So Chris Hoffman is coming home, he's started here, oh how sweet, so Chris actually did his dissertation without any computing or any worldwide web probably, was it going then? Oh there was some new thing out there called Mosea Air? Yeah that's right but it really wasn't going so his dissertation was on prehistoric metalworking in the glorious islands called the Mallorcan Islands which belong to Spain and they're very lovely and he would go off every summer to this resort and tell us that he was doing archaeological research which he was, he created very lovely dissertation on that and I'm Ruth Tringham by the way for those of you who might not know and I was one of his advisors and at the same time however Chris had this other life which many of the other archaeology students at that time had in what was then called the quantitative anthropology laboratory that was run by Gene Hamill and some other social anthropologists and demographers and that was actually teaching them skills which are data analysis, computational data analysis and other aspects of what he then went on to develop now and so actually a lot of his cohort went on to work in IT, surprisingly perhaps not since there weren't very many jobs in archaeology and so maybe you'll kind of feel sympathetic towards that those of you who may be at that point in your careers so anyway now Chris has been working for a number of years with IT at UC Berkeley at one point he was overseeing the IT services for the graduate division and another point he was working with the what was that media that data thing media yeah the media vault of IT and he now has this illustrious position actually it's not up there now the associate director of research IT and so as with that little hat big hat sorry with that big hat he's going to be talking to us today so that's if I left out anything he's also a good friend and you can know each other for years but I won't say any more details yes oh Chris was the lead singer and guitarist perhaps still is of a fantastic band and when we remodeled my we remodeled my house he came with all his band and did the whole kind of live music and then used to also perform at the aft any parties we would have in the atrium here so this is your future perhaps so any of you who are organ you've got the job of helping to organise parties at the atrium just remember Chris Hoffman very good guitarist and very good singer okay I have to say everything I know about presenting was because we're doing a force meeting presentation we did videos shows all sorts of like experimental kind of media presentation so anything that is either incredibly embarrassing or just wrong like I will credit you in advance so um we're here talking with Nico and Aaron Poolech my colleague in research IT about some of the technology services that are available to you and then to also ask you some questions about where technology should go on campus because I do work now for a group called research IT and we're really focused on research computing in the most diverse kind of definition of research and data and computing that that you could imagine we're also now part of a larger organization that includes educational technology services the Center for Teaching and Learning I'm happy to see my colleague Owen here because we're really trying to look at the campus community from this total perspective of how your your researchers teachers and learners simultaneous what kinds of computing services and information technology services would be helpful to you but while we're doing that we're also going to show you some of the cool things that we're working on that we're collaborating on with the ARF and we'll just kind of take a tour through a bunch of these things so research I see very broad mission here to help the campus research community faculty and students help provide the best IT services possible we divide what we do up into a number of service areas kind of consulting just kind of the heart and soul of what we do Berkeley research computing which has a number of different things it does research data management and then museum informatic is a program that we have for a number of years also so um before I go into that I just want to say that one of the things that we try to do is to we try to be the liaison between you faculty and students postdoc staff between you and the kind of more nerdy technology service providers in central IT so we can be kind of a translator in the bridge so if you have questions if you're having problems you can come find us and we can try to really translate what you're asking for to the people in those offices unfortunately we don't always have like the perfect answer or the perfect solution but we're also doing is trying to find out well what's what is the need what are the demands so that we can make kind of a better kind of case to campus leadership that there should be investment in certain kinds of technologies so consulting again I mentioned this is really the heart and soul it's really what helps us be successful we really try to be hands on with people and understand not just the specific thing that they're asking work and I store my data but more kind of even the broader kind of workflow of your research so we can find out other opportunities to help you as well as what the real news are on campus yeah so that really is how we think of ourselves as consultants and facilitators of research so one of our biggest programs in research IT is called Berkeley Research Computing and you can see this kind of our logo here for Berkeley Research Computing which points to kind of the four different aspects of the program or consulting at the center and consulting here in addition to being something we do in research IT within Berkeley Research Computing there's just some special things that they do there fact that they have an NSF funded cyber infrastructure engineer who can really help even with some of kind of nuts and bolts engineering and a little bit of coding you know software help to really with a real focus on kind of data movement and how can we enable data to do more things um we've been hiring a number of domain consultants Erin do you know how many domain consultants we now have in research IT through the program yeah so we have three grad students or four grad students who are working in 25% time with right now we have two open positions that we're hiring for now you're interested or you know folks who'd be interested please go on yeah so this is so we can have people who not only know the technology but know a domain and that it's that bridging and translating thing that's been like the key to what I've done here another thing that Berkeley Research Computing does and I'll ask Erin to talk about this is we run a high-performance computing cluster called SOVIO and so Erin do you want to just say a few things about that please yeah so SOVIO is a high-point computing system which means they take a bunch of computers and put them together with a fast network um you can log into these nodes and submit what are called the FATS job so if you have sort of a long-running job these computers can handle that where your laptop you know is that the follower of the computation is too heavy or you can't do your laptop for other things um if you guys want to close it so we have a system that you can also buy into sort of any dedicated resources and this is kind of our large-stale computing system yeah and one of the things that we've been really good at is finding creative uses of this right it's like a super computer so it's like astronomy and physics and and molecular things but we've been really creative at finding ways that when people are trying to they're really you all you all are pushing the borders of what computing and data have done in this field um analytics environments on demands or or aion is basically a virtual research environment that we've been developing within research IT where we're taking advantage of some existing hardware that exists in the campus data center and building virtual desktops on top of that and we'll actually come back to that and talk about some work we've been doing with Niko to build out something that would really help archaeologists so that the notion here is is that right now to to get um arc gis and your favorite statistical package and everything else running on your laptop you're basically becoming your own system administrator on your computer right well what if instead you could log into a virtual machine environment you just go to a website and log in and you have it there that's kind of the notion there with the virtual research desktops and we'll say more about that in a little bit okay so i i mentioned that we're doing some interesting things a lot of these research IT groups around the united states and even internationally are really focused on those high end scientific uses right but because our focus has always been intentionally broad and we we've for a long time worked with archaeologists with museums with digital humanities we we've looked at from the very early estate at some other applications of these technologies what could we do with a supercomputer for a humanities project for an archaeology project and just a couple examples here we've done some really great things with ocr some of that have been spent focused just on licensing right abbey is great software but it's expensive so we invested a little bit of money in some abbey licenses and it made those available like i think the where where can people access those is it at the D lab or do they send an email to research IT to get access to the to the abbey service yeah so in the D lab and Barrow's home on the third floor there's physical computers there where abbey is licensed there's four licenses there but we also have in this aeol environment some place where you don't have to go to people that just from your laptop you can connect remotely for the shared calendar schedule to resource and we can talk a little bit about that more when we release them to aeol at this point well CR is probably on optical character recognition so this is if you have text and you want up to the if you have images of text and you want to be turned into text that you could do some machine reading over or or or data mining yes it's like some ancient script yeah right yeah yeah it's not it's not after that yeah absolutely now there's another ocr software called tesseract i think which is open source that we've actually made run on our saviol high performance computing cluster and we have some scholars who have massive amounts of text that they want to ocr and they don't need to find you know abbey is really incredibly good at ocr but with some depending on your research question you might be able to run something over our high performance computing cluster and then you're running against this massive documents so that's one of the other things we've done photogrammetry so the process of creating 3d models based on photographs that also has a licensing issue and we've been working we have a license for photoscan that we're using in a project that i'll tell you about in a little bit and we've also pushed the the photogrammetry processing off of laptops and into our more higher powered computing environments and Rita Luccarelli professor in Near Eastern Studies and her graduate student Gea Johnston have done some of that in partnership with the Boston Research IT and this has taken some of those photogrammetry processes can take days if you have large objects and lots of photographs it could literally take days to do one step and you've been able to push those two high performance computing cluster where it runs in like three hours instead so that has allowed them to be much more kind of iterative about the processing of this all right so that was Berkeley