pelvis. So, try to practice it. You know how to start? Parang nagganga, minamasaj mo yung parang nagihilod ka. First, yung ribs papunta sa sternum, papunta sa Skull, pababa sa Scapula, pabunta ka sa Pelvis, sas nandun ka na sa proximal long bones. So, gawin nyo yun. Para siyang pataas ng isa. Isang hagod pataas. So, those are the different sites. We have your ribs, your RSVP. Your RSVP. But aside from that, there is also what we call extra medulari hematopovesis. So, medulari hematopovesis, we are talking about the bone marrow. But there are also extra medulari hematopovesis that is happening. And that is your liver, your spleen, and your lymph nodes. Okay? So, let us try to differentiate one from the other. Mr. Montero, please message me by this afternoon. Remind me to send you the notes for blood collection. Douted, sir. Okay. And aside from that, I will also be sending, unfair because if I will not be sending you the power point of this. So, since pinapamigay ang power point nito, papamigay ko din, kasi di naman aking. So, si-share ko sa. So, kumalmakayo at makinig ng mabutay. So, medulari versus extra medulari. Here's the thing, when you get a copy of the power point, check the notes. Hello. Okay. Niyong mga side notes niya kasi dun maraming pan-notes. And aside from that, I would highly appreciate if you don't print it as is. Parang, bag-lagin, bag-lagin, bag-lagin, bag-lagin, bag-lagin naman natin ng kontin effort. Itryin nyo siya, itransfer sa word. Okay. I can no longer do that for you guys kasi ang dami-kong prep na kailangan gawin for the prelims. And the prelims move Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday. Meaning to say, on why we will be meeting, on Tuesday, we will be meeting. And I want to be ready to, on why we will be having our luck with as we, about as time, we will be having our quiz in Kim and we will be having our quiz at the basis on Tuesday. Am I clear? Not at all. And then afterwards, okay, afterwards, will utilize the entire time. I'll let you choose. It's either we can take, for example, the quiz is 40 minutes or 30 minutes lang. And then we still have one hour left. So I'll give you the discretion, talk among yourselves. If we will be using that one hour for review, and when I say review, prepare your questions. I will be answering them. Prepare your questions of if there are any clarifications that you want to ask or that you need to be made during the discussion, we will allot that. Both for Hima and for Clinton. It's up to you if you would take that or you will just take it as a risk for if ever na merendin for that particular day. Okay. So moving forward now, okay, let me first differentiate medulari and extra medulari hematopoasis. So when we say medulari hematopoasis, the blood production, we are talking about the hematopoasis, the blood production happens within the bone marrow. Okay. Within the bone marrow. So it usually begins in the fifth month of the station all throughout your life. It is medulari hematopoasis. So sir, what are you trying to say? Extra medulari hematopoasis only happen if your bone marrow can no longer meet the body's requirement. Okay. Take for example, your liver, your spleen, your lymph nodes are performing different function as we are speaking right now. But in the event knock on wood, I don't believe on that, but you can knock on your wood. Okay. But in the event, take for example, that your bone marrow failed. Okay, your bone marrow failed. Your body would try to compensate. Okay. Using this particular organs, your liver, your spleen and your lymph nodes. And in this case, extra medulari hematopoasis means that the blood production now happens outside the bone marrow and occurs mainly on your liver and on your spleen. And usually, okay, in these cases, there are cases of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Sir, why hepatomegaly and splenomegaly? I hope it was already discussed in your histopath, the megaly, the atrophy, manganyan. Megaly is the enlargement of your enlargement of your organ. In this case, hepatomegaly, enlargement of your liver has splenomegaly, the enlargement of your spleen, trying to compensate the failing bone marrow. So this is usually due to bone marrow dysfunction or bone marrow is unable to meet the demands. Okay. In abnormal circumstances, take for example, the spleen, the liver and the lymph node can revert back to producing immature blood cells. And that is the case now of your extra medullary hematopoiesis. So I'll just copy this one. Okay. For those who are taking notes right now, which I would definitely appreciate, is this.  Yan yung mga causes, examples. I hope, guys, you still read your rodac. Bumili kayo ng rodac. Mahali yan. Okay. You use it. Okay. You use it. Like what I was teaching some of the students. Okay. I talked to a couple of students already. What I always tell them is that even if you have the PowerPoint, okay. Even if the page number, Miss Lawrence, I cannot give you the page number. Just look for the chapter. Chapter four yan. Hematopoiesis. Okay. Chapter four is hematopoiesis. What do you mean na unavailable? Unavailable yung book. You can have the PDF. It's already been circulating in your batch. So you should have a copy of that. So resourcefulness. Okay. Resourcefulness. So the egg ng matal, the egg ng magdiscarate ang matalingo. Okay. So resourcefulness. So aside from that, aside from what I was saying, even if you, even if in the case, eventually you already have this ano na. You already have this PowerPoint. I want you guys to study it side by side with the topic on the book. For example, yung topic is yogsak. You are also going to read everything on the yogsak. Just to make sure that your nose are really enriched. Okay. So moving forward, okay. Naguhomili na naman.  Parang nandun ako sa ganung dilemma. Na I want you to do well, but I don't want you to be tamad. Okay. So moving forward, okay. Bigin at the end of the day, deba. Mas worth it yung mga pinagihirapan nating bagay compared to those na dumadating na lang. Okay. So moving forward, let's go to the hematopoetic microenvironment. So the hematopoetic microenvironment, we're going now into the bone marrow. So in the bone marrow, we have your supply, semi-fluid matrix, which is the anchor for the development of your hematopoetic stem cell. HSC puyan ha. And the hematopoetic microenvironment is like an ecology. It's like a microenvironment na within your bone marrow. And they maintain, and they maintain the proliferation, the multiplication, and the differentiation of your, and the differentiation of your, and the differentiation of your stem cell. Okay. So what do we mean by that? The stromal cells that we will be talking about and the extra cellular matrix, they actually influence the stem cell if it will be multiplying, if it needs to become a red blood cell, if it needs to become a white blood cell, or omega carioside. Okay. If it needs to become omega carioside. Am I talking too fast? No po, sir. Anong nangyari sa, anon nyo, ang exam nyo. But parang ang lungkot ng mga bosses ninyo. Hindi naman kaya nagkape, children. Takatapos ng exam, pala naman po, lecture lang po. Okay. So let's talk about the microenvironment. Okay. Let's talk about the microenvironment. Each of this, the endothelial cell, the adipocytes. Okay. The endothelial cell, the adipocytes, they also have their own function. Like for example, let's go to the stromal cell. Okay. Your stromal cell includes your, the list goes on. Okay. The endothelial cell, okay, they perform, the endothelial cell are broad, ang dun yan sa book. Anong page ko to? Page 46. Okay. The endothelial cell are broad flat cells that form a single continuous layer in the inner surface of your arteries and vein. So, the endothelial cell, what do they do? They regulate the particle that enters and leaves the hematopoietic stem, the hematopoietic, yan. So, take for example, this is the sinus, this is the, this is the sinus. This is, this are your endothelial cell. Can you see it? Naki kita niya ba? Okay. This is your endothelial cell. Your endothelial cell is serving as a membrane. Okay. It is serving as a membrane. Membrane for what? Membrane for anything that will come in and will come out of your, my goal is at least to finish this until, ayan. Umpisan ko nang eritropoies if ever later, ha? So, again, the endothelial cell, makikisulat po tayo, it serves as a regulator of particles coming in and out of your, coming in and out of your, coming in and out of your hematopoietic spaces. Aside from that, okay, we also have your adipocytes. Adipocytes or your adipose tissue. Okay?  So, your adipose tissue on the other hand, maintains the volume of your bone marrow. Remember that, okay, what do you call the process whereby your red bone marrow becomes your yellow bone marrow, mislapus?  