tired of the everyday routine ever dream of a life of romantic adventure want to get away from it all we offer you escape escape designed to free you from the four walls of today for a half hour of high adventure escape brought to you by your richfield gasoline dealer and the richfield oil corporation of New York marketers of richfield gasoline's with xylene rich Lou all-weather motor oil and other famous petroleum products look for the richfield eagle on the cream and blue pumps tonight we escaped to the jungles of South America and a seething tale of terror and violence as told by James Poe in blood starring mr. Vincent Price by portaging the rapids and walking the mules in the shallower stretches we'd managed to get our supplies and equipment more than 1700 miles up the river after this further navigable passage being impossible we'd traveled by foot hacking our way through the thick steaming jungle coaxing and goading the heavily laden beasts we'd left the jungle and begun the climb 11 days later high in the Andes we found our objective we set to work hard work and then on a hazy afternoon in late May we found the scene below us the mountain swung down to the jungle which stretched eastward far as the eye could see the peaks above us had cut off the setting sun and the light had a curious vial at quality the dank chill wind whispering and gusting set the sparse timber scrubs to trembling and shuddering at the mules disdainful of their five strange masters forage the cacti and dwarf pine the instruments were set up and the specimens were at hand and now crouched and tense we leaned forward how about it has wait the tube's got a warm-up come on come on wait will you I've waited five years for this moment five five hundred you mean five million come on has he how about it has okay give him the sample O'Brien yeah here come on baby shut up will you here goes switch on holy cow good good it's fantastic fantastic yeah yeah come on has he what's the word yes he give gentlemen gentlemen unless this machine is busted unless this Geiger counter has forgotten its multiplication table we have discovered the richest load of uranium or known demand I won't go into the details of how we'd come to locate the orbit because that's a story in itself suffice it to say that late in the afternoon of that hazy May Day the five of us gamblers all came to the end of our rainbow found our pot of gold the vein runs all the way up the side of the mountain must be worth a million bucks a million a billion a trillion bucks do you boys realize what we've got here sure we do we've got the world at our feet by the man who gets the strike registered in his name can be a king every country in the world is going to come running up to him with trunks full of money and power you tell him has he power yeah we'll make the United States the most powerful nation honor why the United States oh you wouldn't sell to anybody else would you have a businessman house you're a fool no no I'm a businessman a trillion oh gents we've got the world at our feet split five ways the world at our feet split five ways that night as I lay huddled under my thin blanket I wondered what it would be like being a wealthy man wondered if it were really true wondered how it would affect the others how it would affect me in the morning we were to set off on the long return journey down to the jungle and through the jungle to the launch and down the river to civilization there we register our claim purchase if need be the land lease it perhaps from the government oh millionaires uranium enough to blow up the home you're a wake up oh good morning millionaires wake up the sun's coming up hey hey where are the others gone yes do not know Brian they took the mules and most of the food and cut out when how do I know when sometime during the night but why why a trillion bucks that's why no no no once they get down to the jungle they'll have to travel on foot there's 10 days March to the river they beat us to the boat we're stuck with 1500 miles of jungle between us and safety impossible we'd never make a hundred that's right we've got to catch them or we're dead traveled as lightly as possible it was a risky business doubly so because O'Brien and Dumont had taken our guns with them the only weapons we had between us were one long machete and two pocket knives these would be of little protection against Jaguar's Bushmaster's tapeers bow constrictors and the rest of it fortunately they'd left our number one necessity to survival they'd forgotten to take our quinine this and our food was all we carry long descent to the jungle was slow going on foot it was here that we nearly gave up hope we moved as fast as we could but we were no match for men who were riding but we reached the jungle then things took a better turn here the thick vines and heavy undergrowth was we knew almost an impossible hazard for a riding man and we could see their boot prints mingled with those of the mules we knew that they were having trouble too the animals were afraid of many things in the jungle would box suddenly require careful handling we pushed ahead as rapidly as possible battling mosquitoes peon flies matukas and the blood-sucking carpato ticks and of course the jungle itself with its never-ending barrage of razor grasses needle vines swamps bog traps and so forth it was hot stinking hot and the going was hard but we had to make it couldn't travel at night they'd taken our flashlights we'd bundle up as best we could protecting ourselves not from the cold it was hot and muggy even at dawn but from the mosquitoes and as we progressed towards the river area from the bats vampire bats ever seen them there's small rather fragile looking little things by day they hang heads down from the trees wings folded like like clusters of rotten fruit by night they hunt they have razor sharp teeth bite like the finest steel scalpels their object is to break the skin very delicately start the blood becoming and then they simply hang on and sit without mosquito netting we had a rough time of it a sleepless time but we managed to keep on going and on the third day we can't make it to the river before them we've got to lose it we've got to make it right we even if we do catch up they got the gun what are you something who quiet quiet what did you hear shh gunfire yeah come on they can't be more than a mile or two ahead come on we ran through the jungle following the fresh marks of the animals and the two men and I half an hour or so later we broke into a little clearing and there was do mark he's dead shot good old sweet guy that old come on let's turn him over but even sweating huh yeah it's malaria see his face good old and do mark came down with malaria probably started to slow him down sweet guy come on come on let's go hey they should have remembered the quinine I got no sympathy for two months you know you know what it'd be nice if that if that OB should get malaria now yeah it'd be helpless he asked me for quinine and I throw him a stone on we went now there were no boot marks with the mule tracks apparently O'Brien was riding one of the animals from time to time we'd see a flurry of tracks churned up as though he had had to dismount to tug one of the beast back onto the trail we followed the tracks for another two days and then on the sixth day we found one of the mules how you feeling boy huh where's your saddle he really looks big look at those marks on his flanks vampire bats yeah that leaves O'Brien on foot yeah hey you hear that launch where did the river he's not in the motor come on it wasn't very far just a few hundred yards and the path was strewn with O'Brien's discarded supplies quite suddenly we came out of the jungle and onto a narrow white sandbar the river and they are not 30 feet away from us just drifting off into the deep dark fast-moving waters was O'Brien in the launch O'Brien look at him he's like a skeleton the launch lurched dizzily as it floated downstream O'Brien was feeble sweating possessed he had the fever had it bad come on let's go after him you can't this is piranha water carnival fish they'll eat you up yeah hey O'Brien hey you know me O'Brien your old pal has me hey what do you say O'Brien huh? he staggered dizzily about the cock that tried to start the engine he was laughing and he was so weak that he could barely spin the flywheel to the kicker O'Brien good lord he's in the water the fish the piranhas they ain't gonna look at this one moment we saw him swimming weakly his large fever-ridden eyes turned imploringly toward us and the next moment he was gone leaving only a large red churning patch on the water the piranhas are small rarely more than 12 or 14 inches long small fish with large powerful jaws teeth like broken glass and an insatiable maniacal appetite for flesh the launch caught by the deep fast moving waters rocked softly this way and that and moved on downstream away way around a bend and out of sight the march of science over the years has produced better than ever gasoline for your car but now science adds one of the greatest gasoline components of all it's called xylene xylene a super gasoline component adds two great qualities to gasoline xylene gives higher than ever antonok performance xylene means power today every gallon of richfield gasoline contains xylene if you want a motor that runs quiet as a whisper if you want pick up and power to spare try richfield gasoline with xylene your richfield dealer offers a choice of two great richfield gas allines with xylene richfield high octane at regular price for the average motor our richfield ethyl ethyl at its best for tip-top results in the highest compression motors drive in where you see the richfield eagle on the cream and blue pumps get richfield gasoline with xylene xylene one of the highest antonok components in gasoline history and now we return you to escape starring vincent price we picked over the supplies of brian had left on the shore there wasn't much we wanted a gun without ammunition a few tins of food a tent and some bedding cooking equipment a coil of rope we loaded these things onto the mule and set off through the jungle downstream along the river's course 1500 miles to civilization we had it tough the jungle was thick along the river's bank and we made little progress not more than five miles that day but the next