research computing one of the other things that we do that i'm more involved in myself is research data management so this is a partnership with the library to look at the broad set of challenges that researchers have with their data whether it's the data management plan or working with your data during the active phase of your research trying to move it from one place to the other trying to understand whether you can store it in one of the campus services and then what you do with your data at the end of your project so that's research data management and this was really because you know funders are requiring that you have a data management plan with your grant proposal that you're thinking about your data sharing plan how you're making your data available for the future and you know frankly we were just getting a lot of researchers asking us where where do i store my data i have more data than i've ever had before where can i put this stuff and and still work with it in real time so these are the kind of questions that we're helping people with and we're using a very broad definition of data so it's not just about large scientific numeric or tabular data it's about the digital inputs and outputs of your research so we work with people you know creating images of old books and things like that that's that's the data of your research right the great thing about archaeology is that we have so many different kinds of data so archaeology is so great at challenging you know what we're trying to do and you all know that because you don't work with just one kind of thing my definition we're looking at a whole bunch of different things so research data management i will mention so one of the things we do is we do consulting so you can send email to researchdata at berkeley.edu and we'll get back in touch with you and try to put you in touch with the right resources or answer the question ourselves we do we have a website researchdata.berkeley.edu which has some guidance some information we're always trying to improve that and add stories about how people have worked with data and just kind of making a case about this outreach and raising awareness is always a big effort how do we make clear really the campus leadership that this is researchers out there are struggling you know how many times i've heard from a faculty member that they've had to build a whole kind of storage environment in their lab and and they're taking the backups home in their back pocket taking some DVDs or something you know you know people who are becoming kind of technology system administrators because they don't have any other option so part of this is making the case that we need to take some of that burden off of the research community so that you all can really do the research part of that is looking at some specific areas so active research data storage at that phase like during the research how do you really store your data where can you store it how do you move it from the field to data storage environment how do you get it ready for analysis and later publication and then a lot of issues around research data that you have different kinds of security requirements where they can't just be put in any open place where the public can see them how many people have this issue where the data they have has some kind of restrictions you could just put it on a public website for instance i suspect many if not most people right some of it is just all these are valuable data they're in process i i'm not ready to publish these so i'm even concerned about that site location data site location data is a really big absolutely in fact i get to go to the saa this spring for the first time in like 25 years or something michael black from the first museum of anthropology and i will be talking about some work we've been doing with the collection management system they use and one of their big efforts spent around setting some rules for what information about field collection location can be published and to what audiences and similarly what what objects cannot be made available visible on the website at all really important questions and when you do something in an information system you actually need to make those decisions formally and then somehow code the system to to follow your desires data management plans we do a fair bit of work here actually not as much as as we might expect i think most how many people here have actually written a data management plan just curious so few hands okay so it's this kind of thing where five years ago nobody had written one they weren't sure what to do with these things they were just asking their friends and now many people have used one and have an example of copy we're happy to help with this kind of thing if you have another project that we recently got involved with in research it is around kind of the broad set of issues related to visualization right so within research it we knew that we can't just focus on scientific computing research data management research is changing so we have to be paying attention to that landscape getting out there talking to the graduate students the undergraduate students who are starting to do new things with new technologies talking to researchers in computer science about services that they're developing that might have an application in another area visualization is one of those things that we certainly wanted to track this year we had an opportunity to work with Hearst Museum of Anthropology on a project to do some photogrammetry so the Hearst Museum is in UC Berkeley are part of a four UC project called the UC catalyst at risk archaeological at risk cultural heritage and the digital humanities that's a word actually from the UC office of the president to four campuses UC Berkeley UC San Diego UCLA and Bersed to install a set of visualization environments this is basically a set of 3D TVs hooked up to a high end graphics basically a high end computer a workstation and then this is showing 3D views at risk cultural heritage sites and can actually how many people have actually seen this over at the Hearst great a bunch of people okay so some of what you see there okay so there's Luxoria in each other that's great but they have some things over there that are not really at risk cultural heritage sites there's a stone bear at UC San Diego and I don't think that's a cultural preservation kind of play there where they're really concerned about that thing being torn down but but the notion is that that you could use these shared platforms actually a network of these visualization environments to both record and share out information about cultural heritage sites archaeological sites they're at risk due to whether whether it's terrorism or erosion this is a way another way for a museum to help kind of store record and share and curate this kind of information so I got involved with this because I could see that there was a lot of work to do I thought it was just really interesting and opportunity for research IT to get actually some hands-on experience with visualization visualization technologies photogrammetry etc so Ben Porter the director in the Hearst has been such a great partner on this he's been so helpful actually getting hands on helping to support a team of students that we hired first in the spring but they really got started over the summer to go into the Hearst Museum collection and start doing some photogrammetry and I'll just go on to the next slide as again some of our partners here there's a little little movie of the first wave over there in action our goals are to get some of the museum content excuse me from the first action display here too so that you could have an archaeological object on the site or a face or something like that actually displaying in this and you could zoom way into it or look at the bottom of it which you can't usually see it's in an exhibition it's sitting on something and you won't see all angles of this object so you know we've actually created a bunch of models and now we need to figure out how to get these built in to the application that runs on this on what we call the Hearst K so you can see here we have some other partners here on campus through the Citrus and the Pacific Research Platform that's another NSF funded project that's looking at what could we do with high speed networks between the different campuses to really enable large data and data intensive research to happen more in real time how many people currently are using like thumb drives or portable hard drives to move their data from either the field to their computer or from a scanner to a computer everybody is using a thumb drive right well what if the network were just so fast that you didn't have to do that so that that's kind of the goal of the Pacific Research Platform is campuses and the states have actually in the federal government have invested a lot a lot of money in some of that underlying network technology but that doesn't mean that that the high speed network you know comes to Ego's office it doesn't mean that the software that you are using on your computer knows how to take advantage of that high speed network so there's still a lot of work due to to unlock that potential the reason the other reason I read you like this is this project is just right at the intersection of research teaching and learning and also public service right because that's that's those are the roles of the museums and I work a lot with museums on campus I love them and this is a I mentioned that we've done this reorganization where research IT has joined with educational technology center for teaching and learning this to me is is one of those perfect intersects I'll mention just a few things about kind of our approach to this we've we've done this current project here really on a shoe string got a little bit of investment from research IT we've got to have some funds from this UC catalyst project that actually built the visualization environment we applied for funds from the student technology fund students pay a technology fee and most of that goes to things like Adobe and Microsoft and some of those some of the big expensive things but they also have an open competition for innovative technology projects and so we applied for a small amount of funds to hire some undergraduate students to help really get into into the Hearst Museum collections do more photogrammetry and then build out the applications to display those things in the Hearst Museum and so we've just done a small small amount of funding and funding have really helped us there the fact that we have museum at this museum but this incredible content is just such a powerful thing when I talked to my colleagues at UC San Diego or even at ever said that they're working with some really good archaeologists too and I say well we've got 3.8 million objects to work from we've got a museum director who's actually doing the object handling himself and staff there are really into we've turned our work into a museum exhibit over the summer we were doing photogrammetry pridings right so that we would actually be there in the museum working at the Hearst Cave itself with the students and visitors would be coming by and maybe telling them what we were doing and it was it was just great it's such a great summer I mean this was like a job on top of my other jobs but just this fantastic so and also working with students thank you great it's been a lot of fun practice and learn from mistakes wow we've made some really good models we've made a lot of mistakes how many people have actually done some photogrammetry I see some familiar faces okay yeah so you probably know it's not it's it's amazing but it's not like a hundred percent perfect every time there are plenty of opportunities to make mistakes and so we learn from those mistakes