So for example, check, yes, if at any time during 2022, you received digital assets as payment for property or services provided. So again, you can kind of think about that as similar to a bartering situation. Obviously if you received money for property and services that you provided, that would be a form of income. That would be like doing business, right? You might have a schedule seed business where you received like cash for the things that you do. But if you received something other than cash, a bartering situation, someone paid you in the form of their goods and services, the IRS would still wanna record that as income. And if you received something like a digital asset, same thing, right? You received something other than the standard US unit of dollars, and therefore you'd have to record it basically as income because you have a business, you just got paid in something other than US dollars. Receive digital assets as a result of a reward or award. So now we have the question of if you get a reward or an award. Award. Is that income or not? Meaning is an award income? So you might have some areas where there's like a small reward or something and it's part of your job or something like that. And whether or not it's gonna be income or not. But usually if you get a reward or award, if you win a prize or something like that, that might most likely be income. And if you get paid in the form of a new car, then you're probably gonna have to include that as income, even though you got paid in a new car. If you get paid in cash, you are almost certainly gonna have to record that as income. If you won the lottery or something, if you get paid in digital assets, you once again will most likely have to record that as income. It's not really different in principle. Receive new digital assets as a result of mining, staking and similar activities. So this is the process that they set up to actually create the digital assets. So if you're mining the digital assets, then you're in the system actually creating the digital assets and whatnot. That of course, like mining, actual mining, if you own the mine and you're mining stuff out of it's a business. And you would think having income from the business and would have to record that in a similar way to other businesses. It's just that you're dealing with these digital assets now. Receive digital asset as a result of a hard fork. So a hard fork. It's kind of a technical thing, but sometimes in a hard fork, when you're talking about the blockchain and whatnot, how the blockchain work, holders of tokens and the original blockchain will be granting tokens and the new fork as well. So that means you could get like a benefit, be kind of similar, I suppose, to like getting dividends or something like that. You're getting more value, like interest on an investment and therefore you would suspect that might be income then from an IRS perspective. Disposed of a digital asset in exchange or trade for another digital asset. So this would be not too dissimilar to stocks and bonds. If you had the stocks and bonds and you sell the stocks and bonds, then you might sell it at a gain. You bought them at a lower price, you sell them at a higher price, then you would have the gain involved there. You might be selling the stocks and bonds in order to purchase other stocks and bonds and similar thing with the digital assets. You might be selling the digital assets to purchase other digital assets. If you sell the digital asset, then that would, you would think be the point that you realized the gain on the sale, not really different in nature to normal kind of rules with other kinds of assets.  Sold a digital asset. So obviously if you just outright sell a digital asset, then you would think that you'd have to cost what you purchased it for. If it was an EFT or whatever, you bought the cards that you have, then you'd have to see what you bought it for, what you sold it for, the difference you would think and record a gain, possibly a capital gain in a similar way to stocks and bonds. Transfer digital assets with free without receiving any consideration as a bona fide gift. So most of the time when we're providing transactions, those transactions are gonna be in the form of an exchange of some kind doing business in some kind. If you have a gift, then you're transferring and you wouldn't be receiving anything in return for an arm length type of transaction. You may then have gift tax kind of situations that could be involved if you're giving a gift, which is kind of tied to estate taxes and whatnot, otherwise disposed of any other financial interest in a digital asset. So those are them. You have a financial interest and a digital asset if you are the owner of record of a digital assets or have an ownership stake in an account that holds one or more digital assets, including the rights and obligations to acquire a financial interest or you own a wallet that holds the digital assets. The wallet often being the thing that has the password and whatnot that holds the digital assets. The following actions or transactions in 2022 alone generally don't require you to check yes. So now we're gonna go through some things where you might say these are kind of things where maybe I have to check yes on this thing because I do have some digital asset type of stuff, but maybe they weren't really covered in the last area. So these are the ones that you wouldn't have to check yes, even though you might consider these things kind of like digital asset stuff. So holding a digital asset in a wallet or an account. So notice when you're thinking about whether or not there's gonna be taxes related to it, you would think there'd be some kind of transaction happening that you're possibly realizing again, you're getting paid in digital assets, you're trading digital assets, you're buying and selling digital assets. If you're just holding on to the digital assets in a wallet, and there was no trade, you haven't sold them, then it's kind of like the stocks and bonds you would think that you have not yet realized the gain on the digital asset because you're just holding on to it. So you would think there wouldn't be a tax implication until the point in time you sold it, and then you might have to take what you sold it for, sales price minus the cost, and you might have a gain transaction at that point when you realized it. Transferring a digital asset from one wallet or account you own or control to another wallet or account that you own or control. So the wallets are the things that hold the digital assets. If you sell the digital asset, then you would think that might be a triggering event that would possibly cause a taxable event. But if you just transfer from one wallet to another in a similar way as if you're gonna transfer from one retirement account to another retirement account like a rollover situation, then you would think there might not be any tax consequences because you haven't realized the sale of them. You're just still holding onto them in another wallet. I wanted a leather wallet and I had a cheap wallet last time made out of duct tape. So purchasing, I'm just making that up. Digital asset using US or other real currency including through the use of an electronic platform such as PayPal and Venmo. So if you purchase the digital assets, you would think at the point of purchase, that's not when you have a tax triggering event usually. It's when you sell the digital assets that you might have a tax triggering event because that's when you would realize the gain which would be the sales price minus the cost. Do not leave the question unanswered.  If you're doing it electronically or they might delay the processing so they'd wanna force you to answer that question. You must answer yes or no by checking the appropriate box for more information. You can go to irs.gov virtual currencies and so you can check that link out as well. So how do you request digital asset transactions? So if in 2022 you disposed of any digital asset which you held as a capital asset through a sale, trade, exchange, payment, gift or other transfer, check yes and use A, form 8, 9, 4, 9 to calculate your capital gain or loss and report the gain or loss on schedule D, form 10, 40. So we'll talk more about schedule D when we get to the capital gains in a future presentation. If you receive any digital asset as compensation for services or disposed of any digital assets that you held for sale to customers in a trade or business you must report the income as you would report other income of the same type like for example, W2 wages on form 10, 40 or 10, 40 SR, line 1A or inventory or services on schedule C. So that would be a situation where you're accepting digital currency as a form of payment would be similar to the bartering situation. If you had a schedule C then you'd have to record it in income not in units of Bitcoin but exchanging the Bitcoin that you got paid in to dollars. And that's so you got this exchange kind of issue.


Hello, this is Laptop Media, and today, we will show you how to open the Acer Aspire 5A51544G and what's inside of it. So, you have 11 Philips head screws that you need to undo. After you do so, pry the bottom panel away with a plastic tool. Pretty standard. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. Here, we see a pretty unimpressive cooling solution, comprising of a single heat pipe and a fan. This means that both the CPU and the dedicated Radeon RX 640 are cooled by the same component, which is unfortunate. Thankfully, there is one RAM Sodom slot, which supports 16GB of DDR4 memory. Together with the integrated 4GB modules, it totals to a maximum of 20GB. Storage-wise, there is one M.2 slot for NVMe drives, and a 2.5-inch SATA drives bay. Interestingly the 48Wh battery is held in place by, nothing. Just a simple tape. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks, we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel.


