In this lecture, we will focus on some problem solving. We have developed many equations which connect thermodynamic quantities with the partition function. And some very important thermodynamic quantities are Gibbs function, enthalpy, entropy and equilibrium constant. Today, we will focus on these thermodynamic quantities and see how to evaluate the numbers for certain systems. First, the enthalpy and Gibbs function going back to to chemical thermodynamics enthalpy H was defined as U plus P V and Gibbs function Gibbs free energy was defined as G is equal to H minus T S. I re-emphasize on the word free. You should know why G or A are called Gibbs free energy or Helmholtz free energy. What is free in this free energy? Let us address some questions. The question is what are the rotational contributions to C P naught, H naught and G naught for oxygen gas at 298 Kelvin. The given information to you is the moment of inertia and they are asking you only to focus on rotational contribution. The thermodynamic quantities to be addressed are heat capacity, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy. Heat capacity and enthalpy are connected with each other. Once you have an expression for enthalpy, you can take its temperature derivative it becomes heat capacity. Now going back to our earlier discussion, enthalpy is defined relative to H 0 with minus del log Q by del beta at constant T V del log Q by del V at constant temperature. This is an expression that we derived. Q is canonical partition function and we also derived G minus G 0 is equal to minus N R T log Q M that also we have derived. What we have done here is we have to decide even you know the original definition will be in terms of canonical partition function, but I have then converted into molecular partition function. The given system is oxygen gas, oxygen gas is a system which consists of molecules which are indistinguishable. Therefore, for indistinguishable molecules the canonical partition function is equal to Q raise to the power N and also there is N factorial. Now the question is whether we should be using this N factorial term here also with G also with A also no. You need to see N factorial is appearing only once and it makes a sense to use this N factorial term with the translational contribution and that gives you second tetra equation. So, if you include N factorial term you have to include only once.  Similarly, here you can include with the translational partition function. You do not need to include this one by N factorial with each term. So, when you substitute here without N factorial Q is equal to Q raise to the power N your enthalpy will turn out to be H minus H 0 is equal to minus N del log Q by del beta at constant V plus here when you put Q is equal to Q raise to the power N N K will become N R. So, N R T V del log Q del V at constant temperature. So, it should be easier for you now to see the connection between these two equations that is important to understand that N factorial is not required with each contribution. So, what we have now is G minus G 0 is equal to minus N R T and here we are talking about the rotational contribution because they want us to find out the rotational contribution. Now the other equation is H minus H 0 is equal to minus N del log Q by del beta at constant volume plus N R T V del log Q del V at constant temperature. These are the equations that we need to now we want to find out the rotational contribution. The given molecule is oxygen, oxygen means it is a linear molecule. Once it is a linear molecule that means I will use Q R is equal to 1 upon sigma H C beta B and the logarithm of this log Q R is equal to this is going to be log of 1 over sigma H C beta B that means this is minus log sigma H C beta B. This is what we are having. Once we have an expression for log Q in terms of sigma H C beta B where you know that beta is equal to 1 over K T we are given the temperature which is 298 Kelvin and once you substitute this you can get the value of H minus H 0. You can also get the value of G minus G 0. For example, when you substitute here in G minus G 0 according to my calculations which is you know N R T log Q N R T log Q log Q here is log sigma H C beta B substitute all the numbers you will get this equal to minus 10.59 kilojoules per mole. We have this contribution of G minus G 0. Since oxygen is linear that means for oxygen sigma is equal to 2 because 180 degree rotation leaves the molecule in an indistinguishable state. Substitute all the values and get the number. Now remember that in order to use this equation whether you have to use in H minus H 0 or you have to use in G minus G 0 you have to first of all calculate theta R which is equal to H C B by K and you substitute the numbers this is coming to 2.079 K. The given temperature 298 Kelvin is much higher than this and therefore I have shown you the method that once you have Q you can substitute here you can get enthalpy also you can get the free energy also and this you do yourself C P is equal to del H del T at constant pressure. So you need to take derivative of this with respect to temperature at constant pressure. So by this method you can have the contributions to C P H and G. I am not solving everything I have just shown you the method so you please try yourself. Now let us go to another kind of problem. A similar problem we have discussed earlier calculate K P for the following reaction H 2 O plus DCL forming H DO plus H CL it is an exchange reaction. We have to find K P whether you write K P or you write K it means the same thing. The given information to you is in terms of moment of inertia I X times I V times Y times I Z is 5.84 into 10 raise to the power minus 141 kilo gram cube meter 6 for H 2 O. You are also given this number for H DO remember that H 2 O and H DO they are non-linear molecule. So therefore they have three all three moment of inertia ABC rotational constants instead of ABC what is given here is I X I Y I Z this product. For the other two molecules which is DCL plus H CL which are linear rotors for that only one moment of inertia is required and for DCL this number is given for H CL is also this number is given. The remaining information is assume the electronic and vibrational contributions to be negligible at this temperature that means they are asking you only to consider translational contribution and rotational contribution. They are telling you that assume that electronic and vibrational contributions are negligible at this temperature ok. Let us see how to now address this. This is the usual definition for equilibrium constant. I said whether you write K or K P it does not matter the same thing. So you have Q J naught by N A raise to the power stoichiometric number. This is the product new J is positive for products negative for reactants you need delta E naught. So when you write it for this reaction it will be Q naught for H DO, Q naught for H CL divided by Q naught for water into Q naught for DCL.  