and we move on we consult with experts we've had Michael Ashley from codify we had an undergraduate what's the what's the guy's name he came through and he's been doing a lot of this work as well and so we're we're learning a lot from the expert but there's still a lot of learning and again I mentioned we're also trying to push some of the processing the faster technology so you can see this like how much of this is a technology project there's technology in it but there's so much so much else really than enable technology be powerful and useful oh okay so museum informatics and collection space this is another program that we work on in research IT this has been a Andrew Mellon foundation funded project to develop an open source software package that museums can use to track information about their objects as well as all the transactions what's on loan what's on exhibit where did it come from and this is an open source community source project to develop something that could be used in art museums in anthropology museums in science museums in kind of popular material culture museums and it's in use in use kind of around the country and in a few places globally as well so this is not visible in any way but a museum collection management system is a really complex piece of software you think of the metadata all the object all the data that you could use to describe an object that's already a pretty complicated model and museum people are anybody from the hearst here anybody is he a former director in the back there okay they're crazy about they're crazy in general i love these are crazy people the the level of kind of data that they want to report about every object is fascinating and so we had to come up with this extremely rich data model you're seeing the first two percent of the cataloging screen so it scrolls there to about the back of the room but then along the side there are all these transactions like a conservation what conservation is this object that is subjected to exhibition information as it is on loan there's all of those again recording everything about those transactions so this has been a fascinating kind of software and an information ecosystem project one of the things that we'll be presenting at the SAA is about when we we talked about this collection space system is that once the museums really became very comfortable with their information and the quality of their data then they said now now we have to unleash the strategic power of this information so how can we use this to address our most strategic issues things like um you know sharing information with the public but not not all information protecting some information how can we use this to really improve the quality of our data how can we support researchers who want to find out what's in our collection how can we make it easier for our staff to respond to requests for for research business those types of things so on top of collection space we use the ABI then to build a set of portals and other applications that are being used a lot right now and I just put the the link here to the first link web app c space Berkeley BDU this actually has links not only to the First Museum of Anthropology but also the Berkeley Art Museum Pacific Film Archive the University of Jepsen Herbarria and the UC Botanical Garden which is a living collection so that's one of the other museums on campus that we work with and then this is the link to the First Museum search portal and it's just fascinating again 3.8 million objects it's just an amazing collection right so actually so now we're going to actually talk a little bit more about the um what we've done with the archaeological research facility in this analytics environments on-demand service again this is the the virtual research environment where we're trying to build this out so that it can be useful so you don't have to get everything installed and licensed and paid for something yourself this could be something that that I think could be really really powerful Nico has been you know the person really helping drive what that should look like um so Nico do you want to kind of talk about I think you can talk about the experiments um so the idea here is that we can provide access to a windows desktop and a browser accessible on a nine-year-old Mac for example so should we do a live demo on your phone it's just a I want you guys to see how easy this is it's great here if I can find my mouse point all right so browser window citrix.broteam.in here it's in there you sign up with your calmet ID and that's my that's just all my calmet information active directory so it's syncing with the campus wide windows or directory system and then I have access to a number of these abby fine reader or something we we can provide you access to this way there's an issue with license with our you know with the number of licenses we have and scheduling so we can't like open the you know open the gate all the time and I have to coordinate with others but here's one PIS research so the idea here is it'll be available to you it'll store your data not we don't have a ton of space available at this point but if you really find it useful and your project invests in it there's a condo storage option that's part of the funding model for this program is that projects that become really involved in this can pay a little and the window opened on my other screen here they can pay something by the by the megabyte or the gigabyte or the terabyte yeah or I can just turn my night can turn my screen out it doesn't seem to okay so anyway you know I'll just show you on here so this this just became the windows desktop so they've got the start menu and everything and launch ArcGIS so it's quite easy and so the whole point is that this is running in Warren Hall I believe and you know I could start a job and I could like get it going on something GIS project and then close my laptop go to class you know open something else reboot the laptop and it's still running unless you actually shut down the windows machine. The other application here the back end slides so this is the research version that was the research version teaching is so you could you could also use it for teaching a class we have some specialized software it has to be windows or there's talk of a Linux possibly a Linux version of this also launching and so you can have uh uh this technical software available with identical experience for all the students in your workshop or your class and they would just log into this web page and now my mac is turning into a windows machine. I think that's there one one powerful aspect to this is that licensing for much of the software is on an institutional level so like Berkeley has access to for example I think four photo scan licenses and it's perfectly fine for us to share those licenses within Berkeley institutions like this but practically speaking who's machine does it go on well you can pool them and put them on here now four Berkeley people can sign in and simultaneously use photo scan so it's you know it jumps it solves that obstacle. So just a couple more because we want to make sure we have a few minutes of discussion. So one of the things that's that's driving some of this is that campus recently went through an IT strategic planning process called reimagining IT probably nobody here except for like these four people and including myself have even heard of it but this was you know kind of a nine month process to look at what should we be doing to be more to help the campus really respond to the situation we're in now I think that the main goal that's stated here or a single goal is that enable UC Berkeley to remain a great public university and to solve the campus financial crisis. Was that? So let's do it. Yeah let's do it. That's a great goal. So how do we get there? So so within that because that's actually the objective the first goal within that all the IT people are going to solve this problem. But the first goal is that all faculty and students have the tools they need to advance research teaching and student success. So that's so that's kind of an iterative process where you draw a drill down into more specific things. The first strategy supporting that goal is to support major campus teaching research and public service initiatives here reallocate IT funding so we're trying to make the case that the most the way the campus has evolved and the way that the budget evolved is that a lot of the IT spend all the finances go to administrative systems like your payroll and the financial system and your procurement all those things are important but do they need to be the best they are or should we actually have and that they could possibly be rather or should we actually have a little bit of more funding for some research teaching and learning services should you really make sure that those are improved or that more services and capabilities are made. If I was very involved in this process it was another job up top one of the jobs for about nine months about this plan and now we're actually saying like okay so this this is what we're saying we want to support this this goal and this strategy so so what do we do some of the things that I've told you about and having some licensed software having some more flexible compute environments having you know like we have more access to things like box and drive really finding out how finding out how to make those helpful to researchers teachers and learners how to make those the effective parts of what you use in your day-to-day work that that's kind of some of the next steps. For that is hearing from you about about what what you would like and also creative what you were doing that maybe other people could also take advantage of. We actually have a couple of other sets of information here about grants and things like that and I think that I know that Nico's going to have those available on our website so is it okay if we kind of skip over some of this? Yeah those are just links to grant programs and other labs on campus that you may be interested in pursuing and I'm going to link to this. I'm going to piece this into our website and send you guys the link but if you're not aware of D-Lab, BIDS and GIF then you definitely should know what it is. Oh yeah that's right in fact I wanted to mention so so partnerships with does everybody know about the D-Lab? Is that D-Lab? So it's in Barrow's Hall and also the Berkeley Institute for Data Science Bids which is in the library is also a great partner and a great environment to learn from other people. We have some really good and strong relationships with those groups so please feel free to drop us down and talk about those things. So I want to just at least spend seven minutes here asking you all some questions so maybe we could even get the lights up and have some uses aren't you agree about? So kind of being able to talk about the visualization and like environment, what are the things that you all are doing or that you would like to be able to do that you don't have access to equipment or something like that, open it up? Do you have questions or if you have ideas, I'd love to hear what's going on. Maybe I'm the only one in this situation but coming up this culture working at his background I am lacking some fairly basic computer skills and I find myself needing to construct and deal with databases. I don't know the first thing about databases by school, any of that. You guys have this sort of training program for stuff that we don't visit like advanced fancy stuff just like basic computer stuff for non-computer people. Absolutely I know you are not alone. So I think there are a number of good resources and I think we're going to add a slide with training resources. The DLAB, even though it's not the Social Sciences DLAB, it's a great