day we rounded a bend keeping close to the shore and there about a quarter mile below us and nuzzling the opposite shore grounded on the sand lay the launch look shallow enough here yeah yeah dad yeah but what about the fish how deep does it look to you harris at the deepest part of me well I know maybe two and a half feet maybe three most of us less than that I got an idea shoot we've got to get across the launch see so here's what we do we throw away everything there'll be food and water in the launch see yeah now you see that little patches sand in the middle of the river with a bar shows yeah we go that way that's bound to be the shallowest way see how do we go on the mule the three of us yeah this mule ain't such bad condition it can't get the three of us across 70 Peter shallow water where do you say house why not all right I'll get aboard first come on get farther up whimsy you're the lightest yeah harris you get on next hang on the whimsy here here carry this coral rope around your neck we may need it I've got the machete strapped to my back you set wings yeah hold tight to me yes don't worry if I go you go yeah the feet goes I go so let's hang on gents let's really hang on long as he's moving fast they can't get it his legs and that right he's not showing anything to him but whoops and hair hold his head up whims don't let him look down y'all yeah all set here we go I get off come on baby I felt the new alert when he steps into the water is the sand was softer here than on the shore a head not 40 feet away lay the little spit of land the mule refused to run couldn't run and before he'd taken 10 steps I knew he was too weak to support the three of us hey from every direction in the swirling water about his came small shadowy dark shapes the piranhas don't stop come on baby come on baby he can't do it what are those piranhas returning the water about us and coming in from beyond them were four or five long dark shaped six and seven feet long thick and wriggling electric eels get into the sandbar made it straw bottle electric eels I can throw a jolt that'll kill a jaguar like a jaws like a vice so here we are gentlemen stuck just 30 feet of water between us and the shore get across it we can get to the launch and the civilization and all three of us are too much for that new only 30 feet why you could run it in seconds you see those little shadows around us in the water I see those little shadows around us you don't have to draw pictures hey oh here's another bright idea coming up it's a matter of fact yeah hold on to your hat Harris we got that curler rope yes the mule could carry one of us that mules not in such bad shape you know yes tie the robo brisk bridle then one of us pulls him over with him fast you see one rides and then the other two pull him back yeah yeah the next one gets on yeah what do you say oh it can't stay here it's a natural who goes first me on a kind of in the latest I won't tire him so much how about it Harris all right well get going then okay tie that rope to his brow I'm doing it right give me the machete what do you want the machete for I want it that's all getting okay all right now you two get at the end of the spit so it's when you pay out the line you don't get it caught in his legs you think of everything that's right I'm a smart boy ready with a line sure it's tied fast to the bride I'm sure no funny business weems all we got to do is jerk this rope once while you're over that water and you're done for you're a sharp article yeah that's right but not sharp enough hey we need to cut the rope the rope our only salvation was cut and now weems grinning and riding was out into the stream heading for the shore and safe he went not 15 feet when one of the long dark wriggling shapes made for the mule and got his leg the mule reared up on his hind legs the eel clinging to his foot pumping paralyzing shocks into him weems clutched his neck with one hand and slapped him on the flank with the flat of the machete with the other the mule came down and more eels went for his legs he began to lurch sideways weems swung the long steel blade in an arc barely missing the mules leg and connected with one of the eels seemed to stand on end his other arm released the mules neck the arm holding the blade was extended stiffly still caught in the thick muscular back at the electric deal and then the mule reared again and weems fell back into the water the mule freed of weems made the shore and vanished into the jungle we turned away no man could watch what was happening to weems and retain his sanity and so there we were hess and I on that sense bit which the river was slowly washing away night coming vampire bats coming and all about us the electric eels and the little cannibal fish waiting there was no moon there were evil stars red and yellow it was a black sky and against it blacker shapes the vampire bats we waved our arms and kept them off but again and again during that long and terrible night they brushed against the squealing and squeaking trying to get us dark evil thirsting bats thousand years later came the dawn that waters taken a lot of sand away this thing isn't much bigger than a card table look at them look at those fish you think they had enough to eat yesterday listen Harris no matter what happens now at least you and I have played that square right yeah that's right shake my hand Harris all right because I think I got an idea on how we can get out of here what yeah look up there yeah see see that vine hanging down from the big tree it's over the water and it must be 15 feet up yeah yeah but if you were on it you could do a Tarzan to the shore the rope that's right now if we can just lasso the end of that and pull tight we'll have enough swing to make it across swing like a pendulum if you follow me one guy gets on the other shoulders to swing over to get the start see then when he gets to shore he fastens a rock and swings the rope back to the other that vine will hold it'll work took us two hours before we managed to lasso the end of that vine and then we tested it again and again until we were positive it would hold a man's weight and then we were ready you stand good and steady now pal I'm gonna go easy on you but don't shake because if you spill me in that water I'm a gone guy I'm ready I'm ready good luck here then he was off skimming the water with his feet drawn up and then miraculously he was on the shore like a breeze and he rocks around there smiled at me and shrugged and then look down the stream at the launch I knew that smile that trillion dollars smile it said so long sucker don't do it yes send me the rope you can have it all yes every scrap of it only for the love of mercy send me the rope he stood there laughing at me and shaking his head slowly but above him just over his head was another vine thick and modeled and it was moving look out yes just stood there smiling and shaking his head the boy constricted dropped heavily and accurately a thrashing tangle of scaly must the sun was hot blistering I was alone all alone except for the ever-waiting piranhas Hess's body was hidden by the low scrubby vines and palmetto's several hours later I saw the boy now gorgeous slither lumpily away I waited and I waited from time to time I thought of stepping out into the stream it would be over very quickly I told myself very quickly I couldn't and then I noticed the current which had been sweeping the sand away had shifted slightly a whim of miracle and now new sand from some sunken bar was beginning to pile up between me and the shore grain by grain rib by rib and I watched and at five o'clock that afternoon I walked the shore and didn't even get my feet wet it's nice where I live quiet little streets nice people nice kids nice country peaceful nice peace I know where there's enough uranium to blow it all the hell what it just go up the river up the river it's it's worth it taking as Dumont and Obi and Wiens and Hess a trillion bucks worth enough to give the whole world a bloodbath yourself included warm summer weather makes you think of baseball games picnics and holiday driving but be sure your car is ready when you are get richfield all point safety service the service that puts your car in top shape for warm weather driving with richfield all point safety service you get a careful all point lubrication job that protects the chassis transmission and differential you get lubricants that stick to your car's ribs no matter what the temperature you get the protection of rich Lou all weather motor oil the Pennsylvania premium grade oil that cleans as it lubricates you also get a safety check of batteries spark plugs tires and radiator and expert service if your car has automatic transmission the richfield gasoline dealer is specially trained to protect your car against wear and breakdown so get richfield all point safety service tomorrow look for the richfield eagle on the cream and blue pumps escape is produced and directed by william and robeson and tonight starred mr. vincent price bloodbath was written by james poe others in the cast for walley mayor ted decorsia paul freese and tony barrett special music arranged in played by ivan ditmars next week you are groping your way slowly through the dark hold of a ship at sea moving carefully step by step dreading to find what you know is there death in the form of a deadly bush master from which there is no escape next week at this time the richfield oil corporation of new york invites you to escape to the carabin and a grim voyage of impending death as martin storm tells it in this exciting tale a shipment of mute fate goodbye then until the same time next week when once again we offer you escape tom hanlon speaking this is cbs the columbia broadcasting system


Research on human brain development and neurological diseases is limited by the lack of advanced experimental in vitro models that recapitulate the complexity of the human brain. Here, we describe a robust human brain organoid system that is highly specific to the midbrain derived from regionally patterned neuroepithelial stem cells. These human midbrain organoids contain spatially organized groups of dopaminergic neurons, which make them an attractive model for the study of Parkinson's disease. This article was authored by Anna S. Monzel, Lisa M. Schmitz, Catherine Hemmer and others.