Hello. What do you call that? Anong air know me po? And nico gets, my gosh. Sir, know me. Anong know me? Not me ba yan? Anong may? Okay. So, let's go to, miss Homan Tok. What do you call that process? Miss Jayzer. Jayzer me. Okay, what is the process? Anyone? Sir, try po. Let's meet later on. Retrogression. Correct. It is your retrogression. Okay? We call it retrogression. And by the way, naalala ko pala. Did you receive the, na na na? Did you receive the results of your clean chemlong quiz? Not yet po, sir. Nag, hindi nyo patyine-check TLC nyo. That's the reason why. I message you, ano oras ba ako nag-message? Around 3 a.m. ata for mga ganang, 3 a.m. Di ako makatulog eh. So, nag-manual check ako. Ya. Manual check na po yun. Again, bago nyo ako ulanin ng email, i-check nyo muna kung may mark na. Okay. At nakacross out, wala po yung mark. Please check it. Kapag hindi ko, kapag hindi ko, kapag hindi ko, hindi ko, pag hindi nalagyan, meaning today, I did not consider your answer. Okay. So, moving forward, actually the top is, the top scorers for that particular quiz was Martin and Montero, The Highest, and then followed by Navarrete, Top 2. The Top 3, we have a couple of students. We have Mungi. We also have Jose and Leibang. So, that was the results. So, you can check that later. Okay, later. So, moving forward, okay, so that, you call it retrogression. Okay. We call it retrogression. So, we also have here your, we also have here your, aside from adipose, regulating the ratio of your red bone marrow to your yellow bone marrow. It also secretes substances like your cytokines and growth factor. Okay, growth factor that will initiate or that will promote the proliferation of your hematopoietic stem cell. Hematopoietic stem cell. Okay. So, aside from that, we also have your macrophages. Of course, we already know what is the function of your your macrophages. Your macrophage is the phagocyte within your hematopoietic environment. And at the same time, we also have there your osteoblast and your osteoblast. Okay. Osteoblast born forming. Okay. Sabi na natin bone. Magbo-born ng bagong bone. Bone forming.  Okay. Nag-crash. So, nag-dysintegrate sa resorption. Okay. Bone resorption. Or, ya, bone destruction for the osteoblast. So, we also have here your extracellular matrix. So, we also have here your extracellular matrix. So, what I'm just trying to say here is that it's one of this. Okay. And dutilial, adiposite, meron silang function that they perform. Okay. In the extracellular matrix. Okay. In the extracellular matrix, their major role okay. Their major role is to provide is to provide your substances like fibronectin, your collagen, thrombospondin, your tinesin, your proctoglycans, which in turn helps in the differentiation of your, helps in the differentiation of your differentiation and proliferation of your hematopoietic stem cell. Okay. So, guys, your stromal cells and your extra cellular matrix are key for the proliferation and differentiation. So, kung mapapansin nyo pagsinabi natin stromal cell, lahat yan are different cell. When we say extracellular matrix, these are already substances that are in the extracellular portion of your hematopoietic, hematopoietic what is that term? Hematopoietic outside your hematopoietic hematopoietic spaces. So, we have your stromal cell and your extracellular matrix. So, moving forward, ayan, we have your adult lymphoid tissue. Your lymphoid tissue are part of what organ system. Sige na, try ko lang kung tanda.   Lymphatic system. I can smell ulam already. My gosh. Okay, it's part of your it's actually part of your lymphatic system. So, we have primary lymphoid tissue and we have secondary lymphoid tissue. So, primary lymphoid tissue. Guys, please remember this because you will be encountering this in immunology eventually. So, your primary lymphoid tissue are two. It's your bone marrow and your thymus. Two things that I want you to remember, guys. Okay? Number one, in the primary lymphoid tissue, two different things that I want to emphasize first is that in the bone marrow, B, bone marrow letter B that is the site of maturation or differentiation for your B cells. Are we clear? Diba, we have two types of lymphocytes, your B cells and your T lymphocytes. Your B lymphocytes will differentiate in the B bone marrow. Your thymus, you're in your thymus on the other hand, your T lymphocytes will differentiate in the T thymus. Reason why they are also called B cell and T cell are because of their site of differentiation. Are we clear? Are we clear? Okay. So, I don't know if you're answering, but yeah. We also have here the antigen-independent lymphopoiesis. So when I say antigen, independent lymphopoiesis, so with regards to whether there is a presence of bacteria, virus or parasite or any invading antigen, the lymphopoiesis, when I say lymphopoiesis, the production now of your lymphocytes occur in your B cell, in your bone marrow and your thymus. Are we clear? So we also have your secondary lymphoid tissue. Actually, spleen and lymph nodes are just a few. We have a lot, but I will not be discussing that not to bombard you anymore, but I will be leaving that to your, I will be leaving that to your immunology, but that actually should be mentioned during your anaphy. We have yung mga payers patch, the tonsils. Those are also part of your secondary lymphoid tissue. Your secondary lymphoid tissue, okay, so ganito yan. Again, your B cell differentiate in the bone marrow. Your T cell differentiate in the thymus. What will happen next? I hope you're not reviewing other ano. I will try to check if you have quiz today. So tatan ko yung mga susunod yung professor. I hope you're not using my time reviewing other things. Okay, I'll make you regret it. So in the secondary lymphoid tissue, okay, in the secondary lymphoid tissue, your spleen and your lymph nodes are a few examples. This is what happened. In the primary lymphoid tissue, your B cell in your bone marrow, your T cell in your T lymphocyte, will enter the blood. They will enter the blood and will populate the secondary lymphoid tissue. Meaning to say, the secondary lymphoid tissue does not, there is no hematopo, which is happening there. There is no hematopo, which is happening there. In fact, what happened is that the B cell and the T cell goes to your spleen, to your lymph nodes, like your your payers patch, tonsils, like every single lymph node that you can imagine, their B cell and your T cell, go there. Why, sir? In there, okay, your antigen-dependent lymphopoasis happen. Okay. Your antigen-dependent lymphopoasis happen there. So what do we mean by antigen-dependent? Dito na yung part, yung function ng lymphocytes natin, is to ganito kasi yan, yung lymphocytes natin, they can mature but they can be naive. Parang sabihin na natin, I will say it straight na lang, okay, so part of my analogy but this is it. Para yung matang, para siyang mature na tao na, sabihin na natin, of course, I'm not saying that primarital sex is good, but what I'm trying to say is that naive pa siya, okay, yung 30 years old na yan, mature na yan, pero na naive pa siya sa maraming bagay. Ignore, sabihin na natin, not ignorantin but kung bagay, hindi niya pa nai-encounter yung mga bagay-bagay sa mundo, okay? And for them, okay, ganon din yung mga bisel. Pag mature nila sa bone marrow at siya ka sa til infocytes, they want to they want to fulfill their purpose and the only way for them to fulfill that purpose is to expose themselves into organs where there are high traffic of antigen. So saan yung? Dun sa mga bone marrow, dun yan sa mga spleen, yun yan sa lymph nodes. So kung saan dumadaan yung mga bacteria, saan dumadaan yung mga abnormalities natin, doon sila. Nagigets pa ba ako? Yes, sir. Yes, sir. So, your secondary lymphoid tissue, okay, those are your secondary lymphoid tissue, to take for example, a mature bisel, sabi natin kanina, a mature bisel, ang pinakagol niya is to become a plasmacel. A plasmacel will not happen in the bone marrow. A plasmacel will only happen if that mature bisel was exposed to take for example, a virus, a bacteria. So the moment na ma-expose yan, dun lang siya magiging plasmacel. Dun lang siya mag for further differentiate. Okay? So, moving forward now, okay. So, let's move forward. So, roles of different organ ten hematopoiesis, let's go now to your liver, okay. Your liver, what is the function of your liver? Your, okay, hindi si liver ha, yung liver, okay. What is the function of your liver? It is the site of hematopoiesis if the bone marrow shuts down. Aside from bone marrow, we have your spleen, okay. What is the function? It's your med-sik, okay. It's your med-sik. Number one is metabolism, eto function ng liver. Metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, excretion of bilirubin, detoxification of drugs and toxin, and synthesis of protein, okay. Aside from that, okay. They also are the recycling and the storage of your iron. What is the storage form of iron? Number one, storage form of iron is, okay, storage form of iron is this, transferent. Hello, are you there? Nariling nyo ba ako? Waitang, protein yung, protein yung, protein yung, protein, protein yung, protein, wait lang, balikta ako. Ah, wait lang ha, hindi ako mapakali e, ma, what is the storage form yung, ah, wait lang. Sigehanapin ko muna. Transferring is your transfer protein, transfer protein kaya transfer protein. Okay. Transfer protein, okay. So in your liver, okay in your liver we have there your, your iron reserves, okay. Your iron reserves. So, within your liver dun nag-recycle at nag-store. Remember your bilirubin when we discussed in clinical chem. Your bilirubin, after your hemoglobin, okay, your hemoglobin has hem, iron and globin. Your hem will be excreted as bilirubin. It will also be processed in the liver and the iron that is in the hemoglobin part will be recycled and will be stored. Okay. It will be stored back. Okay. It will be stored back. Aside from that, it also create, it also manufacture your coagulation factor. So, pakikitandaan na lang po yung functions ng liver natin. Okay. Please remember that, guys. Nagigat siya naman pagsinabi natin metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Those things kasi are way ahead of clinical chem. Magiging topic pa lang natin. So I'll leave it there nalang. Okay. So in the liver, okay, we have the sinusoids of your liver. These are the different, these are, these are the different cells that can be found in your liver. We have your cup for cell, which is the macrophage within your liver. We have your hepatocytes and we have your endothelial cells. Okay. We have your endothelial cell. So the, when