A very good evening aspirants welcome to the hindi news analysis brought to you by Shankar Ice Academy and today we are going to cover news articles from yesterday's newspaper and for today we have taken news articles from the the Hindu website. I have chosen four important articles that is relevant for our examination so without wasting much time let us get to the discussion now. So viewers today we are going to start our discussion with this news article that appeared in yesterday's newspaper. This article talks about the release of an important report called as the India State of Forest report 2021. See this report provides us several findings regarding Indian forest, it provides us findings like forest cover in each state, tree cover in each state, then mangrove cover, it talks about carbon stocks etc. But we cannot cover all these findings in a single discussion so today we are only going to cover findings related to forest cover, mangrove cover and carbon stocks. So without wasting much time let us get to the discussion. Before that the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. See first note that this report that is India State of Forest report 2021 is released by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change particularly it is prepared by the Forest Service of India as you know this Forest Service of India is an organization of the Ministry of Environment only and this report is a biennial publication that is it is released every two years and that is why this report is very important from the problems and main perspective. Now this report was first released in 1987 that means this 2021 report is the 17th report in this series. So now let us get to the findings of this 2021 report. Now the first finding we are going to see is about the forest cover data of our country. So to know that data we first need to understand what do you mean by forest cover. The forest cover includes all lands that are more than 1 hectare in area along with this it includes the lands that have a tree canopy density more than 10 percentage. See when you say canopy we refer to the crown of the tree and how dense is the tree canopy. Now this forest cover definition does not make any distinction between the origin of tree crops or tree species that is it is not classified whether it is manmade or natural therefore this definition includes all types of land irrespective of their ownership land use and legal status. But you should note that based on the density of tree canopy the forest lands are classified they are classified into five types they are the very dense forest moderately dense forest open forest scrub and non forest. As you can see in this image you can see that in the very dense forest type the tree canopy density is high it is closely packed but if you take moderately dense forest it is comparatively lower than the very dense forest and then in the open forest it is much lower and you can see in the scrub land it is meagrely scattered but according to the definition if you see when the tree canopy density is 70 percentage and above it constitutes very dense forest when it is more than 40 percentage but less than 70 percentage it will be moderately dense forest and then when it is more than 10 percentage but within 40 percentage then it will be open forest and for scrub type it should be less than 10 percentage. So now what is the finding regarding the forest and tree cover? See in the 2021 report it was estimated that around 80.9 million hectares are under the total forest and tree cover and this accounts for around 24.62 percentage of the total geographical area of our country so that means around 25 percentage of geographical area of our country has forest and tree cover and it also found that in the last two years the total forest and tree cover of the country has increased by 2261 square kilometers but still this 25 percentage is less than the target set by the government under national forest policy of 1988. See under this policy government of India envisaged a goal of achieving 33 percentage of the geographical area of the country as being under forest and tree cover but we are still in the 25 percentage category and we have not achieved this goal yet. So now what about the forest cover in each type of forest land? According to this 2021 report open forest type constitutes the highest forest cover in India as you can see in this representation. Then what about forest cover in each and every state and unit territory? See in this map we can see the forest cover in each and every state and unit territory and we can see that in the north unit territory of Jammu and Kashmir then Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand they comparatively have good forest cover then north east states have good forest cover and similarly the central India and even the east in India has comparatively good forest cover and in the south Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala they have comparatively good forest cover based on this map. Now what about based on the data? See if you look at the actual data it could be found that Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country. Next comes the Anochal Pradesh then Chhattisgarh then Odisha and then Maharashtra. You can see that Madhya Pradesh has a total forest cover of 77,493 hectares. This is 25 percentage of its total geographical area. But now what about the total forest cover with respect to the total geographical area? Here you can see that Mizoram has the highest forest cover compared to its total geographical area. This can be almost seen in all the northeastern states like in Nagaland, Anochal Pradesh etc. So the report has concluded that the highest percentage of forest cover with respect to the total geographical area of the state is highest in the northeastern states and particularly among those northeastern states Mizoram is at the top. It is followed by Anochal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland. So remember when we talk about the state having largest forest cover in our country then it will be Madhya Pradesh. Here we are only talking about the total area of land under forest cover. But when we talk about the percentage of forest cover with respect to total geographical area of the state then in that list Mizoram is at the top. Now apart from providing this data the report also provides data on the changes in forest cover between 2019 and 2021. And it could be found that the maximum increase in forest cover is witnessed in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha. And there are also states which has shown maximum decrease in forest cover and this includes again the northeastern states. It includes the states of Anochal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram. So we can see that even though Mizoram has the highest percentage of forest cover with respect to its total geographical area it is still witnessing decrease in its forest cover. Apart from this the report also found that around 17 states and union territories they have above 33 percentage of the geographical area under forest cover. So we can at least proudly say that these 17 states and union territories have achieved the target set under the national forest policy of 1988. So these were the findings that you should remember regarding the forest cover in our country. Now let us see about the second important finding of this report. The second important finding is with respect to carbon stocks. So what is a carbon stock? It is the amount of carbon that has been sequestered from the atmosphere. And now this carbon is stored within the forest ecosystem and it is mainly stored within living biomass and soil and even it is stored in dead wood and later to a lesser extent. Now why we talk about carbon stock? See when you have more carbon stock it means that the forest capacity to absorb and sequester carbon dioxide is higher. And that is why we talk about carbon stock. We have discussed about carbon stock and carbon cycle in detail on our 8th January 2022 Hindi News Analysis. So those who want to know more about carbon stock can view that analysis. So now what the India State of Forest report says about this carbon stock? According to this report the total carbon stock in our country's forest is estimated to be 7204 million tons. And if you compare this with 2019 assessment then there is an increase of about 79 million tons. And here you should also note that during the 2011 assessment the carbon stock was just 6663 million tons and now in 2021 it is in the 7000 range. So we can see that over the last five biennial assessments there is an increasing trend in the carbon stock of our country's forest. So this is an important finding of this report that is quite important from the prince perspective because normally we get statements based on the increasing and decreasing trends. So remember that the carbon stock of our country's forest has been increasing in the last five biennial assessments that is in the last 10 years. And here you can see the amount of carbon stock in each forest ecosystem. It is highest in the soil. Now which state has the highest carbon stock? It is the state of Arunachal Pradesh again. It has the maximum carbon stocks. Then comes Madhya Pradesh, Chathisgarh and Maharashtra. So here also we have Arunachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh at the top. But on the other hand if you take the per-hectare carbon stock among different states and union territories then the maximum contribution is made by Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Andaman and Iqobar islands. And among these highest contribution is made by Jammu and Kashmir union territory. And we also have data based on the different forest types according to the 2021 report. SOC that is soil organic carbon is the largest pool of forest carbon. It accounts for around 55.67 percentage. Then comes the above ground biomass which is around 32.2 percentage. And third one is below ground biomass. So here you can see that the very dense forest type has the maximum carbon stocks in all the carbon pools like it has the maximum in above ground biomass, below ground biomass, dead wood etc. So these are the findings that we need to know regarding carbon stock. The next important finding we are going to see is about the mangrove cover. As you know mangroves are salt tolerant plant communities. They are found in tropical and subtropical intertidal regions of the world. And in our country also we have a comparatively good amount of mangrove cover. Therefore the Forest Survey of India has been estimating the mangrove cover since 1987. And most importantly Sundarbans is located partially in India in the northern bay of Bengal. And we know that this is the world's largest single patch of mangrove forest. Now this mangrove cover is also categorized. It is categorized as very dense forest, moderately dense forest and open forest in this India state of forest report. And according to the 2020 report the total mangrove cover in our country is 4992 square kilometers that is around 5000 square kilometers. And there is an increase by 17 square kilometers. So from this table we can see that Odisha and Maharashtra at the two states which has shown significant gain in mangrove cover. So note this point it is quite important. And the report also notes why there is an increase in mangrove cover in these states. Now in Odisha the reason for increase is due to the natural regeneration and it is also due to the plantation