So what's it called? The state of the global media? Boy, that's a difficult subject, state of the global media. Last night I decided to read the committee for the protection of journalists. And they produce, not every year but occasionally they produce a very useful list of the countries that most highly censor their media. So I decided to go and take a look at the list. And, you know, it was interesting to see who made the cut. So in the last list that they produced, the country which apparently most censors its media is Eritrea. And then second, let me just read the top 10 countries. Eritrea starts is the most censored media. Then North Korea. Then interestingly, Saudi Arabia is the number third. Ethiopia, Azerbaijan, Vietnam, Iran, China, Myanmar and Cuba. That's the list that the committee for the protection of journalists has decided are the countries that most heavily censor their media.  In other words, where perhaps media outlets are not allowed to be in the private sector. In other words, they are publicly held or state run media outlets. The more state run media outlets, the greater the censorship is the understanding. The other kind of metric is these are countries where journalists get arrested, let's say, formally arrested by the state. Perhaps for stories they've done, etc. It's quite a conventional understanding of censorship. I thought given that North Korea is so much in the news, you know, the flash point. One of the three flash points for a war that the United States might start, you know, this afternoon. The United States might go to war this afternoon against Iran. It might go to war this afternoon against North Korea. It might go to war this afternoon against Venezuela. These are the three wars that I believe might happen, you know, within hours. We don't know. Partly we don't know because we're also now in the position of having a president of the United States who's deeply erratic. And his erraticism might come out, you know, in ways we don't expect. It's very hard to forecast with the reason when the madman is in control. You know, Richard Nixon had a madman theory of the US presidency.  In some ways Donald Trump has adopted the madman theory. So let's take North Korea. Let's not debate whether North Korea's media is censored or not. Okay, because that's crazy. I mean, we can come back to that. Is North Korea's media censored? Let's set that aside. Let's ask the other question. Is the Western media censored when it comes to talking about North Korea? I think it's an interesting thought experiment. It's kind of boring for me to come here and talk about North Korea's media being censorist towards journalists, etc. Because that's the so-called conventional wisdom, right? I think the other question is maybe a little more interesting. Let's call it Western media. But Western media is inadequate because after all, Indian media borrows almost all its foreign news from the Western media. So let's just call it a shorthand, the corporate media. Or maybe even if we were being more straightforward and less evasive. If I wasn't being evasive, I might even say the imperialist media. Okay, so let's go for the sake of this presentation. Let's call it the imperialist media. What does the imperialist media share with the world about North Korea? There was an interesting moment last week when the American comedy show host Jimmy Kimmel sent a journalist on the street with an empty map and asked Americans, ordinary Americans, to tell this person with the map, where is North Korea? It's a basic question, you know, you want to bomb a country. Well, at least you should know where it is on the map. I mean, I'm not even asking you what is the capital of North Korea. That's too much to ask of somebody, perhaps. But at least they should know where it is on the map.  I'm not saying that ordinary citizens are targeting missiles. I'm not silly, but it's a good idea, practical idea. Well, what Jimmy Kimmel's reporter found was that most Americans that they met on the street had no idea where North Korea was. No idea on the world map. Some people were picking South America, some people thought it was in Africa. They had no clue. This is interesting. So the basic fact of where the country is is not available to them.  In other words, you know, generally there are some protocols for journalists who cover foreign affairs. And one of the protocols is to get the basic facts right. So what you find with North Korea is any story is allowed. Any outlandish story, you know, that dogs are being eaten in the countryside. Or that, in fact, the leader is dead. In fact, there was a parody website that ran a story saying Kim Jong-un was dead. And the stock market in South Korea tanked. Because the parody story was taken as real. Why was it taken as real? Because really every reporter in North Korea has a parody story. Nobody has stepped back from the cartoonish descriptions of North Korea to ask basic questions. You know, when you write as a journalist, particularly when you write about foreign matters, matters outside the context of the country. Look, if I'm writing for the Hindu about Tamil Nadu politics, I don't have to explain the Dravidian movement. I don't have to explain what's happening in AI, DMK. Although these days it's a pretty good idea to explain to people, you know, what the complexities are. You don't have to do that because in general the readers, you know, understand something of the context of what's happening when you're in a domestic market. Generally people understand. If you're writing about, you know, Indian politics, generally people know who Amit Shah is. But when you write about foreign affairs, there's an obligation to explain. In other words, the explanation, taking the reader out of their context and providing them with the process of a place's history and its context is central. Without that, how can a reader understand how that country's people think, how its political leadership makes decisions? You know, these are, it seems to me, essential things to understand. With North Korea, there is no attempt to explain or understand its contemporary history.  Let's accept that cartoonish description, okay? It's a paranoid country. Fine. High level of secrecy. Reporters coming in, always tracked. All this is true. Fine, let's accept that.  Not, look, it's paranoid. They eat dogs. Their leader is crazy. He has a horrible haircut. He's put on weight so he can look like his grandfather. You know, that's not reporting. That's, in a sense, sensationalism, a cartoonish depiction of a country. You'll have to ask the question, why are they secretive? Why are they scared of being obliterated? Now, if you ask that sensitive journalistic question, which is, I think, an important approach, important direction to take, then you have to confront North Korea's history. You have to confront the fact that North Korea is actually in a war. There was no end to the American war in Korea that began in the 1950s. There's only been a very provisional ceasefire. The war has not ended. There is no peace agreement. They are still in a state of war. If you go back and look at that war, the United States bombed that country mercilessly. You know, bombing dams, flooding fields, destroying infrastructure, pushing its political leadership deeper and deeper into caves. The reason they are terrified is they have a contemporary experience of being near annihilation. It's one of the few countries, Vietnam another, which has actually experienced the full weight of American aerial capacity. You know, the United States has the capacity to obliterate countries with its aerial power. And Korea, very early on, right after the use of nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, experienced mass destruction of cities and, as I said, mass destruction of agriculture. You'd have to also therefore understand, if you accept that this is a fact, which indeed it is, where, you know, the commander of American forces essentially said, we'll bomb them back to the Stone Age. This isn't the public record. You don't have to invent this stuff. Journalists can find this. There are historians, people like Bruce Cummings, who have written about this. You'd also find that the Americans collaborated in the Korean War with former Japanese fascists. You know, including, by the way, the grandfather of the current head of government in Japan, Mr Abe, his grandfather was a fascist. There was collaboration with these people to go and get Kim Il-sung, to somehow kill him. This man, the grandfather of Abe, was in a unit that was tasked with killing the grandfather of Kim Jong-un. You know, there are deep and pernicious histories involved here. They are scared of massive attack again. The war has not ended. You'd have to explore that. You'd have to educate your readers about that. Then you'd have to also educate your readers about much more contemporary history. In other words, they'd say, why do the North Koreans have a nuclear program? Shouldn't they be feeding their population? It's a very fair question. It's a very humane question.  Sensitive, sensible journalists would ask, what has been the impact of the American regime change operations in Iraq and Libya in particular on the North Korean government and its people? Because after all, both Iraq and Libya voluntarily got rid of their nuclear weapons program and therefore disarmed themselves and prepared themselves for an American attack.  