place and they will work with anybody. So they have, have you checked out there? Actually I have a typical insurer programming I've forgotten about. I'm very sure that our are also forgotten about. So this is how I feel about it. Some of it is either not at the right level or at the right time. Exactly. So and that's where consulting can help. So for instance what I suggest is if you're at a point where you're actually going to start working on like how the data model would look or something like that, you can set up a research data at working.tv, you can schedule a consultation, you can sit down, kind of get a sense of where you are in your project right now and then you maybe do some direct help or say, well maybe it's, maybe look at the R class, maybe what you needed was this class or oh there's this resource on Lingedoc.com, which I think we all have access to now. Is that what they have access to, Lingedoc.com? Actually do you know who has access to Lingedoc.com? I think they were trying to add students. They were trying to add students. Lingedoc.com is considered by some sort of a premier online training outfit for largely for computer-based applications. They've been around for, it's a very competitive marketplace and some of it just really got on ahead. And what's different now is the university has, come up with a mind to start licensing it so that initially it was just for faculty and staff, but my understanding is that they either have this summer or are about to extend the license for the entire community. So faculty and staff can already get into that portal that you may have seen called Llew, Llew not perfect, of which is now the Learning Center, I think it's been rebranded, so that you should be able to find it there, and then I think there's going to be some announcements about students being in access. Yeah, so for example, you could probably take a 20-hour course and find a link with the, in its videos and exercises that you think I don't need about coming, or the final cut. Are you saying Linda, L-I-N-D-A? L-I-N-D-A. That's fantastic. I don't know why I didn't know about this, because I'm paying like $150 at the moment just to have a three months or five months license, so if I can get it through the university, I've never seen anything about that, so that's a well-guarded secret. Now it's going to be renewed. Yeah, it is a great resource, so thank you. It's going to be structured in small, manageable modules, so I mean you get on exactly the case. When you really want to build your data model, that's when you want to concentrate on that part, you don't need a whole course on my SQL, you just want to get in and be able to do, that tends to be the size of these. Yeah, they're really cute. I have a question about whether or not you also have a space for creating spaces. I don't have any one in the computer science department that's also a graduate student, and I would love to collaborate with another graduate student, because I know that they're hungry for data, and we have the data, and they have the hunger. Are you guys also thinking about creating collaborative spaces where you introduce graduates because they're from different backgrounds that can work with each other? So I think that's been a big question on this campus for a long time, and you may or may not have heard, there's a new division on campus, the data science division, and it's partly in spirit trying to address some of that question. It's been the Berkeley Institute for Data Science, which has been around on campus in the Doe Library on May 4 for several years, has been kind of the first experiment around that, that sort of predated the data science division. They just on-boarded their newest cohort of grad students and postdocs within bids, and I think that would be a great place to go to make those kinds of connections. They have formal talks and they also have informal events like teas, and they also have working groups, and I'm sorry, I don't know your name and questions earlier, or what are you planning. I think if you're trying to connect with people, it's a great physical space to go and do that. If you're trying to learn things, they're also doing formal and more informal trainings in the form of trying to build a community together. So for example, on Wednesdays, Wednesday afternoon is the plan of today. In fact, the Hacker Within is a community group that meets, that mixes people from lots of different domains together, from completely beginning levels to advanced levels in the same room around different topics. So you can go and propose a topic, or meet other people in the community that augment some of the official training stuff in ways that sometimes when you learn something, you don't know the kind of questions you might want to ask. Some things are un-gluble because it's like, oh, I don't even know what question to ask here. So that community is a great one to tap into. Is the book Leason 2 for Data Science? Yes, it's in the ground for the library across from what we learned from it. The Morrison? Yes, just following up on that, they also have an annual post-reception, it's a great place to chat with people, and remember, we have awesome content in our ideology. A lot of people are excited about what we have to talk about even if you're going on the technical skills. So just bringing that knowledge, if you're interested in these, is definitely an answer. The love of what you've been showing us is on where, you know, access on the web, but not all of it, and some of the meetings obviously are not, you know, there's an aspect of this which is physical on-campus. I'm just wondering, you know, how you see research IT, whether it's something that you really need to be on-campus to take advantage of, or can it be done like the library research now on the campus? Well, that's where the virtualized research environment is, and so that really, really can come in and become quite powerful. So I'd say it's, yes, it's all of it, and certainly we're seeing that the kind of community part of this is extremely important, and we've spent a lot of time investing in building a community with our other kind of service provider organisations, research IT, with educational technology, with chemistry services, with the library, because we realize we're all trying to help basically the same people, which are people like you. So, but for years, we all talked about the silos we've all created out of our individual silos, and we've been working very hard to break those down. But so the community part of this has been really important. And the last two years has been, I would say, a game changer in terms of how successful we have been building those kind of relationships. What I might add to that, thinking about the work that's done on our technology that you've done on Niko, is see how some of these tools can fit into your fuel work and be a tool when you're there. So I don't know if you might want to say what Susan was doing. Oh yeah, so Susan Paul, in front of a, from the Mt, an imagery library, was in Mongolia in some field project, and she was trying to use our GIS on this AI, the same local environment on demand, and she, so she was able to sign in from, I think she was going to go on a tour, but she had a pretty good web connection, but one thing we're working on is making sort of a slim down version that will run on a rather weak internet connection, so that you have access to this really powerful computer, and all the, you know, real licensing headaches, and you can set up a job, or you, the other thing you can do is transfer data really fast, because, you know, the Warren Hall is on a gigabit, you know, it's on a really fast web connection, see, things move back and forth from that AI machine to Google Drive and Vox really quickly, then you can do your work through that in the local environment. Maybe one last question. Great, thanks so much, everybody. Again, research.data.berkeley.edu, you can send email, rysnop.com, and at berkeley.edu, you can meet the egos, have a get in touch with us, and we'd love to talk. Thank you very much.


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the control mechanisms of intestinal and pancreatic secretions. Epithelium of mammalian small intestine secretes intestinal juice. This intestinal juice is actually a mixture of two fluid secretions which are released from the Bruner's glands and crypts of liver cone. The Bruner's glands are present in the first part of duodenum between the pyloric sphincter and pancreatic duct. They secrete a viscous enzyme-free alkaline mucoid fluid. This secretion of Bruner's glands is present in the pyloric sphincter and pancreatic duct. This secretion of Bruner's glands enables the duodenum to withstand the acidic chimes coming from the stomach. This action is very necessary because the acidic chimes can damage this portion of the duodenum. This secretion of Bruner's glands is not present in any other alkaline secretion, pancreatic juice or bile. This is why the secretion of Bruner's glands is a protective function and a neutralizing function which initially neutralizes acidic chimes. The crypts of liver cone are also called mucosal glands. They are dispersed throughout the intestinal folds. They produce a thinner enzyme-rich alkaline fluid. This fluid mixes with the duodenal secretions. Now we shall discuss the control of these intestinal secretions. Several hormones regulate the secretion of intestinal juices. For example, secretine hormone, gastric inhibitory peptide hormone and gastrine hormone. Secretine is under the secretion of intestinal juices and also under the hormonal control. Neural control is because the vagus nerve innervates the small intestine and increases the secretion of intestinal juices. Distention of intestinal wall also elicits a local secretary reflex. Now we shall discuss the secretions of pancreas. Pancreatic juice enters the duodenum through pancreatic duct. It is an alkaline fluid which is also rich in bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes. Various digestive enzymes present in pancreatic juice are alpha amylase, trypsine, chymotrypsine, elastases, carboxypeptideases, aminopeptideases, lipases and nucleases. The secretions of pancreatic juice are controlled by a variety of hormones which include peptide hormones, gastrine, polycystokinine, somatostatin and ancafalins. First we shall see the effect of peptide hormones. The peptide hormones, sacritin and vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulate the secretion of pancreatic enzymes. The gastrine when secreted from stomach lining starts a slow flow of pancreatic juice. When food is in stomach and gastrine hormones are secreted, it affects pancreas and it releases a little quantity of pancreas. It is in anticipation of the food coming to the duodenum. When food is in stomach, it starts secretion of pancreatic juice. Polycystokinine also affects pancreatic juice secretion. It is an upper intestinal hormone which is secreted in response to fatty acids and amino acids in the chym and elicits secretion of pancreatic enzymes. It also stimulates release of bile from the gallbladder. Dear students, somatostatin has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid and pancreatic secretions. This is to inhibit. N-cafaleins inhibit the secretion of gastric acid but they stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretions.


24 epiprocynolide, EBR, treatments maintained greater fruit firmness and lessen weight loss during cold storage, delayed the reduction of CHL-A contents and hue values, increased ascorbic acid content, total phenolic content, TPC, antioxidant activity, and titratable acidity, TA, reduced soluble solids concentration, SSC, pH, and SSC slash TA ratios during cold storage. This article was authored by Bahid Tavallali.