All right, so again, since I have a captive audience, you can just see my travel slides. So these are the Grand Tetons. You've not been up to the Tetons in the Yellowstone, but it's only like 4 1⁄2 hours from there. It's beautiful, so get up there if you can. It's very, very nice. So they're not in the winter. It's very cold. Oh, let's see, am I not? That's awesome. The fun thing is that the Snake River runs right underneath the Tetons and then goes through a canyon in Idaho where the rapids are. So there's no rapids on this stretch of the Tetons, but if you want to see the mountains, it's a really nice way to go. So as you come along, as you can see, it's very placid, and so you just sit in the boat and take lots of pictures, which is nice. But the thing I like about it is, each corner you come around the river, there's just a new view of the mountains. They're just right up there, just sticking up out of the river, so it's quite spectacular. Some places people are actually out fishing, you see some moose, you see deer and elk, and you'll see all kinds of wild life along here. Here's our boat with our Intrepid Guy on it. As you can see, this isn't exactly whitewater rafting.  You could have a TV in there if you wanted some. But it is pretty as you go through there. There's your Intrepid Raptor there. I mean, that doesn't even give you a cabin. It doesn't even give you the illusion that you're on the rapid sea. Basically just sit there and just passively goes down. But you just can't miss having a beautiful scenery like that right behind you as you come around every corner. Okay, we're gonna talk about the orbit today. Chris, tell us kind of how we divide the orbit into the main areas. What are the parts of the orbit? So we've got this cadaver I've seen and kind of an MRI view. Yeah, so intraconal, extraconal. Intraconal and how do we define the difference between intraconal and extraconal? The muscles. So what's inside the rectus muscles on the south side? Exactly. So you see the rectus muscles as they insert, they come back to the apex and they form a cone and there's an intramuscular septum around the rectus muscles. And so that really does tend to make a distinguishing, not a barrier, which is the distinguishing area between the intraconal and the extraconal. So there's definitely an intramuscular septum that divides it off. What's the most important things that run through the intraconal space? Optic nerve. Exactly, so the optic nerve, but also a lot of the blood vessels. The blood vessels and the nerves running out. What goes into the extraconal space? There's a lot of fat. Yeah, so not a lot of anything, some fat, some small blood vessels. Not a whole lot of anything. What's the third potential space in the orbit? Third potential space. Depending on what textbook you use, they'll often talk about a third potential space and that's the subperiosteal space. And so periosteum is what lines the bones of the orbit. So when you get an abscess, especially something arising from the sinuses, you can see the sinuses are right. They're medial to the orbit, they're inferior, they're superior. The location on that sinuses is temporally here. And so you do have a potential space in the subperiosteal space. So people will often call that a potential space. All right, so now we're looking at the orbit in a more of a sagittal type view. So here's the bone, glow, lid, you can see muscle, and then in the intraconal space, here's the optic nerve, a lot of vessels. And then the muscles here in the extraconal space, not a whole lot of exciting going on there. And you can see it again and again. In a scan, just shows you the relationship of sinuses adjacent to the orbit. So a lot of diseases that affect the sinuses can spill over into the orbit, including infectious, including inflammatory, and including neoplastic. And so you always want to keep that in mind when you're talking about the orbit. So not only can things that live in the orbit cause primary problems, but the tissue around it, especially the sinuses, can cause problems. All right, Beckham, what are we looking at here? Oh, I don't want it. Something that's gonna be really stimulating in me if you get this wrong. It is the lack of a gland. It's a good thing because I would have cried here if you got that wrong. And so when you look at these, it's glandular. And you see it's got this pattern we call assenur. And assenur means you make an acid here if you get this wrong. So it's assenur. So you can see it's got these round cells with the nuclei around the edge. And then you've got these little kind of redish-peaned granules in the middle. And then they dump into this little tiny assenine that eventually all those gather up and then it dumps into ducts. So this is a classic equirin gland. So these are sweat glands and these are also pachymal glands. So this is what the pachymal gland looks like. So we're gonna talk a little bit about potential things that can affect the lack of a gland. So Tara, what are we seeing here? You know, orbit is one of the hardest things because unlike the rest of the eye, this is the one place you can't see what's going on. So you have to try to infer. So when you see pictures like this, you try to look and you say, what's different about those two eyes? Is there a symmetry? Is there something different? If you look over here, there's a very subtle fullness here. And you see that eye looks like it's pushed down just a little bit more compared to this eye. So very subtle. And the problem is, is if you're gonna look at an orbit, you need to look at it with scans because you can't really see it. So what do we see in here on this CT scan? So people call that a coin shaped, coin shaped mass. What would you be concerned about there? All right, does decriadonitis give you a nice discreet cone or coin shaped lesion? Yeah, that's the key thing. So decriadonitis or lymphoid infiltrates give you more diffuse. And when we do an orbit conference, when Chris shows you those scans, he likes to talk about legs like putty and it goes around things. Now this is a coin agent. It's almost like there's a distinct, you know, quality around it. What would that be concerning for? Neoplasia. Okay, so you'd be concerned about a possible neoplasia. So when we look at this, this is a, this is that particular patient. Well, it's not, but let's say it is. What do we see in here? And if you look at them, they're kind of in a pattern. So you've got a proliferation of these little cells here. They almost look like they're glandular. And then in between them, in between these kind of little glandular looking cells, you've got this kind of this connective tissue and spindly shaped looking cells. What kind of tumor looks like this? And malt by definition is lymphoid. I'm not seeing a lot of lymphoid on you. It's a mixture of two cell types, proliferating. This is called a benign mixed tumor. Or, you know, some people will call it pleomorphic adenoma, but it's a benign mixed tumor. So in the olden days, when I was a resident, we used to have what was called the 50-50 rule. And that meant 50% of all lesions of the lacrimal gland were, you know, epithelioid derived tumors. And 50% of those were benign mixed. Well, when people really looked at it, especially the shields and the wills, they looked at all of the lacrimal gland tumors that they looked at. And they turned out that 80% of them were lymphoid. Either lymphoma or lymphoid hyperplasia. So the vast majority of these lesions are lymphoid. Decoradonitis, lymphoma, typical lymphoid hyperplasia. So the 50-50 rule's half wrong. But the second half is still correct. If you have epithelio derived tumors from the lacrimal gland, about half of them were these benign mixes, pleomorphic adenomas. And it's called benign mixed because they are characterized by this proliferation of both the glandular elements and then kind of the support cells around them. And benign, because this usually doesn't metastasize. And when you look at these, these often have this clean shake to them.  And when you remove these, instead of just doing a little biopsy, you wanna try to do an excisional removal completely because these will often shell out completely. And if you can remove these totally, then you've cured it. They don't come back. The problem we run into is when people will do a small biopsy, we're just able to partially remove them and there's still tissue left there. And when you leave them behind, they can go bad. And so you wanna try to get it all out when you can. Here's a close-up. You see you've got these glandular-looking elements and then in between these connective-type elements. Now, sometimes when you don't get them all out, they can go bad.  And it's pretty rare for these to arise just de novo, but usually it's in the setting where they try to remove a cleomorgo-gabinoma and these guys come back like this. And so you can get a malignant-mix tumor that's a lot less common. And I know it's subtle here, but when you look at these, you've lost a lot of that glandular element to them. There's a cleoli in here, there's pleomorphism in here. And so you can go on in formals called a malignant-mix tumor. And there you see a close-up of that.  Okay, other, Chris? So external photograph, the left end looks like a person had a chronic and also just breaks downward. Really it is very full from the lateral upper to the superior lateral area. All right, so you'd be concerned about the lateral gland and then your differential diagnosis, when you see more swollen doughy like this, it still could be a tumor, but again, it could be inflammatory, it could be depraved niacinitis. Any lymphoma on the list? Lymphoma on the list. Now, in this particular one though, let's say this is the scan. You see it's still almost coin-like, although there's still a little bit of some edges around it and so it's not quite that lymphoid look that you see although it's hard to see them right here. And this is what it looks like. What kind of connective tissue is this right here? It's like, it's pretty accelerative, so I want to say... Let's say a very hard connective tissue. A bone. A bone, exactly so. This tumor is actually going into the bone. And if you look, it's got almost like a Swiss cheesy appearance to it. What is that? What is that? Brace-alarm store. Swiss cheese oma? I can ask you a word that's invading the bone. How about a normal lesion that's invading the bone? So this is called an adenoid cystic. So this is the bad tumor of the lacrimal gland. So adenoid cystic is a bad tumor and the reason that this is really weird is usually the pathology of the tumors will tell you how aggressive they are. You look at like a sebaceous gland, carcinoma, it looks really aggressive. You look at a basal cell, it looks really benign. These look disarmingly benign. You look at it and they go, well, it doesn't look bad. And yet these could be really aggressive. And so on close-up, I apologize, it's not a good focus, but these cells do not look aggressive. They just do not look malignant. And the problem with these adenoid cystic carcinomas is they can metastasize. People die from these. And there's a particular subtype of adenoid cystic and you can get a Swiss cheesy one, you can get ones that have spaces all over them, but when you start to get these, they call this the basal-loid variety. And you can see it's almost like, kind of like really cellular, like a basal cell would be. So they call this basal-loid. These are particularly bad actors. So the adenoid cystics that go bad, this is the worst of them. And this is the basal-loid variety. These can be very nasty. They said, these can metastasize, people can die from these. Ashley, what do we see in here? So it's a real photograph of, it used to be a full-synth insulin, the right orbit almost apparent to losing. And again, you can see it's kind of superior, but more temporal than nice. So, again, that same differential, could this be diapgranitis? Could it be a funny lacrimal tumor? Could it be something infiltrative? And we kind of look at a scan, and this is a scan now that's more coronal. What does this scan show you? So there's really not a fight in borders of the matter. So what would you be concerned about here? Lymphoma. Yeah, something lymphoid, or lymphoma, or diapgranitis, or puttapiplasia. And so this is what Chris calls the silly-pity look. You've got that, instead of a distinct brown lesion, it's almost like it just kind of goes around structures and spreads around it, and not like it's fluid leaking there, but like silly-pity that you put around structures. And so this would be very suspicious for lymphoid type lesion, and indeed, so this is what lymphoma, lymphoid hyperplasia looks like. How do we tell the difference? Exactly, so flow cytometry, you'd have to do immunoproxidase staining, and so we go ahead and we do some staining, and let's say this is a, you know, kappa, a base stain, and they're all positive. Yeah, so B-cell lymphoma, and that's by far the most common lymphoma that we see in the orbit. It's a B-cell lymphoma, and it's now, they call it a mantle zone lymphoma, that's the new terminology we use. But basically, it's not that easy, though.  