activities in suitable lands. So these has increased the total mangrove cover in Odisha and in Maharashtra the increase is mainly due to natural regeneration according to the report. So we can say that compared to last assessment there is an increase in mangrove cover in our country. So these are the important findings that we have learned today from this India state of forest report of 2021. Let us recall what we saw. We first saw that around 25 percentage of geographical area of our country has forest and tree cover. Then we saw that in the last two years that is compared to the last assessment. There is an increase in the total forest and tree cover. But we also saw that we did not achieve the target set by the government under national forest policy of 1988. That is we did not achieve the 33 percentage target. And among the type of forest lands the open forest type constitutes the highest forest cover in India. And among these states Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover. But if you take the highest percentage of forest cover with respect to total geographical area then the north eastern states are at the top. And among these states Mizoram has the highest percentage. And we also saw that the maximum increase in forest cover is witnessed in Andhra Pradesh. But the maximum decrease in forest cover was pronounced in Arunachal Pradesh. And we also saw that in 17 states and union territories we have above 33 percentage of geographical area that are under forest cover according to this report. And then regarding the forest stock we saw that there is an increase of forest stock in our country compared to the last assessment. And this increase can be witnessed for the last five biennial assessments. So we can say that for the last 10 years there is an increasing trend in the carbon stock of our country's forest. And then we saw that among the states Arunachal Pradesh has the maximum carbon stocks. And if you take the per hectare carbon stock then the maximum contribution is made by the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. And among the type of forest lands the very dense forest has the maximum carbon stocks. Then we saw about the mangrove cover. We saw that there is an increase in the mangrove cover in our country. And among the states Odisha and Maharashtra has shown significant gain in mangrove cover. These were the important findings which we saw today. Now remember that I have also given the tables that consist data regarding other states. So you can view data regarding your state and you can compare it with the state that has stopped the list. These comparisons will help you to write an enriched answer in your main sensor writing. And the facts which we saw will be helpful for you in your problems examination. So with these points in mind let us get to the next discussion. Now our second discussion is going to be based on this news article. I have taken this article from the Hindu website because there is no addition today. And this news article talks about the goat headed yogini. As you can see in this image. See this goat headed yogini is an Indian idol that dates back to 10th century. And this idol went missing from a village in Uttar Pradesh 40 years ago. And now the news is that this idol has been discovered from a garden in England. And therefore now England has returned this idol to India on the occasion of Magarsankranti. So this is the crux of the news article. Now based on this today we are going to discuss about the yogini cult and some of the important yogini temples in India and their location. So first what do we mean by a cult? See cult is a system of religious worship and devotion that is directed towards a particular figure or object. So that means this yogini cult was based on yoginis. So who are these yoginis? They are a group of powerful female divinities. And these female divinities they are associated with the tantric mode of worship. So what do you mean by tantric mode of worship? See it uses yogic and ritual means and also utilizes magical ability. It is thought that this tantric mode is a method of conquering exceptional powers and realizing oneness. Now these yoginis are worshiped as a group and this group is what is known as yogini cult. Now these yoginis are often 64 and they are believed to possess infinite powers. So that means there are 64 yoginis and basically they are the mother goddesses. And even the imminent modern scholars they believe that yoginis were originally women or priestesses and they possessed the spirit of goddesses and then they became yoginis. Now out of these 64 yoginis there are seven or eight principal yoginis and these are the ones who are called as mother goddesses and this includes Brahmani, Maheshwari, Vaishnavi, Kaumari, Varabi, Indrani and Chamundi. So you would have heard these names. So remember that they are called as yoginis. And now these yoginis they find mention in different puranas. For example they find mention in Kalika Puranas, Kanda Purana, Bihar Nandikeshwara Purana, Santsadha Yogini Namavali. They are also mentioned in Chandipurana of Sarala Das and they are also mentioned in the Vata Apakasha which is written by Sri Balaram Das and they are also mentioned in Varkindriya Purana, Mahabhagavata Purana etc. So just remember these names they are mentioned in these Puranas and important books. Now let us come to the temples that are associated with these yoginis. See basically all these temples are called as Chansat Yogini Temple. Here Chansat means 64 in Hindi. And today let us see four of the important yogini temples in India. And remember that these yogini temples do not show uniformity in iconography. Now the first important temple is the Hirapur Yogini Temple. It is situated in Odisha. And in this temple as you can see in these images the idols are all standing and these idols have been carved out of black chloride stone. And this temple is believed to be built by Queen Hiradevi of Brahma dynasty. It was built during the 9th century. Now next comes the Chansat Yogini Temple in Ranipur Jharyal. Now this is again situated in Odisha. Now in this temple the speciality is that the yoginis are depicted in dancing poses. Now the next important temple is Chansat Yogini Temple in Bedagard. It is situated in Madhya Pradesh. And the speciality in this temple is that the yoginis are in a seated position. And they are in the Lalitasana posture. This is the Lalitasana posture. Now next important temple is the Chausat Yogini Temple in Morena. This is again situated in Madhya Pradesh. Now this temple was built by Kachapakarta king Devapala. And note that this temple is also known as Ekatharso Mahadev temple. This was a venue of providing education and astrology and mathematics based on the transit of sun. So these are the four important yogini temples that you need to know as of now. With these facts in mind now let us move to the next discussion. Now our next discussion is going to be based on this editorial article that appeared in yesterday's newspaper. It talks about different political ideologies and its implications on the society. More importantly author of this article talks about the different aspects of liberalism and how it impacts other ideologies. So this is the crux of the article. So today we will discuss what author has to say about these ideologies. Then you will also see why a multi consensual democracy is needed for flourishment of the society. So before that the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for a reference. Now let us get to the main discussion. Now to understand what author has to say let us first understand what is liberalism. See basically liberalism is based on the moral argument that ensuring an individual person of the rights like right to life, liberty and property is the highest goal of the government. Why? Because when a political system is characterized by unchecked power like how it happens in a monarchy or in a dictatorship then in these scenarios the government cannot protect the life and liberty of its citizens. Therefore the main concern of liberalism is to construct institutions that protect individual freedom by limiting and checking political power. So this is the political aspect of the word liberalism. So now what about the economic aspect? Here liberalism means a country is opening up to the rest of the world with regard to trade regulations, taxations and other areas that generally affect business in the country. So generally we can determine whether a country is liberalized or not economically by seeing how easy it is to invest in that country and to do business in that particular country. So that means from the political perspective liberalism concentrates on the individual freedom and from the economic perspective it concentrates on the removal of restrictions. Now the author of this editorial is of the view that even this liberalism in the long term leads to nationalism and authoritarianism. See nationalism and authoritarianism has deteriorated the democratic principles of the societies. This could be seen even in democratic nations including the United States, India, United Kingdom, European Union etc. So here what author tries to convey is that from the political point of view according to him nationalism and authoritarianism enables the weakening of democratic structure and secularism. Then what about the economic point of view? Here also there are damages. See in the current scenario economy is not doing well and only a little growth is seen but it can be seen that the benefits of that growth are mostly concentrated in the top one person that is it is concentrated in the rich and well of people. Here the worrying factor is that the trickle down phenomenon has diminished. So what is a trickle down phenomenon? It means trickling down of wealth that is when wealth of the richest population is increasing it gradually benefits the poorest as a result. This refers to the trickle down phenomenon but this has been diminishing. This is what we say as the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer and according to the author with every global crisis the rich are getting richer while millions at the bottom are suffering a lot more than what they were going through before and this could be particularly seen during the financial crisis of 2007 to 2008 and even today in the ongoing COVID-19 crisis we can see the same scenario. So as a result of this inequalities of wealth have increased around the world and more importantly India is becoming one of the world's most unequal countries. So according to the author this leads to economic despair and this in turn is feeding the rise of authoritarianism and nationalism. The author is saying that liberals who continue to support more liberal economics they must understand how the ideas of liberal economics have caused the rise of anti-liberal societies. So let us understand how this is happening. Firstly it is happening due to opening national borders to free trade. We know that this has become an ideology in economies in the last 30 years and opening the national borders to free trade is nothing but liberalization but the issue is along with this eventually the taxes of incomes and wealth have been reduced among the top that is among the richest and well-off population. Now this is mainly done because of the principle that spirits of wealth creators must not be curtailed. Here it is assumed that growth will not happen if there is high taxation of wealth and this will in turn lead to