It's the second one two days in a row. We're on a roll. I think this is episode 12 or 13 I know and we have a lot to talk about after a recent How do we say? turn the tide has turned for reclaim hosting Beg ourselves out enough to return to some of our roots So I think we kind of reclaimed the maker space Tim How do you feel about that idea and right now what you are seeing? What are they seeing on the screen Timmy? Can you take them through whatever this is? Yeah, so this is our new 3d printer and this is only the start of a larger vision for this space, but And we'll talk a little bit more about your project in a bit I assume but part of the thing was the idea that we needed a 3d printer in the office in order to build part of a Project you were working on and so this is the one we went with this is the ultimaker 3 And you're seeing a live stream. You're actually in Italy and Able to pull up live stream, which is pretty cool. Normally it would just be on the local network here But it's a way to monitor the print and I'm actually printing and this is kind of silly I am printing brackets that get mounted onto a wall that will eventually hold up laserdisc as One in our reclaim video space So we're bridging the gap between the the old and the new here And I'll throw a link in the notes of this podcast can see what the actual thing is and maybe even throw a photo up here later Of it in action But these are brackets that get mounted onto a wall and they hold essentially a hold a record up But we don't do records here. We do video. So we do laserdisc same dimensions and all that so We'll be able to mount laserdisc a couple of them and kind of have them sitting on the walls of reclaim video So that's the print that's happening right now Now this is a bit of a workhorse of a machine. You've been pushing it to the limits over the last Week and a half. I mean we've only it's hard to believe we've only had it for a little over a week But this is the ultimaker three It's kind of a more of a commercial-grade printer, which I think works for us and You've printed a bunch of stuff. So I'm gonna stop the live stream of the ultimaker. Yeah And maybe we'll go to you and show us some of what you printed over the last like eight or nine days It's pretty cool stuff. Yeah, absolutely And that was part of the thing for me when we were thinking about the the videos the doing the 3d printing stuff I said, you know, I've got to ask some folks because I really want a printer that What is reliable something that you could just print and go with I like the idea Don't get me wrong and we'll be I why maker aesthetic in a bit I'm sure but when it comes to actually being able to print parts I wanted at least one machine that we could just rely on to print something and this has definitely been it We've had it a week now and the thing has just been going strong. In fact here and zoom in a bit To show you all I'm just gonna grab this to come a little bit closer So this is a print that I did over the weekend. This was a three-day print on the highest quality setting It's just an ornamental or an ornamental base, but in support structure and the thing went for three days Straight and had no flaws whatsoever. So very cool stuff John carpet say that again. It looks like something out of John carpet the thing. It's so gorgeous It does it's got that organic look to it too and this things to it can do two color printing So if I zoom in here, this was actually a test print That was made on the ultimaker and it was box when we got it just to show that everything was working And this is a 3d 3 cut or two color print So it's actually got two spools of plastic that are and you can do two colors at the same time So and the thing has been awesome. I also print it and I'll show you here This is called a 3d Benchy and it's a little tugboat They actually as well as an entire social media presence. So you've got Instagram Twitter 3d Benchy is a thing And so it's a it's a really recognizable test print and people do these all the time to get a sense of like if the Settings are on or all that kind of thing and so I printed one in high quality as well as low quality and You probably can't even tell from the stream Which is which because the low quality is still pretty darn good That's gonna be the low quality print and maybe the best setting to see is right on the top there You can almost make outlines on the top of the roof of that there Whereas on this one the thing is completely smooth almost flawless And when you even feel it you don't get that sense of layers that you would normally have on a 3d print The thing on the highest quality setting is really good now The trade off there is going to be how long it takes to print. So as I mentioned that vase took three days I think the 3d Benchy on the highest quality probably took somewhere in the realm of a day By eight eight nine hours something like that. So you're definitely trading off there in terms of quality versus how long it takes to print But we've been having a lot of fun with this printing a lot of different things And in fact you had a project and this kind of spurred the idea of us getting back to it Although we had talked about having a makerspace in reclaims Headquarters here for quite a while even when we took over the space We had a couple dream them was that we wanted to carve out a space to do the kind of work that we were doing in Mary Washington Isn't that right? It is and I mean We talked about it even when we started first redesigning reclaim headquarters that part of that whole front room is going to be a Makerspace and we'd have a pull-down Garage door, which I thought was awesome and then but that didn't happen for you know Both financial and other reasons of kind of getting that space together But we did have that second office base where we started that was has kind of pretty much laid as a as a Pass through space almost as a storage space that you're in right now that we actually Could build in part of what I was thinking when we were coming when I was back in Fredericksburg last week was for two weeks Or two weeks is how could I remake a game? I saw a DIY arcade game I saw in London at the Victoria and Albert Museum earlier in October So basically the game was called line wobbler and like Tim said we'll link to all that But it was basically a a video game made out of a door Jam basically a door spring jam with a series of LED lights That you would basically use the door jam in this gyroscope to control a little player Who was a programmable light that would basically turn it into a dungeon game with awesome So when I came to Fredericksburg first thing I said to Tim was I want to make one and he looks at it with me And he's like wait We need to print the casing So he's like business, you know go down that road and I was like absolutely. Yeah, we actually Printed you can see this is the top of the joystick and I'll talk a bit about this because this is a this was for me Pretty mind-blowing and this is the base which holds the Arduino Which is basically the circuit board that's controlling the LEDs and giving it power and Allowing us to plug in the gyroscope and control it. It's amazing So the idea here was we were gonna print it so the second print I don't think it was the first print. Maybe the third print. I forget was actually this case And we printed it originally right like just like you're seeing here We printed the base thing and then we were looking at the top and we were piecing the whole thing together And one of the things we realized is the bottom is as it was But this piece here which holds the gyroscope and I could take it off and show you that It's amazing this piece here Which holds you told the gyroscope and that's the gyroscope in there the original one was probably three-quarter like a quarter even a half and a shorter Because the way I saw it it was not probably at the scope or standard and so the actual We're longer but Tim's like that's not a problem And we can extend out, you know the part so we extended It was also like let's customize it rather than it's a twang. Let's put a little doodad in here like That's where the actual And what's Stain is Tim took the speaker and We found the speaker in a subtle To put on the gyroscope or I did Tim you're already and We realized that the speaker we had which is this one, right was bigger than the one Defined that we should get in the actual print that someone made So in order to make it fit Cut out a piece of the cover and we sat it in the base And so this thing and I don't know how well you can see it It's got a little bit of a doodad here Which allows the speaker to sit in here cleanly and still go into the base Which was sick seeing the whole space like redefined not only we got a print from someone who's designed it but also our ability to For our particular Work and then we went in we built we've got the Arduino and what was amazing about the Arduino piece was We reconnected with George Meadows Tim and George, you know created the original maker space at UMW, which is the idea of reclaiming the maker space and He was like, hey Arduino There's nothing they can't do and so I had some questions because I was still playing with that piece We'd move on from the print to the actual getting the program to work and he's like well you look at this and it just felt Magnetic because not only is the print amazing, but then you can stuff like the Arduino And things don't even out the circuitry and then you and I are playing until late at night on Friday night before I'm leaving to figure out If you get this thing to work it was just And it really felt and I think that's something else Yeah, and I feel like that's for me What was the most empowering thing was the idea that we weren't kind of locked in by the idea of the kit Like the kit was empowering and that it was like here's the code Here's some basic plans here's some of the stuff that other people had worked on But as we got into it, we didn't feel locked into that came to the 3d printing. It was sort of like, okay Well, what if we want to do this? What if we want to do that? And even if we you know, I mean I could eventually see down the line if you wanted to tweak the Arduino code and even Game for using the hardware that you already have and say, okay Well, now I feel comfortable enough knowing the code thing that you weren't Defined by one single end goal, you know better than anything the idea of that DIY aesthetic The idea of the maker space is not necessarily that you're moving from start to finish in a linear fashion But that really you feel empowered to say well, what if we do this? Well, no, but what if we do that and kind of change up things on the fly, which was huge for us? I mean the ability I mean for a while we were like, oh, maybe we need to like Sand them down or do something. I was like no, let's just print