After all, I think they are human beings. I think they do like to talk to people because after all, we know this from them having given interviews to the few people who've asked them this question. How has the history of United States and NATO intervention in Libya affected your policymaking? And they will tell you directly that, yes, we see the example of Libya in particular as a singularly instructive example. The Libyans had a nuclear weapons program which they gave up, therefore disarming themselves and opening the door to massive NATO attack regime change and the destruction of Libya. They can turn around and tell their people, say, look, look at Libya, look at what happened. Do you want us to disarm? I'm not saying that their policy is the correct one. As a journalist, I don't need to take a position on that. But I need to provide the context and the process of decision making so that my viewers or my readers can understand a little of why the North Korean government is making the kinds of decisions it's making. Is it making it merely because it's crazy? That's what the media suggests. The imperialist media, corporate media, western media, whatever you call it, suggests generally in their reporting on North Korea that they're crazy, insular, mad, defective. There's a genetic flaw. I mean, all kinds of things you can read. If you read the British tabloid press, they are, of course, much more extreme in their disdain and it's racist as well at bottom. Now, further, and this is interesting and important, you know, I'm also trained as a historian, but I understand that the training of a historian is very useful for a journalist. In other words, to periodize the history of a place like North Korea. You know, in the late 1990s and in the early 2000s, under pressure from the Chinese government, the North Koreans had started to liberalize the economy. And in fact, began to make an overture to the west. At which point, and by the way, this is the same thing the Iranians were doing, making an overture to the west. There was a big reform movement. You know, they seemed very close to victory. They wanted to liberalize the economy. You know, don't mistake these governments for leftist governments that have some antipathy to neoliberal policies or liberalization. They are quite happy to start liberalizing. And they tried to do whatever they were doing in between 1998 and 2002. But then the Americans, bizarrely, because of a kind of insensate, new conservative politics, attached Iraq, Iran and North Korea into a concept which was called the axis of evil. And the Americans said, that is George W. Bush, then President of the United States, said that these three countries are not only the axis of evil, but it's the responsibility of the United States to knock out their regimes. And as if to make their concept vital come to life, they knocked out the government in Baghdad. Now, imagine if you are in Pyongyang, by the way, capital of North Korea, or in Tehran, capital of Iran. You are thinking, wait a minute, the Americans have placed us in this concept called the axis of evil. And we know it's not a joke. We know it's not a joke because they just took out Saddam Hussein's bath party in Iraq. They're going to train their guns on us next. So now, if you put this into the context, if you explain this to your viewers or your readers, they have a better sense of the stakes of why North Korea takes the position it takes. Now, I'm not saying all this to talk about North Korea. I'm talking about the state of the global media, remember. I began by saying the Committee for the Protection of Journalists said, listen, North Korea has a highly censored media, number two on the list, Eritrea number one. Nowhere on that list is the media of the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, India. It doesn't exist on that list because they understand censorship in the narrowest possible way. In fact, in a way that's not useful. If the government is the main media, that's bad for them, it's a factor by itself, regardless of the content of the government media. If it's all privatized, that's good. That's somehow not censored. These are the kind of metrics they use. But I want us to think not in terms of this metric, but in terms of ideological censorship. Because ideological censorship is the real problem in the world today. It's not necessarily that governments are controlling the narrative. Governments are controlling the narrative. But the question isn't them ham-handedly controlling the narrative. It's that the narrative now is dominating the way in which stories are written. It would be almost crazy for somebody, even in the Indian media, to write a story trying to explain how the North Koreans see the world. Even in the Indian media, it might be seen. In the Western media, it would be unthinkable. Because you would get accused then of being sort of sympathetic to the North Koreans. You try to explain and understand something that is tantamount to sympathy. Why? Because the ideological censorship has bifurcated the world in a kind of mannequian way. Black, white, good, evil. Democracy, terrorism. Those who are on the side of democracy, they can do no wrong. Those who are on the side of terrorism, we should not even try to understand what they are doing. But the cartoonish North Korean media is less dangerous than the cartoonish media of the imperialists. Why? Because the North Koreans are not actually going to bomb anybody. They're not producing a global narrative to go to war against anybody. But the imperialist media is producing a narrative where once you say that the government is just crazy, these people are crazy, these people are themselves terrorists. There's no space for dialogue and negotiation. I mean, the test case for this is Libya. So let's turn to Libya. Because I think to understand the global media, you know, I could have spent 10, 15 minutes on media consolidation. You know, Axel Springer in Europe, German media companies, Bustleman. I have spent so much time talking about news core coming out of Australia dominating. I mean, this stuff people generally know. You know, we could talk about Facebook, YouTube, the censorship that is occurring behind the scenes. Palestinian rights post-disappearing miraculously. Okay, corporate consolidation, narrowness. We'll come back to that maybe. I'm actually interested in this other side of it, which is the ideological problem. Where there's a kind of ideological preparation. There's an ideological homogeneity that's beginning to take hold in the global media. There's an ideological homogeneity that's killing off the ability to think from other people's viewpoint. You know, what is it to be human? It's to empathize with other people's viewpoint. How can you have diplomacy without empathy? When people meet, when diplomats meet to negotiate a conflict, they have to be able to see the conflict from the eyes of the other party. Otherwise, there's no way they can negotiate. They have to see that the other party has legitimate grievances. If they don't think they have grievances, and if they are much more powerful than the other people, they'll just bomb them. Let's look at Libya. Now, you see, the Libya story is interesting because that is the NATO war in 2011. The Libya story is really quite interesting to me because this was a war that was produced by the media, by the imperialist media, the global media, the western media. How did they produce this war? I remember being at the United Nations interviewing people, asking them, this is in late February of 2011, asking them simple questions like, how do you know what's going on in Libya? What is your basis of knowledge? The UN doesn't have a team there, there's nobody there. The opposition is based at the time in Benghazi. They are telephoning Bernard Henry Levy, you know, the so-called, or the French so-called intellectual, who was on the phone with the French so-called politician, Nicolas Sarkozy, and they were talking about how they should come and, you know, save the Libyans, etc. How was the office of Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General, able to make a determination of what's going on in Libya? What was the basis, the factual basis of their determination? Simple question, right? I mean, it's what people should ask. How do you know what happened? Recently, the Trump administration dropped the Mother of All Bombs on Afghanistan, on Nangahar, you know, in Fah-Eastern, South-Eastern Afghanistan, Nangahar province. The Washington Post immediately published a story in which they said that this bomb was dropped, this massive bomb. So many ISIS members were killed. There was no civilian casualties. Now, this was a story written by Robert Koster, a journalist. I'm coming back to Libya, but this is a good detour. Robert Koster, very good story, based on what? How did Robert Koster know that the bomb, which was dropped by the United States government, on that there was no dispute? The United States said we dropped a bomb. But how did Robert Koster know how many ISIS members had been killed, number one? And secondly, how did Robert Koster know that no civilians had been killed? These are elementary factual matters. How did he establish that? When the Washington Post was asked this question, they answered. They received the information from the Pentagon. In other words, the United States military, which had dropped this bomb, the Mother of All Bombs, in a press release, said that so many ISIS had been killed and they revised the number. They upwardly revised it. And no civilians had died. And the paper published this as a story. They didn't say in the story we got the facts from the Pentagon. They published this as a story. Now, that to me is in the realm of basically censorship. That's state-driven stenography. That's not journalism. Journalists have to be able to confirm certain things. A young Afghan journalist, very smart person, stringer based in Kabul, got into a car and drove to Nangar. The area was closed to journalists. He was not allowed to enter there. He was told that it's an active combat zone. Interesting. You dropped this huge bomb. You claimed to have wiped out all of ISIS and now you say it's an active combat zone. He was not allowed in. So he went around the perimeter of this massive crater. It was an enormous crater, miles. And he interviewed villagers around there. And they told him the ground collapsed under their feet. They also told him that there were thousands of people living in that zone, in villages in that zone. So now he could walk away and based on his field intervention, he could say, well, I don't know how many ISIS were killed. It is clear that there were ISIS fighters there. Because in the previous summer, the Afghan National Army had engaged ISIS in that area. We know that that's true. But we do also know this was not a remote area and some hills. There were people living there, thousands of people. I cannot confirm the death rate. But I know that outside the crater, people felt the ground moved. Which means there must have been something inside the crater. We just don't know. Which means that the Washington Post story was censored. Because it was gifted to it by the US military. And