dampening of the economy. So that is why high taxation is reduced among the wealth creators that is among the rich and well-off population. Here they believe that only if wealth is created it can be shared with the bottom poor people in the society. This could be seen in many developed countries for example according to the author in USA and even in many countries in Europe this could be seen. See initially they built up their public health and education infrastructure and strengthened their social security systems by living higher taxes until the 1970s but after that the rich people are being taxed much lesser than what they were taxed before. So as a result of this growth is definitely happening but the problem is only the richest of you have been really benefiting from this growth or from the wealth that is created. But in a liberalization what we assume is that the wealth is created by the top one percentage will be used to address the needs of the poor that means it will be used to finance the social security schemes focused on the poorer population and this will help to pull them out of the poverty loop. Now this according to the author creates a sense of nationalism why because here nationalism is created in the sense that it tends to promote the interests of a particular nation. For example here we can take USA it banned the H1B visa because of its America first policy. So here what author is trying to say is these liberalism or liberalization it is creating the sense of nationalism and protectionist policies and secondly through this liberalism or liberalistic policies government is also privatizing the public assets. Now why this is mainly done it is mainly done because the government has no resources. So through privatization government is trying to earn some money. There is also another justification given for this privatization which is to increase the efficiency in delivery of services. But the problem is this again leads to wealth creation or wealth accumulation especially. How this happens see when the public assets are privatized it becomes a private asset and after this they don't have the responsibility to give back to the society even though they have a responsibility under the CSR that is corporate social responsibility but that is a meager amount only. So when a asset is privatized then that company will only make as much profit as they can from that asset. But this is not the case with public assets right because here the profit from the public undertakings will be used for budgeting social sector schemes which is not done when the asset is privatized. There is also another angle to this privatization aspect. See when public is converted to private here rich people can buy what they need in fact they buy more with their higher incomes even with the services become more expensive for example they can get better healthcare better education for their children at the world's best schools etc so that means even the children of wealthier people with better education they have greater access to opportunities in the future. So this again increases has increased and will also increase in the future the gaps between the haves and have nots. So according to the author this also creates a sense of nationalism but in the sense that the individuals loyalty and devotion to the nation state surpass other individual or group interests here the individual and group interests will mean the private people. So this leads to citizens demanding the government to regulate the market to an extent. So these are the issues created by liberalism that is it leads to nationalism. So now what about other ideologies if you take communism we can agree that it has lifted living standards it has lifted the health and education of masses of poorer people faster than capitalism but according to the author the communism solution to property question was a failure that is communism has the ideology that that should not be any private property. So this was also a failure because it deprived people of their personal liberties. So we cannot definitely say that there should not be any private property then what about capitalism here also the solution did not work that is in a capitalism they tend to replace all publicly owned enterprises with privately owned ones this in turn reduces taxes on wealth and high incomes but this has also not worked according to the author because this has again denied basic human needs of health and education social security and equal opportunities for the children of the poorer sections we saw that just now. So here also replacing all publicly owned enterprises is not helping on the other hand the private property solution has also harmed the natural environment why because they are more concentrated on creating wealth and creating profit but they are less worried about the environment. So other than creating social inequalities they are also harming the environment so that means through communism we cannot say that there should not be any private property but again through capitalism also we cannot say that all publicly owned enterprises should be converted to privately owned ones. So according to the author there should be a middle ground and for this author is suggesting that the economic policies should be based on new ideas and secondly he has suggested that the principles of human rights should not be overpowered by property rights and final suggestion of the author is the new form of ideology called as Gandhian democratic socialism and this one should be powered by cooperative economic enterprises and according to the author this ideology is required in this 21st century. So what does author mean by saying Gandhian democratic socialism it means that this ideology is based on citizen participation government regulation and responsible and accountable economic enterprises so all these should be clubbed so we can say that it refers to a multi consensual approach based society this is what is needed according to the author it is needed to create wealth at the bottom that is to create wealth among the poorer sections of the society and also to save humanity and the planet according to the author so that means through this article author is trying to say that liberalism is paving way for nationalism and even the other ideologies such as communism and capitalism is also not helping in the current scenario so author has suggested a new ideology which is Gandhian democratic socialism powered by cooperative economic enterprises. So this is the takeaway from this editorial article with these points in mind now let us get to the next discussion. So our next discussion is going to be based on this news article which I have taken from the the Hindu website because there is no Indian newspaper edition for today. Now this news article says that the Houthi rebels of Yemen have seized a cargo vessel which belonged to United Arab Emirates and they have seized this vessel of the port of Hodeida which is also situated in Yemen. Now the point is this vessel is having seven Indians on board and the news mentions that as part of routine weekly patrol the United Nations mission to support Hodeida agreement have visited a nearby port that is the Asalif port and the neighboring areas of Hodeida port and also it has called for immediate release of the seven individuals who are on board this vessel. This is what is mentioned in this news article. So today here we are going to concentrate on the UN mission to support the Hodeida agreement and to know that we need to understand about the Stockholm agreement and the Hodeida agreement. See why we are going to see this today is because generally we only talk about the civil war that is going on in Yemen and also about the Houthi rebels but very rarely we discuss about the measures taken by the international community to mitigate the crisis. So that is why today we are going to discuss about the Stockholm agreement and the Hodeida agreement and the UN mission based on that. Now those who want to know more about the Yemen issue and the Houthi rebels they can visit our January 24th 2021 Hindi news analysis and also the March 5th 2021 Hindi news analysis. We have discussed about Yemen issue and Houthi rebels in detail in these discussions. Let us come to the Stockholm agreement. See this is a voluntary accord between the parties of conflict in Yemen. It was agreed in Stockholm that is situated in Sweden that is why this agreement is called as Stockholm agreement. Now this agreement has three main components. Now its first component is the Hodeida agreement. This agreement is an accord on the city of Hodeida and the ports of Hodeida, Salif and Ras Issa. See in this map you can see the port of Hodeida port of Salif and port of Ras Issa. You can see that they border the Red Sea and they are nearer to Sana which is the capital of Yemen. So the first component of Stockholm agreement was the Hodeida agreement. Now under this one the parties committed to an immediate ceasefire in the city of Hodeida and in these ports. So this means that after this agreement was signed the forces were redeployed and the ports were secured and this also led to the establishment of joint redeployment coordination committee. This committee was chaired by United Nations. Now this agreement also provided for a strength and UN presence in the city of Hodeida and in these ports and this is what led to the creation or the establishment of United Nations mission to support the Hodeida agreement. This mission was established in 2019. So this was the first component. Now the second component is an executive mechanism on activating the prisoner exchange agreement. See under this component parties agreed to provide to the office of the special envoy and the international committee of Red Cross. They agreed to provide finalists of prisoners, detainees, kidnapped persons or any person who is arrested in relation to the events. Along with this the parties also agreed to establish a technical working group to focus exclusively on the logistical and technical aspects of the exchange. So this was the second component. Now the third component was a statement of understanding on Taiz. This Taiz is a city in Yemen and under this component the parties agreed to form a joint committee to address the situation in Taiz. And they agreed that this joint committee will include representatives from the parties of the conflict and the civil society along with the participation of United Nations. So these were the three components under the Stockholm agreement. Remember this. Now what are the implications of this agreement? This is what is mostly important. See as we know that Yemen remains the world's most humanitarian crisis region but this crisis was mitigated to an extent through the Stockholm agreement because the agreements exceeded in averting further deterioration in the Yemen. And if this agreement would not have been signed then it would have jeopardized hundreds of thousands of Yemeni lives. And it is also estimated that around 150,000 people who left the city of Hudaida have returned after the agreement. So that means the first implication of this agreement is that it has averted further deterioration in Yemen. Now second there is also an expansion in the humanitarian flows so this is helping those who need it. Here we mean the financial and humanitarian assistance provided by other countries and international agencies. Apart from this another implication was that under the agreement the parties agreed on