Hello everyone, my name is John Hammond welcome back another YouTube video and we are looking at try hack me's advent of cyber And this is day 20. It's called power shelf to the rescue I think they nudge the word elf in the middle of power shell. So that's nice and fun But I am logged in on the try hack me website I'm connected to their VPN and I am ready to tackle this task So without further ado, let's dive in and I'll read through here just to get a little background for us It says someone is mischievous at the best festival company The contents within the stockings have been removed a clue was left in one of the stockings that hints the Contents have been hidden within elf station one Mick eager moves quickly and attempts to RDP in the machine, but yikes. He's unable to log in Luckily, he's been learning power shell and he can remote into the workstation using power shell over SSH So our task is to use the power shell console to navigate through the endpoint to find the hidden contents to reveal What was hidden in the stockings? Okay, so we will be using SSH to connect into this rope me excuse me Connect into this remote machine and the command to run to connect the remote machine will be SSH And then you can use tack L to specify the username Which we can see is Mick eager and the IP address of the machine here So mine has been deployed at 10 10 1 50 1 30 But again as usual your IP address will be different the password that will supply is rock star with a Zero leet speak for the oh a capital S for star and an exclamation point trailing at the end So I will go ahead and copy the syntax to SSH with that user over there, and I have a little Terminal up and ready that I can use I'll paste this in And I have already accepted it although you might be prompted with the hey Are you sure you want to connect to this host you can type in the letters yes for yes And then you should be prompted for the password now We know the password is rock star with that zero for elite speak capital S for star and an exclamation point at the end Now when I enter that password, I should be logged in note However, once you log in you'll see this prompt and that is cmd.exe That is going to end up be the original windows console, but we need to manually launch PowerShell So we'll need to type in the command PowerShell. Let's do that. I Will type in PowerShell It'll take just a second and PowerShell is a little notorious for being slow and especially over this connection We should maybe give it some time But you should see that our prompt has changed to include a ps for PowerShell here now when we type in our commands You can see they're highlighted usually in yellow or anything that we might be typing in the command line It is gonna have some nice syntax highlighting. So kudos to PowerShell for that now. Let's go see what we are up against We want to navigate to the documents folder. Okay So I guess that we can just do that. They're using the set-location documents syntax PowerShell is Kind of inherently verbose and that it is lengthy long verb-noun syntax for its commands or Commandlets as PowerShell calls them There are aliases or kind of Shorthand nicknames that you can use because on a Linux terminal or on a Windows command prompt cmd.exe You might be more familiar with typing CD to change directory. You can just as easily do that Set location is the full-length verbose verb-noun commandlet But the alias or the shorthand nickname the convenience function is simply CD So we could use either and I'll explore or discuss a little bit more of those as we read on but if we were to go ahead and set hyphen location over to Documents you should see our prompt changes and now we have documents present We're using a relative path when we do that. So if I were to CD to the parent directory up up there if I were to get hyphen child item and PowerShell thankfully does not care about case So my weird lowercase i and capital T there would be all right get child items will tell us everything Oh, excuse me with not plural get child item And you can see that PowerShell will give us this big bloody red error when we have something wrong But get child item should display everything here and we can see that Downloads documents desktop documents is in there as a relative file location We can move into so let's go ahead and it do that set hyphen location or CD into documents There we go. And as I mentioned before PowerShell is not case sensitive So I could be kind of meman over here with set location period period and PowerShell will know to do that totally fine Good good To get back into documents with that CD shorthand syntax all they control L on my keyboard to clear the screen And now let's go back to keep reading the task Here's a little bit of explanation and background on what PowerShell is it says the official explanation of PowerShell is PowerShell is a cross-platform task automation and configuration management framework consisting of a command line shell and scripting language Unlike most shells which accept and return text like you would expect in the Linux command line when you pipe One command into another PowerShell is going to differ from that PowerShell is built on top of the dot net common language Runtime or CLR and accepts and returns dot net objects This fundamental change brings entirely new tools and methods for automation. So What you're used to If you're working the Linux command line when you're running your cat command and you pipe it to head or you use grep or tail Or said or awk You're funneling through text on the standard output stream or the standard error stream or the standard input stream But that is just raw plain text all the letters and printable characters that display out on your terminal When you're working in PowerShell that Turns it on its head and it's completely different. It changes the game because it's not just text That's being funneled through but dot net objects. So if we put on our programmer hats that means that okay abstract objects or a thing with properties and methods and things that it can do and run but information relative to that and you can funnel through each of those through the PowerShell pipeline That's the gimmick in gotcha with PowerShell PowerShell has grown in popularity the last few years among defenders and especially attackers because PowerShell is typically always just about Going to be forever on the Windows desktop or the Windows server. It's native now Knowing PowerShell is a necessary skill if you have only heard of PowerShell, but never dabbled with it fret not today you will Recall from the definition above that PowerShell is a command line shell We must enter commands in the command prompt to instruct PowerShell on what we want it to do for us PowerShell commands are known as Commandlets and that's an interesting spelling right cmd let's cmd let's that's that's the way it is and that is what PowerShell calls sort of its syntax, but again the verb hyphen noun Presentation and they're called commandlets rather than commands like the Linux or cmd.exe world To list the contents of the current directory we're in we can use the get hyphen child item commandlet There are various other options we can use with this commandlet to enhance its capabilities further now This goes through and kind of bullet points all the other parameters or arguments You could use with the get hyphen child commandlet and we could zoom in on these more if we'd like to And that can all be explained with us with get hyphen help and then passing in the commandlet that we would like to use That will give a ton of information Oftentimes including examples and you can see all the different parameters or arguments that that commandlet might take So I think I have some old videos actually and I need to actually continue that series on PowerShell So if you're interested you can go check those out on my channel But let's look at some of these arguments tack path Will specify a path to one or more locations and you can use wild cards or the asterisk right a little glob or a wild card to match any string Tack file or tack directory can get a list of files if you're using the file parameter To get a list of directories that use the directory parameter You can also use the recurse parameter with file and or directory parameters So you're only focusing on files or you're only focusing on directories when you're trying to list them all out You don't care about the other just what you specify tack filter Specifies a filter to qualify the path parameter tack recurse will get the item in the specified location and In all child items of the locations So that means it'll like burrow down and dig through all of the different sub directories or the sub folders So while we might be in our user elf McEager location He has his desktop and his documents and his downloads and his favorites and all the other Folders in the in his directory if we were to use tack recurse It will spiral through all of those sub folders and directories recurse can be hefty, but very powerful tack hidden will only get hidden items and that might be useful for us because we're gonna end up looking for things that were trying to be Hid or obfuscated or slid under the radar right there. They're trying to be masked and not immediately display They're they're wanting to camouflage or blend in so tack hidden might be very very useful for us another option here Tack error action silently continue Specifies what action to take if the command encounter encounters an error note that error action parameter or that argument is what? Allows you to specify what take is what takes action What action is being taken place right silently continue is an example of one of those actions There are others that you can supply for this error action Parameter or argument so silently continue just means totally ignore the errors. I don't care just keep cruising through But we could have it do something else if we wanted to with that hyphen error action option For example, if you wanted to view all of the hidden files in the current directory you're in you can issue the following command Get child item tack file again only viewing files that are hidden and Ignore errors so the ignore error action should be silently continue Another useful commandlet is get content. This will allow you to read the contents of a file again power shell is