It's in between, you can get some of your typical lymphoid hyperplasias, and sometimes you really do have to go and do the specialized stains to tell you for sure. So you can get lymphomas, and look what hyperplasia, both of the lacrimal gland, and of the orbit in general, and so it can arise just from either area. Eileen, what do we see in here? Okay, and what are coroidal folds usually signifying? Okay, but what's the most common cause for coroidal folds? Yeah, so hyperopia with the flat posterior eye is actually the most common, but if you're looking for lesions, this would be usually the sign of an intraconal type lesion. So you wanna look for, you know, livencies of the optic nerve, but this is what the scan shows here. Let's say this person is 25. Vague symptoms of fullness and pain are on the eye. Well, like cavernous dementia. Exactly, so you look at that lesion right there. It's not on the nerve, we're coming from the nerve. It's in the intraconal area of the orbit. And is this confirmed now? Yeah. All right, so this is the growth specimen, and you can see it's got a pseudocapsular, and then it's got these large, i.e., cavernous spaces, and so this is a cavernous hemangioma, and these behave a lot like the benign mixtures that I provide them, that you can shell these guys out. You know, when you get in there, once you get to the intraconal space, you can often just shell them out.  They won't bleed. Two inches nice, and they don't have a whole lot of vascular supply. So here it is, a low power microscopy, and then a higher power microscopy. So Eileen, what is this compared to this? A serum, so like the red blood cells have kind of settled out from the bottom. So what does that tell you? It's low flow. Exactly, so there's not a high flow through it. There's low flow. In fact, the red blood cells have settled down, so this is your little hematocritic here. So this guy's a trained athlete at high altitude. He's got a hematocritic of like 60% here.  And so you see they have these thin septate in between, and then these large vascular spaces here. And so this is a cavernous hematoma.  It's got some condense connected to your abdomen. What do we see in here, Niko? So this is a external photograph. There's a here, so they're all shown in the right eye. Hard to say, maybe it's more problematic compared to the left eye. Again, I hate these pictures, because they show you these the orbit guys do all the time. They say, oh, you can diagnose people by looking at them. I can't. I mean, first thing I look at is I say, what's abnormal and what's not? But if you look closely, like there's some small show here, you always get an idea that that's just fuller on that side. There's something behind that pushing it forward. But it's not, you know, going down now. It's probably something behind it, not necessarily something above or a temple to it. Man, this is what we see on the pathology. What do we see in here? Very dense to me. Okay, dense cells. What is this? That, you know, when you see something like that, people call this a staghorn legion. So they look like deer antlers. You know, antlers on an antler or something.  You know, you may see some horns on there. So this is called a staghorn legion. And so what causes staghorn legions of the orbit? Look real close now. This isn't just extravasated red blood cells. If you look really close, look right here and here. There's little tiny vascular channels everywhere, all around this specimen in addition to these big staghorn spaces. Here's a close-up. One of these irregular staghorn spaces is a lot of cells proliferating in between. If you look at these arbolithetics, those are actually plump capillary endothelial cells. Lots of them, all kinds of little cells and then cells in between them growing. Yeah, capillary hemangiomas. Yeah, but there's too much proliferation here. Capillary hemangiomas usually don't have this much cellulary to them. What legion of the orbit has staghorn? The endothelium. Anybody? The mangioperecytonal. So I know you guys are sick of path and we're digging down to the second or the last lecture, but this stuff's in the book. Read it. Read it the night before. Read it the morning of, whatever. I mean, this stuff's all in there, so. Does the Lymphagyoma also have staghorn? Lymphagyoma has staghorn spaces, but not the cellular. Exactly, and we're gonna show you the difference in a second, but. So the staghorn is our spaces. Staghorn are our vascular spaces, yeah. They could be either lymphatic or blood vessels. In this case, these are vascular spaces, but if you look, they're everywhere. There's one there, there's one there, there, there, there. It's almost like you have these little capillary spaces everywhere. And then spaces here, and then the cells in between are proliferating. And so it's hemangioperecytonal. Proliferation is not only the blood cells, but also the pericytes.  Now, sometimes these can be more aggressive looking. And so when you look at these, they've got characteristic cellular findings. We will call these kind of benign, intermediate, and more malignant looking. But what's weird about these, I don't know why the orbit's so weird. Sometimes the benign-looking ones can behave aggressively. Sometimes the more malignant-looking ones can behave not quite so aggressively. So hard to predict. And so oftentimes it looks like, okay, this one's more borderline, or even maybe a little malignant. Look at those nucleolides, those pericytes are proliferating here. That doesn't necessarily mean it's gonna be bad, but these are not encapsulated like a caversum angiolum. These are tough to remove. And so when you remove these, sometimes it leaves parts behind. Over the years, they can undergo changes. And we've seen several patients here that like Rick Anderson started on 20 years ago and then Boopy's taking care of them. We've seen it evolve from a benign to an intermediate to more malignant-looking mangrove bear syndrome. So these could be difficult. As Boopy says, it's real bugbearance. This could be a bugbear to get rid of because they're not really encapsulated. And there you see one that's even more malignant-looking. Look at that. The nucleolide, the chromatin, the polymorphism. So these can go from benign to intermediate, borderline to more malignant. What kind of stain is this? Jason, why would I show this? It does or doesn't? Yeah, but it is. So why is there a lot more silvery black stuff in there than your run-of-the-mill trachrome? No, it's actually not a trachrome. That's a reticulation. It kind of looks like a trachrome. That's what I wanted to show you. Why would we stain with a retic stain on these particular lesions? Well, even more than connective tissue. Remember, pericytes are the support cells for the vessels, and they really help to make the vessels stronger and not leak as much. And so what happens is when these pericytes all start to proliferate, you get this reticular network from them. It almost looks like a net. A reticulum looks like a net. So when you look at this, if you wanted to do a reticulum stain, you get this net-like background stain. And so it kind of looks like a trachrome, but it's really not a reticulum stain. It stains that reticular network that the pericytes make, stains of silvery black. And so this is one stain that we like to do in these particular tuners. It seems to have a GMS stain. GMS will do a similar thing. Yeah, because GMS is a silver stain in the stain, but it stains more for things like fungal walls rather than the connective tissue. You could use that here also. What's the stain specifically in any kind of tissue? It's actually the reticulum is the little part of the pericyte wall that tries to add to the vessel wall to make it stronger. So that's what it's been staining here. All of you do it just because it's a teaching institution and you want to show the residents some things. So. That's good. Yeah, yeah, yeah. But no, I can help you if you're questioning the diagnosis sometimes, sure. All right, Lee, what we see in here. The CT scan, which shows, looks like an extra-colonel mass along the needle aspect of the whole bit. Doesn't look well-servic-escribed. Kind of looks like it's just diffused and just kind of putty-like to some degree. And it's not homogenic in terms of intensity. Yeah, so it's kind of heterogenic. I mean, there's some areas that are dark and not staining. There's some areas that are lighter and staining and it looks like a mixture of all those. It's not a homogenous lesion, it's a heterogeneous lesion. You can see it's causing a lot of proptosis. I mean, look at that. And that's some significant proptosis. So what if I tell you this patient is 12? So then you start thinking of concerns for tumor versus... Okay, and there's one other lesion that can give you this heterogeneous mass and you can get explosive proptosis in these. It can be cystic and then solid in between them. Here's that lesion. The big staghorn space. I mean, huge staghorn space.  So yeah, so this is a lymph angioma. And when you look at lymph angiomas, they can have these big, almost like lymphatic channels but then in between there's connective tissue and as you can see some areas of inflammatory cells. And so these lesions can often get these little pyrus patches looking lymphocytic gatherings there. What's interesting with these kids is sometimes they'll get an upper respiratory infection and their proptosis will increase. And so it's not that they can get these lymphocytes proliferate in the setting of an infection and these kids get increased proptosis. The other thing that can cause a sudden increased proptosis in these kids is this. What's happened here? So there's leading to the stasis. Exactly, so you can see here, there's still the classic lymphoid areas here. There's all these tiny vessels, but now you've seen bleeding into these. And so you can get an increase in proptosis when you get bleeding in these larger cystic areas of the lymph angioma. And these kids can again get an explosive proptosis if you go in there to try to drain them because the blood's been sitting there for a while. The red blood cells break down and it looks chocolate. And it looks like chocolate syrup. So they even call these chocolate cysts because when the red blood cells break down they start to look more brown and red and start to get kind of gooey. And so these are called oftentimes chocolate cysts. Now the problem with these lymph angiomas is again they're not encapsulated. They tend to send fingers all over so you go in, you cut it out part of them and then the part that's still there grows like crazy and it just comes right back. And so these are really tough to take care of.  