the story didn't, again, in a sensible and sensitive way, question, ask the basic questions when the journalists wrote the story. Basic questions were not asked. Now, where is censorship? Remember this concept of ideological censorship? It's a very important theme for me. Because it's true. The United States government may not arrest journalists. It's true. There may be millions of journalistic outlets available, free in some way. Access to information is going to be difficult. And you begin to rely on the state to tell you what to write. And then there is this ideological censorship, where you begin to inhabit the narrative. Libya. How did the Secretary General know what was going on? Interestingly, the first time that they answered the question, they said it was from press reports. Now, that's interesting. The UN Secretary General, Secretariat, is making a determination about whether or not the Security Council, in other words, the Secretary General has to make a statement when a Security Council is debating whether to go to war against another member state. Their basis for understanding basic factual information on Libya was based on press reports. Very vague. So then what's the natural follow-up? Which press? Whose press reports are you looking at? And where is this press writing from? Well, it turned out that it was the press of Saudi Arabia, which is a press news empire called Al-Arabiya. Now remember on the Committee for the Freedom of Press, Saudi Arabia was number three after North Korea. So we had Eritrea, North Korea, Saudi Arabia. Anyway, let's leave that aside. I've already said that that list is really quite limited in its utility, because that list is basically a very narrow definition of censorship, which I don't feel is useful any longer. I would like the Committee for the Protection of Journalists to take a broader view, look at ideological censorship, look at much broader questions, but obviously they're not going to. You took Saudi Arabia, its press, which is an entirely 100% government press, its reports of massive civilian casualties in Libya. And based on that, you allowed a discussion at the UN Security Council over whether the United Nations should authorize a military strike on Libya, based on press reports and then more concretely on Saudi Arabia's press, Al-Arabiya. Now it turned out that Saudi Arabia actually had an interest in attacking and destroying Libya. Now, this is another question. We don't have time to get into it. The king, then king of Saudi Arabia hated Gaddafi.  We always think there's more involved in it than merely that kings hate people and so on. But in the case of Bonaki's, they can make policy based on their personal opinions. Although there were other issues involved, but I'm not getting into that. What I'm interested in is that this was the standard, this ideologically censored media, was the standard for the way in which the world was now told about what was happening in Libya. After the war, when investigations were done based on those previous assessments of mass civilian casualties, it was found that the casualty rate was much lower. Secondly, it was found that casualty rates were mainly mailed. Now, it's an interesting idea when if you're a journalist, sensitive journalist looking at war, if you look at casualty rates, you know that civilian casualties are greater when the casualties are male and female in relative equivalence.  If it's largely only male, then it's, I think, should send a flag up and these may have been people who are fighting. They may have been combatants, or one way or the other. But they also found that numbers were much lower. Now, based on this, when various organizations approached NATO, which under whose auspices the war had taken place, and asked NATO, allow us to do an investigation. NATO refused. Peter Olson, the lawyer for NATO, said that it's not possible. And what he said is instructive. It comes to ideological censorship. What Peter Olson said is, it is not possible for NATO to deliberately kill civilians. Now, just remember this in line of how the media reports, say, from Syria or from other places in the world. When the West bombs, it bombs for a reason. Allah, Rabbi, has said civilians are being killed. So when it bombs, it bombs for a reason. When other countries go into conflict, and I'm not justifying their conflicts by saying so, I'm merely pointing out the so-called ideological double standards here. When other countries go into conflict, it's always for the wrong reason. They could not have a reason to enter conflict. The West is the only noble agent in the world. Secondly, if the West ever does kill civilians, it is accidental.  Olson said that the West, the NATO, could not and can never deliberately... We will never have a policy of deliberately targeting civilians. It's not possible. Therefore, we cannot be investigated. That was what the lawyer said. They refused the investigation. Imagine this. Why was this not on the front page of every single newspaper? That NATO, which had received the imprimatur of the 193, 194 member states of the United Nations, refused to be investigated by the UN, even though the UN mandate given to NATO said that after the war, you have to be investigated. Why didn't every single newspaper in 193, 94 countries put this on the front page? Why didn't the Times of India have this on the front page? In other words, India, which was, I think at that time, the president of the Security Council, participated in this decision-making process, and India has horrified that there is no after-action basic investigation. Nobody is silent because we all live under ideological censorship. All these media outlets, to some extent, believe that when the West bombs, if it kills, it kills accidentally. It kills civilians. It kills them accidentally. When the Eastern malevolent dictator attacks, they intend to kill civilians. This is a very old colonial idea. In the colonial logic, when the British conducted atrocities in India, they did it for pedagogical purposes. They wanted to teach Indians how to behave, etc. Like during the aftermath of 1857-58. It was pedagogical. Teach the Indians how to become modern. When the Indians acted, whether it's Black Hole of Calcutta or whatever, the slaughter of Lucknow, the slaughter of the English families, etc., it's monumentalized as the barbarism of the East. This is ideological censorship, and it lingers from colonial times to the present. Finally, very quickly, let's spend a minute, just a minute, on the current conflict in Venezuela and Brazil, very quickly. Just another example of ideological and, in this case, institutional censorship. It would be useful for humans around the planet to understand that in Brazil and in Venezuela, the media is entirely corporate. It's entirely in the hands of very few people. In Brazil, it's run by one big giant company called Globo. In Venezuela, 70% at least of the media is in private hands and secretly held. So it's not publicly declared who the owners are. In Venezuela, only 5% of the media is government. So now it's interesting. Let's say the government is conducting policies which the elite don't like. It's very likely the elite will mobilize the media as the opposition against those policies. That's an obvious thing. If you were in that class, you would do that. I'd expect you, I'd want you to do that. Otherwise, I'd be confused about my analysis of classes. How can the ruling class voluntarily accept expropriation of their land? They will mobilize their media against the policy. It's perfectly... If that is the case, the government's response is the media is our enemy. Now, this is delicious for the imperialist media. Because now they will say, look, these countries are censoring journalists. The context which vanishes is that the media in these societies are not actually free and fair. These are medias of the ruling class which do not want to abdicate their power and property to the new governments that have emerged. So in Brazil, it was very easy to color corruption and put it directly in the lap of the workers' party. And to blame Lula, for instance, for corruption and make it seem as if Lula had personally benefited from corruption, which was not the case. If there was any corruption, it was raising funds towards election campaigns, not for personal gain. The entire opposition was entirely need to shoulder deep in corruption, but the media spun it that they were clean, even though everybody in the public was confused by this media reporting. So here the context for a sensitive and sensible journalist is the context of how the story is coming out. What is happening in Venezuela? What happens when a middle class uprising starts to throw bombs in the city of Caracas? How is that reported? Now, crackdown on that protest is reported as state terrorism. But that bomb being thrown is democracy. It's the entire opposite of what it would be in another context, where the class alignment inside a country was reversed. In other words, if it was a right-wing government in power and left-wing protesters went on the street and threw a bomb, they would be the terrorists. And there the media would be democratic. But here it's reversed. The class reality in Venezuela is reversed. So now sensitive, sensible journalists have to understand the class reality in a society in order to really unravel the way stories come out. What basically am I trying to get at? I'm trying to get at a very simple issue. I'm trying to raise the question of ideological censorship. That censorship is not merely in the liberal way it's understood. There is this other thing we have to deal with which goes back to an old idea that in every age the ideas of the ruling class become the ideas of our time. Why do they become the ideas of our time? Because the ruling class generally controls the mechanism of dissemination of those ideas through schools and of course through the media. So when we think about the global media, think about censorship. But don't think about it in that narrow way, like the Committee for the Protection of Journalists. Think of it in this differently narrow way as the way in which ideas are themselves framed in such a compelling way that to think outside that narrative or that set of ideas is to appear foolish, out of touch, etc. Thank you very much.