verbose This verb hyphen noun syntax might very well match what you know in your mind as the cat command on Linux Or the type command in old-school windows cmd.exe Get content is the full commandlet, but those cat commands and type commands are aliases so you can still use them within power shell if you wanted to we could dive into a whole get hyphen alias or set hyphen alias Syntax all throughout power shell or you could go do that kind of as an extra exercise for the reader, but okay You can run the command as follows get content hyphen path and then the final name that you want to read out Right, that's a relative path here Tack path is kind of inherently default so if you don't specify tack path It knows the argument following this commandlet will be what you want to read out so that works You can run numerous operations with the get hyphen content commandlet to give you more information about a particular file You're inspecting like how many words are in the file in the exact position for a particular string Etc. We can combine that by using that power shell Pipeline where we're carrying whole dot net objects through another commandlet to get the number of words contained within a file you can use get content and Pipe the results into the measure hyphen object Commandlet you can run the command as follows to get hyphen content. Excuse me tack path Pipe to measure object and then hyphen word will display all that very cool To get the exact position of a string within a file you can use the following command get content hyphen path File dot text and then you can specify an index So index is going to end up taking the output of this Commandlet and that's why it's kind of noted here in these parentheses because now we're going to do a little bit more Dot-net or programmer stuff with it and we will index it with these square braces at a specific number and That you data find out here The index is the numerical value that is the location of the string within the file since index is start at zero You typically need to subtract one from the original value to extract the string at the current position However, this is not necessary for this exercise So that's one way to do it where you wrap your commandlet in parentheses and then index it with square braces I'm going to end up using the select string notion because we also encourage that later on So to change directories we use that location or CD just as we saw The last command that is needed to solve this room is select hyphen string and the shorthand alias for that is just Select where you don't have to type in the hyphen string. I know this is a water hose I know I'm just throwing stuff at you, but we'll get to see it in just a second We'll dive into the command line and do it for real This command will search a particular file for a pattern you define within the command run an example Execution of this command is select string with the path and tack pattern to find a specific thing and notice They're using that asterisk or the star the wild card to glob information And of course as I mentioned you can always use get hyphen help to learn more about a specific command And I'd recommend doing that even just as you go through each of these just to see what else it can do and How else you could use power shell to your advantage? So that's cool All right search for the first hidden elf file within the documents folder read the contents of this file What does elf one want? Hmm. Well, let's take a look We are currently in the documents folder, and we knew that we could run get hyphen child item And we could specify tack file to only get files and we could specify tack hidden to only get hidden files Right, so I'll hit enter on this. Ooh, and I see an E one elf seemingly a one for our L here Elf one dot text and you can see in the mode description over here There's an H indicator and that means that it is a hidden file if you were to run something like LS or dir again Because those are aliases they will work and you can still just as easily pass in those arguments power show will know But if we were to run LS dir or get child item without that you will see an elf one dot text with a regular L But notice the length here is different 22 versus 35 and that mode it is not hidden That's actually a neat little troll, right? So I could get hyphen content on elf one dot text With the L, but it's a little red herring. Hey, nothing to see here now notice I use get content, but again We could just as easily use cat or type because they are power shell aliases So now let's go ahead and cat out that elf one with a one and that we know is the hidden file that we want So I'll go ahead and cat E one F one dot text and the answer here is I want my two front teeth All I want is my two front teeth So I'll go ahead and copy that and I'll paste that in here And I'll submit this and that is the correct answer. So cool That's all that we needed to do for that one next We need to search on the desktop for a hidden folder that contains the file for elf two and then read the contents of that file Okay, so we're currently in documents, right? So I'll clear my screen I'm gonna hit control L on my keyboard or just CLS typed in as a command and I'll use CD dot dot Remember that's an alias for set location Climb us out of the documents directory and then just so we get good practice with it I will set location to the desktop If I can type you can of course tab complete, right? So if you start typing something and you know that there's only a certain amount of folders locations that Begin with that syntax you can just hit tab twice in your keyboard and will automatically fill out the rest for you Now again, I'll LS Nothing currently on the desktop, but if I LS tack hidden Oh, I can see there is an elf to Wo and that's a directory, right? So far to the exact same command LS tack hidden, but also note tack Directory it would be able to find just that Excluding that desktop that I and I file. So let's CD into that directory Let's get child item or LS or DIR and now you can see there is one dot text file here That we want to know the contents of so let's simply go ahead and cat that file out A girl or excuse me get content Maybe I don't know if this is getting confusing where I'm throwing aliases and left and right But I want you to know that power shell can act as just exactly like or very very similar to at least what you type in Via commands like what you're used to if you're used to Linux if you use the windows command prompt You can use those commands and it will behave But the pipeline and what you do when you end up piping commandlets into one another that is functionally very very different Anyway, our answer here is I want the movie Scrooge so Scrooge is the answer Let's go ahead and submit that Also correct and now search the windows directory for a hidden folder that contains files for elf 3 Now I didn't exactly interpret this immediately. Well, I went to c colon back slash Windows and then I tried to look around in here, but I couldn't find anything worthwhile So I went into c windows system 32 And that is I from what I understand what they're referring to but c windows system 32 has all of the Like inherent necessary files for your windows operating system So there's a lot in here. You can see that command obviously was running for a long time So we need to smartly look for what we're finding here We need to smartly look for a hidden folder that contains files for elf 3 What is the name of that hidden folder? Okay, so let's Go ahead and ls or dir or get child item And remember we could simply filter for what we're looking for right So tack filter could be kind of only returning things that match a given criteria or Match a correct string constraint, right? So I will define that with these String indicators right the double quotes or the single quotes and then I could use those asterisks To note the wild cards before or after the number three So I want you to match anything that includes the number three Somewhere and I can run that And now there's a lot of stuff, but we know we can zoom in on that even more right We're looking for a folder that is hidden So let's take that same exact commandlet and let's use tack hidden and let's use tack directory Now when I run this We only have one result and that's much easier to to work through here and it's called elf three So we can cd into that Change directory your set location submit elf three as the answer There we go And that is what the hint would have suggested for us here use tack filter with that notion there How many words does this first file contain? Oh, do we have multiple files in here? Looks like dir ls get child item does not show anything So we must need to specify tack hidden because maybe they're hidden files here There we go. I see a one dot text and a two dot text. So let's get content On one dot text And there is a lot of output there But we need to know how many words are in this file, right? So I will clear the screen and I'll pipe I'll use that power shell pipeline to pass in the dot net object that get content is returning I'll pipe that to measure object just as we read about earlier And now measure object supplying it with all of this information or without any arguments or parameters afterwards It gives me a count of nine nine nine nine Let's use that tack word parameter that we knew was a thing from reading and that tells us, okay Nine nine nine nine. So that must be the answer Nine nine nine nine Submit that Perfect. And what two words are at index five five one and six nine nine one in the first file? Well, let's um, let's try to use that syntax that they suggested, right? Let's use the get content one dot text And wrap that command within parentheses So we'll have an opening parentheses at the start and ending parentheses there And then we can use the square braces with a specific index So in this case five five one is what we want to see first Okay, and that word is red But I would also like to get six nine nine one That also retrieves it Cool red writer Are the words that it needs and you could do this kind of one by one if you'd like to the other way we could do this What I had it kind of hinted towards earlier is using the get content and then select Or pipe it to select string As we know select is the alias to it and then you can specify tack index or hyphen index And you