a mechanism to deposit the port revenues into a special account. This special account was to be opened in the central bank of Yemen especially in the branch in Hudaida and this account will be under UN supervision. Now the money in this account will be used to pay for the salaries of civil servants in Hudaida. So this helped to deploy more civil servants in the region to help the people in need. And most importantly the presence of United Nations in Hudaida has directly contributed to a reduction in hostilities and it has also improved the humanitarian situation. And according to experts this also provides opportunities for increased confidence in the prospect for the conflict to end. So that means the Stockholm Agreement is the first agreement by the parties of the conflict in Yemen. This was the first time the parties of the conflict could meet since 2016. And this is the first time since the start of the conflict that the partisan conflict have come to an agreement on several important issues to alleviate the humanitarian situation in Yemen. So this agreement and the consultations that are carried out under it remain a breakthrough because it is mainly focused on building trust between the parties. This is mainly needed for a successful peace building effort and for arriving at a peace agreement in the future. So that is all in this discussion we saw about the Stockholm Agreement and the Hudaida Agreement and what is the significance of this agreement and what were the implications of it. So with this article we have come to the end of news articles discussion session. Now we are moving to the next session the practice questions discussion session. Let us take up this first question. It asks with reference to Indian state of forest report 2021 which of the following statements is or are correct. First statement Vadip Pradesh has the maximum forest cover. This statement is correct because it just talks about the forest cover. Now the second statement a decreasing trend is observed in the country's carbon stock from the last five biennial assessments. This statement is incorrect because during discussion we saw that there is an increasing trend in the carbon stock of our country. Now the third statement Odisha has shown significant loss in mangrove cover. This statement is also incorrect because during discussion we saw that Odisha Maharashtra these two states which has shown significant gain in mangrove cover. So here only statement one is correct and the question also asks for the correct statements. So the correct answer to this question is option a one only. Now this next question is based on our Yogini discussion. It is a two statement question. Now first let me read the question. Consider the following statements with reference to Yogini recently seen in news. They are associated with the tantric mode of worship. This statement is correct. We saw this during discussion. Now the second statement is there are no temples dedicated for Yoginis in India. This statement is incorrect because we saw that the temples dedicated for Yoginis are called as Chausat Yogini temples and we saw four important temples that were situated in Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. So this statement is incorrect and here be careful the question asks for the incorrect statements. So the correct answer is option b two only. Now this next question asks the Hudaida agreement often seen in news is related to mitigating humanitarian crisis in which of these countries the country is given our South Sudan, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon and we saw this Hudaida agreement today it was with reference to Yemen and if you simply know that Hudaida is a port city in Yemen you can then also answer this question so the correct answer is option b. So with these three problems practice questions now let us take two main questions. You can answer these questions and post the answer in the comment section. Whenever we get time we'll review your answer. So viewers with this we have come to the end of today's in the news analysis discussion sessions and if you like this video don't forget to like, comment and share and also subscribe to Shankar Ayes Academy's YouTube channel for receiving more updates related to civil services preparation. Thank you.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss derivation of the formula for the area of a triangle using trigonometric ratios. First of all we shall discuss area of a triangle. The area K of any triangle A, B, C is half the product of the length of its two sides and the sign of the included angle. Area K is given by 1 by 2 into B C sign of angle A is equal to 1 by 2 into A B sign of angle C which is equal to 1 by 2 into AC into sign of angle B. Now we shall see its derivation we know that area of any triangle is given by 1 by 2 into B into H where B is the base and H is the height of the triangle. This formula is used when we know the height H of the triangle. Let us consider a general triangle A, B, C. To remember the formula we always draw a triangle A, B, C generally such that the side opposite to angle A is of length B and side opposite to angle C is of length C. So here side opposite to angle A is B, C and its length is A, side opposite to angle B is AC and its length is B and side opposite to angle C is AB and its length is C. In this triangle we take BC as the base of the triangle for height. Let us draw a perpendicular line from vertex A to base BC meeting it at point D. Then perpendicular AD gives us the height H of the triangle. Now triangle ABD is a right angle triangle with hypotenuse AB of length C. We know that in a right angle triangle sign of angle theta is given by opposite side by hypotenuse. So in triangle ABD sign of B is equal to opposite side that is side AD which is of length H upon hypotenuse that is side AB which is of length C. So sign of angle B is equal to H upon C which implies that C into sign of angle B is equal to H. So we have H is equal to C sign B. Now we have got the value of height H and we know that area of triangle is given by half into base into height. So this is equal to 1 by 2 into base and here base is BC which is of length A into height and height is given by C sign B which is equal to 1 by 2 A into C into sign B. Now let us denote the area of triangle ABC by K. So this implies that K is equal to 1 by 2 into AC sign B. Now we see that angle B is the included angle between the two sides of the triangle of length A and C. Thus area K of any triangle say triangle ABC is one half of the product of length of any two sides and the sign of the included angle similarly we can take any pair of sides and the included angle to find area of the triangle. Now in this triangle ABC if we take AC as base and draw perpendicular BD from vertex B then from triangle ADB which forms a right angle triangle. Sign of angle A is given by opposite side that is H upon hypotenuse that is C which implies that H is equal to C into sin of angle A and here base AC is equal to B then area of triangle ABC which is given by K is equal to 1 by 2 into base that is B into height that is C into sin of angle A which implies that K is equal to 1 by 2 into BC sin A where we have taken length of sides AC and AB and the included angle between these two sides similarly we can also have area of triangle ABC that is K is equal to 1 by 2 into AB sin C where we have taken length of sides BC and AC and the included angle between these two sides we should note that we can use any of the three results to find the area of the triangle because all of them give area of same triangle ABC so they all are equal thus we have the area K of any triangle ABC is one half the product of the length of the two sides and the sign of the included angle that is area of the triangle given by K is equal to 1 by 2 into BC sin A which is equal to 1 by 2 into AB sin C which is equal to 1 by 2 into AC sin B let us consider an example find the area of the given triangle and here is the given triangle ABC here we are given length of two sides and the measure of the included angle between these two sides let us denote the length of side AC by B the length of side AB by C and the length of side BC by A so we have length of side AC that is B is equal to 15 centimeters length of side AB that is C which is equal to 10 centimeters and we are given angle A which is equal to 50 degrees now here we will use the formula that is area of triangle is given by 1 by 2 into BC sin of angle A now we put values of BC and angle A and we get 1 by 2 into B that is 15 into C that is 10 into sin of angle A that is sin of 50 degrees which is equal to 1 by 2 into 15 into 10 into sin of 50 degrees is equal to 0.76 we have calculated this value using calculator now simplifying it further this is approximately equal to 57 so area of triangle ABC is approximately 57 square centimeters does in this session we have learned the derivation of the formula for the area of a triangle using trigonometric ratios this completes our session hope you enjoyed this session


Good evening everyone, welcome back to theCUBE after dark because it's after happy hour, so that's what I'm calling it. Lisa Martin here with Rob Strasze. We are finishing, close to finishing day two of our wall-to-wall coverage of HPE Discover 23 from the Venetian Expo. We heard the parties already started, but we're still here working because we have some interesting conversations to have and bring to you. Rob, we're going to be talking with Sue Preston next about professional services and the impact that they're helping customers make on their organizations from an AI perspective, sustainability, all that good stuff. Yeah, I just think there's so much to contribute from the learnings that you have from all of the different customers and from building, for instance, all the supercomputers that are out there. So this should be a fun discussion. Yes, Sue Preston is here, as I mentioned, VP and GM, Worldwide Advisory and Professional Services at HPE. Sue, it's great to have you on theCUBE. Thanks for joining us. Thank you, glad to be here. So you and your team are on the forefront of working with organizations in every industry I imagine, helping them achieve their goals, whether it's digital transformation, taking on AI projects. Talk to us about through the lens of professional services, how are you delivering HPE's unique value proposition? Yeah, no, great question, Lisa. So I cover all industries, lots of customers, lots of different meetings and engagements that we drive. I think the unique value for me is that we look at harnessing disruption and accelerating outcomes. So really engaging with those customers and looking at ideation of how they can drive their business forward. And then some of the ideas and the unique value that can be driven based on their edge to cloud, hybrid cloud strategy. Right, and talk a little bit about how, what's the engagement process? Like how do customers get started with HPE Professional Services? Yeah, it's fantastic because what we have is we have like Digital Next Advisory, which is a digital journey map. So we can take customers on their journey from, say, retail experience, so they want to prevent customer churn. So we look at how we drive those opportunities with engaging on the digital journey map. And then we strongly follow that because then the customers say to me, well, how? So then we have the edge to cloud adoption framework, which we can take them from A to B to get to that outcome. Having