we shall look at the crevice corrosion of metals and in details today. Before we start discussing about the crevice corrosion further, it will be worthwhile to recollect what we have been discussing on crevice corrosion ok. So, it is a recap.  First of all the crevice corrosion the origin of that is due to the formation of a crevice which can happen because of let us say when you have joints in the metal structures such as a flange joint or a rivet or an expansion joint or threaded joints as you see in the fasteners. These are coming out of the the design parameters ok. You can also arise out of the the other reason where like you have some deposition taking place because of the environment is not it. We also call that as under deposit corrosion taking place. So, these are the factors that leads to the formation of the crevice. Now, why does the crevice corrosion occur? Can anybody recollect? What is the basic requirement? Yeah. Is that the is the primary reason for that? Yeah. Is that what it is? What is the primary reason? Why does it start? Primarily in crevice corrosion. So, the formation of the differential erasion cells right. The basic is that there is a concentration of oxygen between the two locations starting point. So, the point is that the starting point comes because of differential erasion. Why would the differential erasion lead to this problem? First of all, what kind of metals the crevice corrosion occurs? The passive metals. So, only in the passive metals you know so called passive metals the crevice corrosion occurs. So, in such a situation what is the role of differential erasion means what? For example, there are location where the oxygen concentration is very high, there are location where the oxygen concentration is very less. So, what happens due to this? The limited current density may be yeah, the limited current density might increase when the oxygen concentration is more. So, what happens? Which one suppose you have more limited current density will it become active or passive? Passive. So, when you have higher oxygen concentration the metals tend to become passive. The one where the oxygen concentration is less the metal tend to move towards active potentials. So, the the crevice you know starts you know corroding over a time period because again we say that it is diffusion controlled. When you say crevice it is it is it is no convection right the dimension is so small there is no convection and so the diffusion process and so the oxygen within the crevice with the time steeply decreases and so that becomes an anode that is the starting point of that. So, what happens again? In the crevice why would the corrosion? So, in the crevice what drives the crevice? What is the difference between a crevice and the outside the crevice? One is oxygen concentration to start with happens ok. Subsequently what happens? When the corrosion proceeds the crevice establishes its own environment different from what you find externally right. So, it establishes an environment. So, it is it is a localized environment if you can browse through your notes you will see that right. In the crevice what is happening over a time period you will see that what happens? It forms it creates an acidic environment if the environment has chlorides the chlorides migrate towards the crevice. So, here what happens the pH drops significantly and you have chlorides. So, the passive metals they start depasivating actually ok it becomes totally active the corrosion occurs. So, it establishes a localized environment which is different from the external surfaces because external surfaces are open there is a convection taking place and so, there is the pH is not going to drop at all ok. So, the localized environment that is the reason for that. So, this leads to growth and stability of the crevice. So, we have seen these factors right. Since it is it is it is a crevice what happens that is no or poor convection of the electrolyte. So, migration only due to what migration only due to diffusion. So, this is a it is a kind of basic mechanism we saw in the last class. Now, we know that this is a industrial problem that we need to find a solution to the problem. In order to find a solution to the problem you must know what are the factors or the parameters that affect the crevice corrosion right. So, we need to we need to understand it is very interesting that the foremost important factor is the crevice itself. So, geometry of the crevice one important factor. Second factor is the environment. Of course, when you have an environment it also decides the electrochemical factors. The fourth methodology of this right. So, these are the factors broadly I would say that influence the crevice corrosion of metals right. So, let us see this in details one after another. Let us take the crevice. When I say crevice I I was meaning that it is geometry. Why the geometry must be important? What is the geometry important? This is right. Because the crevice corrosion more often is a transport control and the transport through the diffusion process. So, the geometry will play important role because that is going to decide the how the diffusion will occur within the crevice ok. In fact, you would notice that you know the metal resolution for ok. In fact, more resistant metals more corrosion resistant metals susceptible to crevice corrosion. So, no wonder that you know some cases the corrosion occurs, some cases corrosion does not occur the environment may be the same, but if the crevice geometry the crevice dimensions change then the extent of crevice damage could change ok. For example, I would say you know 904 L is a stainless steel