can say I want index five five one Oh, sorry, that might just be select then I think yeah, I'm excuse me select is a shorthand or an alias for select object rather than select string forgive me There we go And we could of course use six nine nine one as another argument in that as well if we would like so Five five one and six nine nine one will retrieve the string red writer And that is select object as the command that i'm using there We could use the alias and we can specify just select But you get the exact same result right because you're running the exact same command Regardless, we know that red writer is our answer here So let's type that in Submit that and this is only half the answer search in the second file for the phrase from the previous question To get the full answer. What does elf three want? Okay, so Now we're going to work with this second text file. So get content two dot text and there's a lot here And we want to What search in the second file for the phrase from the previous question to get the right answer So we need to look for red writer in this whole big file here So Now we can end up using select string With a specific pattern and that was the syntax that they showcased. So Is it just red writer? with The capital letters Does that hit anything? I'm not using the asterisks right now, but I think that would just mean strictly specifically one instance Let's I'm not getting a hit, right? So let's use the asterisks here See if that finds anything. Oh red writer is not a valid regular expression should Uh, should I be using regular expressions with like a dot star dot star And do the spaces matter in that? What does that hint say? Okay, red writer should all be lowercase. So Maybe we don't need to end up using those Let's clear the screen and let's use red writer all lowercase Just taking the hint just trying to understand a little bit more of what try hack me wants Are they using the asterisks in that? Did I misread that? No, I did not red writer be begun All right, that must be the answer Let's go ahead and submit that but it needs spaces. So red writer be begun Submit. All right. There we go. We did it So that was some live learning, right? That was some good activity using powershell and getting an understanding for all that We can do with it But this was kind of simple. Hey navigating around the file system reading files doing some good stuff But that is absolutely necessary While you learn powershell, right? You're going to be doing this on a windows host You're going to be doing this on windows So you got to be able to bump around that file system Understand what all the files are there and what they contain etc So this is absolutely necessary and then you can use that as a springboard Or jumping off point to learn even more powershell But this was this was a lot of fun. I think It's always nice to be able to take a look at system or hidden files exactly because Yeah, that's where the adversary is going to hide, right? Or at least Some might try to so using and knowing a lot of these parameters are very very good to do And of course take a look at get hyphen help like always just be reading just understand a little bit of the documentation the man pages right rtfm so You can of course just pass in an alias for that too. So if I already use get help get help, excuse me on ls You can see that's defining the get child item commandlet and the aliases there are going to explain a little bit more here Get help will also include some remarks, which is really great Because it tells you like hey it can't find more information on this So you could use update help to get more information or you could end up I think passing like full is that the right commandlet Where it might give you some example Like example use cases more in-depth information regarding the parameters you could actually get help On the get help command and that's kind of meta, but but very very cool and very very fun So explore use power shell understand a little bit about it and keep digging around keep keep trying things to tinker with But this has been a long video much longer than it needed to be so thank you guys so much for watching I hope you had fun with this one I hope you're going to use a little bit more power shell and I hope you're going to keep cruising to finish up Trihac me's advent of cyber, but I'll see you in the next video everyone. I love you. Take care


I keep telling you guys to keep people in your life who tell you what you need to hear and not what you want to hear. So that's what we're going to do today when we're talking about Cavos's review of the Shane Dawson series when he's talking about Jake Paul and Logan Paul. So stay tuned. What is up everybody? This is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem but focus on the solution and if you're new to my channel, my channel is all about mental health and what I like to do is pull things from the YouTube community to teach you how to improve your mental and emotional well-being. So if you're into that kind of stuff, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. So before I get started, a huge shout out to one of my very loyal subscribers, Jiffy. They actually recommended this to me on Twitter, asked me my thoughts and I'm like, okay, I know who Cavos is. I guess I'll check this out. So thank you so much, Jiffy. But anyways, I debated on making this video. I talked with my girlfriend. She advised me against it but she's like, you're probably gonna do it anyways. I'm like, you're probably right. Then I talked to my wonderful editor, Zach and he's like, no, I think that's some good stuff to talk about and I'm like, all right, Zach. But the reason why I debated on it is because with what I try to do with this channel, there's a fine line that I try not to cross where it goes, you know, into the drama section rather than the mental health section. But like, I think it's important. I think it's important that we talk about this stuff because like one of the ways that I stay protected mentally and emotionally is by judging people's character.  So it's embedded in our brain. We have to know how to read people, right? So I think it's important to discuss this and use this example from the YouTube community. So you can kind of look at who you're watching because you might have other people in your life who are contradicting themselves or they're not really showing their true intentions and things like that. So I want to kind of give you examples of this. Like when I watch things and I'm kind of looking at people, I'm like, okay, are they or aren't they, you know, a good person or is this somebody I would keep close to me and all that because I keep telling all of you guys that you need to have better friends. You need to have better people in your life. And if for some reason Kavos you watched this, I'm like, this is no hate at Kavos. Like I kind of look at this in the same realm that I look at, you know, what Shane sees with Jake Paul is that I don't even know if Kavos knows he's doing it. All right. And maybe this will bring some light to him, but I really want to help all of you learn how to read people so you can protect yourself mentally and emotionally because something that's really important when it comes to our relationships, who you're going to date, who you're going to hang out with, which family members you're going to keep close in your life. We need to follow people not by what they say, but what they actually do. And a lot of this looks at what they say. Like I talk a lot, but I also listen a lot. So I listen for different contradictions and things like that to see who people really are. And for those of you in the United States, I think that's important too with the midterm elections coming up. Like there's a lot of politicians who say one thing and do the other. So we're constantly having to look at these things and seeing if people's words line up with their actions. All right. So let's get started in this video. So the first thing I want to bring up, the first thing I want to bring up, and it's just, I was going to make a separate video, didn't know if I should, but I'm just going to lump it into this video.  They're lying to you. Recently, YouTube have really been demonetizing my content. So getting sponsors like this, it's important that we show support to them because they're supporting creators and letting me make whatever I want. And I just want to tell you the truth. Like, like, okay, here's the thing. Like Carlos, you know, was sponsored in this video. Good for him. Getting sponsored is amazing. I want to get sponsored. We all should get sponsored. Right. But like he uses what a lot of YouTubers do. So this is nothing pointed directly at Carlos. A lot of YouTubers do this where they say, Hey, I keep getting demonetized by YouTube. So I have a sponsor. Right. And this is a form of manipulation because they're trying to make you feel bad. So you give them something in return. And like, I'm just about honesty. Like I'm all about honesty. Okay. Does YouTube ad money suck? Yes. Does YouTube demonetization suck? Yes. But does YouTube demonetization mean that you don't get any ad money? No, no, it does not. Okay. And I don't know why YouTubers are acting like when they get demonetized. They make no money. Like I went through some of my demonetized videos and I looked at the ad money I made and I made money off of them. Like that little yellow demonetization symbol does not mean you will not get advertisements. It means that advertisers on their end can say whether or not they want to have an ad on this type of video or this type of channel. So again, like I just want to inform all of you to so like so you can make better informed decisions like Kavos, make your money, baby girl. Like I want all of you to support creators. Like if you don't support me, support somebody else like watch their ads, click on their ads by their merch. You know what I mean? Click on their sponsor links. All of these things help support your creators. Support them on Patreon. I don't care. It's just that I want people to be honest about this. And yes, there are some times when you get no ad money on your videos. But from my experience, there's a lot of times where you're still making a little bit of money. It's not as much.  