that map is probably hugely important for them. Because it's so nebulous. Yes. Especially when COVID hit and retailers were like, how do we actually do this? How do we do curbside delivery and that sort of thing? Yeah, absolutely. And I think it's consensus around their own organization as well because when you build that digital journey with different personas in the customer, they're like, ah, there's that ha ha moment of that's what we can achieve. Yeah, I would assume that you're trying to get them to understand where they are today, how to get to the next level. And do you have different journeys depending on what their outcomes they're trying to build out? Yeah, absolutely. Great question because I think, you know, there's so much that you could cover with those customers. We do a lot of research ourselves on specific industries. So therefore we can guide some of that conversation. And then we've broken down the edge to cloud adoption framework into eight domains, which then can laser focus into some of those areas. What are some of the examples of the domains? So it could be operating model. It could be FinOps. So where you see organizations with their line of business that they want to do charge back. And they might be saying that they're, you know, they're struggling some of those areas. And Sustainable IT is another great area that we've broken that down into a domain as well that can help them achieve the goal. Let's kind of dig into that. Sustainable IT, it's a hot topic as is AI which we'll get to in a minute. Yeah. But so many organizations in every industry are now really laser focused on, if they don't have an ESG program, they've got at least some targets or goals around Sustainable IT to deliver, you know, sustainability as an organization. And a lot of them say, we don't want to work with vendors that don't have either a sustainability or ESG program. Or we only want to work with vendors that can help us meet our goals. Yes. How important is that in your customer conversations? I imagine it's probably a criticality. Absolutely critical. Every customer engagement that I personally and the teams are engaged in, they need to understand where they can drive their IT sustainability journey. The fantastic thing is because, you know, according to IDC, 65% of CIOs are going to their hardware vendor first. You know, looking at Accenture, those customers that are driving their digital transformation with their IT sustainability are two and a half times more likely to be the most performing brands. So from a business, a shareholder, stakeholder point of view. And what we've done is we've looked at how we can engage with those customers. We've got a pre-questionnaire that can measure their maturity. So, and then we can then go back and then build out workshops to say how they can achieve more of their goals. And there's other services that we've just launched recently around RightMix Advisor. So think of the applications, the workloads, the energy consumption, the CO2 emissions that's been driven. And we can guide customers say on the top 10 and then how they can go and address those first because it is a journey. It's not, you know, it's not something that you're going to fix overnight. Yeah, I think that's the key is getting them started, right? And not because it's so, such a big target for them to go and do. And I think that we were just talking to Financial Services, HPE Financial Services about their initiatives for good. Yeah. I blanked on it already. I've got it here somewhere. Anyway, but I think that, to me, seems like somewhere where you guys join forces in there because they're also looking at it using Dunn and Bradstreet or one of these other- CDP. CDP. Yeah, yeah. And I think, so, you know, what I love about my role is that we can look pan-HPE and then drive that journey across the piece. So how are customers looking at driving their coding for their applications? How are they building applications? How do we then look at, you know, from a HPE Financial Services point of view, you'll have heritage environments which have still got repurpose and use. So therefore you're reducing e-waste by upcycling and, you know, keeping that in the circular economy. And then you've also got with customers where we then have our professional services or with our co-location providers. So the announcements this week with Equinix, you know, looking at renewable energy sources, I think it's a fantastic opportunity for me to focus end to end across that whole portfolio with advisory and professional services. What is the customer symbiosis like in terms of customers in different industries helping to guide financial services in terms of some of the new services it might deliver or augmenting some of the existing services? What's that customer connection like? Yeah, it's good. I think there's a difference sometimes with each of the customers on different operating models that they want to work to. And I think for us it's like, we're going in and advising them and then looking at the options, then they'll always, it's driving to the value. So I think it's like, it's not having a conversation around, you know, product features, benefits. It's about how are we going to get them to that value at the end of the day? And we're looking at a longer term partnership and relationship with those customers. It's not just one project. What is time to value? I'm glad that you brought that up because it's something that we hear often as a marketing term, but it really has a lot of significance. When will organizations be able to get in the technologies, apply the services, leverage AI for example, and start generating value to their business, whether it's like a retailer that you said, you know, a great customer experience, but what can customers kind of generally, I know it varies by journey, expect in terms of the time to value that you guys can impact? Yeah, so I think harnessing disruption because if you see a market trend and they've got to react, then how quickly can you create an idea, build a minimal viable product MVP, and then execute against that, that it's driving impact. And I think it's offsetting some of that investment up front, ensuring that they'll have skills gap, they'll have people gap, they'll have talent gap. So how can you build that together and then they can accelerate that outcome at speed? So I think it's, the other element that I focus on is failing fast because sometimes organizations will try too long. Years ago it used to be called shelfware where investments were made in large, big projects, but they never really realized the value because the time it took for them to drive that transformation, they never really saw the value. That makes total sense. And I think harnessing one of those disruptions seems to be AI right now. And so what are you seeing from a services perspective there? Yeah, so I think the way that I look at it, there's two things. So there's AI for good. So therefore if I look at the health sector, pharmaceutical sector, medicine, how drugs researchers, if I look at the, I was talking about it earlier today actually with AI and robotics as well. So with precision surgery, because sometimes where it's really intrusive, so say lung surgery for argument's sake, it can then create patient issues. And one of the things in the UK with the NHS is getting patients out of the hospital, out of ICU, and back into their home environment to improve their recovery. That's one thing. The other thing I think of in being a force for good is predicting weather. So again, I was looking at with the risk of tsunamis or helping again being a force for good from an AI perspective. And then the other thing, today we were with Evil Genius, so esports gaming, predicting sentiment of players and some of those things. So I think there's lots of great use cases across AI. I've got a data and analytics and AI practice. So, and again, I've got some of the best technical resources within that organization. I call them ninjas. AI ninjas, I like that. But are you guys in professional services using AI within your own organizations to help customers plan the journey or find out which pillar they need to be aligning with? Yes, absolutely. So I think what we do is we look at propensity to buy. So one of the elements that we focus on is then looking at, so say for instance with IT and sustainability, there's data sets that you can acquire that then can look at where are you to go best first to go and drive those outcomes with those customers. So we use that internally. And in our operations, looking at how we can predict and fix issues quickly, prior to then having to send a field engineer to site. So in our operational support services as well. Yeah. It seemed that AI is really just, it's a method for getting there right now. And I think it's one of those things that it's probably becoming core to what you do. It's very disruptive, but also to your point about good. Are you using it within the professional services themselves as well? Or I know you're helping the customers with it, but... Yeah, no, we're helping the customers. My organization is mainly focused on accelerating the outcomes with the customers rather than the internal lens. And I think for me, it's, you know, having the innovation at the front of it, like with machine learning, development, training, HP education services, which is in my remit as well. So then how are we creating the certifications and the courses, upskilling, reskilling, both internal resources in HPE, and then also externally with our customers and providing that curriculum of skills. What's been as we round out day two, I know that the concert is about to start, I've been hearing what I think our soundtrack is going on. What are some of the favorite feedback elements that you've gotten in the last couple of days? You mentioned working with, doing an interview with Antonio Neary, but you also get to engage with a lot of customers. Some of the feedback in terms of the programs that you're delivering. What have you heard around the show floor? I was absolutely amazed, like with some of the areas, so Project Sustainability Dashboard and the Sustainability Team, they have been maxed out. The Edge-to-Cloud adoption framework team, the digital transformation teams. So I took my team out for dinner last night to thank them for all of their hard work and commitment for this week, and it's just been amazing. And I think the customers, for me, is when the customers give me that direct feedback and they're letting me know how great my teams are operating, what value they're seeing, and that they see that my teams are part of their team, which you couldn't ask for more. No, being one with the customer is really what it's all about. And hearing that you're delivering on the value that you want to deliver on the HPE wants you to deliver on is give yourself a pat on the back, because I think you deserve that. So thank you so much for joining Rob and me talking about what's going on with professionals and advisory services, how you're really helping customers achieve outcomes. It's all about outcomes, regardless of industry. We really appreciate your time and your insights. Oh, thank you, really enjoyed it. Excellent, good, we did too. For our guests and for Rob's Stretch A, I'm Lisa Martin. Up next, we're going to wrap day two with a great Analyst Roundtable. We even have someone from the space industry going to be talking with us. Stick around, we'll see you in a few minutes.