Is they usually in a setting of trauma where they bleed or just- Not necessarily. It can be under the setting of an infection or some kids, they score nothing happen. You know, kids are always bouncing around and you know if there's a trauma or not but trauma can cause it but not necessarily. And here again as a close up you can see these smaller, smaller staghorn spaces and then you see these inflammatory cells next to them and so these are thought to be the ones that will expand and grow when you've got a respiratory infection so you can get increased proptosis when these kids have an infection. So what's the name of the distinction between these and the conventional pericytes? It's the cellularity. So when you look at these you do not have that massive proliferation of the pericytes. And so when you look back at the hemangioparecytoma, I'm gonna go to the lower part. Look how cellular that is. That's just incredibly cellular. Whereas you look at these, these have these spaces that are a little bit bigger but there's some connective tissue here that there's not that cellular proliferation that you have in a hemangioparecytoma. And so would you also say that staghorn could be bigger? Staghorn's are usually bigger than this and so the staghorn's are bigger in hemangiomas. All right, what do we see in here, Chris? So significant inferior in kind of, or displacement of the glow as well as proptosis and kind of fullness of that upper eyelid as well. So some sort of kind of retrovolvary mass. How is this patient young? Yeah, so say this is a six-year-old. And here's the scan. Yes, kind of a diffuse infiltrative tumor with domino erosion with something like that. It's, you get very concerned with like a rabidomyosarcoma. Exactly. So in a kid with explosive proptosis like this in this scan, you worry about a tumor in the most, you know, tumor that fits this pattern into a rabidomyosarcoma. Now, this is true story. This is when I was a fellow. Young child, they did a tiny biopsy of this kid. There was this lesion that was, you know, maybe, you know, less than a centimeter in size. He said, oh my God, rabidomyosarcoma, we got to treat the kid. And so they admitted him to primary and admitted her to primary. And the kid, they started giving chemo and then the kid's hair started falling out. So mom and dad were divorced, by the way. So mom checked the kid out of primary and took her to Mexico. And you guys probably don't remember leitro. Leitro was the miracle cancer cure.  And so people would go to Mexico and they'd give leitro and coffee enemas and then magic stuff that would make them feel better. Of course they would feel better because they'd blast them in steroids. And so dad hired a private detective who traced the mom down to Mexico. Dad went to Mexico, re-kidnapped the kid, brought the kid back up here. And now this is the kid's scan. So this is like in a matter of a few weeks. And so it went from a lesion, you know, this big to the whole bar, but the kid ended up having an exeneration and it was just really a mess. But so these tumors can grow very rapidly and explosively when you do these. All right, now, unfortunately, this was one from a Grand Rounds and I love this.  And so this doesn't actually say it on here. So what are the main classifications of rabid cancer called the different types of flea morphic butyroic and... All right, so what's the most common? Plea, what do you think? Plea morphic. Or embryo. Oh, embryo, yeah. Yeah, embryo, embryo, whatever you want to pronounce it. That's by far the most common. And so when you look at these, we just had one of these a week ago. So please, got my, you know, got our things reported and all that. And so when you look at these, they'll often have kind of a round head and then kind of a thin little body coming out of them. But characteristically, they look like kind of tadpoles. And so they'll have a big head here and some of them will have a little tail coming out of them. But if you can, if you look closely, you can hallucinate cross striations. Since it kind of looks like a tadpole and then on the tail here, you've got these little cross striations. And so this is the most common type which is called embryo or embryo. And this has a moderate severity to it. And so these are kind of moderately severe, they're called embryo. And then this is in a trichrome statement. So trichrome tends to bring out the cross striations. So you put a trichrome stain on here. Look at the little tiger stripes on here. Because these are muscle derived, not mature muscle, but muscle rest cells, they think. And so you can see a little cross striations on here. So this is classic for this embryo type, Graptomino sarcona. There you can see a nice one, even in an H and E stain. All right, so this is one just with some special stains. So vimentin is a stain that stains muscle cells. And so it's an immunoproxidized stain that stains the cytoplasm brown. And if you look right here, you can see these cells all stain brown with the vimentin stain. So you know that this is a muscle derived tumor. All right, Becken, there's a particular subtype that's less common, these randos that's more aggressive and we worry about it more. Alveolar, why do we call this alveolar? Exactly, so this kind of looks like the alveoli in the lungs. And so when you look, you see these little thin septae here and then these cells kind of fill up in between there and line up. And so it almost looks like alveoli. You know, when you get kids that have pneumonia, you may have all the inflammatory cells in there, except here, they're tumor cells. And so you look right here, you can see that the cells tend to fill these alveolar-like spaces. And this, again, doesn't look more malignant, but it is. And so this is at least common of the rabbinomyosar problems, but this is the most aggressive. So this is the one we really worry about. So the alveolar is the kind that we worry about. There is one called a botryoid and there's some that are even less common and they are just really, really almost like muscle. And so some people will speculate that maybe they're just more normal muscle growing in tumor. So the two you want to remember is embryo and alveolar. And again, this just shows you an immunoperoxidase stain, staining them to show that it's muscle derived. All right, what do we see in here, Chris? The young person, buffed eyes, have a lot of dosis. Looks like all the fold is in their hematoma. Okay, so what would you worry about here? Just differential. So a lot of things where I talked about, I think that would have to be that kind of neurofibroma based on the erythema and grapidoma is still on the left side of the screen. Okay, so the old saying, if you hear hoof beats, so we've just described a unicorn and a zebra now, but what are the horses here when you hear the hoof beats? Orbital cellulitis. Exactly, so cellulitis or an inflammatory condition. That's what you'd be, those would be by far more common here than, you know, I'm just gonna keep you in the back of your mind, or abdo, or interferonoma, but most common would be either infectious or inflammatory, either cellulitis or, you know, normal inflammatory disease. And so when you look at this particular one, this one actually turned out to be a orbital inflammatory region. So I just don't usually, you just don't usually get biopsies of cellulitis because people just treat them and they get better, but this is one where this is the orbital inflammatory.  So now we call it what? Well, if it's in the lacrimal gland, you call it that great announcement. It's just in the orbit. What do we call it actually? Orval inflammatory. Yeah, just orbital inflammatory syndrome, orbital inflammatory disease, we used to call it pseudo tumor, again, that's a bad word. So, you know, over here you've got this orbital inflammation. Again, over here you've got lymphoma. In between you've got some atypical lymph or hyperplagias. And so when you look at the inflammatory type, you'll often have some gathering of lymphocytes here. You'll get blood vessels between them. You'll get mixtures of lymphocytes and plasma cells or sometimes you can get follicles. Whereas in the lymphomas you get not so many blood vessels, not so many follicles, sheets of lymphocytes. And how do we tell the inflammatory from lymphoma? And actually lymphomas can sometimes get better on steroids initially. What could a pathologist do? Yeah, exactly. So just like we talked about on the lacrimal gland, you can do immunoproxidized stains. Or if you get fresh tissue, you can do flow cytometry. That'll tell you if it's clonal or not. So clonal means lymphoma, non-clonal means lymphoid hyperplagia or just an inflammatory lesion. Here you can see we've got lymphocytes. We've got plasma cells. You've got some connective tissues, some blood vessels. And here after a while, you can even get what's called a, we used to call these fibrous pseudotunals. So you can get a fibrotic reaction from these as you try to calm the inflammation down. These organs can get sucked in from the fibrosis from these lesions. And this is more, this you can see there's more fibrous tissue in here. So you can get a significant fibrous pseudotum or fibrous oral inflammation if you can't calm these down rapidly. All right, what do we see in here? Ashley. Just to have some of your spiral show on the left side and then you can see there's a little bit of more fullness to the left.  But if you look right here, it's pretty young guy to have, like, you know, grammatical aces. And so he's got pretty a lot of fullness, both here and here, you know, for a young guy. And we do the scabs, and what do we see?  So whatever's going on, there is something going on in the muscles, but it's also just in the orbit itself. And so, Well, but thyroid usually doesn't spill over like that. So thyroid usually doesn't spill over. So this does have some inflammation in the muscles, some myocytes, but it's spilling into the orbital fat now. Exactly. Ortho-inflammatory disease versus lymphoma. Again, and if it's bilateral, you can still get a bilateral inflammatory disease, but you know, if it's bilateral, you start thinking more of lymphoma. So you can see right here, this is a diffused sheet of lymphocytes. So you've got these moderately sized lymphocytes, some clumped chromatin. You know, I like to say, when you look at the past vessels, it looks like someone took a handful of lymphocytes and just like smeared them right on the slide. So you just get this whole sheet of these lymphocytes on here. So this turned out to be lymphoma, bilateral in this young man. And then you do the special staining to stain for the chronal B. All right, now this, unfortunately, I lean. I didn't have a scan of this. This is the real color gross exenteration of this patient. So what kind of color are we seeing in here? Yeah, bluish, almost black. So kind of some bluish black nodular stuff all over in here, what could cause that? Yeah, and so what kind of melanocytic tumor would we do an exenteration for? Melanoma, yeah. So now, you know, when you look at the orbit, there can be different sources of tumor. You can get primary tumors of the orbit. You can get tumors from the sinuses spilling into the orbit, but you can also get metastases. And in fact, if you look, if you did a bunch of autopsies, I think probably the number one orbital tumor would be metastatic.  