Now H DO will have translational contribution as well as rotational contribution. H CL will have translational contribution and rotational contribution. Similarly water will have translational and rotational contribution and DCL will also have translational and rotational contribution. So other electronic and vibrational you are ignoring. Now we also know that translational partition function V upon lambda Q where lambda is equal to H upon 2 pi M k T. That means Q T is directly proportional to 3 by 2 power of M. So Q T when you take the ratio all other quantities will cancel out what will remain is molar masses and they are raised to the power 3 by 2. A similar problem we have discussed earlier also right. So we have taken care of translational, translational, translational, translational. Remaining now this rotational that ratio is remaining and also the exponential term. Now see how this rotational thing is made easy. For triatomic molecules the rotational partition function in terms of moments of inertia will take up this form. While deriving we have used ABC where B is h cross by 4 pi C i in any case when you convert that in terms of moment of inertia then this is the expression. In this expression 8 pi square is constant 8 pi cube is constant H cube is constant K and T is fixed. That means if you represent all these constant quantities as C then you have I x I y I z square root divided by sigma. So therefore when you take the ratio of the non-linear molecule for non-linear molecule you are given I x I y I z these are given to you and this symmetry number this comes in the denominator. Therefore when you take the ratio symmetry number for water for which Q is in the denominator the symmetry number will be in the numerator. So from this ratio of the moments of inertia and symmetry numbers we can have this ratio for the non-linear molecule. Similarly for linear molecules since there is only one moment of inertia and we need to use their symmetry number. These are the only two things which are left over after cancellation by various constant numbers. So very easy way of handling these type of questions K which was the ratio of all these molecular partition functions which for translational contribution we have expressed as the ratio of the molar masses. Then we have also expressed for non-linear molecules in terms of the ratio of I x I y I z. For linear molecules also we have discussed moments of inertia ratio and more importantly their symmetry numbers these make a difference. For water it is 2 for DCL 1 HDO 1 sigma HCl 1 because by 180 degree rotation will give same configuration of water twice in one complete rotation and in DCL and HDO by 180 degree rotation only gives the different confirmation. Once you substitute all these numbers into this complicated equation you are getting finally a value of 4.873. Although we have discussed similar question earlier when we are dealing with this kind of questions remember that each one for example H2O is a non-linear molecule. So therefore, the overall partition function can be a product of translational rotational vibrational electron. Here you are given some respite that is you ignore electronic and vibrational contribution. If this information were not given you would have had to evaluate the electronic and vibrational contributions also and since you are ignoring those two the ratios of translational contribution are only depending upon the molar masses and the ratios of the rotational contribution are mostly or only dependent upon the moments of inertia and symmetry number. Once this information is available you can easily come to a final answer for the equilibrium constant. So, I hope you will appreciate over here that here the equilibrium constant which you are getting is not from calorimetric measurements, but this you are getting from the spectroscopic measurements. You have to know how to get the translational energy levels, how to get the rotational energy levels and if vibrational contribution and electronic contribution is there then you need to worry about those also. The question just by looking at the problem statement appeared very difficult, but when you actually start doing it then this ratio is mostly cancelling out some common factors and the overall solution becomes relatively easier. I have shown you for the equilibrium constant. Similarly, you can work it out for various other thermodynamic properties where in some cases the ratio will cancel out many constant factors, but in other cases you will have to deal with how to make this question solvable easily. Remember that once you have temperature dependent equilibrium constant. Suppose if you were given this data as a function of temperature and if you can calculate the equilibrium constant as a function of temperature then even without doing any further experiments you can use the vanthoff equation which is del log k by del t at constant pressure is equal to delta vanthoff h by RT square this is vanthoff equation. So, whenever you are dealing with problems on equilibrium constant do not forget vanthoff equation because temperature dependence of equilibrium constant at constant pressure can give you the value of enthalpy of reaction. If time permits we will solve some no more numerical problems, but we also have to do Fermi direct statistics that we will be doing in the next lecture. Thank you very much.