Like you still do make some money off of it. Alissa also said, and this is the most hilarious part, that Jake would use the team 10 angle saying to girls that you know, come look at the team 10 house, come see if you'll be a good fit to bang Instagram models. So the first thing I'm going to point out is like Kavos is like so surprised. Like it's so surprised. He's like, Jake Paul was using his status to like sleep with women. Like, okay, yeah, is that a scummy thing? Yes. And this again is not a knock at Kavos like here's the reason why I talked to you guys about victim mentality and being taken advantage of and things like that. And even more importantly, to really get your values and priorities straight. Like this has been happening since the dawn of time. People are using their status for sex. Like this is not new. Celebrities do it. Famous people do it. Rich people do it. People buy nice cars. You know, they signal to the world like look at me. I'm an important person so they can get people in bed. Like this is nothing new. So what can we do about this? We need to be smarter about this. We need to ask ourselves, why am I hooking up with this person? Why am I getting with this person? Why am I hanging out with this person? Because in a video not too long ago, I talked about self seeking. Am I only doing something to get something in return? Because if I am, I cannot be angry about the consequences of that, right? So you have two people who's using each other for different things. One's using one to, you know, get physically fulfilled, if you will. And the other one is trying to get status or money or get taken care of. You know what I mean? Like if you, and hey, if it's a mutual agreement, cool.  Like if they're both cool with it, you do you. But what I'm trying to tell all of you is that you really need to check your values because if that's not what you want to have happened to you, recognize like, oh, I'm only hooking up with this person because they have money, because of their status, because of their car. I don't think they're a good person. I'm only hooking up with them because of this. Like this is why you really got to be very mindful of your intentions and your motives. So in this clip, Carlos like talks about the Logan Paul diss track and he immediately contradicts himself, which I'm going to talk about in a second. And Logan completely, completely shut her down. Basically got what he wanted out of her, used her and said he would make that diss track regardless of what she had to say. But like here's the thing, like he talks about how Logan put the diss track out after Alyssa asked him not to. And Carlos is like telling it saying how Logan Paul's a bad person because of that. Logan Paul is a bad person, but not because of this. Like I mentioned in my last video about Alyssa Violet, like she went through all the steps to do this. There was a lot of money time and more people than just Alyssa involved in this project. So yeah, I wouldn't have taken it down either. So like this is why I'm not a fan of drama channels. This is what separates me from drama channels because drama channels are one of the reasons I started this channel. We talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. If you look at drama channels or a lot of commentators, all they do is complain about stuff. They have no solution. All they do is just they have a very strong negative bias. I'm eventually going to do a video about the neuroscience of complaining because it makes you more prone to spot the negative. And then what happens is, this is why I say Carlos might not even be aware he's doing it. All he does is focus on the negative. That's all he sees. So he's pointing out what Logan Paul's doing, but then he immediately contradicts himself by talking about Alyssa. I need to say my problems with Alyssa Violet. If like you said in the Shane Dawson documentary, you are so regretful about sleeping with Logan, then why the f**k would you hop on a diss track where Logan is literally gloating about having you So you see what I mean? Right there. Now we say well Alyssa you should have never done it in the first place, but just a second ago you were blaming Logan. Like these are people who are going to complain no matter what. And that is one of the biggest problems with the drama community with the commentator community. And one of the reasons why I say we talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. So what's the solution for this thing? Make smarter decisions at the very beginning and then you don't got to worry about all the other things that happen after. And one of the reasons that this bugs me and this is why you need to read people is because commentators and other people in the YouTube community, they're some of the biggest virtue signalers. So some of you who watch my video about Thomas Halbert and like virtue signaling, YouTubers do this all the time, all the time. So so Cabo's like doing this and playing both sides of it. Like this is like him doing this kind of signaling. Then let's use Logan Paul as an example. Remember Logan Paul's video about Dear Shane Dawson? Like he makes such a big deal like oh my god, I can't believe Shane's doing this and putting out there to his young audience. Like Dear Shane Dawson, you are scaring the children. Logan Paul is the last person who should be talking about being a good example for their young audience. Another example is that dude Keemstar. Keemstar is he latches on to drama and tries to act like he's such a good well-intentioned person, right? And he's like oh my god, this this better help company is taking advantage of people with mental illness and it really, it really hurts me. I cannot believe they're doing that. Like I'm so upset. I can't even put a sentence of thought together. That is like such a huge virtue signal like I'll just tell you this. I won't dive too much into it, but go watch the iDubb's uh video uh content call about Keemstar.  This is what I'm saying you guys. Like you need to be a better judge of character and see if people's actions line up with their words. Like when's the last time you saw like Keemstar donate a bunch of money to the American Foundation of Suicide Prevention?  In fact, if I'm being honest, Keemstar got a bunch of backlash for talking quack about Demi Lovato on Twitter after she overdosed. But now all of a sudden Keemstar really cares about people and mental illness and oh my god, like give me a break. Like I'm just telling you guys, like I can do like mental health is a broad subject. I can do this with anything. You need to be a better judge of character. Who you're watching, who you're hanging out with. I brought my son on my channel yesterday and like it's important that we know who our kids are watching. Like is this a good role model? Is this a good influence? What are they learning from this person? Right? Because a lot of these YouTubers and commentators, they're giving very mixed messages and that scrambles the kids' brain up. So if we don't know how to be a good judge of character, how can we teach our children how to be a good judge of character? So then Kavos mentions that. He says Logan Paul is absolutely the one who should be looking for being a sociopath. However, Logan Paul, now that is someone who's clearly showing signs of being a sociopath and even admitted to having tendencies. Like Kavos did you not learn anything from the Shane Dawson flub like with Katie Morton? Like this is the thing. This is the thing. We keep trying to throw out these diagnoses. Like so the last thing I'm gonna talk about and I can make an entire video about this is the kind of back and forth between the Martinez twin situation and Jake Paul. And this is where Kavos kind of empathize a lot with Jake Paul because Kavos says he's been back that before. Like I just I can make an entire video about joking around and being offended and things like that. Like this is something that gave me a lot of social anxiety because I always felt like I was upsetting people and making people offended and all of that. Like because you know and a lot of you have done this right where like we joke about something but if somebody else jokes about it then we get offended. Like we are such a sensitive culture. Like it's crazy. So something I learned a long time ago just as a rule of thumb is like do not joke about the other person unless you are a thousand percent sure. A thousand percent sure because people are fickle like that right. Like we gotta just be mindful of that and not everybody is going to take jokes as well as they give them. But again this is why you need to be a judge of character. I do not hang out with people that dish out jokes but can't take them. Like I'm a trash talker. Like me and my girlfriend I love it. We talk trash to each other and we laugh and we have fun. But like if she talked trash to me and when I returned it if she got all upset about it like our relationship never would have worked out. So this is another way to be a judge of character. Do not hang around sensitive people if they're gonna dish it out but not take it. So again again again this is no hate at Cabos. I don't know how aware he is of what he may or may not be doing it. But the bigger lesson here is that all of you watching this you need to be a better judge of character of the people in your life. Who you're watching on YouTube. Who you hang out with. Who your friends are. You know who your co-workers are and all of that. See if their actions line up with their words. All right. But anyways that's all I got for you with this video. Let me know what you think down in the comments below. Let's do this. What do you think that you're a good judge of character or does it feel like people are constantly pulling a fast one on you or taking advantage of you. All right. Let's talk about that in the comments. All right. But if you like this video please give it a thumbs up. If you are new make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell because tomorrow we are doing our first charity livestream for the editor Zach. And a huge huge huge thank you to everybody who is supporting the channel over on Patreon. This is a great way to support creators and I'm being honest about how that supports me. So if you would like to support the channel you can click or tap on that Patreon icon right there. All right. Thanks so much for watching. Be a better judge of character and I will see you next time.