And so if you did an autopsy of people dying of cancer, you'd probably find that orbital metastases from elsewhere would be the most common cause. But you can get tumors that arise from the eyelids, that arise from the sinuses, move into the orbit. So this happens to be a patient who initially had a conge melanoma that then kept coming back and he couldn't treat it. And so it ended up being an orbital melanoma and they had to do an exeneration at this point in just housekeeping. And once it's gotten that far, it's gonna metastasize elsewhere. And so you just can't have this tumor growing in the orbit. So they did an exeneration there. And when we look at it, this turned out to be malignant melanoma. And I know you can't tell these are melanoma cells on here. I'm sorry, but it's these plump cells right here with just a little bit of pigmentation on them and they're going into the orbital fat. So you can get tumors arising from the lid going into the orbit. And that can be squamous cell carcinomas. It can be melanomas. It can even be sebaceous carcinomas. And here's a closeup of those ugly looking melanoma cells. Nico, what are we seeing here? So it's an external photograph of the other communities in motorbikes. So we're in it here's the Earth's show. Motorbikes, some litter attraction. So this is Becca when I asked her the last question? No. And this is like the entire identity. Yeah. So this looks like that. So when you have that surprise look, people give you that surprise look. That often is thyroid is in the differential. And so what's the most common cause of bilateral proptosis in an adult? Thyroiditis. What's the most common cause of unilateral proptosis in an adult? Thyroiditis. Thyroiditis. See, you guys can listen. So that's good. So you can see right here, not only do you have this scleral show severely and inferiorly, but you get this little injection of the blood vessels here, especially around the rectum. And you see that real commonly in thyroid eye disease also. And here you can see this is the scan. Here you see it's not spilling over into the orbit. It's just in the muscles. And what's the difference in the involvement of the muscles in thyroid versus myositis? In thyroid. Thyroid spares the tendon. So see how the tendon is spared? So you see that the belly of the muscle is fat but the tendon is spared. Whereas in myositis, you can go all the way up to where it inserts in the eye. Now would you be worried about this particular patient with this scan? Yes. Why? There's a lot of thickening in the muscles like in the back so we can start for an optic nerve progression. Exactly. So look at this fat muscle belly is going all the way back to where the optic nerve comes out at the apex of the orbits. When you see that congestion posteriorly like that, you really worry about it because you can get optic neuropathy section. It's not obviously when the patient's really proctotic and the lids are really retracted, you can get exposure and all kinds of other problems. But these are the ones you really worry about when they're posterior. This is one I copied out of the book. This is an autopsy and look at that muscle belly. How big it is, but look at how the tendon is spared. So that shows it nicely in this autopsy eye. And when you look at these, they'll have this diffuse infiltrate, lymphocytes, some plasma cells, and then this kind of a demodus mixoid stuff. Now eventually, when this burns out, you can even get fibrosis of those muscles. So those muscles get fibrotic and shortened, people will get diplopia from the thyroid disease. All right, boy, this is a specimen, Jason, that you saw in the clinic, I mean in the path lab when you grossed this in. This was actually removed from the orbit. And we're trying to shine a light through them. What are we trying to show there? We're trying to show this thing we're very good at darkening. Actually, it doesn't show up well. And so we're actually showing how it kind of lights up when you do the light. So cystic. So cystic, so what's a big cystic lesion that you'd be concerned about in the orbit? Never a patient would be concerned about a dark white cyst. Okay, and indeed this was a five year old. So we open it up and this is it grossly.  It's like caseating, so what would this be? Lusensis. Well, just what you said, I mean it's a dermoid. Now, how do we tell a dermoid pathologically? I mean, you see some epidermal features like epithelium, I'm just trying to find epithelium. And what else do you need beside the epidermal features? Then you need some dermal patterns as well. Exactly. So when you have a dermoid cyst of the orbit, that's different from the dermal corstomas of the limbus. These are cystic structures and you've got this epithelial lining just like skin, but you've also got hair and sebaceous glands and sweat glands. So you have dermal appendages along with this and when you look at it, and again, this is a fellow's picture here, I should be.  So I do the same thing when I show videos at meetings. If it's like a disaster, I say of course the resident's doing this case. And it looks great, I said, this is my case. But the fellow obviously took this.  Here's a hair follicle, there's a sebaceous gland. So you've got epithelium, but also dermal appendages in these, and so people theorize that there may be surface ectoderms, sometimes in embryology that gets pinched off because it's often located along with the sutures between the bones are. So they think that maybe a piece of this gets pinched off and then it just grows throughout the kid's life and eventually causes problems. So when you remove these, you try to remove them all because if you spill keratin, in an orbit, keratin can cause a lot of inflammation. But sometimes these will spontaneously rupture and the keratin will spill out and they get lots and lots of inflammation. Okay, let's say bye to the Snake River. So next week is tumors, but also in terms of tumors, we're going to talk about leukocorea in kids. So know your leukocorea differential diagnosis. Questions? In that last case, how would you tell that if you're just looking at the growth assessment that it wasn't like fatty? Oh, yes, you can't tell. You can't tell, it does look fatty and it looks like it's just fatty lesion, but the difference is it's not solid when you put a light next to it, the light kind of transluminates through it so you know it's cystic. And it's rare for cystic structure to be totally filled with fat.  When you cut it, keratin is just, it's cheesy and it smells and it's really pretty, pretty effortless.


how is everybody today excellent excellent welcome here I am Phyllis Drury I am the president of the Ethan Allen Homestead Museum Board and so that's why I get to stand up here and welcome you to our little museum you'll see some things are in sort of disarray because last night we had a very exciting harvest dinner which some of you were at and I think it was a very good program for everybody's people seem to enjoy it and we had a lot of people here so that was good to see people out and playing games as well as having good food so we think all that came and and hope that maybe if we do it again next year more people so what's going on today today we are fortunate enough to have Paul Gillis a historian of Vermont legal history a co-founder of the Vermont Judicial Judical right no judicial sorry it's my age historical society and the Vermont Institute for government a former Vermont Deputy Secretary of State he is presently the moderator of the town of Berlin and a partner in the Montpelieu law firm Tarrant Gillis Merriman and Richardson Paul has published numerous books and articles including uncommon law ancient roads and other ruminations on Vermont legal history published in 213 by the Vermont Historical Society some of you may remember Paul from his two previous appearances at the Homestead all rise standing up to Vermont judicial history and January of 2014 and Vermont's least lands of January of 2017 please join me in welcoming Paul thank you and thank you for giving me an opportunity to talk about something that's been compelling in my life the last six months I finished history of the courts of Vermont and it's now somewhere deep in the editing process and I felt as though I needed to go on to something entirely different I've been writing about legal history in Vermont legal history for 30 years and I thought we should try cleansing the palette trying something different and it are all along people that I've talked to have known about this source this elections election sermons set there's there was 60 61 sermons given between 1778 and 1834 then they stopped and 18 years later they tried it again for three four years it was a one-hour sermon often given it would be given to the governor lieutenant governor council legislature and all the ministers that could come from the state and it would be you'd most of the ministers would know a year in advance so this would be a big deal they would be working on this would be the most important sermon that they ever gave in the most public place in front of all these other ministers who couldn't help I suppose but judge them so we have this very ripe and by the way most of these sermons are available online so you can read them yourselves but before I get into that subject because we're here in Ethan's home I thought I should at least put into context where Ethan is coming from Ethan would if his spirit is around today he would be driving us out of here because he didn't like churches and ministers he was against those but he was a deist and that's you can buy his reason the only Oracle of man in there I recommend it it's not well written and it's kind of goofy in places but he was he says in that book that he has never read anything else this is his own idea it came out of nowhere and I think it's important because actually some of the sermons talk about deism but deism is not atheism the way they call it to be so the deist deism is a is a religion they deists deists read the Bible although they didn't believe it to be divinely inspired they have nothing to do with miracles Jesus was not divine and there was no Trinity no such thing as miracles these deists worshipped God and in worship found a moral basis for a living in reason now this did not go over well with some of the traditionalists Timothy Dwight of Yale called it contemptible plagiarism a very hackneyed worn out half rotten dogma of the English deistical writers he said reason was the first formal publication the US openly directed against the Christian religion Ben Franklin George Washington Thomas Jefferson they were all deists and of course Ethan was the most notorious he in that book if you read it he troubled by Noah's Ark he doesn't buy that he thinks that Sunday should be Saturday should be Sunday and Sunday should not be the Holy Day and he said in that book I am no Christian except mere baptism make me one now he was raised in a family where they read the Bible every day and he learned the Bible and the and the phrases of it and what's most notable about Ethan Allen is that he had this remarkable way of saying things that were sort of an aphoristic statement so one of the more famous lines to the Attorney General of New York after he loses the big case he says the gods of the valleys are not the gods of the hills and the Attorney General says what what's that mean and he says you come up and I'll show you what I mean that's straight out of the book of Kings now in the 1816 Reverend Samuel Austin one of our election seminar sermon folks who was also the president UVM at the time called deism earthy sensual and devilish making a combined and formidable effort to overturn Christianity and to substitute in its place the worship of reason or rather to support an unqualified atheism and in 1817 Reverend Panayas Peck said for religion to have a universal influence it must be free of idolatry it must reject efforts to overturn Christianity and to substitute in its place the worship of reason and there are others now one way to look at this subject I think and I can't help but say that this concept of reason as opposed to the traditional Christian Protestant Christian view of things is necessarily reflected in the sermons themselves