ok. It has they say 20 percent chromium and 25 percent nickel, 4.5 percent molybdenum and 1.5 percent copper. It is supposed to be far better than 316, 317 stainless steels ok. You see the high amount of nickel, I am the chromium, but it is is prone to crevice corrosion. But 70, 30 what is this? It is a copper nickel alloy is not prone. So, very interesting thing ok. Now, let us take let us take a crevice and see what kind of dimensions will affect the crevice corrosion right. One dimension is the crevice width right and this is the crevice length right. Suppose, I have an environment here, this side where will the crevice corrosion occur and will the depth of attack is going to be same throughout ok. So, when you look at this, let us just look at this and you please tell me ok. Let us take the double view width. If the width is increasing, what will happen to crevice corrosion? The crevice corrosion will decrease. So, it increases the crevice corrosion. Why does it happen? Yeah, the stagnation is reduced. In other words, there can be you know more convection. So, because of that the oxygen concentration within the crevice would increase if the width of the crevice is increasing. This is an irony of that right. If you talk about a flange joint suppose, I take a flange and join like. Suppose, I take a flange joint right. Suppose, I make a flange you guys might have known the flanges right. Suppose, there is a flange joint suppose, I want to tighten this out. So, the mechanical engineering point of view what do you expect to happen? You expect that the gap should be decreasing then only it is going to be leak proof let us vibration. So, typically these mechanical joints are expected to be as tight as possible. The crevice width has to be as small as possible then only that becomes an effective joint otherwise it becomes a leak right. So, that means, inherently the good joints will suffer more crevice corrosion than joints which are which are loser, but you cannot help it you have to have tight ones right. So, this is a real problem in practice. So, width is is is important one. If the you know you can also talk about other one a metal and a metal interface ok 1, 2 a metal and a non-metal interface like for example, a rubber for example, which of the two joints will suffer more corrosion. I have a metallic gasket I put otherwise I have a metallic gasket and other case I have you know other rubber gasket and more you right why why do you think so. I mean the just I mean it is right I mean rubber rubber will have problem, but that what is the reason for that? Suppose if I have to tighten this right with a metal and metal and metal and rubber what will happen from the point of view of this crevice width? Where the more you know where the width of the crevice is more metal and metal or metal and rubber? So, so the crevice dimension also depends upon what kind of joints you are going to have and metal and rubber the crevice gap is going to be small and so you would have more crevice corrosion compared to metal and metal things ok. So, the two suffers more. Let us take the other effect of that. Now, the here is the environment is the length through which where do you think the crevice corrosion here will be the more this is the crevice right this is the crevice. Where do you think the crevice corrosion will be more yeah? The middle ok. So, at least you can say that the crevice corrosion at the mouth of the crevice is not going to be there at all. Why why do you think so? The oxygen there will be reasonable amount of oxygen present there crevice mouth will passivate right. So, here you find when you passivate right why? Because the oxygen partial pressure is is is ok is good. The oxygen partial pressure decreases from the mouth to the interior and after sometime it becomes almost it not going to vary at all right. So, what will happen is a crevice mouth is going to be a cathode and all these areas are going to be now the cathode drives the corrosion of the anode right is not it? The cathode drives the corrosion of the anode. Now, what also have can happen is that if the distance between the anode and cathode is increasing what will be the effect of cathode on the anode keeping other parameter same right. Keep other parameter same ok assume that the the chemistry of the electrolyte inside this crevice is same and this is the anode and this is cathode, but if I move away from here inside what will be the effect of this cathode on the anode. The cathode drives the anode right and because there is a potential difference between the anode and the cathode right. So, that is this is going to be relatively positive and this is going to be relatively negative. Now, when I start moving from here to this what will happen to this driving force? It will decrease right. So, the corrosion rate decreases because of this ok. The corrosion rate due to cathodic influence decreases, but the oxygen constant developed oxygen concentration the oxygen concentration in this case concentration decreases right from here to this, but the potential right potential decreases. So, that means, somewhere in between you are going to have high corrosion rate after that the corrosion rate will start decreasing. So, you will find that somewhere here ok more attack because as you move away from this the effect of the cathode on the anode decreases. So, this is like galvanic cell right galvanic corrosion right. So, you will have more just below the mouth of the corrosion. So, this leads to just below the mouth of the crevice corrosion the corrosion is more. Now, that depends upon what? That depends upon the of the electrolyte. What is rho? Rho is is equal to resistivity of the electrolyte. So, very interesting one you know the resistivity is 0 then also there will be no no crevice corrosion resistivity is too high is confined to the mouth of this actually ok. So, essentially it depends upon the resistivity of the electrolyte as well. So, put it in simple terms the oxygen concentration decreases from the mouth the interior the galvanic interaction between the cathode and the anode decreases from here to this. So, there are two opposing factors somewhere in between maximum crevice corrosion occurs. So, this is an important one ok. So, that is why if you just look at the some data. So, this is a typical gasket corrosion ok and this is your stainless steel plaid this is of course, steel you know the shell here is cladded with a stainless steel.  