I'm grateful to be here, to be a Titan. Obviously, linebacker right now is a position to need, so I'm grateful to be able to come in here and show everybody what I'm about and what I'm going to bring to the table. This was a good pick up by the Titan. I'm good at Z. Say congrats to Z, boys. Congrats, man. I appreciate you, man. And I wouldn't change anything that's happened for me up until this point because I'm exactly where I'm supposed to be. And honestly, I couldn't write it any better, so... That which is for you should not pass you by, and that which passes you by is not for you. I told you that because I didn't want to crush your dreams. I knew you wanted to play football. You always told me, oh, we don't come from Kings and Queens. Because what's the odds of my child being the one that makes it? We come from warrior and survivor. I think I just started to, you know, turn cold a little bit. Literally seeing people shooting. I opened my eyes, and I just saw it rad. And once we became homeless. That was literally like the ice on the camp. Being on that field, it was the equalizer for me. That was the one place where nobody judged you for anything other than what you did. It was like the whole world stopped. It's over, like, it's over. This is my dream.  And nobody's gonna come save me. My biggest goal is to make as much money as I can to help as much people as I can. Right here.  When you got here, you were just this chubby, cheeky, little chipmunk, adorable, sweet. As you grew up, you were always smiling and happy. My mom called me Smiley O'Reilly. And literally, like, that was just kind of how I was.  Like, I remember every year I got the class cloud award at school. Like, I'm always happy, always smiling, always laughing. I would get all the awards that I thought didn't mean anything, but truly, when I look at it, like, the citizenship award was for being a good student, being a good classmate. Like, those are things that I value more truthfully as an adult.  Growing up here in Tampa, the way it looks, doesn't look as bad until you actually start living there or around it. You know, I was right in the middle of all of it and I had a lot of decisions to make for myself as a kid. You know, what I was going to do, whatever I was going to take. And, you know, even before football, it was hard because, you know, I would get myself in a lot of trouble. You know, by the grace of God, I just never got caught.  This project's right here that we're about to outturn into it. And I literally stayed at this first one right here. I was on the one way in, one way out.  Like, there's so many fights. I remember literally seeing people shooting. I lived in a new place every year for as long as I can remember. Going to a new school every single year, I think I just started to, you know, turn cold a little bit. You don't understand that your parents make a lot of sacrifices. Things don't work out. As a child, you don't see that because you're not. You're not taught the reality of life. Because I shouldn't have ever been dealing with some of the things I had to go through. But that was my life and that's what it was. Probably like 20 of us living in this house at the time. Me and my cousin, we'd be right in between these two houses. All the kids from the neighborhood would get together and we'd play right in this little opening right here. And that was the first time you played football? That was like my first, like, me playing football, like with older groups of kids and like competing. And I remember that I was around the same time and I'm like, I can really play. You know, I can really try to play football. I remember that's when I signed up. My grandfather signed me up. But I think, again, like, I kind of had a new burst of life and new burst of energy when I first started playing football. It just kind of gave me, like, an outlet. I didn't want him to play football at all.    I literally was sitting there with my stomach. I already knew in my mind I wasn't coming back. And now I got to go home after my mom finally let me play. And I got to tell you that...  You know, like, it was one of the hardest things I had did at that time.  And that which passes you by is not for you.  Because what's the odds of my child being the one that makes it? When I talk in general, speak in general, the trials of life or just wisdom throughout life, I always bring up that quote, I always bring you up. My eighth grade is when I first signed up and I asked when I had quit. But I kind of just made a commitment to myself at that point that I would just train as hard as I can, look up all these little videos, work out stuff that I can do. I remember like putting all my books from school, putting them in my book bag, running around the block, drawing little ladder drills in the dirt, doing ladder drills, like sprints, everything. I would make my two little brothers do the same stuff with me for that whole next year and name my 10th grade year. I play football in here. Remember Abdullah had decided he wanted to go live with grandma and I remember asking you like, you know, do you want to go live with grandma too? Because it would be a lot easier.   I know even people ask me about that. Like, how was it taking care of your little brother? Da, da, da, da. And it's like, I kind of always had to take care of them.  You can go. Like, why would you stay? It's a better life for you there. And that's what I thought. I said, well, if I leave, who's going to help them? You know, it's just like, don't worry about that. It's not your job. And I was like, you know, it's not my job and who isn't going to do it? Wow. Like, I don't want them to go through the same cycle that I just went through.  You've been stepping up and doing stuff that I never asked you to do. I don't know. I mean, I don't know how I was able to think like that. I don't know. I just feel like I always had a big heart.  And then now I just started. Everything went downhill. Like, it was already not great. Exactly. And that just made it worse. My life was already crazy. And a crapper. Yeah. So I'm about to take you guys to my grandma's house right now. I haven't been here in a long time. And it wasn't until I opened my eyes and I just saw red. Like, I just saw red.  The house is about to burn down. Everything is catching on fire. It was still just a roof over my head. There was no water. Electricity would be out at the time. And we slept on the floor. I remember I was wearing some friggin' slides, the same slides that I put over there on the wall. Right. And then some boxers and a t-shirt. And when I pulled up, and I remember, I was just grateful that you guys were all alive. And once we became homeless, that was just... That was literally like the ice on the cake. That was the ice on the cake. Turn everything. We went to the hotel, the extended stay hotel. Every paycheck was just enough to cover our weekly rent. So we didn't have money. Because remember, Mimi was buying us bus passes. Sometimes I'm like, a lot of people get the money for the bus.  I'll just spend the money and I literally will walk from Hillsborough all the way down. Probably the longest walk in my life. It's like a three-hour walk. But I'd rather just walk three hours because of my mind. At least I got to get this little meal. I got many else. It's like some of the craziest time I feel like. I told him that probably what was going on. This is one of the fellows up on the bulletin board. You might want to go in there and take a liberty. Got some other NFL guys up there. You see that one? He signed that for us. Very proud of this guy right here. Make yourself at home, man. You got to shoot whatever you need to shoot. There's a guy that found him right there. In the way roads. That whole fall of 10th grade year, I played literally. And then throughout that time, my 9th grade and my 10th grade year, my grades were so bad. So I was like working my way to get my grades back good. And I finally had like a 2.0 on the dot to be able to play spring football. So that's when I go to this weight room. Oh, he blamed me. He put in the blame on you already. He signed a new contract and saw you something else. Oh, this is true. I found him. I was in there doing drugs. And I saw somebody dip their head around the corner. And he was like, I kind of want to play football. I don't know who to talk to. I said, well, I think he found the right person. It was when my son, who's my defensive coordinator, said I found this kid in the weight room at P.E. And he wants to come out. He's never played before. I said, I don't see him. I used to think of these home every single day for practice and the games. After every time we lost, he'd just beside himself in the truck, in my old Chevy truck.  He's trying to do the right thing. He's trying to leave the rest of the board. He'll be straight, bro. And then the common denominator of all those kids that we had, they were all honor students. You know, after he's got on the right track and he was an honor student all the way through college.  You know what I mean? I saw he had it in him. You know what I'm saying? One thing about it. They were dedicated, committed, tough, emotional and they were great, greatly dependable, you know, and that's why they're where they're at. Now I'm a Tennessee Taken fan. You're not gonna, you're not taking me hard, but you're gonna be amazing, man. Your pain is about to be the hardest one possible. The rockiest, bumpiest, your tires gonna fall. You might have four flat tires dragging the car and your back through the finish line. For sure. That's how I feel mine is too. For sure. And that's the thing. It's like, you know, you always told me we don't come from kings and queens, but we come from warriors and survivors. So it's like, I truly believe that that's what I am. And that's who you are. When I see you, when I think of you, I think of a warrior, I think of a survivor. I would tell you all the time, like, if I played football, if I did this, it's gonna be our way out. Being able to play Friday nights, like, at that age, like there was nothing else at that age that you wanted to do. Man, was he a hitter? He did everything 100 miles an hour. Being on that field, it was the equalizer for me. That was the one place where nobody judged you for anything other than what you did. I knew that I could make it. I'm breaking barriers. Generational curses. If I want to break through these things that never been achieved, then I have to be willing to be met with some resistance. You know, I never opened up about being homeless. FAU was the first school I opened up to about that. When I got my first scholarship offer, that's when I was like, okay, now, like, this is starting to fall in the way that I want. Upon calling Victus, and my grandfather used to always tell me, the things that always stuck with me was the last two lines. I'm the master of my fate. I'm the captain of my soul. You got to guide your life in the direction you want. But the reality of it is, is you knew that if you didn't make it in this, it was going to be hard for you to do anything else.