The last 5 years we have not grown any crops. In the beginning of this year we started growing crops, maize, beans, pumpkins. We also used some small water that we have to grow some crops like onions, tomatoes and small vegetables. There are also a lot of challenges that goes together with growing of crops. During the day it is a problem with the baboons and monkeys. At night it is a problem with the antelopes, the inland, the porcupine. There is a lot of challenges and sometimes When you're just about to harvest, then there's the shortage of rain and then you have to start again from somewhere. It's more hard work compared to livestock because if there is a drought, you can move your livestock from point A to point B and even point C and D, crops you cannot move. We don't fence our land because if you fence your land, that means that you'll be forced to graze your livestock inside the fence and that one can never work in our past kind of lifestyle. So at the end of 80s, early 90s, there used to be thousands and thousands of wildebeests moving or closing to the park, but now you can only see like 30,000. They are going like down every other time. That means that the number of wildlife is really, really going down. If the government has not listened to the voice of the local community, there is no clear future for wildlife. People will be able to fence off their land, the park will be fenced and that means there will never be any migration anymore. If the government decided that they will listen to the local community, implement the land use policy, the master plan, that one will be able to protect the pastoral land, it will be able to protect the national park, it will be able to protect the urban land. That means the future of this place in terms of conservation will be so high because we'll still have the migration, we'll still have the wildlife, that will be good.


The United States Army presents The Big Picture, an official report produced for the armed forces and the American people. Now to show you part of The Big Picture, here is Sergeant Stuart Queen. Last week you saw the beginning of aviation, starting in the fields of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Today we shall see part two of this three-part series, covering the era of General Billy Mitchell through to the supersonic aircraft of today. Brigadier General William Mitchell, who had had a distinguished war record, argued that the mayhem doctrine of sea power had been outmoded by the airplane and pleaded for a separate national air arm. He contended in seeking a $60 million appropriation for Army air services, or about half the cost of a single battleship, that the United States could begin developing an air force which could hold mastery of both the air and the seas. Larry Bell was still with Glenn Martin when. That resulted in Congress bringing about a test wherein one of the targets that we were supposed to sink or try to sink was the famous Oster Friesland. This ship was anchored about a hundred miles offshore, and six of the Martin bombers went out, each carrying a 2,000-pound bomb. They paraded over the battleship, and they dropped the six bombs and only one hit it, and that was by mistake. The rest were timed to detonate at 100 feet below the surface, and it practically exploded. The Oster Friesland, at least, had ripped the bottom of the ship from bow to stern, and the ship sank in four minutes. The nation accepted the airplane and tacitly agreed with its advocates, but there was still no federal provision for long-range planning and procurement. Nevertheless, a core of designers and manufacturers stayed with a business. In the ceaseless drive to attain longer range and more reliable performance, the airplane, its engine, its components, and its instruments steadily were growing more complex. But the primary goal was speed. Roscoe Turner. I have maintained ever since that I've been flying that there's only one reason for flying, and that is speed. It's 1910 Curtis, 49 miles an hour. 1910 White, 61 miles an hour. 1911 Wyman, 78 miles an hour. 1920 Mosley, 156 miles an hour. Maughan, in 1922, 206 miles an hour. In 1925 Doolittle, 232 miles an hour.  These record flights have a very real meaning. Competition has perhaps always been the greatest stimulus to improvement. A great many, great men have contributed to aviation purely as specialists, sparing one of the greatest. Colonel Clark, who devised one of the first good air foils. Sam Heron came along with his cylinders and his fuel, and then Frank Mark with his carburation devices and later fuel injection. Frank Colba with his propeller. Our earliest propellers were all wooden propellers, but they had several shortcomings. They were subject to atmospheric troubles, and they twisted out of shape in various climates. And they were also quite thick so that the high speed at which propeller tips operated, they were losing efficiency. One of the things which we did to overcome this was to develop a metal propeller, which first was a drop force aluminum alloy blade, being very much thinner than the wooden ones. The efficiency was maintained in better condition. Sam Heron began working on aircraft engines as early as 1909, and shortly went to the Royal Aircraft Factory in England. I came to this country in 1921, and for the next five years, was engaged in air-cooled cylinder development. It was really the air-cooled engine that made fuel development so necessary. The first move was to put tetraethyl lead in the existing gasoline. Later, the Air Force got the idea of adding the component that has the high end of the octane scale to the gasoline, and that eventually led to 100 octane gasoline. Frank Mark, the Carburetion and Fuel Control Specialist. Our carburetion work has always had to be a good bit like that of the Wright brothers, in the respect that we could get a little guide from the textbook. The automobile carburetor, of course, was designed to operate on the level. The aircraft carburetors have to climb, dive, even fly upside down. Also, they have to go up an altitude where the air is thin. Mark Hobbs, Perry, Clark, Caldwell, Heron. The singular devotion with which these men and scores of other specialists pursued their particular fields leads H.M. Jack Horner, whose own specialty of aircraft production combined the fruits of all their labors, to say that heritage of research, development, background work that goes into aircraft has continued throughout the whole existence of aircraft and the great improvements that have come there, too. Then, midway in the 20s came two events that turned the course of American aviation sharply upward. First, the government adopted the recommendations of President Coolidge's moral board. These called for a sustained aircraft procurement program built on the foundation of a privately operated and technically competitive aircraft industry. Although both military airmen and technologists were convinced that the airplane long before had outgrown its function as a scout, the bulk of our aircraft still consisted of observation planes. Now, new, more powerful engines began to emerge for advanced aircraft, which both services had developed. The nation moved rapidly from a third-rate air power to international leadership. The second event was the successful green Charles Lindbergh made come true. In his single-engine Ryan monoplane, Lindbergh had flown the Atlantic nonstop to parents. Two weeks later, carrying Charles Levine as a passenger, Clarence Chamberlain flew the Atlantic and landed in Germany. First of all, we were trying to beat Lindbergh away. And second, we had to keep our plans a deep, dark secret because we had overheard Mrs. Levine say, if I thought my Charlie was going in that airplane, I'd burn it up. We finally got away about six o'clock in the morning on the 4th of June, 1927. The first thousand miles to Newfoundland was through good weather. The only trouble was we had had winds. And our tests on the Long Island showed that we could fly for 40 hours with at 100 miles an hour. Well, on the flight up to Newfoundland, we were only making 70 miles an hour. And 70 miles an hour for 40 hours is 2800 miles. It was 3200 to land on the other side, leaving the last 400 to swim. Well, fortunately, the wind shifted after we left Newfoundland. And as you see, we made it. The unusual engineering accomplishments of our American aeronautical industry began to bear fruit in the late 20s and early 30s. From a military point of view, for the first time, our various types of combat planes were unmatched abroad. Moreover, we found the solid beginning of commercial air transport. Two famous army pilots, Carl Tuey Spotz and Ira Aker, flew seven days in 1929 without landing. The question mark flight was an endeavor to use refueling as a means of keeping a plane in the air for a long time. The driving inspiration behind it, I believe, was Ira Aker. The flight did prove that refueling was practical. General Aker remembers an incident that forecast the need for equipment which would permit flying. In 1919, flying in the Philippines from Manila to Stotsenburg, our station at that time, I ran into a typhoon and the rain was so heavy that I couldn't see the horizon. I fell in a spin. And only the fact that the Manila Bay was yellow and the rain was darker was I able to recover from the spin and fly home. To my surprise, I fell in for the first time. And when you couldn't see, you couldn't fly. I described this to Lieutenant Longfella, a later general Longfella in the Second World War. And we began some crude experiments by hanging a plumb bob down across the instrument board and by putting a carpenter's level on the lingerie. And got so that with these two aids, we could fly through clouds, through several thousand feet of cloud. 