in fact you could look at the sermons in many cases as an attempt to apply reason to justify the Christian religion now so you have this so now I have gone to see I was just playing around on the net this morning and I found a headline that said that of all the states Vermont has the worst church attendance in the country it's 17% show up regularly and then I found another which said that the well they were checking to see what people thought so 41% of Vermonters are absolutely certain of a belief in God 26% are fairly certain and 21% don't now that's not a deist or or the traditional Protestants and as far as going to heaven 47% say they're likely to go I think I've got that wrong 56% believe in heaven 37% don't 38% believe in hell and 53% don't so there's a kind of favoritism there so now today we think of the process of the federal Constitution separating church and state we have the same thing in the in the Vermont Constitution and yet in early Vermont we had a system which was unusually un-economical ecumenical so in order for you to serve in the Legislature you had to take an oath that said you believe in one God the creator of governor the governor and of the universe the rewarder of good and the Punisher of the wicked and you'd acknowledge that the scriptures of the Old and New Testament were given by divine inspiration and you had to own and profess the Protestant religion and then beginning in 1791 with a article in the Constitution that says we should separate church and state we declared that all people in a town must pay for the first settled minister and the church despite what they felt so they were obliged to support the ministry at that point that and this stayed in effect until 1807 and during the course of these sermons that we're reading this comes up frequently the Congregationalists like this law because most of the churches are Congregationalists of Vermont and they're the beneficiaries of this and the Baptists hate it and they they think it's wrong but the overriding theme of these sermons is this relationship between religion and government some of these sermons are not what you would call barn burners but some of them are really quite wonderful in the way they look at things and so I thought maybe I could take some time to just go over some of it with you now the one of the things that is important to remember here is that none of the ministers wanted to step into the subject of being lobbyists they thought it was a little out of their place so but what were they to talk about well they were going to talk about the frequent themes are you folks who are serving in these offices are examples of good Christian life and if you mess up the government will topple there's an unusual amount of tolerance for other religions except not if you're Catholic Catholics are regarded as un-Christian somehow and they can take their their hits in this process I just want to start just to lay this out because even though we have 61 sermons we have 59 ministers because two of them gave the minute the sermon twice but even before that in the Constitutional Convention in July of 1777 the Reverend Aaron Hutchinson gave a sermon before they started working on the Constitution and it said this now one of the things I do here is I'm reading the sermons and then I'm also learning about the the ministers themselves and of Hutchinson it was said that it was believed by those who knew him in Massachusetts in Vermont that if the New Testament had been lost he could have been restored it from memory in the original Greek these ministers are the most educated people we have in most these towns all but more than half of them have gone to college and some of them have gone to and over seminary Hutchinson is here we are it's July of 1777 Burgoyne is bringing his troops down the up the lake I guess you have to say because he's coming to the south and the the whole state is a war zone and he speaks from his heart he says I know the heart of the oppressed for I myself have been severely scourged by that iron rod my life has been threatened and endangered for no other cause but sacrificing my merits and risking my honor in life in defense of my injured oppressed country nothing gives me greater pleasure than to be happily instrumental to undo the heavy burdens and let the oppressed go free and to break every yoke of injustice and oppression so we have a variety of different individuals in these ministers one of my most one of the most interesting I think is Azariah Chandler who is the minister in weightsfield now he is one of three of these ministers who received notice that he was to give the election sermon the night before now this would have put me into a sort of panic but he was an unusual man he was a rough character he believed in the hard life he in the winter time he would go out and cut a hole in the ice in the pond and and immerse himself in it so that he could feel this pain he would routinely go barefoot he slept on the ground in the grass any time of the year and when he was in college he had he went to UVM and when he arrived at the class he didn't have any shoes on and they said hey you have to have shoes so the next day he went out and brought his shoes in over his shoulder and they said you can see the kind of mind is now you have to have your shoes on your feet so the next day he came in and he had tied his shoes on top of his feet so he's barefoot all the time his wife said I can't make him where you know so he gets up the morning of this sermon in weightsfield he walks the 20 miles barefoot to Montpelier where he's giving this sermon and he walks into the hotel which was probably the pavilion hotel at the time and everyone laughs hysterically at him they give him a hard time he by the way he explains this in his own writings by saying that he suspected he had been born barefoot but they think of him as just this you know this room I think and his first lines recognizing that the man who was supposed to be there was the president of UVM and it becomes sick this voice comes out of this barefoot crude man most deeply my beloved friends do I participate in your regret for the afflictive dispensation which has deprived you of your expected labors of abler hands and has drawn me from an obscurity equally appropriate and beloved to officiate on so public and so interesting an occasion I didn't want I I'm giving voice to these sermons for the first time in more than 200 years and I have come to cherish the language and cherish the individuals enough so that I imagine that at some point I'm going to try to persuade the friends of the state house to have a an evening of like a farmer's night where we could get the leading pastors of Vermont to give pieces of these sermons so that we could actually hear them but here is Chandler in later talking about nations where superstition reigns whose faith teaches them to expect more from the mass the crucifix the absolution of the priest or the intercession of a dead saint I think he's talking about the Catholics then from internal purity and practical godliness whose earliest maxims teach them to yield their bodies to the monarchs will and their souls to the guidance upon typical infallibility where a villainy is so common and integrity so rare that's scarcely an individual but what would in a moment acquire intelligence to understand or virtue courage unanimity or even conscience to maintain their rights as I said I only have we only have 51 of the sermons three or four of them were never published the rest were published and yet they've disappeared from the face of the earth and it's one of the striking things about this study is what they say about us after we're gone now these are mostly well they're all men they're all ministers most of them have been are in a church for 30 or 40 years they've spent their time giving sermons you know they something to give two sermons a week at least one of the ministers calculated at the end of his life he had given 8,000 sermons in his time and he also counted up the number of funerals and weddings and baptisms and services that he had held so these are professionals these are people who are used to giving a sermon now a sermon for all of these sermons almost every one of them follows a set plan election sermons have been given in Connecticut in Massachusetts for 150 years before we started doing it and one of the questions was well how did we ever start to do it it turned out that one of our original founders Thomas didn't then serve for seven years in the in the Connecticut Legislature and would have sat through seven election sermons so the first time we have a sermon opportunity which is 1778 in March we have the Reverend Peter Powers who's who comes from hmm I can't remember where he comes from he has an interesting background in that he he was asked at one time by the abnaki Indians were in the area if it would be all right if they killed one of their own in the courthouse and whether that was in God's will this is a man named Tumuluk his parents were and you'll know these names Joe and Molly famous for giving names of pawns over in the Marshfield area and he had killed a man and been forgiven because he was he had killed his girlfriend he was trying to kill her suitor and he missed and so they said that was okay that was strike one and then he went to kill someone else and there was some other reason for giving but the third time he did it was just too much so they said well we're going to have to have our little tribal council and we're going to have tried and they found that he was guilty and that he should be punished by it being executed but they felt uncomfortable living in Vermont a subject of they were part of this community so they went to the judges in Newbury of the of the Orange County court and they said would this be all right and they said well it's your law sure you can use the lobby and then they went to powers and they said is this okay is it and he took an evening and he prayed on it and he said he thought that was right too so the where it worked was the father of the man he had killed put a bullet in his head and he was buried on the lawn outside of that courthouse and about 20 years ago when they were repairing or redoing the landscaping they plowed his body up so that this has actually been referred but Peter Powers was more than just that and just to give you an idea what do they look like his dress on the Sabbath was a curse cursey mirror coat with breeches and stockings a three cornered hat a fleece like wig a white band and white silk gloves but he wasn't a proud man a man named way while bringing Reverend Peter Powers goods from Charleston to Newbury broke through the ice while reaching the on Pompano sec and said that is a cursed hole and this was reported to the Reverend who admonished him demanding that he repent why said Mr. Way did not the Lord curse the earth for man sin yes said powers well replied way do you think that little devilish on Pompano sec was an exception Mr. Powers turned away and exclaimed oh mr. Way mr. Way I stand in fear of you he says we have but little encouragement from visibility at present he's this is again war is imminent all things outward look dark it is a dark day on account of an unnatural war darker on account of the great wickedness of the country alas the drunkenness profanity uncleanness and Sabbath breaking through the land oh what a lamentable decay of vital pie it's piety family religion and government how seldom do we find any inquiring the way to Zion the spirit of conviction and conversion seems apparently to have left the country almost universally the wise virgins are slumbering and sleeping with the foolish some such an impenetrable hardness of heart prevails that no judgments of heaven seem to make any impression on the wicked but every day they grow more obdurate and insensible so now he's established the