Welcome to this webinar on SARS Coronavirus 2 glycobiology. We have the pleasure of having Professor Frederik Lisacek, who will be telling us from Geneva the latest data on the glycobiology of this virus. Just two points of organization. This course is being taped, so please mute your microphone. And also there will be a question and answer session following the presentation. So if you have a question, please use the chat and we'll take them in order following the presentation. And with that said, I think Frederik, I guess the floor is all yours. My virtual floor. Yes. So I thought that I would start with a small short presentation on the topic. I know it was recommended to watch the video that we made with Philippe Le Mercier on the glycobiology, but I thought I would just take a few minutes to repeat a little bit of that video and also give you more details on what we're going to talk about. So I've borrowed the pretty pictures of viral zone by Philippe Le Mercier in the beginning of to explain what the glycan shield is about. So if you consider the hemagglutinin at the surface of the influenza virus, for instance, so it's a multimeric protein that is usually shown rather bare. But if you actually take a close look at the glyco version of it, it's covered by some glycan molecules and there are four to six potential insight, but they change. And this is the interest actually of studying these sugars is that if you go through time, you can see that they do not occur on the surface of that protein at the same place at the same site. And so it's one of the explanations probably for antibodies being a bit puzzled by the recognition and possibly also an explanation for the difficulty of vaccine. So the same even worse applies to HIV, where you have here the surface protein and the glycosylation is heavier, much heavier. It's really this is why it's called the shield. There's no other word for it than just a shield wrapping the glycoprotein, the surface glycoprotein. So this is again a potential explanation for vaccines being so difficult to design for HIV. That being said, we go back to cell surface. And here is the representation again in viral zone for the host membrane here and the receptor or the glycolipid sticking out and you have I would like to give you the explanation for that purple diamond, which is really the core of the representation that I'm going to talk about regarding sugar, carbohydrate, glycane, polysaccharide, you know, all these names are used to designate more or less the same molecules. And these molecules are made of these monomers. So the monosaccharides here, sialic acid, another sialic acid here, a galactose here and an acetylglycosamine, galactosamine, sorry. And so this representation is a bit cumbersome. And if you are not so knowledgeable in the carbohydrate chemistry, glycobiologists and carbohydrate chemists have actually joined efforts to put together a nomenclature. And you can see that you have these different logos to characterize each monosaccharide. This is called the SNFG notation. This is the link to actually have all the details, which means that the molecule here actually looks like this as a cartoon. And you can be sure that the linkage information, which is really important here, is written whenever possible. So this is the sort of cartoon I'm going to show you in the resources that we have because this is widely adopted, at least in glycobiology. I would like to say also a word on glycomics as it is. This last year, a review that was published by the most prominent analytical chemist in carbohydrate chemistry. And they show how this is the overview of the analytical techniques. And there's quite a few of them and not one that is actually solving all the problems to resolve the structure of glycans. So there's no template, as you know, with glycans as opposed to macromolecules like proteins. So a lot of the work, and this is why it's difficult to automate, has to be done with different type of techniques. And of course, the most common at the moment, and especially for high school, although this dash means that it's not completely solved. So mass spectrometry does not completely solve the problem of identifying the glycans or the glyco conjugates, but it helps.  So the plot thickens if we go to glycoproteomics, because it is actually so applied in the virology. And here is a spectrum and here are the peptides. And you can see the glycosylated asparagine here. But the problem is that you have a very broad information on the glycans. You don't have the very defined structure that I showed before. In fact, instead of that, you have this. So this is flattened completely because you cannot distinguish any of the hexodes. So you have a non-filled circle, so colorless circle, colorless square here for for the hexosamines that are there. And so the only color that remains is the sialic acid, because there's only one type of cell. I mean, there's many, many sialic acids, but it can be represented with that only logo. And so a lot of the data I'm going to show is this type of data, not as fun as this one. Sorry, this is all we got at the moment. So if I go back to my description of the cell surface, this is what we showed in the video. So the actual sialic acid are probably sitting on much more sophisticated structures than what was shown. And the viral entry is actually known to involve the interaction with the sialic acid. However, here we have a totally bare glycoprotein at the surface. And this is what it's all about. We'd like to know what is conditioning from the point of view of the virus, what is conditioning the recognition. So now I can start talking about the COVID-19. And the spike protein is actually made of two subunits, subunit one up to here, subunit two here. There are 22 glycosylation sites that are really spread on the two subunits. And I actually compared the sites with the SARS-CoV-1 of 2003 to see the potential for change. And the color code is here that the yellow are fully conserved, exactly the same sequence for the yellow ones. The green ones are semi-conserved in the sense that the aspargene is conserved, but the rest of the amino acids are different. The new ones that appeared are here in pink. So 74, 149, and 657 are new on the SARS-CoV-2. And two have disappeared, the gray ones. So on SARS-CoV-1, there's a glycosylation site on 111 and on 368 that have disappeared here because the aspargene is gone and here because the sequin is gone. So this is the linear sequence information. And the work over the past few months has been incredible. And this is thanks to Max Christman's team from the University of Southampton. Actually, all my little pretty pictures of glycosylated 3D glycoproteins, viral glycoproteins are made by his group and published in papers from his group. So you can see here all the sites, the 22 sites. So this is the top view. This is the side view. And we have the subunit 1 in gray, light gray, subunit 2 in dark gray. And this is the look of the protein. This is a model. This was actually submitted to the PDB. So we'll see the PDB model. I mean, another view of that in the presentation. So this is really what we are guided by. And so regarding the molecular interaction, I would like to lighten maybe the presentation by talking about Twitter and our most devoted ambassador on Twitter, Gordon Lauck, who has tweeted in March this comment on a comment already on a tweet, which was talking about the interaction between the receptor and the spike protein of COVID-19. And for him, this is simply wrong. So this was actually corrected. I mean, not the fact that it's wrong, but Gordon Lauck was happy to tweet another tweet a week later, where an Austrian group has actually shown the simulation of what would the spike protein look like and what would the receptor, which is itself, the ACE2 receptor, is heavily glycosylated as well. So this is oversimplified indeed. What it looks like in reality is this. And so we have to bear this in mind. And this is why it is important to have the data on the glycosylation on both sides in this presentation. This demo is all about. So just to finish, I would like to say that everything I'm going to show now, that would not happen if I didn't have the dedication and enthusiasm of Julia Marietto and Thibault Robins for developing very nice resources. And I cannot either not mention that this is all with the blessing and old history back with Nicky Packer, with whom the whole story started. So I'm going to exit that presentation and start going into the heart of things. You can still see my screen. Monique, you confirm? Yes. Yes. Cool. So we have really made sure we're talking about draft data. This is not published. All of the references I'm going to talk about today are on bio-archive. They are in the process of being reviewed. So in all likelihood, all these pages will be modified once the papers are out with the proper data sets that correspond. But because of the emergency and because a lot of people are curious, they want to know what's there. So this is actually the Max Crispin paper that we just recently put into the database and this is a derivative, a recombinant protein of a derivative of HEC 293. So it's a thermo-fissure cell, which is not exactly HEC 293. So we made a special page for that. But we also have the HEC 293 here with two references. Also, again, draft data. And you can see that the origin of these is different. Here you have commercially available recombinant SARS protein, whereas the Max Crispin's data is actually native-like protein. So that's a very important difference. Here you have 22 sites, of course, as I said. In those papers here, you have a bit more because they have also all glycosylation. So I will not spend too much time on these today because the bulk of the data is really on asparagines. But you have a serine here, a serine and a threonine here and there that are also glycosylated on