So today is going to be a a different kind of video more podcast style I Decided to experiment with it a bit, you know see how it goes and I hope you know people are gonna like it. It's kind of more raw style unedited and I'm really trying to go more on the improv route Coming in without necessarily knowing what I want to talk about in this situation And this time I don't want to focus on self-sabotage the idea of self-sabotage and how we kind of Fuck up everything that we do Because our baseline Level of happiness is what creates our actual reality. So I'm experiencing a lot of resistance, you know, just just from the idea of talking about the subject I Don't know why It's a pretty tough subject.  I Mean I was really close.  I'm really in between you could say And this kind of a limbo I don't really know Where I am or You know, what's happening Spend the last couple of months Like literally just decomposing, you know losing the The gains from the gym Seeing, you know, the view count go down Obviously because I'm not posting videos So yeah, this video is it's kind of my attempt at self therapy and I've talked before about All these, you know, these tricks that you can do Where you, you know kind of pretend that the video you're making is Not going to be uploaded Because then, you know, you feel kind of more open about it You know tricks like that but I'm really not trying to go for that angle. I'm trying to go for the angle of You know, just kind of being brutally honest So what I'm attempting to do in this Monologue this improv this rant is To see if I can Go deeper Into myself do like kind of like an exploration and The way I visualize it is like Searching for You know these these movies where you can see the surgeon performing the surgery he has like these Tubes shaped like hands that he puts his hands in and then he Kind of looks for this Thing inside of his body or somebody else's body And he's trying to find an infection. He's trying to find I wouldn't even say an infection Maybe kind of more like a tumor or Some small malignant thing That destroys everything you know that small black thing that spreads and kind of pusses out negativity and In my case, I mean It's really hard because I Have so many Filters so many kind of different personalities and different rationalizations that I give to myself to to Avoid facing reality, you know, I have these Very rare very brief glimpses that Remind me that I'm not living in you know in here now I'm basically living in my head Like most people do you know the overwhelming majority to a very large extent, but It's not right with me.    It's just a bipolar guy walking at night and recording himself Thinking, you know some Magical thing is happening some sort of a transcendence and epiphany moment, but There's none of that. I mean it's It's completely completely nihilistic and I mean It's it's literally like it's all a play like it's You know if I or somebody looking at me from the side I Would think that this guy's you know lost it basically walking around the weird hoodie on 1 a.m. Talking to his phone Everybody can hear him.  That's what I've Devolved to some weird crazy guy walking Alone at night talking to himself she's Really bad really really bad cuz It's really not moving anywhere, you know, it's not getting better It's not getting worse either, but you know how it goes in life if it's not getting better Means it's getting worse. There's no middle ground. There's no No stagnation is a decline So I mean is there any sort of Purpose to this is there any meaning, you know, I feel bad in my body.  This is too bad Signing off