it comes to ano, when it comes to, when it comes to your liver, liver is very important specifically because around 1.5 to 4 liters of blood pass through your liver. So the central vein, okay, the central vein in the liver is the site whereby all your blood flows in kaya nakakapag-function siya na, na nagdidetoxify, nakokolek nyo yung mga things that they need to metabolize and it need to store. Okay. That it need to store. So that is for your liver. Again, please remember, clear ba tayo sa liver? Are we clear? Are we clear? Or do I need to explain pa? Sir, yung sinusoids po ba yung basic structural unit ng liver? Hepatic sinusoid. Wait lang. I'll check kaya bishop. Iba kasi yung ano yung, basic unit yung tanumo na hindi yung cell. Yes, po sir. Correct na nga ba? The basic unit of your liver, the basic functional unit of your liver are your hepatic globule. Hepatic globule siya yung. Or hepatic sinus. Ayun. Your sinusoids, atan mo siya? Yan, yung sinusoid mo contains this particular ya, this particular cells. So sinusoids and I have to confirm that, Mr. Montero. Wait lang. Ya, I have to confirm if the functional unit of your yung functional unit kasi ng liver, kasama na yung portal anon do niy yung, tawag doon, yung anon natin. Yung yung hepatic artery, yung portal areas. Yung parang sa, yung sa hepatic. Portal triad. Yung hepatic triad. So I'll get back to you with that. Okay? So Okay, dito na tayo kay liver. Wala nang tanong sa liver aside sa, what is the basic unit? Basic unit of liver according to vision. Ano? Wala nang tanong. I'll move on na. Okay? So moving forward now, let's go to your spleen. Okay? When we go to your spleen. Okay, one moment. Okay, let's go to your spleen. So spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ. I just want to be clear with that ha. Not the largest lymphoid organ, but the largest secondary lymphoid organ. Because the largest lymphoid organ would have to be your bone marrow. Okay? Pakisulat na lang po yan kasi kahit ako, wag kay, wag tamarin magsulat. Kasi even if you get this power point, wala yung part na yun na sinabi ko sa power point. So the spleen once again is the second largest lymphoid, secondary lymphoid organ. So it receives 350 ml of blood. It synthesizes your imunoglobulin M and it stores about 30% of your total platelets. It stores 30% of your total platelets. So some of the platelets are circulating some of the 50% on the other hand. Okay? The other 50% are within your the other how many? 70% is circulating. 30% nakastore. Okay? So this is your have you seen a have you seen a spleen? Spleen naman kayo ng histopat ay histology, tama. We have your white pulp and your red pulp. Familiar. Pagafamiliar. Okay, so we have the exterior. So we have the peritonium. We have the peritonium. So the peritonium is the external layer of your spleen. We also have in the interior that is a mixture now of your white pulp and your red pulp.  Okay?  Okay? They contain B lymphocytes. On the other hand, we also have here your red pulp. Your red pulp whereby we can see here your cord of bilroth which is a specialized macrophage. Please write it down on your notes that your spleen is also known as the graveyard of your RBC. The graveyard of your RBC. When we go to your RBC your RBC anomalies, we will be discussing your calling and your pitting. Okay? Your calling and your pitting.  Okay? The destruction of your entire cell. Or your red blood cell to be exact. So your cells are phagocytized and are degraded by the different organelles in the red pulp. Aside from that pitting, will cost the removal of inclusion or damage surface membrane of a particular red blood cell. So how does it happen? I don't have my pen right now at mo lang nang 730 pa siya nagsususulat. So take for example okay please remember that anything that any red blood cells matanda, pangit, matanda, mapangit at mataba. Okay, yung tatlong M yung matanda, mapangit at mataba. Lahat ng matanda, mapangit at mataba that will pass through the spleen will either go through calling or pitting. Again, spleen is the graveyard of your red blood cells. Your white pulp is where most of your B cell and your T cell are situated. Sir, why do we have B lymphocytes here? This is where the proliferation take for example, sabi natin kanina di ba your spleen synthesizes immunoglobulin M where specific part in the white pulp because that is where your B lymphocytes are contained. Your red pulp on the other hand contains your specialized macrophage that are responsible in the calling and in the pitting of red blood cells. This is very evident okay, this is very evident in your Heinz bodies. In your Heinz bodies. Heinz bodies. Okay, so let me just get so that I can explain it better. Pardon my drawing but I am going to draw today. Take for example, this is your RBC. One more time. Take for example, this is your RBC. Maliparin. One more time again. Take for example, this is your RBC. We know that your RBC should be by concave in shape. If it is 3M, if it is matanda, meaning to say, matanda, mapangit. Okay, pinilit ko lang ha and mataba, meaning to say it is old senescent already. Mapangit meaning to say they have abnormality in the particular red blood cell. If it is mataba, meaning to say it already swelled, it already nag-swell na yung cell. Once it pass through your cell, take for example, this is your blood vessel. And these are your and these are your RBCs. Your RBCs that will be passing through the cell. Take for example, this is your spleen. This is your spleen. Take for example, it pass through there. It pass through your spleen and then will go out on the spleen. Take for example, just for the sake of illustration, just have the accurate part. So if they pass through it, if they are so spleen will be checking. Okay, spleen will be checking if a particular particular red blood cell is already within the within the within the spleen, they will check the criteria. How old are you? Are you old?  Do you have abnormality? Do you have abnormality? Are you already swelling? If all of those are are clear and then the red blood cell can just simply pass through the spleen, okay? And live for another day since she will be waiting for a, she will be waiting for 30 days pa. Okay? I want 130 days, rather. 120 days. Take for example, we have here your Heinz Bodies. What are Heinz Bodies? I'll explain Heinz Bodies when we reach your RBC abnormality. But in, in short, a Heinz Bodies kasi meron siyang danyan. Meron siyang mga Heinz, eto kay Heinz Bodies. There are inclusions on the surface of the cell. Okay? To take for example, la la la la la dumaan siya, it went it went to your spleen. Okay? It went to your spleen. So what happened now is that we have your RBC under interrogation alongside with its with its inclusion. And then the cycle will go on. Is it old? Not yet. Is it ugly? Well, there is abnormality. Is it ano? No. So what will happen is that your macrophage will try to eat out this one. Okay? They will try to eat that particular part of the red blood cell. So what will happen now? They will try to eat that. They will try to remove that. They will try to remove that. Leaving now your red blood cell. Okay? Leaving now your red blood cell like this. Parang kinagat na donut. That's why in cell we also have your bite cells as we call it. Okay? This is your bite cell. Okay? This will now become your bite cell.  Okay? So go out of the it will go out of the spleen. Okay? But the thing here after that bite cell room around again. So what will happen is that okay? In here what will come? Okay, sorry. Ang hirap naman mag-drawing. This is here on the notes. Wait, I'll transfer to my demonstration. Okay? So take for example this is your your bite cell now will once again go to your your bite cell will once again go to your take for example this is your bite cell. Okay? Dami nyo ng kagat-kagat sa paligid-ligid. The moment that your bite cell enters again. Okay? This is take for example your bite cell. If for example bite cell enter your your spleen again. Okay? By the way, nakalimutan ko sabihin. Takakawento ko. The process of removal, yung unang nangyari, that is piting. Okay? That is called splenic we call that splenic piting. Okay? That is from the that RBC that RBC with inclusion bodies now becoming your what? Now becoming this RBC here becoming now that RBC there RBC, oh sorry that RBC becoming your what? Becoming your bite cell? bite cell. Okay?  Okay? So that is splenic piting. Okay? Spiting lang siya. Yung ganyan na nangyari this is splenic piting. Mas matagal pa po yung pagdodrowing nyo sir. Habi nila. Okay? That is splenic piting. But the moment that this one enters into your spleen once again it's final destination. Okay? What will happen now is your splenic calling. Okay? Are we clear? So again graveyard of your RBC. Are we clear? Hello? Are we clear? Yes sir. Okay? So that is splenic that is calling eh sorry that is calling and that is piting. Sir? Yes? It needs to attain po yung tatlong yung mapangit. Ang duality, yung old na po. As in, kailangan yung tatlong yun as in attain na siya muna before siya makal, hindi naman, hindi naman kasi take for example. So piting po kait old na siya. I am sorry. That's the reason why usually naman din kasi our red blood cells start to get old. It will also start to swell. Okay? It also will start to swell. That's why but stan nandun siya, it's either pating or calling yung mga yari. Okay? So by the way, hiper splenism is the enlargement of your spleen that result to pancytopinya. Okay? What is pancytopinya despite pancytopinya? Okay, pancytopinya is low.  