the glycoprotein. So you have the number of peptide and this is the summary of this page. But we can actually look and see the data. So we have those boring compositions, so no color, colorless ones. But they and you have all sorts of little boxes. So of course, source is the source of this one. So it's difficult to see that there are different numbers. So I took an example of a well-studied protein that we have in the database to explain why these boxes are there. Here this is actually a blood serum protein, but it's not only in blood serum, it is in plasma. It's finding a lot of body fluids. And you have a number of papers back in 1980 where it actually describes some of the glycans that were found in association with the protein. So you can see that we have in the database most of the time, we have the structures, so the 2D structures with nice cartoons. And then we have the most recent papers with the glycoproteomics experiments where we have only the composition. So the idea is try to reconcile the two. And for instance, if you take this very well defined, so you have all the linkages, everything is perfect here. But there's no site information because this was actually released from the protein. And then after being released, the glycan is free and there's no possibility of knowing which site it's being cut from. So what we offer in Glyconect is to suggest some sites. So we have two sites that are suggested here because in a glycoproteomic experiments a bit below, we have exactly that composition, X5, XNAC4, so you can count, you have four square and five circles. And so here, this is it. And so I have suggested structures, of course, for the composition of the glycoproteomic experiment because I have them in the database. And I have two sites where this composition was reported, which helps me suggest the two sites that are there. So we try to combine the best of both worlds, the precision of glycomics that goes to the extent of really mapping very precisely a structure, but losing the information on the site and using the glycoproteomics, which is more coarse in terms of the fine grain of the data, but yet we have very precise information on the site and we can suggest structures. So this is why you have all these little boxes there that do not make sense with the spike glycoprotein of the COVID virus, but this is an explanation of glyconnect in itself. So you have here the PDB structure. So we use the Leitmoll software for visualization and for the Leitmoll software, there's a plugin that was written by David Senaldi, author of Leitmoll and Oliver Grant of the glycam group to see actually from a PDB record the information on the sugar ligands that are often in the PDB. So this is the structure that was proposed by the Max Crispin team and you can see it in this way here. So as I said, well here you see it with the fog here, the density, so it's a different view. You can see here that, as I said, you have the origin. So this is the paper, this is a bit cryptic, maybe if you see 2917 or 2915, so this is because the references, so this is the reference. And the reason why I show this page is that because we show the identification software that was used to map actually, to match the masses of the intact lycopeptide with that of the database put together by Bionic. And as it turns out, the three papers that we have, these two here and this one, they have used Bionic, but in different ways. And this is also explaining the different parameters are giving different results. So what is interesting is possibly to look at a page. So if you click from here on a page, like asparagine two, six, five, seven, you have the details of all the compositions. So here we have 152 composition associated to, with that particular site. And you can see that sometimes there's only one reference, but sometimes two references. So you can actually see, you can compare the content of each reference and you can see as with one particular composition, whether it's seen twice or once, depending it's exactly the same site each time. And you can actually check the peptides on which it's been seen in the two references. So this is one level of detail further than just the general information in this page or in this page. Then what we do, and I need to explain a few things there is that we also try to compare site by site in the two different datasets or three different datasets. So let me introduce glyconec compositor, which this is the webpage that is actually the default webpage when you get to this URL, you can actually go to not beta. It's just I use beta, but it should work without beta. Let's try and take risks. Yes. So what it does, I'm gonna take a very well characterized proteins with not too many glycans. There are a few sites that are known, some that are unknown, so we have information here. So we have 20 glycans. So if I compute the graph, I'm going to have, I can show it, whoops, not that much. This would be fine. So these are all the reported composition associated with that particular, so they are 20. There's one, the last one. And the connectivity between these two. So let me go back to this list here. This is at site 657, and you have a list of composition here as if they were independent items, but they're not. They're not because, please not show that. I can't get to, ah, here we go. I'm back here. So these composition, for instance, from this composition to this composition, you just have to add one exos. From this one to this one, you just have to add one exosamine. So you can see that they are related, and it makes sense because in reality, so this is a gross approximation of the natural biosynthesis of glycan. There is always one enzyme that is going to add a monosaccharide to another monosaccharide. And of course here, we are totally oblivious of the linkages, which is a gross approximation, but we start with what we have. And you can see that here on this particular alfalfitoprotein, there's a consistent set of compositions. They are all related to one another, except for this one. And you have the label. So each time you look at the composition, you have the potential structures there. You can actually go to Glyconect and see the page for the composition. You can actually go to see the structure in Glyconect as well. So the size of the node is actually reflecting the number of publications that are available to back the information that is in the graph. The number, the label here is the number of structure that you can see here. There are two structures here. There are three structures. And we also have the edges. If you want to see everything that is adding an exos, it's here, everything that is adding a salic acid is here. And you can also look at the root of the graph. So everything stems from this particular composition. You can actually see here where the root is. So in a small graph like this, it's easy to see. Sometimes in the big graphs, you can't see it. So you need that help here. And you have here a sort of summary of the composition and the properties of the composition. And if you want to see all the few costulated nodes, they're there. If you want to see the salylated nodes, they're there, et cetera. So we try to have a consistent representation of the content of the glycom associated with one protein, but we can do it also with, for instance, a saline. So the show cells are very commonly used in glycobiology because the glycosylation is comparable to mammalian cells, for instance, other mammalian cells. And here we have 79, so I've pre-calculated it. And you can see that it's a little bit more scattered. And you have clusters of very consistent compositions linked to one another. So you see the seven structures associated, et cetera. And we have introduced virtual nodes. So the virtual node are actually the nodes corresponding to compositions that do not exist. They are not found in show cells, as far as the data sets that we have in the database reports, but they somehow connect existing nodes. And so we increase the connectivity of that graph by introducing those virtual nodes so that we have a potentially a more consistent picture of, and reflecting probably some constraints of synthesis. And so then you can try and ask yourself, well, why is that one in particular, for instance, missing because it would actually make this cluster far more consistent if it were to be present? So that's pointing at potential missing information that may have a biological explanation or not. There's nothing, I mean, I would like to insist on the fact that we are offering some visualization of the data that doesn't mean that you can jump to conclusion with anything we have. We are trying to provide you with the means of asking relevant questions rather than answering all questions possible. So this is an important point to make. So having illustrated this tool with lots of data, we can go back to the, I want to get rid of the menu from, here we go. So I can go back to this graph that I have here where I said I tried to compare from three datasets the asparagine, how asparagine 17 is glycosylated in the two different cell line, the HEC 293 and the derivative of HEC 293. And so you can see here that with the first data sets, there's a bias towards neutral. So most, so the overlap is relatively good. So it's necessarily, the overlap is necessarily there because they are using both Bionic as a software just to remind you with a composition file which is provided with the software that is probably comparable. And so we have mapped a number of virtual link that are also interesting with regard to using Bionic because maybe you can add or discard some composition in the original file to keep the graph consistent. And here you can see that you have the pink nodes that are actually the common nodes, those that are shared by the two datasets. And so somehow the pink nodes are central, then the red nodes are central but a bit shifted