Golden orb-weaving spiders are pretty beautiful, but as I'm an arachnophobe, I wouldn't want to go anywhere near them. However, they have been launched into space, as well as many other animals. And that got me wondering, should humans send animals into space at all? And will we be bringing our dogs with us on the journey to Mars? This is your SpacePod from May 13th, 2015. As always, I try to bring you information about the experiments that you want to know more about. Robert Volrath left a comment on YouTube asking about spiders in microgravity, so that's what we'll be talking about today. Two golden orb-weaving spiders, or Nephila clavipes, were launched to the International Space Station aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour as part of STS-134. The spiders were housed in specialised chambers where they built webs and ate flies. The chambers were automatically recorded using video cameras, and the footage showed that the webs built in microgravity were nearly the same as spider webs built on Earth, just a little bit more round. This experiment was very visual, as opposed to other space station research, where the data is presented as graphs, figures or just numbers. And that was really important because it allowed the general public, especially children, to engage in this research. In fact, some schools were picked to house spiders in their classrooms, and the children were able to compare the webs that their spiders built to the webs built by the spider-nots. Hopefully, this was able to inspire them to pursue STEM, or science, technology, engineering and mathematics education. I've previously talked about the use of animals in space research, especially how some animals are used for multiple studies. In fact, in this experiment, the flies that were used to feed the spiders were also video-tracked to check for any changes in their flight patterns due to microgravity. And that got me thinking about the other animals that we've sent into space. As well as spiders, humans have sent numerous other animals into space, including cats, dogs, monkeys, chimpanzees, jellyfish, butterflies, turtles, the list is just endless. And I would really like to do a more in-depth video on the animals that have been sent into space. So if that's something that you guys will be interested in, please let me know. Anyway, we know that our journey in expanding human presence in space will start first with Mars. But will we be bringing our pets with us? There are specially designed spacesuits for dogs that allow them to survive in microgravity. But can you imagine taking your dog for a walk on Mars? Where would you teach it to do its business? And what if the dog happens to run away and you can't just tell it that its oxygen supply is just about to run out? There are currently no pets aboard the International Space Station and there are a few ethical dilemmas to consider before that might happen. Spaceflight is incredibly stressful for dogs and the first dog to orbit the Earth, Laker, more than doubled her heart rate upon launch. And that heart rate didn't come back down to pre-launch levels for more than three hours. And with a dog, you can't just tell it that it's going to be okay. And in the case of Laker, it wasn't. This may seem like a far-fetched topic, but I think it merits further discussion, especially in the context of our future homes in space. When does a Martian outpost become a true Martian city? Perhaps when some of the creature comforts from home are present. I'd love to know your thoughts on whether we should send animals into space, either as pets or for scientific study. Leave a comment below or let us know via social media. Thank you for watching and I'd love to give a huge thank you to all the citizens of tomorrow that helped contribute to this space pod. If you'd like more information about how you can become a patron of these space pods, head over to patreon.com slash space pod. My name is Lisa Stojinovsky and I'll see you next week.