10 years after General Aker's Manila experience, Jimmy Doolittle, an association with a sperry company, tackled the problem. I made the first blind flight, the first completely blind flight, taking off under a hood, flying a prescribed course, and landing back under the hood. Without ever having seen out of the airplane. This doesn't sound very important now, but out of that came two instruments, the artificial horizon, the directional gyro, that are today standard equipment on every commercial airplane and every combat military airplane. The Great Depression had come. The industry was hard hit. But nevertheless, new companies developed to meet the increasing complexity of the airplane and its growing use of metals, electronics, and automatic controls. Dutch Kindleberger departed from Douglas to take over North American. Companies were formed bearing the famous names Bell, Fairchild, Northrop, Beach, Cessna. A World War Navy pilot, Leroy Grumman, left civil engineering to enter aviation. We knew that a conventional airplane wouldn't get us an order. We finally ended up with the design of the first military fighter with retractable landing gear, for which we got a contract and which proved to be highly successful, having the speed for our excess of any current army or Navy fighter of that time. The 30s also were the years in which each summer, fierce competition was held to determine the best of the airplane breed. Proof of the individual airplanes, engines, and pilots came in the national air races. With thousands looking on, the legendary pilots raced. Doolittle, Hazelop, Turner, Whitman, Levere, Kulbach, Newman, Fuller, Jackwell, and Cochran. And flyers still flew against the clock across the continent, across the seas, and indeed around the world itself. Balkan, Post, Gatti, Bird, Hughes, Amelia Earhart, and Wrong Way Corrigan. As the hour swung late in the 30s, the air races were curiously American. For in Europe and Asia, aviation was not a case of relatively puny efforts and sums, such as America was providing, much of it from individual man and companies. Rather, the vast resources of powerful foreign nations now were thrown behind the construction of air forces designed to subdue the world or to defend against such aggression. In the United States, under the impact of a depression, Congress had scrapped the moral board procurement plan and stopped providing appropriations for 1,800 military airplanes that had been scheduled. A New Year's Day, 1936, the Army Air Corps had only 300 planes fit for war duty. A year later, we had dropped to sixth place among powers and air combat strength, although our industry was judged to be technically at least 18 months ahead of foreign competition. France had squandered a first-rate air power while she sat behind the Maginot line. The British, too, had let the Axis powers outstrip them. Frantically, both countries turned toward the United States, aware that in the very act of running hard to meet crisis after crisis, an emphasis had been placed upon research, experiment, and development, which gave the United States technically superior aviation equipment. So the free world turned to the United States. Germany's Luftwaffe had demonstrated that the airplane was a vital weapon of modern offensive war. In the skies above England, the Royal Air Force now demonstrated that the airplane was a vital instrument of modern defensive war. The struggle in Europe shook America. A month after Congress had received a bill providing only 61 combat airplanes for the Army Air Corps for the following year, President Roosevelt called for a long-range production program of 50,000 airplanes. America slowly mobilized its productive capacity. It began to draft its young men. It sought to train them with wooden guns, cardboard tanks, and mock airplanes until it could gear its productive capacity to build the real thing. The war spread. Germany seized Norway, turned on its momentary ally, Russia, overran Greece, joined its partner, Italy and Africa, and encouraged its Asiatic ally, Japan. Nothing could have convinced the people of America more surely of the bitter nature of modern war than the sneak punch that Japan threw at Pearl Harbor. The nation fell to work to expand its token battle forces and its production into a great tide of men and machines to train men and to equip them for required long months, particularly in aviation. Immediately after the President's pronouncement in 1914, licenses were given to the automotive group largely to assist in the production schedules which lie ahead. Nevertheless, until the end of 1943, the equipment which actually saw service on the various fighting fronts all over the world were furnished entirely by the aeronautical industry because it was a fact that it required 20 months, two years, for the average automotive company to begin. With their momentum at full flood, the Japanese swept through the Pacific. Jimmy Doolittle and a little band of flyers carried the war home to them in a joint Navy Air Force operation. I've frequently been asked, what was the purpose and what was the effect of the first Tokyo raid? Well, the purpose was to take the war to Japan, to show them that their island was not inviolate. The effect was to cause them to divert some of their military strength that was needed in the South Pacific to the protection of the home islands. Slowly, the nation began to regain control of the air and the sea lanes that it had lost in the Pacific. The first great victory was the Battle of the Coral Sea. Captain Thatch, one of the Navy's ableist flyers and tacticians, remembers that battle and the subsequent battle of Midway. In the Battle of the Coral Sea, for example, the dive bombers and torpedo planes and the fighters came in almost simultaneously. But the enemy concentrated on the dive bombers. At the same time, that let the torpedo planes in and they did most of the damage. On the other hand, in the Battle of Midway later, the enemy fighters concentrated on the torpedo planes and the dive bombers came in almost unmolested. I could see them coming down like a huge waterfall and there were particularly no misses. They were the ones that did the job in the Battle of Midway. From their bases in England, American bombers began to strike at the heart of Germany under the direction of general spots. Strategic bombing was one of the ways of winning the war. And our fighter operations in a large measure developed into covering operations for the bombers. In order to do that, we had to have the development that had taken place. Good radio, so the leader of the fighter outfits could not only talk to his own men, but be in communication with the bombers and in turn get some guidance from ground control stations on the ground by radio. This resulted in a different type of fighting and a different type of operation. But it proved conclusively in World War II that the airplane had developed to such an extent that air warfare became a different war altogether than land and sea warfare. Wellwood Beale, a member of the team of designers who created the B-17, saw the airplane altered from a defensive to an offensive weapon. The conception of strategic air bombing was not fully developed at that point. Originally, for instance, the B-17 was built to protect our coast from an invading fleet and hence it was called the Flying Fortress. But when we got to England, it was obvious that to use these bombers to the greatest advantage that we would have to not only get the enemy's supply lines, but the places where he manufactured his military equipment. The British thought it would be easier to do it at night. It had much greater chance of success and would be less vulnerable to enemy fighters and they called their bombing saturation bombing.  