It does not happen too far away does not happen very close to the it does not happen to the mouth it happens somewhere in between. So, the crevice corrosion normally occurs below the mouth of the crevice because that is optimized initiation taking place because you need a electrochemical driving force between the cathode and the anode on one hand the other hand the oxygen solubility I mean also the content of oxygen also decreases as you move from the mouth of the crevice to the center of the crevice. So, that is that is how you see that the crevice corrosion always occurs below the mouth of the crevices. I hope you understand and this one is very important actually ok. You are talking about this one or another? Yeah this is you know you know see it is a shell actually you know the shell it is not a tube it is a shell. Yeah this is this is a gasket no I mean see this is the you know in a heat exchanger you know in a heat exchanger if you just look at the heat exchanger this is called what this is called as a header shell and you have not exhaling biting here you will have of course tubes all these tubes are going over like this ok. So, in a this in a so, this is the what we are seeing here is this joint. So, this what you are seeing here is this joint it is a flange you see these are place where you put the bolts and you fasten that actually right. So, it is a it is a header that that is suffered the corrosion and ok and through this what happens now through this you have a seawater right. Now, the seawater here is flowing through the cell side the tube may be some other process liquid no it may be some hydrocarbon or whatever. So, here the the coolant is a seawater that seawater is flowing through the headers yeah and and then through the shell and the tube I think there are some process liquid of in a in a in a given refinery actually ok. So, what we are referring is this this joint ok which is a a flange joint taking place is a is a fine yeah. The corrosion has occurred because of seawater because of seawater this was collided with 2507 2 plus grades in the steels ok. You will see later that when you talk about pitting corrosion this duplex in the seal has got high resistance to pitting corrosion ok what I said and you clad it because you you cannot use a whole thickness of duplex in the seal is expensive right you you just go for a 3 millimeter clad because the basic carbon steels is cheaper for us to do that. So, that is about the about the crevice. The next important thing is the environment. When you say environment we normally refer the bulk we are not referring the environment in the crevice because the environment in the crevice is generated by the crevice by itself that depends upon the the metal you are dealing with of course, it has a bearing with the bulk electrolyte ok. But still you could have vastly different electrolyte in the crevice as compared to electrolyte composition in the bulk actually ok. So, when you look at the environment it is the oxygen content pH, chlorides present in the in this actually the temperature if you want you can add agitation or otherwise. The other related parameters what is that like diffusion convection, but all relate interrelated to each other ok and biological factors. When I say biological or fouling you can put in the word generally we can say that when you decrease the pH crevice corrosion increases. Similarly, the temperature crevice corrosion chloride crevice corrosion increases. Yeah, there may be some diffusion increasing ok, but that is not that is not going to be in common thread with a the passive film destruction the passive film would destroy. In fact, if you look at titanium let us let us take this case of titanium. Titanium in ambient seawater resistant to crevice corrosion. If rise the temperature at high temperatures titanium is prone. The reason being the chloride attacks the film the passive film and exposes the bare metal and so what happens the crevice corrosion occurs. So, we will see this the role of metallurgy in in crevice corrosion we see later how does how does the the metallurgy of the alloy can influence the crevice corrosion we can see later how I mean we will see later. At this point it is sufficient to to understand that the passive film stability depends upon the temperature in addition to the environment. Chlorides attack the passive film. Where as the temperature the putting potential drops significantly. So, the film gets damaged and so metal becomes active. So, that is going to be crevice corrosion occurring. Essentially in the crevice if you are able to make the metal passive very stable then what happens? You may have differential aeration, but still you will not get a crevice corrosion at all right. So, the crevice corrosion also depends upon you know in addition to deaeration and all, but if the metal can be