here and the blue nodes are more peripheral although a few are there. So this is the outlook for asparagine 17. So I've looked, no, am I still sharing? No, not anymore, you have to go back to share again. Okay, and again, it's done something here. Are you there now? Yes, we see your screen again. Cool. So, and do you know how I can get this menu from Zoom not to bug me? No, not really, when you're sharing it's on the top, yeah. Okay, so I am now comparing. Ah, this is what it happens all the time because it's so close to what I have to click on. I think you can just grab the green field and move it on your screen but it doesn't bug you anymore. Okay, thank you very much. So I'm gonna grab it. You are right, I grabbed it and it's not bothering me anymore. So I'm here, back. So if you remember, I had 17 here. Now I have 74. So 74 shows a graph which is a bit different. You still have the bias towards the neutral here and you have a mix. So you can see how the red ones and the pink ones, which are the common ones again are somehow not possibly separable in that particular graph. And then I have, these were on subunit one. So this is on subunit two. So on subunit two, this is another site that I've compared and there's a lot of hanging composition that there's quite a bit of virtual nodes still. We still have a good mix of the red and the pink and the blue tend to be more in the outside if at all included in the graph. And a last example, which of course, there's very few glycan in the second set. So it's a little bit bias. You can see that there's 73 in the first data set and 15 in the other. So 66 are original for the first one and then seven is shared and you have 31 virtual nodes.  And so this is yet another distribution and another look. And it's the start of your comparison. So you can actually, if these do not belong here, you could put them there. You can actually change the node yourself if you want to put this and you don't want to cross everything is modifiable. You can, et cetera. So this is a view and this is a view for you to give you some thoughts on how to deal with these compositions and how they are on each side. Now, when you take all of the sites, so I've taken all of the sites from the two spikes protein. So of course, I reconstitute the composition file more or less of Bionic. And I have one very specific composition here that is not in, is this actually? Yes, so it is only in the second set. And then you see that again, the common ones are in the center and the peripheral one are all the blue ones. But you can see that the overall distribution is not as before, before we had per site, we had a lot of bias towards neutral, whereas here you have a bias towards fucosulated. And in the second set, you have sort of equally as many fucosulated and neutral. So this is yet another view. And I have also, and so this is making it really very, very crowded, calculated the graph for those three references independently. So in Glykinet compositor, we have an advanced tab where we can actually buy data type. This is a DOI of each of the papers. And so there's 165 for the first paper, 257 for the second and 109 for the third one. So what I'm going to actually show you here is not really the graph itself, which is so, but you can see the differences each paper with the distribution of the composition, which is different. I mean, not very different, but yet different. The bias on fucosulation is definitely there. This one is not so different from this one. So these are the three papers. And this is actually the intersection between the two. And this is the intersection between the three. And I'm going to show you how we can actually visualize this intersection. So here we have an export button and we can select the intersection is ABC, okay? So I want to only see ABC here. No, not the virtual, I don't want the virtual. And I have here the list of composition corresponding the 85 composition. So you can have it in our format. You can have it in the Bionic format or you can have it in the very condensed format. So either way is possible.  So it's telling you that you have 85 and we're going to compute the graph, but since it's going to take a little while before I compute that graph, I'm going to switch to the other side of the story. So I compute the graph and I go to Uniprot. So the other side of the story is the proteins that are actually listed on the website of Uniprot for COVID-19. And these are the human proteins. I mean, you have of course the viral proteins, but we've talked about it, but there are also the receptors or all the proteins of the host. So the human that actually interacts with the virus. And this is slow. So maybe I should have stuck to the previous one. So here I am going to go to Uniprot direct because there are no cross references there and we need to see the cross references. So this is one of the proteins that interacts. And you see here that in the PTM section, you have a lot of the glycosylation sites that are only inferred by sequence analysis. There's only one publication that is actually a proteomics study. So that is only interested in detecting the glycosylation sites without the structure. So there's no information at all on the structures. So we have some information, not much, but we do. So you can actually go from here and see the cross reference. So this integrin has a number. So this is again the result of composition. You can actually see some different 3D structures again with some trace of glycosylation. So it seems that the glycosylation actually takes place. Nonetheless, the glycoproteomic could only find one as per gene that is glycosylated and actually contains, I mean, bears all these different glycans qualified by compositions here. So this is really poor information. And this is hardly better. So I'm not going to, I forgot the, I'm going to do the other way around because I know the number of the protein in glyconnect. So the ACE2 protein here. So you can see there's something that I should have said from the beginning that I didn't say and that I will add, I'm sorry. But anyway, here you have the uniprot enzyme. So we can actually go back and forth between the uniprot enzyme and glyconnect. So here you have far more information on glycosylation. You can see you have publication except for the last site that documents the glycosylation. And the two publication are basically a proteomic study and an x-ray information. And the x-ray is actually the one whoops, no, here. That you can see here. This is a pretty heavily glycosylated reference that is here and that you see how heavily glycosylated the protein is. Actually, you're probably mixed in the Twitter picture, the two proteins, but whatever, you'll find it again. So one thing I have not mentioned that I should mention from here, for instance, because it's really important. You can see a sugar structure here. We have sugar structure pages. And we are really, really trying to have glycobiologists move towards associating an accession number to each structure exactly in the same way as no one would think now of citing a protein without giving either a Uniprot accession number or a RefSec accession number. And in the same way, we need to be able to reference to each of the structures in a database and our database for that is called Glytocan. It's developed in Japan by Kyoko Aoki Kinoshita. And she is really maintaining, and each time you have a new structure, you can submit a new structure. So it's really important that you have this information. So I would like to go back to my, oh, it's still running. No, it's there. So here you can see that the 85 common composition are extremely documented in the database. Here, when you do the custom search with a set of composition, it's going to retrieve every information of the database irrespective of the species and so on. So it means I have 15 structures associated with this composition, 32 to this one. So you can see that the 85 common structures that are found on the surface of the glycoprotein of COVID-19 are really extremely common in Glycans that are found in the database that we have, and probably in the literature equally as well since we try more or less to reflect the literature. And so this is the actual distribution and this corresponds more to the paper on the derivative of HEC 293. I think I have almost finished. I just want to mention that this is the homepage of Glyconnect and we have advertised this octopus that is not working very well. I have to apologize for that because we need to change it. And this is in the pipeline and going to happen in the weeks to come. We have a new Glyconnect octopus and the new Glyconnect octopus might be of interest to you because if you just select some structures, you want some very silo-related, for instance, and few co-silated structures. You can search them in Glyconnect. You'll have the octopus back for those who have ever used the octopus where you have in the middle, composition linking protein by default. This is the default view, protein with structures and structures here are by numbers but you can actually which structures are there. And we have changed the octopus to actually in the middle, you can put just about anything. So if you want to put the proteins in the middle, you can put the proteins and then you can put the taxonomy on one side and here you can actually see which are the taxonomies and here you can put the diseases. And so you can actually link the proteins with the taxonomies and the disease. So you can actually do your own shopping in that list and these lists there and visualize the data in any way. So this is really dev, this is will be online but this is to replace the situation at the moment that we know is not good when you go to this part of the database and there's a lot of problems for those who are actually using it. With this, I take questions. I hope I was not too dense in my explanations.