into the unprecedented. Look at her, just staring at her phone like a zombie, the middle-aged woman said in a loud stage whisper which was clearly intended to be heard. She's sitting in an art museum right in front of a genuine Monet, and she's staring at her phone, said her husband, not even bothering to whisper.  The woman gasped and sputtered. The man's face went dark.   Do you have any idea who Monet was, how lucky you are to be able to experience his work, and you sit there staring at your phone without so much as a glance at the masterpieces you're surrounded by? The girl ignored him. The good Lord never saw fit to give us a child, said the woman. But if he had, I like to think we would have taught her to have some respect for her elders. And if we'd have caught her staring at her phone in an art museum, I'd have taken it away and thrown it in the trash. The girl looked up. Her eyes were strange. You do get that I'm not actually staring at my phone, right? Like, you know I'm having actual conversations and engaging with people and taking in information, don't you? Do you understand that there's information on the screen that I'm actively interacting with? This isn't a TV, I'm not just passively staring at it. Tick-tock videos, the man sneered. I mean, yes, sometimes, said the girl. Sometimes I'm looking at other teenagers figuring out their bodies and their appearances and stuff. I know it's always been cool to make fun of literally anything teenage girls like because we can't possibly have interests and values that are worth treating with human dignity. But you know what? There's also some great stuff on tick-tock. Not just dancing, but like people sharing their insights and experiences to help each other understand better and sort through their trauma and confusion and figure out their place in the world. And it's really helpful and I'm really glad it's a thing. It's helping me unpack and dismiss all the weird ideas your generation keeps trying to force down our throats. I've learned more useful stuff about life and growing up from tick-tock than I ever learned from my parents. And yeah, I use it to socialize. I've got friends all around the world and I connect with them more deeply than lots of people ever connect with anyone even though we've never met in real life. But I also use my phone to get information about what's going on in the world. I've got access to everything humanity has ever produced right here, including every painting in this museum and every Monet in existence. Anytime I get curious about something I just look it up and suddenly that information is in my head.    The girl stood up and faced them. I am not staring at my phone. I'm interfacing with the evolution of the human species. I'm riding the cusp of a giant wave into something that has never existed before into a future that none of us can imagine. My generation is not like yours. The boundaries which confined the development of your minds simply are not there for us. We are an entirely different kind of creature and we are much better for it. Your stale, repetitive and closed thought systems have brought our world to the precipice of ecological collapse and nuclear war. Everything you have handed down to us has been a colossal failure, as colossal a failure as anything could possibly be. And you presume to teach us what to do with our phones?  We are not like you. We will not perpetuate your bigoted, destructive, closed-minded face plant of a worldview into the future. We will turn this world around and we will do it by tearing down all the old models that you and your ancestors have built for us. We will be the architects of the new world. It will be a boundless world, a healthy world, a much, much better world. And guess what? We'll even let you be a part of it. We'll even take care of you as you age your way out of this existence. We will fix all of your mistakes for you and we will carry your helpless, hopeless minds into the new world with us because we are good and because we care. So please, at least try to have a little respect. But where is this all headed? Said the woman, clutching her husband tightly. What you're describing is very frightening. How should I know? The girl replied. We are riding into the unprecedented together. With that, she strode out the museum door, phone in hand, and took off into the sky.


I'm Siobhan, I'm the head of Stories at StoryHunter, a video content and production marketplace. And today I'm honored to be part of TechSoup's conference that I know will inspire a new wave of creative digital storytelling. So in today's digital age, there are so many ways to share the incredible work you're doing, connect with your audience and create change. And one way is through the power of video storytelling. So to start off, let's watch a short reel that showcases some of the work that NGOs like the Gates Foundation and change.org are telling using the StoryHunter platform. So those videos not only have the power to educate but also to motivate. Did you know viewers retain 95% of a message when they watch a video, compared to 10% when reading texts. That's according to Sivya. So as an NGO, this is crucial if you want to galvanize donors, volunteers and the public. Today, 86% of businesses use video as a marketing tool. This is up from 61% over the last five years. So what's the agenda for today? I'm gonna share with you how NGOs are tapping into StoryHunter's global community to tell compelling stories. I'm also gonna talk about video production and how you can get started and of course, save costs along the way. At the end, we have a special offer for you. So there are many different ways to make a video. You can go to an agency, you can work with one production house or you can try to do it yourself. But the solution that is proven to be most effective and creative is working with the