made inherently resistance to corrosion then the crevice corrosion resistance can be very high also we will do that ok. That is why the metallurgy being developed actually ok. So, titanium generally is very good you see what application no problem does not pit and all, but the temperature is increased. What is what does it mean? Assume that I use an heat exchanger in a seawater, seawater is used to cool the heat exchangers right. Suppose the temperature of of the seawater is ever says 70, 80 degree Celsius or maybe 100 degree Celsius probably the titanium will also start undergoing crevice attack or the temperatures or in some situations where the the it is not necessarily seawater right. It can be you know a gas turbine operating in the naval ship or ship for example, you use titanium alloys and then if salts go and deposit the temperature of these components 120, 250 Celsius they undergo crevice corrosion. So, the crevice corrosion would also depend upon the stability of the passive film and that depends upon the environment, pH in fact, same thing if you if you increase it if you lower the pH the passive film stability comes down. So, crevice corrosion is now increasing at all. So, they are of course, interrelated to each other that that we can we can say ok. So, these are the parameters. The other important parameter in the solution is the resistivity. So, very interesting thing resistivity is a very interesting one. We just made a very passing remark earlier right look at the resistivity. Let us take the case of the you guys are all familiar with the polarization curves of if the halogen concentration is more start passivating, if the halogen concentration is little less right this is the crevice mouth and this is your crevice. Can I say that? So, what does it mean? So, this is the place where this is the place where the potential is let us say relatively negative place potential is relatively positive ok. This corresponds to this this corresponds to this correct or not? What moves the potential run here to this? It is oxygen that makes the potential to move from here to this. If I have an external cathode, if I rise the potentials can this move up or not? Assume that there is no oxygen present, if I have a external cathode I apply a voltage can this move up or not? That is what you do in anodic protection right you just move it. So, that means, if this is the cathode can this cathode make this anode to move up to this? Can it move? In principle yes right. If I have a same metal one is positive another negative, this guy will start lifting this up and this guy will start lifting this down right moving down both are possible right. If this guy has to have negative here positive here then there has to be a resistance between these two you know between these two places there has to be a resistance. The resistance is 0 or less what happened now? The anode and cathode will become almost like similar only. So, this guy also start passivating in principle possible. That means, the resistance of the electrolyte is very important. If there is no resistance, substantial resistance the crevice corrosion will not exist. One of the reasons why crevice corrosion occurs is that it happens in the low resistivity electrolyte ok. So, if that means, if the resistivity increases the crevice corrosion increases because it keeps the anode and the cathode alive all the time they do not allow them to make them one unit right not possible to happens. So, this is one of the important parameters in having the crevice corrosion. In fact, people model crevice corrosion they take this into account in terms of how the crevice corrosion occurs. So, in principle if I give a resistivity you give all this I can even find out at which place the the crevice corrosion is going to be maximum right. So, these are the things that you know that happens in in a in in typical crevice corrosion of of metals. I hope you understand these concepts here. The resistivity of the electrolyte is another important parameter in deciding the extent of crevice corrosion that metal can have. In addition to chemistry of the electrolyte we talked about like the pH the chlorides and you know in addition to that the resistivity is equally important ok. I hope you follow what I mean you are saying you have anybody has a question no problem. So, that is about the the environment and ok. Now, let us look at the the electrochemical parameter we have been just discussing now so far right. Let us look at the electrochemical parameters in the ok. Let us take this electrochemical parameters it happens in the passive system right. So, that means, you would have now I am going to draw a few schematic diagrams to show how the electrochemical parameters become very important in deciding the crevice corrosion resistance of metals ok. This is alloy one. Now, this is the outside the crevice ok. This is inside the crevice. Tell me what happens? In the case of alloy two, the passivation potential is lower not higher yeah. The passivation potential is is is you know is low it is or the the the range over which passivation occurs is much much more as compared to alloy one right. Alloy one passivates here and alloy two passivates here right. It in fact, it has it has it passivates even at a more negative potential. I want to answer from you people. Now, this is given this you know now you know the mechanism how the crevice corrosion gets initiated for example. Now, what happens the alloy one alloy two? It is not complex very simple yeah you start telling more and more I mean what what more you find here in this. You take the case of alloy one alloy two what different does it