The Americans, however, decided that with the B-17 and the B-24 that they could pinpoint a specific target, for instance, the ball bearing factory at Swinefoot. They, in order to do the job properly, decided that it should be done at daytime where their bomb site was the most effective. At home, the United States had channeled its great energies and its vast technologies to produce and flood the goods of war. And now, with our allies, our integrated sea, land and air combat team attacked. No one in aviation believes that aviation alone won the war. We do believe that the war might not have been won by ourselves and our allies, except that we had control of the air. In the war's closing hours, Germany had employed guided missiles brutally, but without decisive effect. Simultaneously, England and Germany had put a few airplanes in the air powered by a radical new type of engine, the jet turbine. The jet became really important in aviation. The accumulated engineering know-how that this country had built up with its destination equipment suddenly became very much less important. This event was really a great leveler in engineering background and potential for all countries. And we had to start over again to try to regain the supremacy which we had in World War II. In their march across Germany, Russia had seized Germany's military tools and designs and many of the engineers who were developing the jet. The Russians now increasingly saw the allied victory in which they had been a partner as largely their own. The Western world was either bled white by the war or demobilized. Russia and its communists allies alone kept their armies intact. Their whole creed was one of forts and they began imposing that force on Poland, Bulgaria, Romania and Czechoslovakia. Russia's abrupt belligerence forced this country's attention upon the air power we had let melt away. For the third time in little more than a generation, the nation set about building a modern air arm. This one to be shaped around the fantastic speeds the gas turbine engine provided. Then in 1948, when the Russians sealed off the land corridors leading to Western Berlin, the United States, England and France countered with a famous Berlin air leak. From their bases outside the Iron Curtain, a steady stream of airplanes flew night and day supplying West Berlin's two million residents with food, fuel and medicine. Finally, the communists capitulated and reopened the land corridor. Then they sent their minions into war in Korea. There the United Nations chose to stand and fight. It was a strange, bitter, circumscribed war. The Air Force's prime striking weapon, its strategic air command was ruled out of bounds. The first sustained jet combat in history took place in a quadrangle of sky up to 40,000 feet above the earth but always south of the Alu River. Russia set aloft a first-rate jet fighter than me. Only the Air Force's saber from the United Nations array of fighter planes could match it. It was a war in which transport airplanes flew 7,000 miles to deliver materiel and to return sick and wounded men. And it was a war in which the helicopter, with its ability to fly standing still and land anywhere, did a multitude of jobs. Among them, transporting literally thousands of wounded from the battlefield to rear area hospitals for prompt surgical attention. Under the impact of Korea, the nation had begun again to turn out modern aircraft in quantities. Mundy Peel, the chairman of the industry's association. We as an aircraft industry are at present time turning out about 14,000 airplanes. At the moment, we are a healthy industry. We have to pour back tremendous amount of funds into research and development, funds that we earn when we make the airplanes. This is a very healthy thing. It creates competition. We want competition. Modern test pilots who fly at sonic speeds and incredible altitudes take an equally factual view of their calling. Tex Johnston sums up his philosophy after putting the J57-powered B-52 through its paces. After 12 years of testing, 10 years in the jet field, involving the first jet airplane to fly in this country, the B-59, first rocket airplane to fly in the United States, the X-1 incident with the first airplane to fly faster than the speed of sound. The B-47, the B-52, I believe all the more in the two old sayings. First, that one test flight is worth 1,000 expert opinions, and the other one for the flyboys, altitude above you and runway behind you will never do you any good. Chuck Yeager, the first man to fly through the sonic barrier, and Bill Bridgeman, a test pilot who has flown almost twice the speed of sound and has piloted a plane at an altitude of 79,000 feet, discussed their calling in language peculiarly their own. I certainly enjoyed the work. I think launch is the only safe way to get into that kind of plane. It's a heck of a lot safer.  And I actually, I personally think that's the most fun involved in a flight is when the guy cuts you loose, you're just hanging there for a minute, just like on a rolling coaster. And so the airplane has evolved from the rights whose first flights at Kitty Hawk were at speeds hardly faster than an athlete can run to speeds today where the Bridgemans, the Yeagers, and the Johnstons travel faster than a bullet. Horizons far beyond today's achievements, still beckon. Frankly long. Had he flown before? Yes, I've flown before. The big picture is an official report for the armed forces and the American people produced by the Army Pictorial Center presented by the Department of the Army in cooperation with the state.


The CHIP program may be the most well-published community-based lifestyle intervention in the medical literature and one of the most effective, with clinical changes approaching that achieved in live-in residential lifestyle programs. Encouraging people to transition towards a more whole-food, plant-based diet achieved blood pressure benefits that were greater than those reported with the DASH diet and comparable with the results in blood pressure-lowering drug trials. If we're going to reverse the worldwide chronic disease epidemic, though, we've got to scale this thing up. So to make the CHIP program more accessible to a wider audience, each of Han's deal's live presentations were videotaped. Then you could just have a volunteer facilitator get people in a room, watch the videos, help foster a discussion. I mean, when it comes to safe, simple, side-effect-free solutions like a healthier diet and lifestyle, you don't need to wait for a doctor to show up and give a lecture. Yeah, but does it work? Look at these numbers for those that came in the worst of the worst and finished all the videos. 20-point drop in blood pressures, 40-point drop in LDL, more than a 500-point drop in triglycerides. Of those that came in with diabetic-level fasting blood sugars, about 1 in 3 left with non-diabetic fasting blood sugars, and all they did was empower people with knowledge. Just encouraging people to move toward a whole-food, plant-based diet led to these remarkable benefits. How about the effectiveness of this volunteer-delivered lifestyle modification program on 5,000 people? Same kind of significant reductions in weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood sugars. Most studies giving dietary advice to free-living subjects can be expected to reduce total cholesterol by only about 5%, but hey, a sustained reduction of even 1% may result in a 2% to 3% reduction in the incidence of heart disease. So, you know, on a population scale, even small differences matter, but put thousands of people through just one month of chip and get an 11% drop on average, and up to a nearly 20% drop among those who need it the most. Yeah, but do they maintain their healthy habits? I mean, doctors can't even get most people to keep taking a single pill once a day. How effective is a volunteer-led video series going to be at getting people to maintain a change of eating habits? Researchers looked at the chip data to find out how are participants still doing 18 months later? Most were able to maintain their reductions of meat, dairy, and eggs, though some of the junk food started to slip back in, and their fruit and veggie consumption dipped, not back to baseline, but here's the huge shocker. Even though they were explicitly told to eat as much as they wanted, no calorie or carb counting, no portion control, just by being informed about the benefits of centering their diets more around whole plant foods, by the end of the six-week program, they were eating on average about 339 fewer calories a day, without even trying. Instead of eating less food, they were just eating healthier food. Okay, but that was right at the end of the six-week program, when they were all jazzed up. Where were they 18 months later? Anyone familiar with weight loss studies knows how this works. I mean, you can excite anyone in the short term to lose weight using practically any kind of diet, but then six months later, a year later they tended to gain it all back, or even more. Yeah, they were eating about 300 calories less a day during their program, but 18 months later we're only eating about 400 calories less? Wait, what kind of diet can work even better the longer you do it? A whole food plant-based diet. Many weight loss programs restrict calorie intake by limiting portion sizes, which often results in hunger and dissatisfaction, contributing to low compliance and weight regain. But the satiety promoting all-you-care-to-eat plant-based whole food dietary approach may be the secret weapon towards sustainable weight loss.