Pancytopinya. Anong kabaliktara ni pancytopinya? Sige nga kung natatandaan nyo pa. Lahat ng ngaalalan yung pinagdidiskas natin clean chem hema. PV, what is PV? Your polycythemia vera. Correct? Your polycythemia vera. But akala natin maganda, no? Because it's my gosh, hindi nag-record. Why? It's recording. So that is for your spleen. Are we clear? May tanong papuba before we go to lymph nodes? Do we have any questions? Please ask your questions now. Please. Do you have any questions? No, sir. Let's move on now to your lymph nodes. Your lymph nodes in tagalog. What is the tagalog of lymph nodes, Mr. Jose? The answer is, I don't know, sir. Okay. What is the tagalog term for, ano? It's your kolani. Okay, kolani. So it's your, it's not beke, beke is mums. J.M. anong pinagasabipong beke? Beke namin? Beke namin? Beke is mums. Okay. And beke is not a swelling of the lymph nodes but a swelling of the parotid gland or the salivary gland. Apakitandaan yan ha? Mums is not the swelling of lymph nodes but the swelling of your parotid gland. Okay. So mums. So going now to lymph nodes. So lymph nodes, what is the function of your lymph nodes? It is the function of lymphocyte proliferation. Similarly, okay, similarly to your ano, similarly to your, what do you call this? Similarly to your spleen, okay, similarly to your spleen, your lymph node also is an avenue whereby B cell and T cell go there. They go there so that they will be exposed to antigen because that is the only time that they get to serve their purpose because becoming a plasma cell for the B cell and becoming a cytotoxic T cell or a T helper cell for the T lymphocytes. Are you getting me there? So ako, take for example, let me just make my self as an example. I am planning to I want to move out so that I would be able to like fully become an adult because whenever you feel like you're still on the bone marrow in the thymos of your parents, you feel like you're still being protected, like for me, there is still part of that sense of responsibility that need to improve in me. So similarly to your B cell, ganon din sila even if they are already mature mature B cell, mature T cell they would need to go to secondary lymphoid tissue for them to encounter their one and only antigen, okay? Parang ganon, ang jok din natin, you cannot find a partner if you confine yourself and isolate yourself on a box. Well, I think now it can happen, you have all the dating apps, but for the lymphocytes it's not going to happen like that. They need to go into the pool where antigens are in there, okay? So IGM, okay? So processing of immunoglobulin, okay? Processing of immunoglobulin and so to speak, please remember that part of your memory cells, okay? Part of your memory cell, when actually memory cell, hindi siya yung memory cell na nakakatanda ng information. Well, it's like that. But memory cell are your plasma cell will become your memory cell so they also filter debris in your bacteria, okay? So these are like the lymphatic system, okay? Are usually the comprise of your lymph nodes that filters your blood from any debris or your bacteria, okay? That is why this is a perfect part for B cell and T cell to go to because they will be exposed to different antigens here, okay? They will be exposed to different antigens here. In addition to that, we have your lymph, okay? Your lymph is what? Your lymph is a fluid portion of blood that escape into connective tube which are low protein and there is absence of there is absence of there is absence of RBC. One moment lang, okay? There was an advisory from SMART NPLDT that there will be interruption until September 30, 5am. Buto nalang 5am kasi yung exam niyo magstart ng 7.30am, okay? So moving forward, okay? So moving forward that is your lymph node and one nice thing to know adenitis, okay? Adenitis is the infection of your lymph nodes so moving forward, let's go now to your basic region of your lymph node. One moment lang guys, I'm just, it's okay pala, I don't have to rush, okay? Kasi meron papalatayos sa Tuesday if ever na kulangin ako nang time sa Thursday sa bukas, it's okay pala I don't have to rush, okay? Kasi meron papalatayos sa Tuesday at Thursday sa bukas sa Eretropoasis may time pa naman ako. Okay? Anyways, okay. Okay, I'll be finishing in time most. Two slides away from that. So your lymph nodes and then we'll go to systematic and constant error. So lymph nodes the three basic regions are your cortex, your paracortex and your medala. Your cortex contains your germinal centers and this is an active site of B-cell proliferation.  Your plasma cell. So meaning to say, this are actively okay, dun sa cortex in the cortex, they are actively multiplying in the paracortex in the paracortex, these are now your T-cell and lymphocytes. I don't know if you I hope you appreciate the beauty of the lymph node, no? Kasi ang galing ng pagkakagawa ng lymph node. Why? Because in the germinal area take for example, let's go to your cortex. Take for example, this is your paracortical. So this is your cortex. This is your cortex here. This is the proliferation. Imagine that the antigen are encountering this this cell. We have antigen presenting cell. Immuno kasi medyo sobrang fascinated lang ako sa ganon. So your B-cell now your B-cell will be encountering the lymphocytes, the antigen the bacteria, the virus and then will be presenting them in the paracortex. Once they are presented in the paracortex to the bilimphocyte. The bilimphocyte will now become the bilimphocyte will now differentiate into becoming your plasma cell. So even the layering has its purpose. Has its purpose. They identify it. They ID they identify that those are antigen in the T-cell they actually would release cytokines T-helper cells cytotoxic T-cell to initiate the production of your antibodies. So yan si Lymphnose bakitandaan yung regions and last but not the least is the thymus. Thymus is the site for the proliferation of your T lymphocytes. They populate the primitive lymphoid cell populate in the thymus. Remember what we mention that thymus is the what thymus is actually one of the well-developed organ in your infant. Your well-developed organ in your infant. So I guess guys, you will also do your best in reviewing for the prelim exam. So this one so it retains the capability to produce T lymphocytes and its size are related to age. It actually atrophies. So as you grow older your thymus grows smaller and smaller and smaller and smaller. Are we clear? Clear po tayo. Okay, do you have any questions with regards to our discussion for today? Because I'm finished. Do you have any questions? Sir, Sir, Miss Magtotoffer. Miss Magtotoffers. Yes. Sir, yung Heinz bodies ko, sir. Ano ko bang ano nang, sir? Sir, kasi nakalimutan mo ata kasi nag-pocus kasi kainik tsaka sa... Ayung Heinz bodies talaga, hindi ko pa yung explain. Okay, sir. So yung Heinz body will be explained naman when we go to RBC anomaly. Okay po. So merong enzyme na kulang sa loob kaya nagkaraon ng ganon. Miss Leyba, what is your question? Sir, yung sa storage form po ng iron? Ferritine. It is your ferritine. Thank you po. Yung functional unit yun pa rin yung hindi. Kasi and lobules kasi dito, lobules dito, okay, bishop. Okay, anyways. Ay but nakikita yung pala. Okay. Anyways, so let's go not to your carry na. Okay. Si Aziba nan dito? Are you here? Yes, sir. Okay. So first, I hope you already saw di ano na, I hope you already saw, dalawang ulit ko, pangatlo na pala. Ay hindi pang-apat kasi it's the fourth time. Wait lang, I'll just try to stop the recording.


We are back on a budget. My name is India, and today we are going to find out what $15 can get you in the incredible city of Jerusalem. A while back, we saw what $15 could get us in Tel Aviv. From Hummus to Falafel, we found all kinds of wonderful things. So now we are going to try this challenge again, but this time in Jerusalem. What you are looking at now is the most iconic market in all of Israel. This is the Mahne Yehuda Market. It is located in the central area of Jerusalem. If you ask an Israeli about this market, they will certainly know about it, especially because this market has been around for a long time, even before Israel officially became a country. And today we have $15 to spend in the famous Mahne Yehuda Market. $15 equals about 50 Israeli shekels. Again, I don't know how much this will get us, but I do know that Jerusalem is a bit cheaper than Tel Aviv. So as they say here, yalla, that means let's go. As you explore the market, you will see so much culture on display. The unique food, the vibrant people, and even the fun music. There are lots of places where we can spend our money, but thankfully I found some budget-friendly bagels for only 10 shekels. This is called a Jerusalem bagel, and you can find them all across the city. They are shapes different than regular bagels and are topped with sesame seeds. We have 40 shekels now, and I just saw something I want to try. These are stuffed grape leaves, and they are filled with rice and spices. This food is very popular in the Middle East, and a plate cost 10 shekels. Okay, we are down to 30 shekels. These four shekel bracelets seem to fit my budget. I'll get two of them. There are hundreds of people at the market right now, and this goes to show you how popular this place really is. Let's see if we can make it through all the chaos. This 12-shekel coffee seems to fit our budget. Now we're left with just 10 shekels. With this, we are going to get some flowers. I love markets because they are one of the most authentic ways you can immerse yourself in a country. And it's something that won't cost too much. With just $15, I was able to get bagels, stuffed grape leaves, bracelets, coffee, and flowers. This is proof that you can have a lot of fun with a little money. This is Mahna Yuda. This is Inside Israel. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next time.