Okay, so Now that we know that there's a computer scientist with there's a bit of reason to be happy and We moving to hiding in plain sight memory tight proofs via randomness programming I've reached it will give the talk and this is joint work with 3d go saw Joseph Yega and Stefano tesaro by the amount of time For a security reduction to be meaningful. We want it to be Time and advantage tight meaning that we want the guarantees for pi and sigma to be as closely related as possible In the context of memory aware reductions We additionally take into account and adversaries a memory while giving the security guarantee This then allows us to analogously define this notion of memory tightness But first we must ask ourselves. Why do we even care about memory tightness? Let's take an example Consider the hard problem pi to be the discrete logarithm problem in a 4096 bit prime field now consider the two following scenarios one where a scheme sigma has a Memory tight reduction to pi and another where a scheme has a Reduction to pi but the reduction is not memory tight now For the former say we need security against adversaries running in time to power 160 and using memory to power 70 In the former case we need guarantees for pi which is plausible On the other hand in the latter case the guarantees that we need for pi are known to be false due to existing attacks Therefore the latter reduction gives us no guarantees at all For this reason memory tightness has been studied quite a bit over the last several years There have been impossibility results as well as techniques Given to make reductions memory tight But the landscape of results is a bit strange because there have been examples of Generic impossibility results being given and then later bypassed by considering specific schemes or settings even impossibility result tailored to specific schemes have Been shown to be bypassed by just slightly tweaking the schemes Further in this world we show that the ability to give memory tight reductions Actually depends a lot on the definitional choices we make for this reason we were motivated to increase the toolkit to make reductions memory tight and here we introduce a new class of techniques that Will make several different reductions memory tight When we show prove that hardness of some problem pi implies a scheme is secure What we are really doing is we are showing that given an adversary a that breaks the security of the scheme sigma We can transform it into an algorithm r a which can solve this problem pi If the memory of our a is close to the memory of a Then the reduction r is memory tight The main task here that our needs to accomplish is to make sure it Simulates the Challenger for the security game of sigma 2a in a way that it is indistinguishable to it to do this are often needs to store state and For the reduction R to be memory tight this state needs to be small The starting point of our work is this following key observation that for certain reductions are if our answers some query with some little a Then it needs to store some state sigma a that it requires only if the adversary Replies with a at some point in the future For these kind of reductions we need to figure out a way how we can avoid storing sigma a Our main idea here is like hiding in plain sight We end up showing that we can sometimes hide sigma a within a itself and then recover it later Of course, this is not always possible, but sometimes a has enough redundancy that this can be done We give three different techniques of doing this one where the sigma a is The state is a bit and we can recover very efficiently We come up with a similar technique where the recovery is not efficient and adds to the running time of the reduction We also give a more powerful technique which can recover sigma a that is more than a bit But still of bounded length, but efficiently recoverable I'll start with an example of the first technique efficient tagging Let me first first tell you the story of digital signatures and memory tightness So unfortunately of digital signatures can be defined in two ways One where the adversary can make only one for Jedi attempt, which we refer to as you FCMA Another where the adversary can make multiple for Jedi attempts. We refer to this as me FCMA In the memory unbounded setting these two results. These two notions are equivalent However, in the memory restricted setting are back at all showed that the reduction FCMA implies me FCMA cannot be both memory and advantage state. Let's see why So this reduction first follows the verification key Now for every signing query it receives it uses its own signing oracle to answer the query When it receives a forgery query It has to first check if the Signature sigma is that sigma star is valid for the message m star which it can do because it has the verification key But additionally it needs to check whether this message is fresh meaning that whether or not it was query to the signing oracle To do this check one option is to simply remember all the messages on which the adversary made signing queries This will of course make the reduction non-memory type Another option is to guess if it's fresh and then it will become non-advantage type We the second option is not very important in the context of this talk We'll show how to get around this problem using our technique of efficient tagging in more detail. What we'll show is We will For any digital signature scheme DS we will give a which is you FCMA secure We will give a generic transformation that converts it into another digital signature scheme RDS For which the ME of CMA security has a memory and advantage type reduction using efficient tagging the Signing algorithm for this scheme RDS just samples some randomness and signs the message concatenated with that randomness and includes the randomness as part of the signature This is a generalization of the probabilistic full-domain hash We show that you FCMA security of DS implies ME of CMA security of RDS in our memory and advantage type way in Concurrent and complementary work by Demot at all they show that for certain class of digital signatures DS and Enhanced form of strong FCMA security implies strong ME of CMA security of RDS in a memory and advantage type way Our main idea here will be to use this randomness To hide in the randomness some kind of a tag that will later help us identify whether a query is fresh or not In more detail the When the reduction receives a signing query it will choose the randomness R. I in a way that It will hide the the randomness will hide the info whether or not the message is fresh and Later when the reduction receives a forgery query, it will use the same randomness The hidden info in the randomness to determine whether or not to output the forgery The way we implement this is When the adversary queries a message MI to be signed the reduction computes the randomness by evaluating the an injective tweakable random function F on the message MI and I and Later during a forgery query it checks whether the inverse of The forge message and the forge randomness is in one through Q where Q is the total number of signing queries You see why this works suppose The adversary for John a message M star with signature Sigma star R star Suppose if indeed this was a valid forgery if Sigma star R star is indeed a valid signature for M star Then if the M star R star had been queried by the reduction to its own signing oracle It's easy to check that the inverse I will indeed lie in one through Q And hence the reduction will not output the output the forgery like we wanted to Again if M star R star had not been queried by the reduction to its own signing oracle One can show that with high probability This inverse will not lie in one through Q and therefore the reduction will output the forgery again like we wanted to So here the additional memory required by the reduction is the memory required to see to implement this Function F which is actually a large random object Here we use this standard trick of replacing a large random object with the pseudo random one and then pseudo random Object can be implemented using little memory. For instance the example we had in the previous slide which would require require a Weakable injective PRF it can be instantiated using a block cipher So we saw a technique where this recovery was efficient which namely it just required inverting this function F Now we'll see a technique where this recovery is not efficient and leads to increase running time for the reduction But this let me first recall the common left or right Formalization of CCA security for public key encryption Here the an adversity has to distinguish between a left world and a right world It chooses two messages M0 and M1 and receives an encryption of M0 in the left world and an encryption of M1 in the right In both the worlds it has access to a decryption oracle which returns the bottom symbol if queried On the ciphertext that was returned by the encryption oracle Of course now we can define a multi version of this definition where The adversity can make Q encryption queries instead of one A very very simple crypto 101 result shows that one CCA implies Multi CCA using a hybrid argument However, this reduction is also all is not memory tech and it can be a little subtle and easy to miss Let's see the reason why So this reduction first gets as input the public key which it forwards now it chooses some K uniformly at random in one to Q and On the ith encryption query it answers with the encryption of the right message if I less than a K With the encryption of the left message if I is greater than K and otherwise use its own encryption oracle to answer the query Now when it receives a decryption query on a ciphertext C it can of course use its own decryption oracle However, if C is same as one of the ciphertext returned by the encryption queries Then the reduction needs to return the bottom symbol and to do this the naive way We generally give the reduction is we make it remember all the prior CI stars and this makes it non-memory day We will use inefficient tagging to solve this issue Our key idea here is Instead of sampling the random coins during encryption We will use randomness which is actually completely determined by the message and some counter I Later when a decryption query is made on a ciphertext The reduction will first