make? If you form a crevice with alloy one and you form alloy with crevice crevice two ok I mean I mean you form a crevice with alloy two for example, ok both both are formed as crevices right. So, what happens? In alloy two what happens? In alloy see this is the this is the cathodic curve within the crevice the cathodic curve outside the crevice here right. So, alloy one alloy two now you should must must be easy for you to tell how the alloy one and alloy two will behave outside the crevice and inside the crevice. Outside the crevice what happens to alloy one and alloy two both are passivating right within the crevice what happen yeah. Alloy one alloy one will remain in the we will we will go to we will go to active region right what happened alloy alloy alloy two then alloy two is still remain in the passivate state right. So, that means, why does it happen you look at this now what is why does it happen where you know this polarization because what are these things use the right terminologies yeah. So, the so the critical condensate right is a critical condensity at I c of the alloy one and I c of the alloy two it is simple right it is not even a magic. So, it is a simple one. So, that means, the the electro chemical parameter influences similar to what the Rothe has been talking about suppose if I move this the passive potential to a higher and higher you will see that the crevice corrosion tendency will keep increasing now actually or the ability to passivate at negative potential makes the alloy more stable. So, the two parameters that are important one is I c if I c increases what will happen what will happen to crevice corrosion corrosion. Increase. Increase right crevice corrosion increases similarly e-passivation increases the crevice corrosion again increases you want to make it more and more lower. So, the electro chemical parameters are are are very important in deciding whether the corrosion crevice corrosion will occur or not if it occurs or what rate they really occur. Having said that the metallurgy are related to each other right then because the metallurgy cause the composition what are the compositions the all compositions that lead to passivation makes the alloy prone to crevice corrosion. But the compositions that makes the film stable alloy resistant to corrosion and makes it you know and makes it spotlessly passive if you have all these characters then what happens then the crevice corrosion resistance increases. So, this is this general thing we can we can talk about right. So, those elements which are doing the job ok you will able to see that these things really can happen. So, there are sudden some empirical rules which talks about this ok and you say that elements like chromium, molybdenum, nitrogen in stainless steels and nickel base alloys they all help crevice corrosion resistance. I just give one example free in all these cases moly content increases ok from 1 to same is to oppose with with the chromium and and also with the nitrogen ok. They all can change the passivation behavior quite significantly and and so. So, if you look at the many alloys they are developed like you know if you compare 316, 304, 316 is better than 304 and 904L is better than 317 and 254 SMO is better than 904L. So, 654 SMO is better than 254 SMO. So, all these are happening because of modifying the composition of of the stainless steels ok in order to improve the passivation behavior and more so, the critical condensity and as well as the overall resistance of the alloy to corrosion corrosion ok. So, so we have seen now the the electrochemical parameters of of the corrosion of the metals and these electrochemical parameters are related to the metallurgical parameters of course, they are all related to the environment actually right and see for example, you take 304 and you carry out polarization studies in let us say about let us say about 500 ppm of chloride solution of pH 7 and and you determine the critical condensity passive condensity pitting potential all the stuffs and then you lower the pH from 7 to let us say about 3 you are going to have increase in critical condensity increase in passive current density and also increase in the passivation potentials and so, it also depends upon the environment as as much ok. So, as much as the alloy chemistry they are all interrelated to each other and so, so, it cannot be seen in isolation right. It has to be seen together when you talk about material selection for corvus corrosion resistance. So, if you have an idea about the the environment then you can probably predict you know what kind of materials can be used for corvus corrosion resistance for a given application. The next thing that we need to be looking at is what is called as the prevention. You can now start you know your own things right because you know the principle and mechanisms you know the factor controlling the risk corrosion. So, writing I mean finding out preventive measures are not that difficult. The first and foremost is is that you can look at the the right alloy combinations. If you cannot change the engineering you know design or if you can avoid joints such as rivets flanges etcetera. They form crevices and all that. Then what do you what do you need to do go for welding if the design promise. This is the crevice farmer right. What else form the crevices we said about fouling right. So, avoid fouling use filters and if you are going to use the mechanical joints then you are going to use gaskets it must be solid non-absorbent gaskets. See you know about you know that asbestos right. Nowadays people do not use asbestos this is this is carcinogenic right. You take