I'll try to cover today basic principles behind the virtual networking, which is a thing that is not entirely new, but I would say it's one of the most interesting topics of current days in networking and connection world. So with that said, let's look at some history and how networks became virtual. So, traditional networking, we have a company, the company has servers. Oh, okay, sorry. So if, okay, I hear there are some issues with my microphone. Sorry for that. I can try to fix it very quickly. No, I cannot. Sorry. My mic is on the lowest level. I will try not to be so loud. So we have a company that has its own data center or server room if you want with a lot of servers. And on those servers, there are of course applications running. And those applications are talking with each another over, as you guessed, a network. Usually that would be an internet. And there's a local network or LAN. And the servers are just visible to each other on the network. IP address is a sign and all of that and talking to each other or the applications that are now. This is not something that most or many companies do nowadays because it has some disadvantages. So what's happening or what has been happening for some time is migrating to cloud. So all of those servers are virtualized, they become virtual machines and are put to Amazon cloud or Google or whatever. And now there's a problem. They are still the same applications running. And they want to communicate over a local network, except in cloud, in that third party data center, the virtual machines are not running actually on the same machine and the same, even not in the same data center. What's worse, those virtual machines can migrate from single physical machine to another. They can be even in different countries. And those legacy apps that want to communicate over a virtual, over a local network, they still should continue working. Well, now imagine that this is not just a single company migrating to cloud. That's actually multiple companies or many companies even migrating to the same cloud, sharing the same virtual machines, meaning, sharing the same physical machines, meaning virtual machines from several different customers of the cloud vendor can coexist on the same physical machines. All those should be somehow connected by a local network. So how to do that? We need somehow the same way that we present it, or that we pretend to the customers of the cloud, that their physical machines are running somewhere, but they are in fact virtual machines. We need to present to them a network that appears to those virtual servers, virtual machines as a physical network, but in effect, it's virtualized on top of the physical infrastructure of the cloud. So we need some kind of virtual local networks, virtual links between machines and virtual switches, of course. So this is the motivation. And now let's look how can we address this problem? Virtual LAN, obviously. One of the oldest attempts at virtual LAN is IEEE 802.1Q, which is called VLAN most often. It's quite old standard. It's from 1998 already. And what it does is that it adds a special field, or have a special subheader, I would say, into Ethernet header, adding, among other things, a VLAN DAC, which is a 12-bit number identifying a virtual network. So this is a number, just a number of network. Well, that means we have like 496 different values, two of them are reserved. So that leaves us with 494 different VLANs. Now support for this is quite common. The hardware switches are, I mean, what you can buy in your favorite computer shop, the switches usually can't understand VLANs. You can set up VLANs there. If you haven't seen that, this is how this works. You can set up some switch ports, access ports, some strong ports. To access ports, you plug in your machine. Now speaking about physical machines, we'll get to virtual machines a bit later. So you can plug in physical machines, set up the ports, access ports, and the switch will automatically add a VLAN tag on all packets that it receives on that port, and it strips packets that it is sending to the port. Of course, it's sending only the packet with appropriate VLAN tag there. It's kind of partitioning of the switch. So those different access ports for different groups, they cannot dock with each other. And the track ports are kind of like thing that aggregates or can aggregate traffic from several different VLANs, and the VLAN tags are kept in those. Now this is not that important. I'm just saying that for completeness, if you're interested in, then just look it up somewhere on the internet. What's important to us here is that it allows different machines on single switch to have several groups of machines that cannot communicate between those groups, only inside a single group. Which is what we wanted. If we somehow maybe switch virtual and plug in all our virtual machines into this virtual switch or software switch, as it is traditionally called. Indeed, there is a software switch, actually several different solutions. In Linux, there's a bridge module that comes out of box. It is beyond capable, so it can do everything I said. So yeah, we can set up network utilization with this. And indeed, there are solutions based on that. Now, this is not that easy, because VLAN has several problems. First of that, if we take a data center and migrate it to a cloud, it might appear, or it might happen, that that customer is actually already using VLANs. And in fact, it happens quite often. That's bad. How can we solve that? Well, there's a newer standard called IEEE 802.1 AD, which is informally called queuing queue, which solved it in a way that it adds another VLAN tag to the Internet header, or even more than one. So instead of a single VLAN tag, it becomes the stack of VLAN tags. That means that you can take or the switch can take the traffic from the virtual or physical machine that already has VLAN tag and slap another VLAN tag on top. Okay, next problem. There is a limited number of IDs in the VLAN tag, and having only 4,000 customers might be quite limited if you want to grow your cloud business. How to solve that? Well, you can use queuing queue again and combine those tags to offer more combinations, which by the way is quite madness, not at least because not that many hardware and software switches support queuing queue. Third problem, VLAN does not work over the Internet, obviously. Internet is a one layer above. That's IP, not Ethernet. Well, bad luck. You cannot solve this using VLAN. So we need something other. And that's something other is tunneling. How did it, or IP tunneling for the Internet? How does it work? We have a packet. So this is a packet that came from the customer, from the virtual machine. It contains some headers. It would be most of an Internet header, IP header, and then some TCP, UDP, whatever and data. Now, if this packet is to be forwarded to another data center over the Internet, what happens is that it is put as a payload, as data, to every packet, and that one is sent over the Internet. So when your packet is from the VN is to leave the cloud or leave the data center, it is encapsulated in this way, send over the Internet to the other data center. Then when it is received there, it is decapsulated, meaning the outer headers are removed, and then it's switched inside that other data center. So yeah, that works. Respectively, actually. It looks so well that there are at least dozen or several dozen of standards. I will mention all the three of them. That's GRE, Genetic Road and Capsulation. This is one of the oldest actually, Pythonic protocols. It is an IT protocol, so it's on the same level as TCP and UDP. Then, which has some problems because it cannot pass some rotors and so on on the Internet. So a new standard was born called VXLAN, which is really similar except it's encapsulated inside an UDP header. So it's actually UDP packet, which contains the original packet. Generally, really similar to VXLAN, but more advanced, more features, and so on. Now, I said that the packets, when they are leaving the data center, that they are encapsulated. Yeah, but there's a problem. How can we decide what packets should be forwarded to the other data centers, and which should be switched inside the data center? So remember, the virtual machines can be located on different physical machines, so the data center or infrastructure must be clever enough to know what is switched between the virtual machines on a single machine, physical machine, what should be forwarded between different physical machines in the data center, what should go out to a different data center. So how can we decide? Well, we have the obvious two options. We can use either routing or switching for decision. Well, there's nothing more we can use. So let's look at them, and let's get into more details. Routing. So let's say that we set up routing tables that will decide based on the IP address, we will know or somehow infrastructure will know whether a machine, a virtual machine with this IP address is located in this data center or the one that's far away. And based on the IP addresses, it's either routed in a single data center or encapsulated and routed in the other data center. Okay, that should work. The problem here is that routing decisions happen inside the customer local RAN network. That means if we would like to route that, we would have to configure routing inside the customer's infrastructure. So it would not be transparent to the customer. Well, it is doable. We have VPNs after which are basically the same principle. We can use BGP or something like that to configure that automatically even. Still the problem is it needs cooperation from the customer. So the customer cannot just take his infrastructure and just put it into the cloud and be done with it. That wouldn't be possible. Another problem with migration, when VPNs are migrated, all of that would have, all the routes would have to be changed. As I said, we can use BGP or something like that. Solvable but not pleasant. Let's look at switching. Switching has the nice advantage that it's completely transparent to the virtual machines because the switching, those are connected to virtual switches which are at the control of the data center or of the cloud vendor. So those could be, I mean, sorry, the physical switches between those machines and also software switches on those physical machines that the virtual machines are connected to will cover it a bit later. So all of those switches are in the control of the cloud vendor. So there's nothing the customers must configure on their side, which is nice. The disadvantage is that those switches need to look inside the IP headers to find out, okay, yeah, this is going to another data center. Yeah. And that's kind of layering violation because switches are true, it should not be looking through the upper layers. On the other hand, switches are already doing that. So yeah, whatever. There are some problems with this. There are actually some even unsolved problems with this, but it mostly works surprisingly. So this is what is actually used. Now, the problem is the migration, of course. So if you migrate a single machine or a single virtual machine to another physical machine or even to a data center, we need to reconfigure all the switches that are between the communication path. Now, how can we do that? So for the fine networking, it comes to rescue. First, let's look what the switch is. The typical switch serves two different functions. If you think about it, the first function is moving packets around, moving from one port to another, adding VLAN tags, removing VLAN tags, so in short, modifying the packets. And the second function is the management. So there's something, some configuration interface that allows the administrators to configure the switch, set the VLANs, partition the switch. And so the first function boils down to looking up some tables of rules inside the switch. And the second function boils down to configuration of those rules. Yes, switch contains some kind of rule tables chained together. So especially the modern switches. So the switch is locking into that while switching. And those tables need to be configured somehow. The first thing, the movement of packets, the lookup in the rule tables is called data plane. The second function, the configuration is called control plane. Remember those terms. So let's look at the control plane. If you have some experience with top of the red switches, traditional top of the red switches, those physical boxes that you can buy, those are usually configured using some vendor specific tool or web page, connect to that, to that switch using this IP address and so on. So this is not much friendly. This cannot be automated. So imagine if we had some kind of control API, it would be common for all vendors of all switches. If you're familiar with routing with BGP, yeah, think of BGP for routers. Sorry, think of BGP for switches. And indeed, there's a standard for that core of OpenFlow and some other pro standards. Of course, there's never only one standard. So, but OpenFlow is what will, what I base my later examples on, examples like more, like talking on. So what's, now we can explain what software we find it working. Well, that's just a fancy name for having a common API to switch control plane. That's it. It's traditionally assigned with OpenFlow protocol, but nowadays used more broadly. So, yeah, that's SDN. We