basic themes that we will hear again and again through these sermons which is we have a moral corruption because of our depravity it's seen by Sabbath breaking blasphemy not taking the oath of office and more importantly the oaths for truthfulness in a court seriously and these are the things that he these these are the things that he is really lobbying to ensure that the legislature takes seriously and it isn't taking seriously because there is there is no enforcement of these things oh by the way in case anybody is worried about breaking the Sabbath laws it was 1894 that they allowed us to travel here when it was prohibited before that and also that there was a in actually between 1801 and 1841 it was against the law of Vermont to have any fun that is no plays no dances no public events of any sort other than the sermon other than the church and it's extremely important to think of this the sermon today it's something that we have in a church service but in early Vermont it was the thing it was the main reason that you would the only time of the week when everyone would sit down and you would actually listen and some of the some of the ministers have said it was the most remarkable opportunity to educate and to bring forward some of the principal ideas that they had in 1780 a new minister comes to Bennington David Avery he brings a slave they think hey just three years ago we abolished slavery here you can't have a slave the person he raised that problem with was excommunicated because of taking that object but he only lasts at three years and there was a major problem in the church they finally got rid of him and when asked to explain why they got rid of him one of the things they said was that the real source of the controversy was that Reverend Avery walked a church holding his wife's hand and that showed he lacked humility Governor Tichner said of him he this is more serious I suppose he exalts his official prerogatives lays all the blame upon the opposition loftily pities their weaknesses and rebukes their wrongdoing in as much as they received the word at his lips with no more meekness which is the most galling of all derides their separate origin we have Joseph Bullen who comes to Westminster and he is the problem with in most cases these ministers either he lasts forever or they don't last very long so in the case of Bullen his usefulness while in Westminster was much impaired by his devotion to money getting he kept a store manufactured potash speculated in land and was considered quite shrewd at the bargain it's Bullen who in excommunicating a man named Azariah Wright who was shot a bear on Sunday and the report of the gun has been heard at church in the middle of the sermon they have a little hearing and they say you got to go and Wright who was a revolutionary hero and a pretty rough character anyway attends the next session of the church where the Reverend is about to read the excommunication order and he brings his rifle and he points it right at the head of the minister and this is a moment of chilling stillness and then Reverend Bullen hands the paperwork to John Sessions the first deacon and the gun then moves over to deacons head and deacon deacon Sessions ready with any kind of situation in church says quoting St. Paul's letter to the Corinthians all things are legal but not all things are expedient and hands it back to the minister after which everyone flees and Azariah stays a member of the church now one of the people I have met in my journey who I come to respect more than any other is Reverend Asa Burton of Thatford and he was there 40 years he was a force of religious importance in the state and he there's also a lot more written about him he for instance he wrote his conversion story which I thought was inspiring in one of his journals at times very suddenly everything around me shown with particular brightness and serene glory it seemed to penetrate through my soul and fill that with light then my mind felt serene and calm as the morning without any agitation or distress my heart seemed to melt within me and tears would flow plentifully but silently down my cheeks I experienced inward sweetness and joy too great for utterance so he was like a star he had been to Yale he had studied with the great theologians and he had great opportunities in Connecticut he was heading for Connecticut but they said would you just stop by Thatford for just one sermon this was common that they would move around and there what he found there was not inspiring he later wrote they appeared to me to be very litigious quarrelsome intemperate immoral clownish and vulgar and in view of towns around they stood lowest in public estimation but he was told that this would leave him more room to be successful if he pitched where Satan's camp was and he decided to stay and he was successful he trained over 60 men for the minister including the minister that whose house is down the street from my house in Berlin James Hobart he also was successful in welcoming 150 new souls to his church in just one year they his biographer said he was not a great orator but his great reasoning power and the clearness with which he presented his subject to the minds of the hearers made a deep and lasting impression he had a strong view against Methodism abhorred dancing and has a special ability to draw the young from vain amusements he also said that the how important good family government was as the basis for sound civil government by that means children are fitted by their parents to be orderly and unruly subjects of government he promoted the development of schools where the operation of selfishness may be restrained and preachers to lead the way to a better world and even found something nice to say about taxes taxes and heavy taxes too I may say are of great service to the public wealth not only but as by them government is supported but they oblige us to be industrious and frugal we have Lyman Potter 1787 from Norwich he has again this is I you go into the literature you find all the things you can find about this in in books and pamphlets and newspapers and this is what we remember of him is in the history of Norwich it says in his pulpit efforts he does not appear to have been especially happy his delivery being marred by a slight impediment in speech and by a harsh shrill voice he preached long sermons made long prayers and use many long metric hymns in his services he dressed in the clerical garb of the day with loose and flowing coat skirts powdered hair and wore a three-cornered cocked hat of the continental pattern being a man of large size and commanding appearance he was the object of considerable awe but he too spent too much time farming and then fell into some problems there it's interesting that many of these men are described as large or portly and in fact the one minister who is thin this young woman meets him and says how can you be a minister when you're so skinny so they've come to expect this we have Samuel Shuttlesworth of Windsor who wrote in a letter to a friend oh this so a friend someone of the pastor reminds remembers him Lois Leverett who wrote a letter to a friend saying that she detested the Reverend Samuel Shuttle worth who delighted in hurting his wife's feelings in public but she knew such gossip to be wrong and considered the poor impression it might make on her friend to say so so now we've got the minister who was in trouble for walking to church with holding his wife's hand and the other one who makes who makes his wife a mockery in public we have Samuel Williams Samuel Williams is what is probably the most important person in terms of the contributions to Vermont he was the first real historian of Vermont he wrote a history of Vermont in 1794 he co-founded the Rutland Herald he was the leading scientist of Vermont and was sent on special missions to the north to set the boundaries of the state and in up to this point I have thought he was if we were going to put ten faces up there that made Vermont he would be one of them but only in the reading on it was also a congregational minister in Rutland and he gave the election sermon in 1790 94 but it turns out that you look into his history he became in 1780 he went to Harvard in 1780 became Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy and was about to assume the presidency of Harvard College but then left under a cloud in 1788 that is just six years before he became the election sermon man a later Bradford minister stated I have heard it called forgery which led to his instant resignation and he went away from the metropolitan metropolis of culture and refinement from the society where he had been so honored to the then new and back woods town of Rutland he had great learning and ability but there was this sad episode in his life which destroyed the fame of a life that promised so much but he came to Vermont and what happens when people come to Vermont from a sad experience somewhere else they flourish he became it was the second act and he was allowed to become one of our major characters always probably fearing something would reveal this I suppose but listen to his voice this is he's he's telling this the legislators his role the the business of the pulpit is not to direct our civil rulers what measures they are to pursue in public affairs but to suggest those moral and religious considerations which are of the highest authority and obligation and lie upon them with peculiar weight and then he introduces a subject which is common throughout which is faction party under Thomas Chittenden we were one party and after that it became republicans and and federalists interestingly enough religions followed politics the the Episcopalians and the Unitarians tended to become Tories or I mean but federalists and the Methodists and the Baptist tended to become republicans and it was a kind of a secular and religious separation of people and if you see this tension all the way through the early years from 1778 to about the 1820s and then all of a sudden religion gets interested in social issues like slavery abolition of slavery like temperance like Sabbath breaking that sort of thing and these movements are non-denominational and they bring the Protestant sex at least together in a way which allows them to take concrete action so we have prohibition in 1852 after a long struggle where abolitionists long before the rest of the country there was a South Carolina legislature was so upset with our abolitionism that they had a resolution to the president of the United States that they should hire 10,000 Irish workers to dig a trench around the state of Vermont floated out to sea and drown it which if my geography is right means that so would Maine and some of Quebec go as well but so we have I'm conscious of taking more time than I should since I read somewhere about a sermon that no souls are saved after 20 minutes but bear with me because there's some really wonderful things here this is a man named Thomas Merrill who stands out as the least tolerant of the the ministers he said it sounds like he's going that way but he says religion religion cools the fire of ambition in a successful man to give him a serenity of mind in the midst of the whirl of business to teach him the instability of earthly things the frailty of his own frame the vanity of world enjoyments and the importance of laying up a treasure where moth and rust doth not corrupt it pours oil and bomb in the wounds of those who are brought down by the arrows of misfortune it checks the ardor and impetuosity of the youth counsels cautions and vices and leads him in the path of reputation and usefulness to the goal where he receives these laurels but he openly criticized the religion of the Quran for arming its followers with the impediments of torture and bloodshed to exterminate all who will not implicitly embrace it no one listening would