asbestos ok and you take a Teflon. What is Teflon? This is a commercial name of PDFE right. What is PDFE? Fluoride ok poly etcetera. Fluoride. Fluoride ethylene right ok. So, here asbestos they absorb water moisture whatever kind of thing here it does not. You can use a sealant right. If you have a problem you can go for a sealant. If you sealant then all these gaps can be filled up. This is done in aircraft industries use a nice sealant. Well, you can keep adding many kind of variations that you can do. I do not want to spend more time on this because you should be able to devise methods by yourself. I will go to the next method is the testing and evaluation and whatever. I would recommend you to go through this article by R. M. Hain Evaluation of Kravitz Corrosion. This is an ASM International ASM Metal Sandbook Volume 13, 9th edition. It is published by ASM International right. You will also have it in your library ok. Article by it is a very nice article which talks about the complexities involved in designing the Kravitz Corrosion. Now, you need to understand the first of all the concept. What is that here? You have to form a Kravitz. When you say a Kravitz that it has its own geometry all this Kravitz gap. So, there are several variations that you get and you may choose a sample which is not flat versus the sample which is quite flat. So, do you think the results will be similar? The sample with the flat and sample to become rough sample will the Kravitz attack will be similar or different? So, where you think the Kravitz attack will be more? So, the Kravitz gap you know may be more or much more flat sample than on the rough sample ok. So, the tight Kravitz will increase the Kravitz corrosion rate and the loose Kravitz will make the rate of Kravitz reduced. I can form a Kravitz between two metals or I can form a Kravitz with a a normal like a Teflon. So, a proper designing of Kravitz corrosion setup is very important ok. The formation of Kravitz and is one thing. The second is selection of the environment and you can also look at the the standard you know ASTM G 48 talks about the it is it is talking about measuring the critical critical Kravitz temperatures. Here it talks about measurement of critical Kravitz temperatures ok and here the solution is 6 percent ferricure solution. The pH is about 1.2. Why do you take ferric chloride? You take ferric chloride because it is a good oxidizer. You can aggravate, you can initiate the corrosion process much quicker, much faster than simply immersing in say soaring chloride solution. So, ferric chloride is is a good oxidizer. It is it is an accelerated test that people do and generally the temperature they chosen are 22 plus R minus 2 degree Celsius and 50 as 2 degree Celsius and they expose for about 72 hours ok. And then they look at the weight change. So, simple test actually. What is done here? You know you you you can in principle you can you can do setup you know in in your your own labs right. What you can do is see for example, you can you can take a stainless steel you know disc like that. I can have a Teflon disc on this side, Teflon disc on the other side I can do that. I can have a a rubber band holding like that. The rubber band is tight enough to secure and it also forms a Kravitz right. So, you you know a rubber band like this ok. This is the steel and this is your Teflon disc. So, immerse in in ferric chloride solution and the temperature of your own interest ok. And measure after 72 hours see what happens if there is a corrosion or not. If there is no corrosion that means at that temperature the material is you know resistance to Kravitz corrosion. Now, they also made a little bit more sophisticated setup that is called as multi Kravitz assembly ok. Where in a single experiment you can have many Kravitz's formed. See here in this case you have only two Kravitz's right one on the right and another one the left you have, but I can also have a multi Kravitz assembly by taking a Teflon disc and I make various grooves right. I can just groove like this see this is the groove here right. So, I can make several grooves like that ok. You can make as much as this is called as this is called as a plate 2 right. So, you can have about 20 plateaus you can have 20 plateaus you can have ok. 20 plateaus means you have about 20 20 grooves that you have and what you can do you can take a sample and you can put one assembly here other assembly here. So, you will have going to have about 40 grooves that means you are going to have about 40 Kravitz's are formed in one single test right. So, each other this is the Kravitz right this is the Kravitz here it is a potential Kravitz because the liquid can go through this go through this. So, here is a Kravitz here is a Kravitz here. So, when it when it sticks on the surface ok and they form the Kravitz. So, there are about 20 Kravitz's formed one side one face of it other face of these stainless steel sample you have 20 more you have 40 grooves are formed and you can now expose it in the in the in the ferric lawyer solution ok and you can you can get the attack you know see done. This is something like in experiment done in in our own lab here by one of the PhD students you see here ok. Yes this is the disc now you can see this here these are all the attack these are the attack portions see the attack portion these are the attack portions because of the Kravitz's see the attack, attack is small and whereas, there is a groove there is no attack. So, this is a groove there is no attack this is the plateau region this attack you see here the plateau the attack is on the on or broader compared to the grooves ok. So, you