them with a different size, you know And it it was just really rapid prototyping which is exactly what this what the 3d printing empowers But he's even just this idea that you know, you're not bound by what you bought, right? Like you bought something that really is enabling you to just change up things on the fly It was just fun project I think you know and a good test of us trying to really start technology and this stuff all over again Because it's been a couple years for sure. I was impressed though I was impressed with a how quickly you got back in the Tinkercad and you were playing with stuff And I was impressed with how awesome the printer is compared to what it meant to play around that with 2012 and you know Yeah, there was a lot of hours in elbow grease before you got anything printed like George was saying, you know You'd made me spend three days and get a cube and I like that. I mean that was rewarding to see Just how much and then you could see other people taking the joystick and then building their own They're modding it to build a kind of handheld that doesn't have X Y and Z or gets rid of some of what the original but I also like the way the project moves beyond just printing to also have arduinos and Yeah, the circuitry and then we're in the Meredith and I are in there, you know soldering the piece and that felt good and I came back to my mother-in-law's and She just happens to have a soldering iron. So that's something I'm doing here with this Arduino and finish the speaker bit You know, I love it. I I really like the idea of of just Having a project and for me, it's always that like it's always driven by something I want to do never about the idea that there's a printer in a room as someone has referred to like Rather, it's the thing you want to see done and then how do you do it? Yeah, and it's been interesting to see like how much things have changed as you mentioned We started working with this stuff back in 2012 with George Meadows at the University of Mary, Washington We built out a maker space in the library And so we were playing around with this stuff back then and so I was really interested as we started to get back into it To go how much has changed how much is the same, right? So like in my eyes 3d printing, you know, if you're willing to spend the money on a nice machine 3d printing has really come a long way in terms of reliability I can just remember even the high-end machines. You were leveling beds You were playing around with settings trying to get things to work No quality wasn't quite there and now it really does feel kind of set it and forget it In fact, I don't even have a computer attached to this printer Whereas before, you know I you had to have a computer always attached to it or you were printing off a flash drive in this case You can just send something over wireless and it's printing out and so even that I actually have here I'll move the camera so you can see I pulled out from storage one of the printer bots That we used to have and you can see it's laser cut wood And this was completely built from scratch In fact, some of the gears in the middle there that black gear and the white one that are driving the plastic Those are 3d printed and so this is using 3d printed parts laser cut wood This was a kit that we put together and it's one of several machines That we relied on back when we were originally doing the makerspace and I'll probably try and rebuild it Get it working again, but that gives you a sense now. These were a lot cheaper These were like I don't know two or three hundred dollars versus, you know, several thousand dollars for a high-end machine But again that idea of tinkering and play and that kind of stuff It's definitely been a lot of fun and also seeing where things I was glad to see tinkercad was still a thing Tinkercad.com is what we were using for modifying those files. It's owned by Autodesk Makers of like really advanced 3d software and it's just a really easy to my eyes like it is the best way for someone to get involved with that 3d modeling aspect because you can drag shapes and Combine them together and they become a solid object or you can drag shapes that become holes and cut into an object It's conceptually from even for me a Very easy thing to do and so when we were thinking oh we want to have a design in here We need to cut out a space. It's just really dragging and dropping chips in there That was I was really glad to see that was I was glad to see that was still around and in fact all of my old models We're still in there and everything so yeah, I mean that was amazing seeing you do that and just kind of Tweak and redesign pieces of the joystick We needed like when you dropped you made it deeper and you dropped that top part here Just well just watching you do that in AutoCAD and make this a little bit longer Just so it fit what's for me is like that's mind-blowing the other thing that was really cool Is so when we did meet up with George Meadows, which was a great reunion He obviously has always been a big fan of the Arduino and also spark fun and these little basically these little kits that You know allow you to and take you through and I have the book here And I'm gonna work through with my kids like basically a book that takes you through the whole kind of circuitry and helps you Fully understand how the Arduino works and they're like $70 kits or whatever they are That's the spark fun and vendor kit. That's right. There you go. Yeah I just think that like that's a whole new world for me Yeah, and I'm digging it because obviously that's what's driving the line wobbler game Which is you're using but thinking now about like Christmas lights Like having a project where I can kind of play here in Italy a little bit with like how do I get my tree lit up by?  You don't have to do any soldering You can just plug wires in and watch lights come up You can throw a little bit of code at it and make things blink, you know And so I mean for anybody you can really just work through those guides and start to learn things And then you get into soldering. I even have over here So this is the the beginner soldering kit that you and Meredith were working on You've got a couple of your solder joints on there And this was this was a $20 kit that we got at a hobby store downtown and this even included a soldering iron But it also included a bunch of component soldering iron and solder And it kind of walked you through the process of learning how to actually make those connections on a board But for the inventor's kit, you don't even have to do that You just plug things into a breadboard to get started And so I think it's a really nice way to understand what can be a complex topic when it comes to electronics and circuitry and things like that and how You know electricity flows through things, you know Especially when you're using resistors and capacitors to kind of direct the flow of electricity How much is going to LEDs and things like that? That's a really like completely outside of my ballpark I would normally say but as you work through those guides I think it becomes way more accessible and it's very visual right like there's an immediate reward there to like You know you spend 20 minutes on something and then you make an LED blink and you're like oh my god That's amazing. Like I made that LED blank, you know, so it's a lot of fun for sure I think that was for me The hook is when we did get it working and like, you know a week's worth of work on and off It wasn't obviously a week straight We were doing it off the side of our desk while doing other things But like having that project running and then you know it feeding other things was really cool to see that end game And I've seen people playing around with Arduino I've seen I think Dave Cormier has been talking a lot about playing with Arduino and stuff and I've been following that very like Because I hadn't played with Arduino. I was fascinated, but I didn't have I didn't have the context and now that I do like I'm doubly taken. The other thing is I love how that Immediately one of the uses we found for the 3d printer was to print stuff for reclaimed video Yeah so the idea that we can build like laser Distance and have them hanging and then I don't think it's practical, but even just trying to print my one cover For a laser disc, I mean for a VHS tape just to see if we can do it, right? It's just it's just trippy to me that I Mean I don't think it's funny because I forgot how magical the idea of 3d printing was Yeah in the time where we hadn't been doing it, you know for other reasons, obviously obvious reasons But like coming back to it. It's lost none of its manager Yeah, it's and it's not a means to an end necessarily But it's a conversation starter that really you know You put it in the space and suddenly people perk up and go well What is that and what could we do and that that kind of leads me a little bit to our larger vision for this space because You know we started with the 3d printer just because we needed it for your project And you know it was a good time to get one anyway, but we have larger visions for the space that I'm sitting It this is one of several rooms within I call it reclaim headquarters. We run a co-working space in Fredericksburg, Virginia It's a place where you know entrepreneurs freelancers people who have jobs that are allowed to telecommute just to have a More professional space to work and mostly because we're a small company And we wanted to be able to work alongside other people and so We run that co-working space and of course we have reclaim or but we had this other Room that we kind of didn't know what to do with and we were like what do we want to do And you know when we were trying to think through ideas and stuff One of the things that even back when we took over the space We thought would be great was the idea of the maker space In combination with the co-working space and I think it's a really nice marriage because you have folks here Who are freelancing doing their own business entrepreneurs people doing startups and stuff like that And this is a space now where we can kind of spark some sort of innovation. You know, it's it's a place for people to really Flex the muscles that they wouldn't normally have to do You know, it's one thing to stare at a screen all day, you know and whether it be in photoshop or something else It's another thing to like tangibly A 3d printed object that you designed and suddenly something changes and you're like well What if I did this or what if I did that and you know, it's a it's a real way to spark creativity and innovation And so I really see it as a nice Compliment to what we're doing with the co-working space to have a lab space here That people can work in and we'll have partnerships We're working with george meadows now to partner with the college of education And actually have students work out of the space as well Which is really exciting to me and and really gets back to some of the work that we're doing wait, you know Six years ago at mary washington and so I think it's going to be a lot of fun for this space And it'll be more than 3d print be soldering. It'll be arduino. It'll even be so like I've got A raspberry pi here, which you know those continue to to build in popularity So this is an entire computer that I can hold in the palm of my hand Plug it in, you know, it has a desktop and everything you can plug a keyboard and mouse into it and run an entire operating system From something this small, but you can also do really fun projects and my next project. I'll tell you For this is my wife has wanted a my wife has wanted a full-length mirror for our bedroom You know, so when you're getting up and getting dressed in the morning Well, there are these things called smart mirrors online and it uses double-sided mirrors You know the kind that you would normally see in like, you know noir films People like like like what were you doing last night? The interrogation mirror Exactly.  