use its own decryption oracle to get the decrypted message M And then to figure out whether this ciphertext C is a challenge ciphertext It will really encrypt the message using the randomness corresponding to the message and every every counter in more detail the Randomness during encryption would be computed as the evaluation of a random function on the message and a counter I Later when the reduction receives a decryption query on C It will use its own decryption oracle to get the decrypted message M Then it would re-encrypt M with randomness fmi for every I and Then check whether if any of these encryptions are same as C If so it will return the bottom symbol otherwise it will return the message M Why does this work? if this ciphertext C was same as Some CI star of course one of the re-encryptions will be same as C Therefore it will correctly return the bottom symbol and one can show that with high probability If if C is not one of those CI stars the none of the re-encryptions will be same as C And therefore it will return the message like we want Okay, so here we have a reduction, but it's not time-tight because it has to iterate through all of the counters So we must ask ourselves our non-time-tight reductions completely useless Well, no sometimes it might it might be better to have memory tightness over time tightness Because for many of the hard problems that we use in cryptography the fastest memory-less algorithm is much slower than the fastest algorithm in general But for this case suppose we really really want to have a memory tight reduction that is also time tight Can we do anything? Turns out that if we change the definition We can actually get a memory tight and time tight reduction So let me introduce to you the Okay, so we will use our technique of message encoding for for this result We will I'll first introduce this Definition of real or random CCS security Here an adversary has to distinguish between a real world and an ideal world It chooses a message and in the real world gets it gets its real encryption While in the ideal world it gets a random ciphertext in response In both the world it has access to a decryption oracle which returns the Message if queried on the ciphertext that was returned by the encryption Of course, we can again define a multi version of this definition where the adversary makes Q encryption queries instead of one Again we can show using a hybrid argument that the single version implies the multi version and again This is not memory tight, but the reason is a little bit different So here again the reduction forwards the public key Chooses a K uniformly a random in one through Q for diet encryption query answers with a random ciphertext If I less than K answers with the real ciphertext if I is greater than K and otherwise uses its own encryption oracle Now when it receives a decryption query Keep in mind that this if the ciphertext is same as one of the challenge ciphertext CI stars It needs to return MI so it will use its own decryption oracle However, if C is same as a CI star for I less than K Then the CI star was chosen uniformly at random and there's very little chance that it would indeed be the encryption of MI so The naive way to fix this is to make the reduction remember all the MI and CI star for I less than K And of course this makes the reduction non-memory type So we will use method encoding to fix this issue our main idea here is Instead of sampling these CI stars uniformly at random for I less than K We will encode the message MI into CI star and later when a decryption query is made Will first decode the ciphertext and check if the decoded answer is of the right format If so, we'll return the decoded message. Otherwise use the decryption oracle So we see an example here where depending on the definition We use we have a memory tight reduction that is time tight or for another definition. We have Where it is memory tight, but not time take So a very important lesson is the quality of the memory tight reduction that we can give relies a lot on our definitional choices In addition to this in the paper we also show a memory tight Remember tight authenticated encryption security for the encrypt and PRF construction that bypasses a generic impossibility result from an earlier work We also generalize the memory tight reduction result for RDS that I showed to capture a setting that captures Signatures used in TLS 1.3 Further we give our time memory an advantage tight reduction for Mufcma security of RSA PFDH to RSA To conclude I would again like to reiterate the message that our ability to give memory tight reduction strongly couples with the definitional choices we make Also, we should always we should take Impossibility results in context of memory tightness with a pinch of salt because as we saw we can often bypass them The important open problems in this area one of them is to come up with more techniques beyond the handful ones we know and Also, we need to understand which definitions are the right ones in these memory restrictor setting. Thank you So are there questions? Okay, so one question is have you made any progress on this last open question that you say like understanding what are the right definitional choices for memory tight reductions No, we have we are like We have a lot of even more examples of where like first if you tweak the definition in a way that there are You can you cannot give any memory tight reduction at all But we have not been able to like prove that it's impossible for those cases So what one starting point could be to like show that? Like a separation so we have not shown any formal separations We have located examples where for one definition you can have every tightness and for another it's it appears hard Because this seems very artificial right? Yes. Yes, that's why it's important to figure out which definitions to use Okay, so if there are no questions we will move to the next speaker So


Hi Virgo, this is Kelly from House of Virgo. Welcome to your Virgo Love Reading. This video and reading is for all Virgos, Virgo Sun, Moon, Rising, and Venus. If you would like to get a personal reading, there's a link in the description box below. Please do hit like, share, and subscribe. Gosh, you know, the ember kept showing up all the time. Now I feel like the page of pentacles is always showing up here. And the hangman, okay, and the eight of swords. Past position, the present, we have the three of wands. We have the six of swords, let's say, and the sun, beautiful. Okay, future, we have justice, night of wands, and high priestess. All right, let's take a look at the past energy. I'm going to get a couple of Romans, angels, messages. Okay, worth waiting for. Divine timing is at work in your love life, Virgo. This person, lots of passion, allow your heart and soul to sing with joy. And I'm going to pull a couple of more here, and then we'll move on with this. Okay. So the past position with your person, okay, page of pentacles, I feel like I'm repeating myself with this page. But again, it's all about new job, money, money, news, raise, financial decisions, concepts, I feel like there was a lot of conversation about that with this person. But I do feel they were very passionate about you in the past.  They had a lot of insecurities, okay, that eight of swords, they just weren't ready, self-impostrictions, isolation and imprisonment, this person, the mental thoughts, the way they negative thinking, feeling like, oh, it may not work out and we just got to wait and see, wait and see, wait and see, or just kind of like slowing things down or just not really communicating with you about things or just kind of like disappearing a lot or taking breaks or not really initiating. But I feel like the bulk of the conversation was a lot about, you know, some might maybe an idea or some ideas or something they were thinking about doing or wanting to do. Oh, here's the emperor. So for some of you, that was definitely an Aries, okay, but this person trying to like, maybe they were working on ways to get themselves into that emperor position where they respected their in like ahead, like a leadership, you know, they were in this, they were in strategic planning mode, okay, you know, trying maybe ideas about becoming a father or a parent, okay. So that communication, I feel like was coming about, right, and they were talking either to themselves or to you about that, but there was a lot of like, have to wait and see something here, have to wait and see, okay, the eight of cups. Yeah, so it was more like everything was put on hold, temporary separating, not really moving things forward, okay, because the eight of cups is like withdrawal, they were withdrawing, there was an energy of being stuck. There was a feeling of like, okay, well, waiting, maybe a sense of abandonment somewhere within this person, or they abandoned you in the past, or it felt like they were abandoning you, but they were really, they were still there. But they were separating from you because they had like some other things that they felt like they needed to take care of. So they weren't progressing anything. There's no energy here of progression, it's just the page, which is just movement of the mouth and just communicating or just talking about panicle energy, which is like the things in the physical world, earthly things, you know, material things, or plans and ideas to make things, tangible things or things to make happen. So let's see this eight of swords here. Okay, the moon, yeah, so many unknowns, so many unseen things, the moon, this person just really didn't know how they felt, they let their head speak over their heart, even though they feel or they felt in the past that they had a very, you know, there was a very strong connected, passionate exchange between the two of you and they did feel that. And they do have a lot of passion, but this person is kind of like, well, anything worth waiting for is, you know, will be worth it. So their idea is like to wait and delay, wait and delay and to see how things go or just to, you know, not be sure. Now the present energy is, wow, they're kind of in this thing like, okay, well, if Virgo wants to come to me, that's great. Or if I have to go to Virgo, that's great. Either one is a positive thing for them, which is very strange. I do feel though that they would rather wait for you to come towards them. But if you can't, then they'll make that trip towards you. Or if you're, they, I just feel like they're waiting for you to come see them. And then when you come, then they're going to like travel somewhere with you or take you somewhere or, you know, see, so we have religious factors here and it pays into the red flags. That was yesterday. Okay. So let's get a couple of cards, the three of ones here. Okay. Three of pentacles, two of swords and the hermit with the sun. Okay. So I forgot to say we have double Pisces here. We have Aries. We have Leo. We have Virgo. Maybe it's cancer, Libra. So this person in the present right now is, it's a lot of, not a conflict, very conflicted. They're still kind of conflicted. I do feel like they're very focused on their money very much and work and career and school and, but the three of pentacles can be marriage.  