see kind of see here the attack attack here there is no attack here. So, the Kravitz is taken place in this cases it was done in the in the lab and you can see this alloy is 19 chromium 18 manganese 0.699 nitrogen is you know the attack is much less you can see here you do not see much attack here 1 or 2, but 14 chromium 8 manganese is attack is quite severe and 316 the standard of attack is less now. So, that means, you can able to evaluate the Kravitz corrosion resistance of the alloy, but here see here here it just means exposed only for 24 hours not for 72 hours actually. So, this is no no modern fast food when you are going to develop an alloy, but then if you are going to follow the ASTM standard you just strictly follow the ASTM standard then only you can compare between the results obtained in the different laboratories now. So, these are the kind of things that you can see and which are very useful in determining the Kravitz corrosion resistance of these alloys, but it will be very interesting. Now, 304 stainless steels can suffer Kravitz corrosion at sub 0 temperatures can imagine the Kravitz corrosion is much more severe even compared to putting corrosion other forms of corrosion. So, sub 0 temperature means you can imagine that you know even even below the ice you have some chlorides the 304 stainless steels can suffer the Kravitz corrosion of course, the time taken for Kravitz corrosion is is going to be more actually. Now, so people use this as a criteria for the Kravitz corrosion now this is called people also use term which is called as this is called a Kravitz corrosion index. So, CCI is given as the multiplication of these two and airs corresponds to the number of site attack number of sites attacked and D is the depth of attack. So, this is a kind of index people use to quantify the Kravitz corrosion resistance of the metals actually ok. This one more I before I close it is the test is electrochemical test. You have known a potential dynamic polarization curves are obtained right in the laboratory to look at the passivation behavior of the passive metals. Now, in this case what you do is the specimen what what people who in this case in the specimen you have you have a Kravitz here right. Suppose you have a sample of here in this case it is a it is about 16 mm diameter and you have a Teflon cover this with a Teflon here PDFE right. And this is your electrode in you carry out potential dynamic polarization in the in the anodic side only not in the cathodic side anodic side do that. And if there is a Kravitz corrosion and what is done here ok to do a potential dynamic polarization and you reverse this ok and this is called as hysteresis and higher this higher the character higher is the alloy prone to Kravitz corrosion. So, what is done here is here before you do the scan you hold the sample for about 1 hour in the medium that will start establishing the Kravitz actually Kravitz corrosion right. And then scan anodic scan you do 0.6 volts per hour scan they do that and reverse the scan 5 5 milli amperes. So, so that means, this current is what this current is is is equal to 5 milli amperes ok. So, it is a log i not small i because the sample here you have taken for the dimension of sample here the sample diameter and diameter is equal to 16 millimeter right. So, so the current density is going to be different. So, this this hysteresis is an indication you compare the different alloys like alloys is to lie 276 or maybe 304. And so, you compare with that alloy and see how the newly developed alloy performs 304 of course, is not an alloy meant for Kravitz corrosion resistance C 276 is supposed to be the one of the best alloys from the Kravitz corrosion resistance point of view ok. So, this is how we can do that, but you can always have a several variations you can carry out the potential static layers to know. Basically, you have a Kravitz and and how the Kravitz affects the electrochemical parameters. So, with this have you have any questions are there? Yeah. Yeah, you see one example I had the hysteresis character right I mean you can have something like that you can have something like this ok. So, this alloy is not passivating at all look at this and look at this and look at this and this alloy is more prone to attack. We will see this little detail when you when you talk about the pitting corrosion ok. So, the area of the hysteresis you see here as increases the alloy becomes more prone to pitting corrosion. I am sorry yeah pitting corrosion as well as Kravitz corrosion anyway they are not I mean you will find later that the the alloys you know resistance to Kravitz corrosion would also be resistance to pitting corrosion as well ok. So, ok. So, with this we will close the discussion related to Kravitz corrosion and yeah let us see if you have any questions think about it. In next class when we meet we will discuss on this topic.