have what there is a software implementation of SDN switch called OpenV switch. So OpenV switch is actually a switch that is configurable using OpenFlow. It's quite advanced switch. It can do a lot more than just adding and removing the land tax. And of course, moving packets around. It's fully programmable. There's a lot you can configure there. And one of the things that you can do is actually encapsulate packets and encapsulate them. So we get tunnel encapsulation in OpenV switch directly in the switch. Yeah, if you think, okay, yeah, that's quite cross sliding validation. Yeah, it is. It works though, at least good enough. So that's what is actually used. Now, we have an, we can think of OpenV switch or some hardware switch. Those are as capable, some of them are as capable as OpenV switch. So we have some switches that decide on a set of rules that, as we explained, can be configured remotely. So based on this configurable center rules, they decide that certain packets should be switched inside the data center and so that packets should be encapsulated and sent out to the Internet. Nice. And we can use VLANs for partitioning of virtual machines inside the single data center. Yeah, this will work somehow. Yeah, except of course, the problems I mentioned, like 4,000 limit for the customer and queuing queue necessity and so on. Yeah, but there's another problem I did not mention and that is important. If we use this solution, there's no clean separation between the virtual, between the customer's virtual network, sorry, local network and between the physical network as deployed in the data center. If you think about it, if the VM sends a packet, it's like internal header, IP header and so on. The switch puts a VLAN tag on top of the internal header. The internal header is still the same. And it traverses the physical network of the cloud vendor with the same internal header that the customer's virtual machines have. That brings several problems. First, megadresist must be unique across all customers. Oops, this. There's no way we can achieve that. Those are virtual machines. The customers can set the megadresist whatever way they like. Yeah, we can play some game with the switches, like take the VLAN tag into a canvas switching. It's probably solvable with some substantial price. But it is a problem, it is a problem to solve. Another problem is that we said we have nice SDN solution on the switches. We can configure those switches like from a central place. But this traffic is intermingled with a traffic from the customers. So if we're not really, really, really careful, the customers might be able to influence or to configure our data center switch or the cloud vendor switches, which is something that's not at all the start. And so on and so on. So there are more problems like that. How we solve this? Well, if you think what we deployed, what we have configured so far, we have, we have switches that are clever, smart switches configured remotely everywhere. They are capable of tunneling. We need tunneling between data centers anyway. So what if we just tunnel everything, including the traffic in the same data center? This idea is called overlay network. Basically, you take the physical network and you create a network on top, fully completely virtual. No mingling between packets of the overlay, the virtual network and the physical network. How does it work? So let's take this example. We have a cloud. We have a few physical machines in there and each of them is running several virtual machines. Those virtual machines on the physical machine are connected to a virtual switch and then physical machines are connected by physical switch. Now, when two virtual machines are talking with each other on the same physical host over the switch, it's just switched because the virtual switch receives the packet and it just sends it to another port. That works. Rather, we want or the virtual machines are located on different physical machines then the virtual switch encapsulates the packet in an epitome and sends it to the IP address of the destination physical machine which in its virtual switch decapsulates that packet and sends it to the target virtual machine. And of course, if the traffic goes to different data center, it works the same way. It's encapsulated, sent to the and sent from the switch or the virtual switch to directly to the other physical machine at the other cloud at the other location. So from the point of view of the virtual machines, there's really no difference between traffic to another physical machine in the same data center or a different data center. And as I said, the advantage of this, one of the advantages of this is that the control traffic can share the same physical network. It's just not encapsulated. The traffic that's not encapsulated is directly addressed to the physical machine, resets there and yeah, we're done. That's easy. Now, you may think, okay, I'm talking about all about the virtual machines, but that's so outdated. Everything is Kubernetes now and containers. How does this match to containers? Well, you may be surprised, it's really the same. Network namespaces, sorry, container in Linux are implemented using so-called namespaces, among other things. And for networking, that's network namespace. Network namespace, that's basically a new instance of the cloud networking stack. So when the container is launched, a new network namespace is created. And it's like its own networking step for that single container. Now there is a virtual, now it can be a virtual link established between the container and the root namespace, meaning the host. It's called virtual Ethernet link in Linux, VTH, you could see that. And that's it. So from the part of the host, of the switch, of the virtual switch, yeah, it's just an interface, Ethernet interface that it can put packets to and receive from. And that's it. So it's really similar to a virtual machine. There are some differences, of course, virtual machine is completely transparent to the host. Network namespace can be influenced. So in theory, the management system on the host, on the machine, can look into the container, do some configuration there, and so on. But it's probably not a good idea to do that anyway. Yeah, but that's what it said to me. Let's create more an advantage. So now we expand the basics. But there are still some problems that we did not cover. Let's take this example, the same as before. Yeah, we have data center and so virtual switches, virtual machines. Now, in the picture, you see a server, a virtual machine, communicated with another machine. Now they are located on the same physical machines by chance. They are just communicated the virtual switches, switching the traffic between those. Now, that target virtual machine gets more resource hungry. So the cloud, the cloud control software decides to migrate that virtual machine to a different physical machine. And it does that. The problem is that now the traffic needs to follow the new location. It needs to be tunneled, which means that all the virtual switches need to be reconfigured. And by saying all, I really mean all, at least all those that are part or all of the switches that are running on machines or connecting machines where a virtual machine for this particular customer can be on. So yeah, we have the, we have SDN for that, right? Problem solved. Well, not really because that's too low level. I mean, generating all of those open flow rows to all of the switches, that's not an easy task. What we really want to do is somehow describe what the, what the infrastructure is, what the physical setup looks like. And we want to define logical networks saying, okay, yeah, those virtual machines are part of this network. And then just like have some API, some comment, okay, yeah, now please put this virtual machine on this physical machine or migrate it or just tear it down. Or just tear it down. And this solution just calculate the, all the open flow rows by itself and configure all the switches by itself. So we want something high level. Yes, there are of course such solution, multiple of those, obviously of course. One quite commonly used is OVN, Open Virtual Network. It can do, so it's a slightly this high level solution with nice API. It can do more than this, more than describe. It can also set some policies, security policies, it can do load balancing and more. Yeah, so it's like very good candidate to use for Kubernetes, CNI, and it is indeed used, for example, you know, let it open, let it open shit. Yeah. So with that, I think I covered all the essentials. There's a lot, of course, a lot more to it. But I guess that's something for some other talk. Now it's time for the questions. If you have some. So, Mikhail, could you read it? We have a question from Jantluka. So what's the cost of having multiple Q in Q in V line solution for network virtualization? Is it resource intensive for switches? Yeah. So, yes, of course, it's okay. It's not that much resource intensive, intensive because I mean switches can look into higher level headers. So it's more like quite a bit more difficult configuration. You have to deal somehow with the fact that there can be multiple VLintech stack and it can be made to circumvent some security measures in the cloud and so on. The more problem is it's not that widely supported. I mean OpenVitch does support it, some hardware switches do support it, but it's not universal. And also there's one with MTU, of course, because adding another VLAN header that adds four bytes, I think, to the packet. So you quite easy can go over the MTU. Yeah. Any more questions in QAA that I don't see? So I can continue. I have two more slides if anyone, okay. So I think I still have two minutes. So let's go through that. I put the BBF in the annotation. So I should talk a bit about it. It's related somehow to what I talk about, but not directly. So it's more like future, same thing for future, an interesting thing for future. So if you didn't hear about it, it's, the BBF is a bytecode that you can compile your program into and upload it to the kernel. And now your program is actually run by the kernel and the kernel in space as a response to certain events to attach your program to some event, some predefined event, not like any event, of course. And I'm sorry, it's just that we have one more question if you want to answer it in the chat. Yeah. Okay. So let me. So do we need to choose switches depending on which protocol we want to use as we implement it? This nice question. Yes. Basically, yes. You need to, you need to choose a switch according to what you need to use. Yeah. For example, if you want to use DXLine for tunneling, yeah, you absolutely have to buy a switch. If you want to have an Xeco switch that can support DXLine or support a software switch or like take a software switch or deploy a switch that supports this topic. Okay. Yeah. Back to EVPF. So if you can attach a program to some event like a packet reception, you could, in theory, use that to build your own virtual switch. You can program that. So you can like look at whatever feels in that packet you want, decide on that, modify the packet and send it out to different interfaces we want, including virtual interface. So yeah, this doesn't work that nicely yet. There are still missing features, but still there are solutions trying to do that, at least with combination with some other features in the kernel. Thank you and we're out of time.