You're getting your weather events and everything and it's just this faded stuff in the background But it's sort of this living mirror that's giving you data and information right there on the fly I've seen even seen people hook it into like, you know, amazon's alexa and stuff like that to ask it questions And it would display answers to you on like a man like a seriously magic mirror in your room And so that's my next project. I'm probably not going to go probably not going to go quite as crazy as the automated stuff with the You know alexa and that kind of thing But even just like being able to see what the weather and what your calendar for the day looks like as you're getting ready I think it's kind of interesting and a little bit magical for sure It sounds like a black mirror episode Like you could take this all and totally like mirror mirror like what should I wear today and the mirror is like don't Sound crazy Yeah, I think given enough time every black mirror episode will become reality, right no matter how outlandish Yeah, it's awesome. And I that the other I mean In kind of enclosing I imagine is the idea of the maker space for us Why we kind of came back to it. I think when we did is You know the co-work space is coming together. We did the reclaim video This was the final space and one of the things I think we both realized when we got DTLT at UMW working as a structural technologist was the maker The 3d printer but just that general kind of back and forth and sharing Always brought other people in always brought a sense of community in and I think as soon as we reconnected with george um And even carol garmin who came by and dropped over off videos and it's funny. She dropped off the the survivalist What is it called the slr the survivalist research lab video from 1983 which was this group of makers But they were making robots military robots that were doing unmilitary things in 1980s up through now Which was a very kind of inspired video for what we're doing But again, it was just idea of Around the shared object like the 3d printer or the Arduino or whatever it is It doesn't matter of people coming together and thinking about stuff and sharing it If that space that you're in becomes that kind of hub It will have served its goal and I felt like when I was back it had for me I just in the time we had done that stuff having that at the side of our desk and just playing and thinking and coming back to it It was such a Awesome additional element to the work we already do That it almost seemed indispensable once we started And we do so much in the virtual and the digital that it's really nice to finally do something in the physical, right? So like there's that nice marriage too between the work. We're doing a reclaim hosting, you know And you know when it comes to web hosting and and the web based stuff There's a real diy aesthetic there too. And so I think it's a it's a nice combination too to really think like okay That's great. I can build stuff online. I can load But now can I translate that into a board that I can hold in my hand and actually do some coding That can make physical things around me come to life. And so it's really fun I think through, you know, what that bridge looks like. Yeah, and it's fun because the diy arcade idea When I was at that London exhibit one of the things they said is they wanted to take these video games offline Like they wanted to put them in the space and they wanted a group of people in a community to create them and play them And that was kind of like they likened it to a punk rock scene Of this whole emerging thing and one I think my next project is I'm going to get a car and I'm going to cut it And I'm going to build that bush bash And so we're going to have a half a car in there with the seats And is it going to be a changing wheel or whatever you call it? Like, you know, it's like a gear shift and that's going to be the the joystick That allows you to drive and project on a wall So we get that one done tim Like that's next level Yeah, it's called bush bash. I think we should start looking up the code I can 3d print a car. So that might be the difficulty you wouldn't print a car, would you You wouldn't print a car tim, would you? That's awesome. That's the title. All right, man. That was great stuff I guess we can sign off with you. Yeah, absolutely. Thanks again for watching. Yes. Bye. Bye big fan everybody later. Yeah Bye


So, flow through a convergent nozzle can be established in one of two ways, one by pulling the flow through the nozzle, the other one is by pushing the flow through the nozzle. What I mean by pulling the flow through the nozzle is that you know we for instance we have a convergent nozzle like this and we actually keep the stagnation conditions fixed the upstream stagnation conditions fixed and we vary the the downstream the ambient pressure downstream of the nozzle. So, that is what I mean by pulling the flow through the nozzle. Now, in the case of pushing the flow through the nozzle, we would keep the ambient pressure downstream ambient pressure fixed and vary the inlet stagnation condition ok. Let us now take a look at each one of this in turn starting with pulling the flow through the nozzle ok. So, we will label the inlet as station 1 and the exit as station 2 in this discussion ok. So, let us say that you know we have set the ambient pressure to be less than the inlet pressure. So, that flow is established in the in the nozzle. So, the inlet state is denoted 1 and as I said exit state is denoted as 2 and the flow through the nozzle is an isentropic process, but the pressure in this case is not low enough to accelerate the flow to the speed of sound ok. So, what we can do now is actually try to lower the pressure further. For example, we could lower the pressure ambient pressure to something like this in which case the flow would expand to this pressure and the exit state would be like this. And we could keep going like this until the pressure is low enough that we actually accelerate the fluid to the sonic speed at the exit of the nozzle. So, for example, if this were to be the ambient pressure then the exit state is the sonic state because the fluid accelerates to the speed of sound. So, that is how we establish the flow through the nozzle by pulling the flow by continuously or by continuously lowering the ambient pressure. And the inlet stagnation conditions notice that the inlet stagnation conditions have remained constant throughout this ok. So, the stagnation state, stagnation temperature pressure remain constant throughout ok. So, we keep lowering the ambient pressure and we establish a flow through the nozzle ok. So, here we have a situation where we finally reach the sonic state at the exit of the nozzle. So, the speed of sound here is equal to the speed of sound at that temperature ok. Now, what would happen if we were to lower the pressure ambient pressure furthermore ok. So, that is something that we will come back and discuss. Notice that at the exit now M is equal to 1 and the flow is subsonic throughout the convergent nozzle. Now, let us see how we establish a flow in the same convergent nozzle by pushing the flow through the nozzle. So, you may recall that here ambient condition, ambient pressure is fixed and inlet stagnation condition notably inlet stagnation pressure. So, let us say that to begin with we have kept the inlet stagnation pressure at a certain value and the ambient pressure is P equal to P ambient. So, that is represented by this isobar throughout ok. So, the fluid enters at a certain static pressure P1 and accelerates to the ambient pressure P2 in this case. Now, we raise the stagnation pressure again here the idea is continuously raise the stagnation pressure until the exit state becomes the sonic state or the speed of sound I am sorry the velocity at the exit is equal to the speed of sound ok. Now, remember isobars decrease in this direction. So, when we raise the stagnation pressure that means that we are moving on to an isobar that looks like this ok. So, stagnation pressure increases in this direction. So, this is the new isobar and state 1 the inlet static pressure is likely to be higher because the inlet stagnation pressure has become higher. What is that T0 is maintained constant in this particular in this particular case because we can change T0 also, but normally P0 is increased let us say this is static state 1 and now the fluid expands inside the nozzle it is still subsonic notice that M is equal to 1 is over here. So, the flow is still subsonic, but it gets I am sorry. So, it expands up to this pressure which is equal to the ambient pressure. So, now the acceleration inside the nozzle is more than what it was before. Remember this quantity V2 square over 2 this is V2 square over 2 Cp. So, you can see that V2 square over 2 Cp is higher in this case when compared to the previous case that means the flow is accelerating even more inside the nozzle. So, we keep going until we reach a value of stagnation pressure which is such that the fluid expands to the speed of sound at the exit and P2 is equal to P ambient in this case. Still the flow is subsonic in the nozzle reaching sonic state at the exit. So, state 0.0 since we are maintaining T0 constant state 0.0 keeps sliding along this line T0 equal to constant and because we are maintaining the ambient pressure fix state 0.2 which is the exit state point keeps sliding along this isobar corresponding to P equal to P ambient. So, that is what we have shown here. So, state 0.0 slides like this state 0.2 slides like this until we reach a value of P0 for which the exit state is the sonic state. So, once again here also the question of what happens when we increase the stagnation