community. That means you have access to local people on the ground who are part of the community and are passionate about causes that impact those communities. In short, they're people who care about the stories they're telling. Actually, that's how StoryHunter started. Jaren Galinsky pioneered sole video journalism and crisscrossed the globe telling stories, local stories from major news outlets. He founded StoryHunter in Brooklyn in 2012 and Alex Ruggier joined him as co-founder later that year. They wanted to connect media companies with a global pool of talented freelance. Since then, StoryHunter has grown from an independent network of video journalists to a technology platform that has multiple resources to help clients manage their video projects. Our mission, it's to inspire and empower the world's boldest storytellers through community and technology. And it's this mission that drives us to do everything possible for our community. Today, StoryHunter is a network of more than 36,000 freelancers in 190 plus countries. So why do the most trusted NGOs trust StoryHunter? They gravitate towards our community because they're looking to tell authentic and global stories. They want freelancers with knowledge of what's happening on the ground who can capture the texture of a story in a way that simply would not be possible if you were to fly an outside team of people into a location. Our freelancers are professional storytellers whose backgrounds are rooted in journalism. Now, Global Citizen is one example of an advocacy organization that trusts StoryHunter to tell its stories. By creating content about their causes and events throughout the year, Global Citizen was able to reach wider audiences and make a bigger impact. Now, there are many different video types and ways to tell your story as an NGO. And one great way to describe your cause is using animation as an explainer video. So Global Citizen hired an animator through StoryHunter to create this next piece. Let's watch. There's enough water on our planet for everyone. So why are one out of three people unable to access the toilet? In fact, 4.5 billion people that's over half the world's population lack safely managed sanitation. Ending open defecation by 2030 is achievable, but only if world leaders invest in water, sanitation, and hygiene. Need an incentive? In 2012, the World Health Organization estimated that for every $1 invested in sanitation, the global economic return is $5.50. Therefore, bringing benefits worth five times as much, benefits like health cost reduction and increased productivity. In 2015, bottled water sales were valued at $160 billion annually, and major worldwide companies were starting to put those profits to a good cause through a new tool called the Global Investment Fund. Hamburg, I'm holding in my hand some co-op bottled water. For every bottle that we sell in the UK, we give four US cents to poverty projects around the world. And over the last 10 years, we've raised $9 million with our partner, the One Foundation, making a difference for one and a half million people in Africa. Imagine how many lives could be affected if more businesses would allocate a micro portion of their water bottle revenue to support the Global Investment Fund for water. It's time for accountable governments that deliver on their promises and encourage local business. Consumers like you can make a difference through conscious buying. Our world has enough water and financial resources to ensure clean water and safe sanitation for everyone, everywhere. So let's work together and make it. Now, Global Citizen has created more than 150 videos through our platform.  We have tools to help in that process. NGOs are using us because we have the power of an agency without the cost of hiring an agency. StoryHunter Select is our full-service production house for larger budget global projects. In StoryHunter Select, we handpick elite producers and crew based on your project needs. They can create bespoke branded series, global editorial content, marketing campaigns, digital ads, and more. So if you want to work on a bigger project and don't have someone in-house to manage the production, then you can consider StoryHunter Select. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has trusted StoryHunter to tell its global stories. They have worked with 31 crews across six continents. We created a production workflow for their team as per our Select service. Here's an example of a video they created. We'll watch about the first two minutes of it. They announced the first cases of COVID-19. I felt alarmed and I felt the agency to do something. I felt really enthusiasm to share information. So this is how I came up with the idea of the radio program. Through these programs that we are doing, we are making our community safe. We are making them healthy. Biggest long-commit is coming to more than 3 million people. So we needed to act. And being a part of that solution is actually one of the big things that motivates me. GVCAP is the name of Bihar Rural Emotion Society. It was constituted for poverty alleviation and market-organizing women with health groups for building communities. Like the COVID pandemic was declared, we started communicating with our SHG members, making them aware about the pandemic. So this entire process was such a community-led program and by our SHG members have shown their abilities to deal with the situation. So they hired story hunter freelancer Victor Ghosh in India who filmed that last portion in Bihar. He has over two decades of experience in building human-centered social brand campaigns. Here's a feedback Victor received from the Gates Foundation on the project. Victor is exceptional in navigating the complexities of community-focused content capture. He has solid relationships within the community to bring partners, city officials, and