You too team keep it clean the same gravy here with another episode of NFL questions from subs And that's a series where you can ask me a question and we answer in a video like this You want to take part in it? You can send me an email to team keep it clean at gmail.com or for the patrons You can just send it directly on patreon appreciate that all the team keep it clean patrons Thank you for showing extra support to the channel our team keep it clean We got a lot of great questions like we always do let's jump into it first question came from my boy Marco And I appreciate you being a patron my guy. He said engraving. What's up, my brother? Hope you are doing well. So I was tossing and turning at 2 30 in the morning Suddenly I thought to myself. What if Ravens re-signed West Street and move him to free safety to back up Stevens or start at free safety That way we could possibly sign a corner via free agency instead of signing the safety. What are your thoughts? Oh, um, wow Oh, that would be something. Um Oh, I uh I don't think they would do that yet. And you know what? Thank you for reminding me about him actually because Whenever we talk about the Raven secondary I automatically think Marcus Peters Marlon Humphrey Tavon young and automatically also think that Anthony avid He's about to be going Tavon young could actually possibly be going to the Sean Elliott I think he'll be going they still got Chuck Clark Brandon Stevens Geno stone will see what happens with him But my point is when saying that I always forget about Chris Westry Always forget about him. I don't believe he's an unrestricted free agent But I got a double check on that but as far as moving him to free safety I don't see them doing that um Ray like he I feel like he hasn't even blossomed to his fullest possibility as a corner yet So for them to switch him to free safety there They already caught a project at free safety right now with Brandon Stevens And he certainly came along he got better and better as the season progressed But I don't see them having Brandon Stevens who is still in in the early stages of being a project at free safety And them adding another project at free safety on top of that behind him in Chris Westry Next question came from my guy Crono. He said I've been watching pro shade since he was at SMU And always wanted to have him picked up by the Ravens which he did and I was excited Cooper cup came from emu and or ew and was not in a highly competitive conference But I also admired his skill set. Do you think we have a hidden cooper cup in james pro shade? Even if he is 75 of what cup is I don't think so um Nothing about besides him having really good hands But nothing about his game reminds me of cooper cups game at all and that's not necessarily a bad thing But they just they have different play styles James pro shade he is he's not quick cooper cup is quick cooper cup is not fast They both not fast, but cooper cup is more quick than james pro shade in my opinion But again, the hands are there. There is definitely a height difference a size difference um And yeah cooper cup he is gonna Route himself open. He's gonna he's gonna run a route that's gonna make him get open James pro shade separation not really his best attribute, but he can do the jump boss that that is his thing He would go up and get it. He would try to out muscle you for the ball So I don't think we have a cooper cup I think james pro shade his game is more like a uh, probably like a shorter and qualm bolder That's who I will compare his game to in my opinion next question came from my guy tray five He said what's up in graven? Hope all is well with you and the famine team keep it clean My question may be a bit premature as it relates more so to the draft But it is about constructing a roster teams like the seahawks unsuccessfully and the rams successfully Have traded away early draft picks in exchange for experience veterans. So I think I know where this is going The seahawks try with jamal adams, but they still do not seem close to an in a super bowl Which brings me to the rams who have pretty much been Forgoing early round picks in first round specifically since 2016 With jerry golf ahead of that draft They have also done so with jaylen ramsey mad staffer von miller sonny michel Etc. It's paid off with two super bowl appearances and one super bowl win in six years That's pretty good. I know It's not patriots good, but patriots were they were their own story But fuss regular nfl fans of these regular teams. That's pretty good. Anyway I know for sure that eric decosta would never do this because he loves his precious draft picks But personally I am quite intrigued by this idea and would not be opposed to it If anything, I will see the costa on the receiving end of the draft picks instead the players You know, he will be all over that man somebody all for Of course the first round pick but the second round pick third round pick a couple of picks Oh, you know, he's gonna be listening. He will be listening. He'll probably call them before they call him But anyway, uh, he said I know this is a long email, but what are your thoughts on this idea? Yeah, I agree with you that eric decosta would certainly find himself on the flip side Not giving up the picks but uh bringing in the picks Um, I wouldn't mind if ravens they they adopted a similar style Maybe not all the way like the rams did but hey if because I just they're not gonna do that They're not gonna do that. They're not gonna go like all in like that and really say forget them draft picks No, they they ain't gonna do that That would be something though like and what me personally I want these ravens to do Is to to really go get Those guys like that guy at this position that guy and I know you can't do that for every single position but Sometimes you got to go out of your comfort zone if you really want to reach a whole another level Uh, and whatever it is that you do ravens right now.  They haven't been a bad team in a while. They haven't been just this terrible team in a long time But they also haven't been great Well, they were great in the regular season in 2019, but besides that they haven't been this great team They've been good, but they haven't been great If you want to be great You got to change some stuff up and be willing to do something Just a bit different, but as far as going to rams approach I don't see them doing that because they love those draft picks. They love keeping those draft pick picks so tight but They could be a little more aggressive and just The the the quality of the aggression could go up a bit because we've seen Like who have they gotten they got unique and god quake what they get him for I think it was what a third in the fifth round or something like that And I'm like, okay, that's cool. It's they they didn't work out. Obviously. We're like, okay It's good. We ain't give up that much anyway. Okay, cool. Um, they got Marcus Peters Now that that one was crazy how that one worked out and it's been great They traded Kenny young in the fifth round pick for Marcus Peters. Oh, that was amazing. Amazing. Um But then with Claire's Campbell, they gave him a fifth round for him. It's like, oh very low risk Good player, but he's on the back end of his career, of course But when are we gonna make that like they they could have gotten Xavier and Howard? But hey, that ain't happen that Jamal Adams was another one who they they were in talks with a couple years ago When he was still with the Jets that didn't happen the Andre Hopkins the worst the most painful one That didn't happen for whatever reason. I know a lot of people say, oh, well, they The the Texans they wouldn't want to trade him in the afc You give up the right price And I'm sure you can start a conversation You could definitely start a conversation Because it's not like oh just because he's in the afc the Texans gonna be playing against him every year Every season. No, you're gonna play him at least once every four years And it's a possibility if both the Ravens and the Texans finish Either in first place or second place or third place or fourth place in their division Then they'll play again But yeah, anyway, um, we just well, I can't say we I I just hope Ravens like Really show this year That they really trying to make this thing happen like now they trying to not only be a good team But be a Super Bowl winning team right here right now And that last question leads us to this how big were the 2022 Ravens offseason B This next question came from my guy Landon said what's up in graven and all the team keep it clean This is my first time participating in question from subs. So let's jump right into it Okay, he ain't beating around the bush at all. He said I'm going straight into anyway As I watched the playoffs in the Super Bowl I thought about what the Ravens have compared to the elite NFL teams like the chiefs the bills the Rams etc I truly think you see he left the Bengals off of there. That was a little Ravens petty in there But anyway, he said I truly think that the Ravens offense has everything it needs except for maybe one or two offensive linemen Who can protect Lamar and give him time in the pocket Even though he'll probably still run for 25 yards and juke out half of the defense in the process I'm confident in Hollywood Bateman duvenay crochet Even though I don't think he gets the ball enough I believe we could have one of if not the best running back Tandem in football in jk and gust of bus We also have an elite tight end and man juice who I think will have an even better 2022 season. Oh, okay The one place on this whole team. My doubt though is the defense This side of the ball has some weapons and hidden gems But there are also some major holes that need to be fixed and improved I think our most two promising weapons on this side of the ball are marlin humphrey and patrick queen I also think that away and bowser will continue to benefit our defense over the next couple of years What I doubt most is our interior past russian really Past russian general along with our personnel at the safety position Stopping the run can only get you so far in the nfl. Especially in the nfc. I mean in the afc. Excuse me A conference where you face quarterbacks like my homes josh allen and burrow weekend and week out Qb's who if you give them enough time will pick the defense apart with weapons like kelsey digs hill chase etc I like to shine Elliott in the intensity he plays with but our secondary had one of the lowest turnover rates in the league All in all I feel that the only way the ravens can go far in the next couple of years is to build a defense strong enough to fight off The elite offensive attacks in the afc's best teams I think we can get there by going defense heavy in this year's draft and making one or two splash Defensive free agency signings. What do you think the ravens should do to keep up with the best afc teams in the 2022 All season And do you think ravens can keep up with the elite afc teams this off season Keep up the great content. Thank you for all that you do to bring people together on this platform And thanks for reading my question. Shout out to you land and this was really really good and well put together, man um First thing my priority For the ravens will be that they need to be able to score more points They have to be able to put up at least like 30 35 a game That that will be my my biggest mission this off season Create an offense to in and again a lot has to do with health That that's got to be something but a lot has to do with the plays the play calling the play execution It is so much, but um being healthy. That's first and foremost But you have to have an offense that can put up a lot of points You have to that's this nfl's uh, that's the nfl these days And you have to take advantage of what the nfl is giving you the nfl favors offense heavy And it's not even close Defenses they they don't stand a chance in today's nfl man They they got to do everything right and even on top of that when they do do everything right nfl will still penalize them for something So it is so hard to play defense So what you need to do is realize that and take advantage of that create an offense that can score a lot of points Because you need I mean that's the name of the game right score more points than the other team So you can win so that's first and foremost and yeah that is done by having an offensive line And again, I said this before I won't be surprised if ravens they take a receiver Early in the draft the first three rounds Will not be surprised if they take a big body go get a type of receiver in the first three rounds of the draft Maybe one even one or two first or second round Would not be a shocker to me at all um, but anyway But just to to really build Build build build that strong offense now as far as defense you mentioned interior pass rush I agree with you a thousand percent Thousand percent and I think with wink that would have helped him be a lot more successful over the years If he would have had a really good interior pass rusher. He didn't have that He didn't have that Did not have that um, so with wink, uh, I mean not with wink, but with uh mcdonald down um Hopefully the ravens can go get him A really good interior pass rusher and hopefully matabique. He keeps taking steps forward in his game um We'll see if they bring kalaeus camber back. They probably will um, but It's important that they do get an interior pass rusher because that pressure up the middle is unlike anything Any type of pressure, uh, because you bring pressure from the outside quarterback could just step up But you bring pressure up the middle.  They get shook shooketh But um, and then uh, you're your secondary got to be right Secondary got because teams are loaded with wide receivers. You look at the the look at the chiefs I was about to say the bingles, but I can start with the chiefs Chiefs got tyreek hill. They got travis kelsie. They got they got pringle. They got demarcus robinson They had josh gordon too, but it didn't really work out with him and them this uh past season But so they they got quite a few guys the bingles. They got jamar chase. They got t higgins. They got tyler boy They got cj uzama The bills they got dawson knock stefan diggs gave davis, um ah the guy Not cooper cup cold be easy. There we go. I could not remember his name So you you guys to go up against some nice receivers. So you need to have a stack secondary You need to have a stack secondary.  