pressure in this case further what happens in this case and the previous case what we said was what happens if we lower the stagnation sorry the ambient pressure somehow. So, that would correspond to for example, the ambient pressure being something like this. So, this would be the new ambient pressure and in this case if we increase the stagnation pressure even more this would be the new stagnation pressure. So, in this case since the exit state 2 is already at the sonic state any further changes in downstream pressure cannot be communicated upstream and it is also not possible to increase the flow speed beyond the speed of sound in this case. So, what we would get is the same process line in the TS diagram there will be no change to this. So, the ambient pressure will be like this. So, what would happen in this case is that we would have the exit state continuing to be at the same sonic state, but now in this case the exit pressure would be greater than the ambient pressure. So, the flow will come out of the nozzle. So, this is the ambient which is at ambient pressure. So, the flow comes out of the nozzle at a pressure P2 which is greater than P ambient. So, the flow comes out at a higher pressure than the ambient pressure which means the flow has to expand some more and reduce its pressure in order to equilibrate with the ambient pressure. So, that is why when the exit pressure of the fluid is greater than the ambient pressure the flow is said to be under expanded meaning it needs to expand some more outside the nozzle in order to equilibrate in order to reduce its pressure and equilibrate with the ambient. Now in this case state 1 because we have changed the upstream condition remember we do not face the same difficulty as we faced in the previous case that the change in pressure cannot be communicated upstream because the flow is already moving with the speed of sound as the exit. In this case we are changing the stagnation pressure upstream of the nozzle. So, definitely the change there will be a change in the flow field inside the nozzle. So, in fact state 0.1 would be at a higher pressure compared to this remember. So, the new state point the static pressure corresponding to the new state point 1 will be higher than the previous one and the expansion inside the nozzle will again be up to the sonic state. So, this would be the process curve inside the nozzle. However, P2 in this case will be greater than P ambient like before. P1 will be greater than the earlier P1. However, exit state can still only be sonic and P2 will be greater than P ambient. Remember we wrote down the area Mach number relationship. So, dA over A was equal to m square minus 1 dV over V. So, in this case there is a discontinuity in the in the area nozzle area profile at the exit. So, it just ends abruptly. So, the in the in the case of the flow however in the case of the fluid it will reach accelerate to sonic speed at the exit always which is why we get the exit state to be sonic state always in this case because of the discontinuity in the in the profile and P2 in this case again will also be greater than the ambient pressure. But here the ambient pressure remains the same. The exit pressure has simply become higher than the ambient pressure. Exit pressure was equal to ambient pressure previously now because we have increased the stagnation pressure and this is being done upstream of the nozzle. The exit pressure is higher than the ambient pressure, but it is still sonic state. So, the process curve definitely changes in this case whereas the process curve remains the same in this case. So, those are the two differences. I am sorry that is the most important difference between the two cases, but P2 is greater than P ambient in this case also and the flow is under expanded in this case as well. The fluid has to expand further outside the nozzle. So, whenever the fluid is under expanded, further expansion takes place outside in the ambient. So, that the fluid can decrease its pressure and equilibrate with the ambient. So, typically what would happen is if I have let us say this is my nozzle. So, when the jet issues out of the nozzle, it has to undergo further expansion which means the jet swells. So, it becomes bigger in size. So, the jet swells in size. So, this is the jet boundary and what would happen is eventually the jet would sort of contract like this then again, eventually again swell and then contract and so on. So, it will take some distance to equilibrate with the ambient condition. It cannot be done instantaneously. So, the pressure inside the jet bounces up and down until after several bounces it equilibrates with the ambient pressure. If the exit pressure were exactly equal to the ambient pressure. So, for example, corresponding to this case let us say corresponding to this case the jet because its pressure is exactly equal to the ambient pressure. It will neither swell nor shrink, but it will come out at a constant diameter equal to the exit diameter when it is correctly expanded. Notice that state 2 would be termed correctly expanded in the exit pressure. The speed of when the exit speed is the speed of sound and the exit pressure is equal to the ambient pressure. Notice that even in the other cases the exit pressure is always equal to the ambient pressure, but we do not call that correctly expanded because the flow is subsonic. So, the speed the once the flow speed reaches the speed of sound then there is a possibility that its pressure could be different from the ambient pressure. Whenever the flow the exit state is subsonic state the exit pressure will always be equal to the ambient pressure. Now, the exit pressure can be different from ambient pressure only when the exit state is a sonic state. It can be different. For example, the exit pressure here is different from the ambient pressure. So, that is why in this case we particularly denote or say that the flow is correctly expanded because the speed is equal to the speed of sound and the pressure is equal to the ambient pressure. In this case the jet diameter is constant and equal to the exit nozzle exit diameter. The same is true in this case also. Notice that the flow would be correctly expanded just when it reaches the sonic speed and its pressure is equal to the ambient pressure. The exit pressure is always equal to the ambient pressure for the subsonic exit case and it becomes sonic and its pressure is equal to the ambient pressure it is called correctly expanded. After that if we decrease the pressure further then the flow is said to be over expanded. So, whenever the flow is under expanded the jet when it comes out it swells like this, it swells like this and then goes through several such bounces before it equilibrates with the ambient pressure. This can be actually seen very nicely in this picture. So, here is a picture of the SR-71 taking off from the Dryden Air Force Base. So, you can see these alternating structures here. So, these are called the shock diamonds. So, these are the, so this illustrates the bouncing of the pressure of the fluid as it equilibrates with the ambient pressure. So, depending upon how under expanded the flow it is, if the fluid is severely under expanded then the distance taken to equilibrate with the atmospheric pressure will be longer, you will see more shock diamonds. If it is slightly under expanded then you may see only one or two shock diamonds and the flow will equilibrate with the ambient pressure very, very quickly. But the important point is that it is possible to have the exit pressure of the fluid different from the ambient pressure in the case of the convergent nozzle when the exit speed is equal to the speed of salt. And the exit speed is less than the speed of salt, the exit pressure is always equal to the ambient pressure. Again, because information, any change in downstream pressure is communicated immediately upstream to the fluid. So, the fluid pressure is the same as the ambient pressure. Now, because part of the expansion takes place outside the nozzle as I have sketched here it is a sort of mandatory or essential in propulsion application to have the nozzle profile itself like this as a convergent-divergent nozzle profile. Because if the fluid expands in the atmosphere then the resulting force is exerted against the atmosphere and is not realized as thrust. Remember, we can realize the force due to expansion as a thrust only when the fluid expands against a nozzle or a metal surface. So, it has to be forced against a metal which is why in order not to lose too much of the thrust to expansion outside the nozzle, propulsion applications tend to have convergent-divergent nozzle if the loss outside is too much. Otherwise, it may just be sufficient to have a convergent nozzle itself because it is simpler in construction. The convergent-divergent nozzle is more difficult to operate it has other operational issues. So, a rocket nozzle for example would be convergent-divergent because there will be too much loss of thrust if you do not use the divergent part. Whereas, in an aircraft engine a convergent part itself is okay the flow may be under expanded but not severely under expanded. So, convergent nozzle is sufficient for an aircraft engine because after extracting the enthalpy or after converting the enthalpy of the fluid to turbine work the only the remaining part is converted to thrust in the case of an aircraft engine. So, the inlet stagnation pressure is not as high as it is in the case of a rocket engine because there is no turbine in the case of a rocket engine the entire enthalpy of the high temperature fluid has to be converted to kinetic energy or thrust okay. So, if you use only a convergent nozzle in the case of a rocket nozzle rocket engine then there will be tremendous loss of thrust.


Hi, I'm Dr. John Moseby, president of Highland College, and I'd like to welcome you to the Highline Foundation Gala. Welcome everybody. My name is Kevin Moran, and I am on the board of directors for the Highland College Foundation. And on behalf of the Foundation Board, we just want to welcome you to the Gala tonight. Hi, I'm Mohamed Jama. I was the former student body president at Highline College. I'm also from Bearing, Washington. I'm here to welcome you to the Highline College Foundation Gala. I'm really excited that you guys are all here to partake in the Gala. I hope to be there with you in the audience and not be blushing too much at seeing this, but have a great rest of this year, a great summer off, and let's all come back and rock this house. Our donors are investors, and they're partners with our students, and we thank you. We thank you for supporting our students, for making our Gala a success, for being part of our community, for joining our faculty and staff to celebrate Highline College, and we look forward to being with you for the next 60 years.