community members together to participate in great storytelling. That's from Sean West, who's a senior communications point person at the Gates Foundation. We also offer our freelancer management system. The Gates Foundation uses FMS to find and hire crews without the hassle of paperwork. So we've also added simple and fast payment methods that you can use to pay individual freelancers or crews anywhere in the world. If you're managing many freelancers across multiple platforms, you can also use FMS to make micro payment. So we've talked about how NGOs are telling their stories using our simple and effective tools. But what is the production process all about and what can you expect? Video production is broken down into several stages. The first stage is discovery, where you post a description of your project and discover and hire the right people to execute your vision. Then comes pre-production, where you determine the scope of your project, work on and finalize your script, scout locations and determine equipment. Once you're prepared, the production stage is where you capture the interviews and footage for your video.  The final stage is post-production. That includes video editing, color correction, rounds of feedback and final delivery. Michael Pia is an example of a story hunter freelancer passionate about telling video stories for NGOs. He founded a production company called Reframe on the belief that stories can change the world. For the Gates Foundation, his team created five films in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, profiling women leaders in their communities and the work they are doing. Let's watch one video he produced. My community has some beautiful cultural moments and also someone who want to see change and the change can only happen if we invest in that guy. So we empower these women as groups. We are reaching out to girls.  I believe every girl has that right to dream and become what she wants to become. So we asked Michael about the production process for these videos. He told us that the foundation, the Gates Foundation has a vast on-the-ground network. So they were able to recommend who to feature in the short films. This enormously cuts down pre-production time. Michael's team then wrote the stories for the individual women, hired the local filmmaking teams through StoryHunter, book travel and worked directly with talent in pre-production. They handled all of post-production including editing, graphics and delivery. Here's a quote from Michael on the production process for the Gates Foundation. They're experts in their fields. They had a lot of really good input but it was up to us to say, here's all the facts and information. Here's how we put it together in a compelling story in film format. There is enormous value in having a local team on the ground who can handle all the logistics of shooting in remote locations. Michael's team efficiently coordinated multiple aspects of video production. Our freelancers are truly experts at what they do and will work with you every step of the way. So you may be thinking, I wanna create a beautiful, compelling, purpose-driven video for my organization but will it be expensive? The short answer, it depends. The costs depend on factors such as the number of shoot days, region and equipment. Here are some ways you can cut costs at each step of the production process. Now the pre-production process includes script writing, location scouting and scheduling shoots and it can take up time and money. Many production companies offer script writing services but if you're looking to trim costs off for writing the script at house, maybe you have a communications expert who can help. You can potentially receive script guidance from the production company you've hired. You can also save money by hiring a freelance crew, a couple of shooters and sound technicians instead of a full service production company. However, if no one on your team knows how to manage production, you'll probably get better results by finding a production company that I can see the project through to completion. Now you may end up spending as much money on flying out a production crew to the shoot location as on the production itself. Travel expenses also include hotels and meals. That's why it's cost-effective to hire locally. Lastly, the pandemic has changed video production workflows. We're moving toward a more hybrid future so there will be a limited number of people on set perhaps hired locally and the director can manage to shoot remotely in the comfort of his home a world away. There are production companies with highly efficient video, remote video production workflows in place. So look for those companies with remote technology set up as it will help you slash cost. So I asked Michael from Reframe how he tells high quality video stories for NGOs with varying budgets. And here's what he told me. If the budget is smaller, let's strip the art department and go with more of a doc style. This concept requires five people. Let's look at it with two instead. You do all these things up ahead. So by the time you get to the shoot, even if it's smaller, you can create something cool and engaging that hits the mark. So what Michael is saying is that the visual treatment of the video dictates the cost sometimes. If you want a cinematic video that will cost more, a documentary style will save you money because you no longer need the team who is responsible for developing that more cinematic style. So do you opt for a full service production crew or individual freelancers? If you wanna do something on the bigger side, look for a production company. They'll be able to manage a project with you in the best way. But if you have a smaller budget, then look for the small filmmaking teams, maybe an individual documentary filmmaker who has a couple of friends who can help. It's gonna