have missed his message about godliness in its role in governing the nation and he speaks in but his sermon has vital images at the beginning this moth and rust doth corrupt but somehow at the end of his sermon it becomes and i think what what what ministers at this time have done is that they have internalized the the kinds of things they'll say in a sermon so they very well might be extemporaneous at some point the someone i was looking for was elijah lineman of brookfield a good but not a great man said his biographer the fault was that his government in his family was too much like elies and he lived to see the fruit of this fault in a bad life in the end of a dear son i don't know any more about that than that but he was loved everyone felt that father lineman was his or her friend the children felt so he bent over the sick bed with deep compassion he took little children in his arms and laid his hand on them and prayed he visited all the district schools twice a term he closed these visits with a catechism and a prayer he was not a great preacher but he was so kind and tender that everybody loved to hear him his sermon was had more heads than any creature has a right to usually ended his four noon discourse with the remainder of this subject would leave of providence will be attended to in the afternoon and the pulpit at brookfield was very high and deacon kelog sat so near the base that he had to look up at the preacher at more than a 40 degree angle with his lower jaw dropped he swallowed at the end of each section of the sermon and young people said he was swallowing the preaching and so he was uh elijah had a reputation locally as a as a mediator settling suits that would otherwise have been taken to court and at the end of one successful session in Rochester he said we have got the fire most out but you may find some sparks now and then and if you do run for a bucket of water and quench it as soon as possible um phineas peck 1817 the first to be openly critical of the uh catholic religion um and uh this is the one i was thinking of uh he says uh if our charities are not exhausted if our sympathies are not paralyzed if our affections are not colder than frozen poles we hope the pulpit and press will groan for the miseries of the oppressed the trumpet ought to sound long and loud until the continent shall tremble and free herself of her sooty burden that's a racist concept by the way until all shall cry out let them colonize help them to colonize we will colonize them we will by the blessing of god colonize protect and bless them until the king of nations shall grant them national privileges and then he sees the future of the world as protestantism takes over the world the cruel arm of the catholic church superstition would be broken the inquisitions of spain and portugal will be overthrown violence will be heard no more nor would the influence of this unity stop there the persians who worship fire would feel the fire of the holy ghost the mohabitans who propagate their false religion with a sword pierced with the two-edged sword of the gospel would renounce their delusions and fall down and worship the son of god the religion of the grand lama in tartary would give place to the worship of the true god juggernaut in hindistan to which the human service sacrifices are offered would be hewed in pieces and even their spiritual sacrifices would be offered to the god of heaven um as i say most of these sermons have been a little bit more tolerant of other religions but um it ended in 1834 for several reasons which have been explained one of which was that by the time we got to 1834 ministers had thrown off that resistance to giving political opinions and we're starting to talk about these subjects which while many in the audience agreed seemed out of place in a way but the main reason according at least to Leonard Deming who writes a postscript to this process at that time is that the state had to buy dinners for all the ministers that came to these sessions and they thought that wasn't a useful amount of spend expenditure so they ended it there and uh and Deming somewhat callously says that he didn't notice there was any difference in the way that the the legislature acted without an election sermon today we don't have election sermons we have chaplains chaplains who appear regularly if they don't then a legislator appears and they start the day with a prayer in the senate and the house and there's a statute that says they should be paid five dollars for their services that day we have um and but if we go back to the where these statistics that i was telling you about and i i think what we've got now is that if you think about the beginning we had congregationalists as the majority religion in the state and and it was said that fifty six fifty four percent of the people in vermont were congregationalists at the time mostly on the eastern side of the state which also happened to be where uh the the last outposts of toriism with the people that resisted the independence of vermont the western side was said to be with methodists and baptists was to be a little bit unruly congregationalists were were conservatives and i think it's also interesting to see how often a minister of a particular faith becomes a minister of another faith many of them change their mind or their churches change and they kick them out more than a third of this of them end their careers by becoming missionaries they go to south carolina and georgia to treat with the to supply religion to the indians who have been moved around and one is actually sent to hana lulu to try to expand the religion at that time but uh sadly enough some of them suffered more than that william s perkins the episcopalian minister in arlington was the founder of the first episcopal church there and it was very successful and he went to montpelier and gave the election sermon and when he got back he was accused of evangelical leanings and the bishop of vermont bishop hopkins came to arlington and had a trial and dismissed him from the ministry because of what he had said except that he did have a little caveat that if he could you know repent that everything would be all right so an hour later he produced a letter which satisfied everyone he was restored to his ministry at that time others have uh one one minister went really bad and became a lawyer uh several and seeing as though you don't retire as a minister though they always would they would be thrown out in some way they would be the church would get rid of them there was a there was a lot of fighting over how much they were paid early on we didn't have money so we were to pay him in wood and and wheat and you know goods but people after a while forgot doing that so that we have a minister who's going to come to your house and pray with you because he wants to have dinner and it it becomes difficult and again this we have a chandler walking from waitfield the minister in my town james hobart at the end of his 40 years as the pastor for the congregational church said he was tired and he wanted to retire and they had a town meeting where they were going to see if they could sort of give him his pension and it was so angry and so distraught that they the moderator my predecessor uh adjourned the meeting without any action being taken and he didn't get anything so he proceeded to become an itinerant minister and he would walk from berlin to plain field he would walk sometimes walk 100 miles at a time and go to church to church and take as and could you could i take your sunday service sometimes the ministers would have five or six churches and they would have to move around uh even if they were close enough in that day to do it they're they are remarkable men they're all men they're remarkable sermons and i'm feel really proud of having the opportunity to to read them i have to say that the experience of reading them is not it takes some getting used to so i find myself i'm not giving due respect to the ministers if i'm not listening to them and if i get the feeling like i'm lost i have to stop for a day and sort of clear my head in a way but what i've seen but the opportunity here is greater than just a history of election sermons the the opportunity is to tell the history of vermont for the first 60 years because of what they say about the issues of the day in their sermons and while i was really looking for a development or an evolution of religious thought i was really surprised that they all seemed pretty much the same other than the episcopalians that seem to want to talk seriously about why a bishop is more important than election of the minister by the by the congregation but largely there is no miracles very little depravity you know in all this sort of Calvinist burden i've extended my reach to read some of the early sermons of george whitefield and those sermons are filled with wrath and you know jonathan edwards with with sinners in the hands of an angry god so the audience would break down and and weep and and this would be the biggest event of their life this didn't happen in the legislature the legislature was a little too starchy there's a little less of that but imagine an hour i mean in many years they would have the militia of the town meet the governor outside as he came into town and they would come in they would be cannons shot off and guns and then they would then they would go to the legislature and they would elect the speaker and swear in all the legislators and then they would stand up and listen to a sermon for an hour now that's different kind of folks than i'm thinking of today i didn't make you stand for this lecture and this isn't a sermon but today i think i saw that three percent of Vermonters consider themselves congregationalists and twenty some percent are Catholics and and i've seen figures unsubstantiated that 40 percent are deists so maybe ethan didn't really lose his way after all thank you it's a starchy subject but if you have questions i'm happy to try to answer them yes i have a couple of comments i served for many years at first congregational in in burlington we started in 1805 yeah um two ministers by two different committees neither one of them knowing the other one existed recalled to interview for the position of first pastor one was from Yale and Yale was the stronghold of the congregation was the other one was Harvard and Harvard deists slash unitarian so the two of them came and they had there was only one place for them to stay and in the uh the home of the uh whoever it was in the church that they called them and the two guys got along really well but the congregations went and so they separated so one one became congregational and the other one became unitarian and the unitarian church started five years later than the ucc but but that is just a lovely piece of history but i had read that the minister that became the congregation of the first minute was paid 450 dollars cash a year which compared to some of those small towns was was incredible and he was president of the university at this time yeah that's right there were three two university presidents university vermont presidents and three middlebury presidents who who spoke and uh my old friend asa burton he kept they kept asking him back but he he only did it twice but uh it's it's an interesting group of people that it's interesting i was concerned that in reading these sermons that i would be at sea so i decided i would start reading them from the newest backwards so that i would at least have a chance to get into the flavor of it but um i can't say that that i saw that much difference i think some of the better ones were the were the earlier ones in a way but so you this is what is this going to be a book of pamphlet i don't know what it is i'm i'm still wrestling with it but i've still got 20 to do thoroughly and uh i can't wait so thanks very much