They would, but there's trouble because they kind of feel like they would block that first rather than initiate and move towards you. They would rather you do it for them. You would come to them. Okay. And they may say that it can't come towards you because they have to work or they have other responsibilities or maybe they have a child that's in school, you know, or they are like, or to relocate, they can't do that because you know, they're in the middle of study or they get a lot of work to do or something. So they would rather you come to them, but they don't really like they, this person has kind of like high and low moods, you know, sometimes they are like very uppity and positive and joyful and other times they go into this dark reflective place and reflect too much. Okay. So I kind of feel like there's some red flags here with this person that they're seeing. There's a fear. They're looking, that's what it is. This person's actually, like if you initiated to go towards them, they would be happy about that, but they're not going to initiate to come towards you. Okay. Whether that's just communication or physical in the physical world. This person has a tendency to look for signs that something is over rather than look for signs that something is still good. Okay. Because the death card is here and that Scorpio energy. So this person is kind of like in that position in their life, you know, like if it feels like if you don't make a move towards them, then they're automatically going to assume that things are done and it's over and it's not going to go anywhere. And they'll say that we have too many obstacles that were too different, right? But like if you say that you are going to come towards them, then that all shifts and changes. Okay. And then they get the hangman, Pisces energy, and then they're back in this like, you know, feeling enlightened and feeling happy. It's all based on what you do. This person doesn't really make moves. They will block more. Like they may not come, they would come in your direction, but they may kind of say, well, I want to, but I can't. And they put up like some blocks here. Even though they know they need to compromise, they may take a little time to think about it. But it's just, it's a strange energy I pick up with this person, you know, it's like a, with that moon, I just feel like there's a fear and an insecurity with this person. That's like, natural for them.   And if you asked to come, they would be open to that. But then they would also say, well, I do have to work or something like that. It's just this hesitancy.  Because they fear like they're going to be left out in the cold or that you're going to leave or something along this line. So they kind of like don't push it really with you. Now, let's see the near future. Okay, we have attraction and honeymoon. Okay. And we've got Libra, the nodulans and the high priestess. So let's see what justice is here. Because justice is always about telling the truth, the win-win solution. And I feel like in going forward, you guys will find a win-win solution. They will seek out a way to make something happen here with you. Okay, they will seek out which is good, which is good. There's some type of opportunity that presents itself to your person that shows them that they can invest in this relationship and also some type of enlightenment that happens where they come to terms and they say, you know what, if I do the right thing, then, you know, if I find a good solution that will work for both of us to come together, then this will provide an opportunity for us to move forward. And then the knight of wands is here. So then things begin to pick up with this person and then they begin to take action. Okay, yep. Because they just had that four of swords energy. They're waiting for your person is like, it's like, it almost feels like if you provide a solution to make something work, like, they're not going to do it. The four of swords, like they, they, the opportunity comes from you and they're not going to be the ones to provide a solution to make something work because they're not unsure about themselves, right? You have to be the one who's like on more confident and the one who kind of takes the lead. And so this person takes a more passive role.  Like, yes. Now the high priestess is here. Why? Okay. Well, because there go this person has been single and keeping to themselves and they're very withdrawn. And that's not really how they want to be. They don't want to be a left alone. Like, there's other people out there, I'm sure, but there isn't you. And I feel like they are aware of this.  Your person just seems like they have like these really deep fears or insecurities. So the attraction card is here. So I do feel like, yeah, they are going to come towards you. I mean, the honeymoon is here. I'm not seeing marriage or anything like that. I feel like your person does think about it sometimes, but I'm not really seeing that happen here.  Well, it will feel, feel like you're on a honeymoon. Okay. The attraction is crazy between the two of you. And just really have some time together. I feel it's going to happen to really fully enjoy each other every moment that you can. But it just seems like to me, you have to be the one to, I guess, convince them. You have to be the one to enlighten them to why this can work out because your person just defaults back initially to, oh, I don't think it's going to happen. Oh, I don't think it's going to work. They're not really that interested in me. But if you show interest and you invite and you reach out or you just keep pushing that narrative, then they'll be like right, right at your door coming towards you. Okay. Retreat, time alone or in nature will help you recharge. So in the past, that's definitely what your person was doing. Sorry, I had to cough. I don't know that they were actually like in nature, but it was definitely they were spending their time mostly alone. Finding time to laugh, goof off and enjoy each other, but it's play hard, but it's not anything serious. Okay. It wasn't anything serious for them. And it could have been, but they just weren't in that position to allow that to happen. But they are here and now your true love is already part of your life. So they knew back then that when you were there with them that they you were it, you were their true love. They knew it. They weren't done. They weren't if you saw it like they didn't feel that way or they never gave you any clues that like maybe they expressed their love to you but never said, Hey, you are my true love. Well, they felt that way. They did.  In the present leap of faith, it's safe to make the move you're considering. So yeah, this is them just trying to get their courage up. But again, as I was saying, I mean, they're kind of like they would go, but then they'd be hesitant or they'd stall or they'd find reasons not to go. And then you would want to come and then they'd still find those reasons. And then they're like, well, is it safe? Should I take a leap of faith? I don't know.  And they're like, I don't know if it's going to work out. And should I even try? You know, mastery, you've learned the spiritual lessons. This person is definitely going through some major shifts spiritually in their life. And religious factors are here. So with the hangman, they are getting a sense of like trusting and having faith. Okay, they're learning. I don't know that they ever put their place in or put their faith in any spiritual deity or Jesus or God or anything like that. But there's something here that's telling them that relying on their own resources is really not panning out for them in some way. I don't know how to explain that. Timing just wasn't right. That's what they tell themselves. Excuse me. So when they're not coming to see you, they're not really recognized. They see their fears. They feel their fears and they're not initiating. But what they're really just saying vocally, what they're vocalizing is, oh no, the time's just not right. That's all. It's just not good timing. Okay. But that's not even the truth. It's more along the lines that they're scared, they're hesitant. Now the future, see, I feel you leaving me behind and healing old wounds, childhood issues and decision. It's time to decide about this relationship. So I feel like your person, there is a fear that you're going to be gone for good. But I do feel like they kind of have this thing where, you know, if you do initiate one last try with them, okay, they probably are going to make a move towards you.  But you're not going to hang around for someone who's just, you know, you'll give it your, you're, you're, you'll give it your one shot. I see here Virgo, like you'll, you'll initiate something and you'll do something. And if they are just still like too fear based and they just can't get over themselves, what are you going to do? Right. But I see healing happening here. And I do see that this person does make the decision to come towards you. Like I said, and I do see going forward in the future, you guys, spending some time together, that's really nice. And the healing begins here, you know, because you'll get to have that one on one and really talk about things. So it looks good, Virgo. All right, I'm going to leave your reading there. I hope that that was helpful. And again, if you want a personal reading, there's a link in the description box below. Please do hit like, share and subscribe. And I will see you guys tomorrow. Take care.