be a little bit more of an organic experience, but as Michael says, it doesn't necessarily mean you're not gonna create an amazing film. To close, I'd like to share an inspiring video from change.org. They hired a freelancer in Canada who filmed and edited the video for under $1,000. We had a science fair project and I overheard my mom talking about how bad disposable cups were for the environment. I thought, oh, maybe we should survey people for a science fair project. Hi, my name is Maya and I'm from Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Hi, my name is Eve and I'm from Calgary, Alberta. February, we started a petition called Startup Boxing where you can make a hashtag better cup. We surveyed 167 people and on the data we have, on average, 155 disposable cups just don't only per person per year. We wanted it to get to 900 and when it went up to 200, we were like so happy. And it got 344,000 supporters. Because they're all of the world. Yeah, we want them to be recycled. When we got to Seattle, the Star Wars headquarters and had a meeting with the Global Social Impact Team, and we gave them tips. Like, maybe they're partners, which is their employees, to ask the customer, would you like to stay or go and if they would stay, they would get an in-house match. And we were surprised by Kevin Johnson, CEO of Starbucks at our meeting. I message for people that want to do the same thing as us. They just keep trying. They could, instead of if they really needed a straw to use, they could use stainless steel straws, so things that you couldn't reuse so that it's not just like reusable bags. So we hope you leverage the power of video storytelling to change the world. We're excited to share that we're offering $250 off all the service fees for the first project to start on StoryHunter. It's valid for 60 days starting today. So if you're looking for more resources on video production, follow our blog and social media channels where we talk a lot about the production process, ROI and feature key freelancers. Thank you for tuning in and I look forward to seeing the amazing content you create. Thank you. Great job, Siobhan. Thank you so much. I want to share my screen again one second. I do have a couple of questions to ask you. I appreciate everyone tuning in and your comments, everything in the chat room. Thank you so very much. Give me one second to get this going. So Siobhan, I did want to ask you for, I know this is freelance, kind of like there was a website that was freelancers where you can get people to write scripts for you or do graphics for you. And storytelling is compelling. We know that video is compelling, whether it's YouTube, social media, Facebook, Instagram. So for the people who cannot afford, like small nonprofits that cannot afford a freelancer, what do you suggest them? Like you said, I heard you say, write your own script and then maybe use them for a certain portion. Would that be one of your suggestions? Yeah, I mean, the freelancers will really work with you.  So you will look for who can work with you and still tell the best story within your budget. Like it could be some, it doesn't have to be like a big fancy production. You could really strip it down and still get your message across. So that's something you do in the pre-production stage. Awesome, awesome. And let them know if they have a question how they can reach you or your team directly because I know there are gonna be lots of questions after this. Yeah, you can tweet us at atstoryhunter and we're also on Instagram at the same atstoryhunter so you can DM me and I'll do my best to answer all your questions and please send them our way. We're happy to help. Awesome, awesome. One second, give me one second. There was a question here in the chat and I'm not, we're not gonna, we can't go to all the questions. People wanna know, would this be available afterwards? Yes, we're going to email you the video. We're gonna email you all the slides and all the presentations by, we said October 12th. So you'll have everything by October 12th. And I wanna show if anybody is interested in partnering with us and wanna be a sponsor, I'd like to show you how you can sponsor. There's one thing you learned today put in the chat room one takeaway that you learned today. I know I learned from watching the different videos that videos definitely are compelling. I learned a lot in a short amount of time just by seeing the video, but type in your one takeaway from the day. One thing you learned today. Awesome, I'm looking at the chat room and some people are just joining us, welcome. Type in your one takeaway that you learned today. Need to plan ahead. Yes, Siobhan, they said a wonderful presentation. Absolutely, definitely need to plan ahead. You make a lot of money by making videos, absolutely. And money is what you need to keep your nonprofit going, right? 95% of the video information is absorbed versus 10% of the texts, so true. Oh, somebody said, I learned that I know more than I thought, very good, very good. Video stories are powerful, yes they are, yes they are. This is great. Good, presentation stimulated my creativity and gave me some innovative ideas. Yeah, I was thinking that too while I was watching. I was like, hmm, that's a great idea. Love it, love it. I learned making videos excessively friendly is a must, so true, so true. So you still see my slide? Just wanna make sure. If you're interested in becoming a sponsor, please contact Susan Timby at TechSoup, that's S-T-E-N-B-Y at TechSoup.org, S-T-E-N-B-Y. So we're gonna go into our next session. The next session is Why Tiktok for Nonprofits. That's gonna start at 8.30 Pacific and 11.30 Eastern Standard Time.  Do not close air meat, we're gonna be here all day. So just keep your computer open and we'll be here all day and we'll see you at the next session. Everybody have a great day.