They're gonna try you deep So this is why we really need a free safety like the safety that that can that got that range That can notice all that balls in the air. Okay, let me go get it Or let me go stop them from getting it So I I agree with you. It starts up front obviously on both ends or on both offense and defense Um, but yeah, then you just really got to build a strong roster that again can put up a lot of points And you got to have some really good corners that can stop that pass abcy obj next question came from my boy rhodel He said good morning. My guy glad to see you doing well and delivering quality content 365 24 7 You're truly a ravens legend and dedicated hard worker appreciate you. I know I appreciate you legend though No, not at all not even close. I said now Let's play a game wide receiver one in 16 games. This wide receiver had 58 receptions for 769 yards and eight touchdowns Wide receiver two in eight games. This wide receiver had 45 receptions for 483 yards and four touchdowns Wide receiver three in eight games. This wide receiver had 27 receptions for 305 yards and five touchdowns What do two of these wide receivers have in common? Come on guess Okay, um, well, let's see why receiver two and three they both played in eight games. Um Yeah, that's it. Oh, I mean Wide receiver two and three They both were under wide receiver one As far as yards, but they put up a good amount of touchdowns though But yeah, let me let me stop guessing because if I keep guessing we'll be here forever Uh, he said well two of them were oh two of them were available for the ravens to sign for very very cheap Oh, and one of them won a superbowl and the other one is playing in this year's superbowl The way I'm getting at is I'm not content with our wide receiver court And I've been sending you this same email for four years now. Hollywood brown is not I repeat is not a wide receiver one He's way too small for the wide receiver one and lacks a ton of aggressiveness Wide receiver one should be able to run any route and have a catch radius that only the elite have Hollywood does not jump for contested balls. Hollywood slides down to prevent contact. This is not Hollywood slander. Trust me I like them. However, I feel like he will flourish as a slot wide receiver Bateman is way too early to tell what he is. What we do know is that he hasn't came in and did what jefferson Chase CD lamb did in their rookie season. Yes, I know he was hurt in the qb situation Blah blah blah our tight end should not be our leading receiver LL if he is fine But our next leading wide receiver shouldn't be 300 yards behind them These guys are young and could use a veteran presence. Sammy was not the answer at all See, I don't know if y'all remember. I remember when we signed sammy walkings I said, all right cool, but that can't be it They they could not put all their eggs into the sammy walkings basket They couldn't and they did because they they they they didn't because they drafted rachelle bateman, but Anyway, I ain't even gonna get into that. He said we need a wide receiver who can make contested catches Separate from any corner and turn a 10 yard slander to a home run a k a touchdown. I know you're thinking we have that right? Well, while we do we don't Hollywood doesn't consistently beat single coverage to me and still hasn't had a game like his first NFL game in the NFL If that hollywood showed up every game. I wouldn't be sending this email We also need a wide receiver to catch all the drops that come from hollywood and mark andrews Someone who will make those plays in the playoffs all well, you know, hollywood, you make the plays in the playoffs All the little the little the drops that hollywood be having and the playoffs all that It goes away But anyway, someone who will make those plays and playoffs all in all we could have went and got Antonio brown or odell beckham jr.  We need help now. Um This was sent on uh, february 11 So it was before the super bowl and before uh, something came out that said the saints are not going to trade michael thomas But hey, we've seen it be said before with teams say, oh, we're not going to trade this team And I mean we're not going to trade this player and then they end up doing it anyway Odell beckham jr.  Hopefully he need to go to the same doctor that cam acres went to And see if they they can get that worked out. It was cam acres achilles always get achilles and acl mixed up Um, and tonio brown. Oh man, you know the ravens. They they're not doing that I wouldn't mind if they did but you know, they ain't going to uh and Mike williams Mike williams he's gonna make a good amount of money. He's gonna make a nice nice chunk of change So that means ravens ain't they not paying that chunk of change to no mike williams alan robinson Same thing he's gonna make a lot of money on the open market and ravens are not gonna pay For no alan robinson on the open market Uh, dj shark think about him. I'm not sure what's gonna happen with him um, but I just uh Anybody who's gonna command a decent amount of money. I don't at a wide receiver ravens.  He failed the physical. He got a foot injury wink wink They they they regretted it But um that so at wide receiver, they're not gonna make no crazy move like that Uh, and of course, there's the vante adams. I didn't even think about him. He's yeah, okay So once the broncos get aron rogers and they gonna go ahead and bring over the and think about that Oh, man Because that that broncos are like right there think of aron rogers went there If they got aron rogers and they got the vante adams and they got jerry judy and they got sudden and they got um What's the other one? Tim patrick too It's like, oh, are y'all gonna keep all of them? You got you got to think that they're gonna get rid of at least like Well, just one of them But if I was a bronco, I would try to keep all of them But you know, it's gonna be one that's not getting the targets like that and he ain't gonna be happy So they're gonna be like, uh, we'll we ship you out So you can you got the thing if they get aron rogers and they got the vante adams Then they're gonna get rid of one of that guys, but we'll see what happens um But this this is why I I do think ravens will draft a receiver early I really do. I really do. Um, but yeah, I agree that They I feel like they shouldn't be done at wire receiver. I think they they need like a big body guy aggressive guy Um, and I know miles boikin is there, but I think they're gonna unfortunately get rid of miles boikin um But it's like Even though I think they're gonna get rid of miles boikin Like somebody with that that frame a big frame big big catch radius Somebody somebody that's gonna go and get it somebody that's gonna be very aggressive all the stuff that you mentioned Somebody that'll get open like and just really be that guy. They'll have it mentally and physically too um, so Yeah, and with rashaul babing the jury still out on him. We'll see Uh, with hollywood, we know what he can do.  Um, but yeah in another offense I already know he he would eat me He would feast because he's in the run first offense now And for it being a run first offense he's doing pretty well He could have done a lot better too That's not had he not dropped some stuff and had there not been some over and under throws at different points from different quarterbacks, too But and doing pretty good for himself in the run first offense, especially this run first offense, especially with you Anyway, um, but if ravens, they got another receiver who who was like like that Who was like that? That's why I think they go to the draft for it. Um, so we'll see We'll see but as far as all the guys that you named. Yeah. Yeah, I don't see that happening for any of Last question on this episode came from my guy Howard. He said what's good, bro How you feeling that the season is over is your heart still there or did it explode like everybody else's Hope all as well with you and yours. It's your boy flirting the whiskey per usual sit back and relax y'all psych Making history today with a short email. So my question for today is I'm scrolling through this email. It is not short. It's shorter than your emails usually be But it's still not short. But anyway, he said, um Do you think the bench and practice team is the key to filling out our defense and just worry about the Offense that I will not rant about in this email. Hear me out. I know this might sound pretty crazy But you know, my crazy takes have panned out so far whether it was about gusts or stanley lll So could the unsung heroes of last season save us money picks and time If we keep anthony avid and chris westerie our defense is a lock They both prove my theory of the more you play, uh, the better you will be and get And I mean that yeah, that's true You get more burn you get more plan you get more playing time then yeah, you you got no choice, but to get better Like you it usually don't work out the other way sometimes it can but it usually works a lot better Um, he's a sign anthony avid. He's a good corner. You got Humphrey on the other side. I know what y'all are thinking What about juice man? Well, we know he's not afraid to hit anybody Which is kind of funny because that was everybody's complaint of him before coming to be more Is the fact that he literally wouldn't tackle but once I seen him put king Henry on his back Pockets, I knew we unlocked something in him, but he is also a ball hulking corner We we move him Back to free safety where he can do his ball hulking thing and make sure make the short tackle if needed But he won't need to and I'll get back to that at the end Okay, I'm gonna I'm gonna read this thing. I'm gonna let it play out first before I say anything Then keep chucking strong safety We know he can hit and has displayed his ball skills a lot this year and lack there of some plays But it was more highlights than lowlights. Yeah, well, you sure for chuck lock I don't know about that one. He said so boom whether Williams or Campbell stays or leave We got uh Justin Madabique another person that proves he belongs in a starting role Hayes is another young talent with upside. Oh my goodness. I forget about dylan hayes Uh, so boom, we keep binds and fought for moral support No, but for real though, they have the knowledge and can still play and where we need them. But look, uh The right right outside lineback is chris board middle linebackers queen and harrison Left outside linebackers bowling away and I put them both because they can each flip flop on the line Uh, and this is where I say peters will make the short tackle if need be but he won't be He won't need to bowling away and board they wrap up now queen That's a different story, but three to one is good How you feel about that? No Marcus Peters to safety. No He's not a short tackler. He did make that tackle on on Derek Henry and oh boy That had us all like shocked and like whoa, that's crazy. But he tackling is not his strong suit It's not he can make tackle sometimes he'll take some tackles off But ballhawking is his thing him as a that that's his thing Um, and that's why his game is just so respected around the league around the nfl Because he's a ballhawk now. We don't need to put him to free safety It's way too early for that because he's still a really good corner If he was getting slower at corner if he was falling off at corner, okay, mate But he's not so to the free safety thing now and he said, oh, yeah westry my guy He's six four and fastest hollywood Um, and he is our joker because look in sub packages. He can cover big tight ends He's literally six four and fastest hollywood.  So when we have to play packages with four corners They will be in the slot with oa and bowser russian So how you feel about that now that part? I don't mind that part that that that's cool Um, he again he got to to play more to get a little better But I don't see them resigning anthony avid that part. I don't I don't see that happening Um, but you still got the draft. You still got Ardarius washington. Um, you still got uh, like you mentioned just now chris westry um I feel like i'm missing people too, but you'll still have free agency in the draft and stuff to get more corners. They did resign Ah, I always forget his name. I I can't think keep on see more. There we go. They resigned him too Um, so they got a couple of corners that they're gonna be bringing back Um, but yeah, we'll see we'll see. This is an interesting thing right here But as far as a lot of these guys bored, uh queen harrison bows away They'll all be back. Um, and they could they could move them around a little bit But I would expect you said right outside linebacker board and middle linebacker queen and harrison I actually expect uh, harrison to um To go to outside linebacker. It seems like they're gonna be shifting him there Um, but then I think they could also uh draft A lineback or sign a lineback and free agency either way But you did also mention about josh binds and um lj fort being there as well So that's um That would do but but at the same time those got both of them are older too So you still got to prepare for the future. So I still think they will draft a sign a linebacker Um, either draft somebody uh who come in and be ready or sign somebody who could come in and be ready Um, I just think that they are going to be very cautious cautiously optimistic, but still cautious Uh with patrick queen, I don't think that they're gonna put all their chips in the patrick queen Um, but I think they're gonna start thinking about some backup plans because this will be his third year Uh, so this is a huge year for him because After this year after this season Then they would have to decide if they're gonna pick up his fifth year option since he was a first round pick Um And not to say that oh even if they declined it and they would be over No, they could decline it and they could sign him to an extension But this year is everything for patrick queen is so big and it's so big for a lot of other guys too But speaking of patrick queen specifically this year is huge for him Uh, so we'll see exactly how the ravens delegated delegate any responsibilities to him What they give to him what they take away from him what they put on his plate what they take off his plate But that that'll be very important to to see and to watch for Especially in this off season, man