We have often covered the astonishing ancient feats of engineering that went into the construction of the temples at Baobach within modern-day Lebanon. The enormous ancient megalithic blocks that no matter how adamantly certain individuals claim as relatively recent Roman achievements cannot be explained. Now the blocks were cut with the tools available during this claimed era, how they were moved to the location they are today found upon, or indeed any idea as to the techniques or methods utilized to have once perfectly placed them within the ancient structures. Additionally, there are many other ancient structures nearby that, although currently not recognized as having the same enormous stones used in their builds, still possess impressively-sized megalithic blocks, masterfully-completed architectural artwork, and other anomalies, which may link the sites to many other ancient works all over the globe. One of these sites in particular is known as the Nihah Temples, Nihah being a village in the Bikav Valley within Lebanon, and although the ancient ruins are clearly of an advanced nature, they are just like the inexplicable ruins of Baobach claimed as Roman. Interestingly, in addition to the Nihah Temples, scattered around the area are a number of mysterious altars that are precisely aligned with the summit of Mount Hermann. An additional fact of interest is that this location is recognized as 33°L, 33°L. Is this possibly the reason for this degree's significance within Freemasonry? Is this location why they are so interested in the geometry of the 33°? Many legends around this site, in particular, they involve a group of entities known as the Watchers, a purported group of supernatural beings who are known by many names, the Nephilim, sons of God, giants, fallen angels, egregors, or indeed demons. They are spoken about in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Books of Enoch, Scripture, among many other ancient texts. We find it intriguing that this location, which clearly possesses large numbers of enigmatic and incredibly ancient structures, which additionally display stonework carved and created in the same form as many other ancient sites, also within the Temple of Nihah, and possibly within many other of the stonework of the surrounding altars, are protuberances. These mysterious notches, which are also interestingly known as boss marks, another possible connection to this supernatural group, are found throughout the world within the many unexplained ancient ruins, such as ancient Peru, the pyramids, Saxe Huaman, and many, many more. Predictably, however, these ancient altarsites are rarely investigated or indeed shared by academia. During the summer of 1934, Dr. Stuart Crawford and Reginald Hoppt led a small expedition in which we studied the ancient shrine surrounding Mount Hermon. We located many ruins, and in each case, the shrine was so precisely oriented that when the devotees were at them, they faced a chief sanctuary located upon the highest of the three peaks of Hermon. This rare insight was written by Reginald Hoppt last century. We strongly suspect that when the now well-established Masonic influences recognized the importance of these sites, they were quickly shut off from any further public academic investigation. Who were the watchers? Were they real entities? If so, are they still in existence? Is the 33rd degree and indeed its importance within secret society a mere coincidence? We feel that although predictably claimed as Roman, the precision within their alignments, along with the inexplicable nature of the enormous megaliths involved in their construction, is undoubtedly evidence of a far more ancient, far more advanced constructor and, as such, highly compelling. When within this modern world of academic study, a ruin is found, a ruin of such astonishing feature or size, one which is clearly an out-of-place artifact within the realm of its accompanying modern paradigm. No matter how amazing, how historically important, due to its sheer inexplicability, one will rarely hear about it in popular debate, and one such ruin is Kat Shibib. The archaeological site was first identified by British diplomat Sir Alec Kirkbride in 1948, an ancient wall over 93 miles long, whose origins are predictably unknown. Ever since its initial discovery, a range of disciplines, including archaeologists, scientists, and anthropologists, have studied the wall. Yet the date of the Kat Shibib's construction, however, is still claimed as unknown, regardless of it also being claimed as, quote, widely debated by archaeologists. Regardless of this claim, many will have never heard of this spectacular ancient ruin, a reality we claim not by coincidence, but design. Recent study of the wall by the aerial archaeology in Jordan Project have found that it runs north-northeast, south-southwest, spanning a total unbroken distance of 66 miles. However, they also discovered sections where two run parallel, this for an additional substantial distance. Quote, if we add the spurs and stretches of parallel wall, the total length would be about 150 kilometers or 93 miles, wrote David Kennedy, a professor at the University of Western Australia, and Rebecca Banks, a research assistant at Oxford University, in a paper published recently in the journal Zeitriff for Orient Archaeology. It is unquestionably a remarkable ancient ruin, one evident of a once highly capable, yet now lost civilization. It is a ruin which we find highly compelling. We recently covered the astonishing archaeological discoveries located within the modern-day Turkey. We discussed the unexplained ancient ruins of Gobleki Tepe, clearly a remnant of a far more ancient, far more advanced civilization than academia would ever allow contemplation of. Additionally, and the focus of the last video, the other ancient gem known as Norsen Tepe, a highly complex, thus highly advanced ancient temple, whose contents indicated no less than 40 additional re-inhabitations of the structure after the original construction, now conveniently hidden under several meters of water, submerged during a dam-building operation. Why this operation was undertaken, or indeed why this site in particular was chosen for flooding, may become apparent with our next place of interest. It seems that some of the sites within Turkey have revealed some extremely well-preserved, extremely ancient artifacts, left by numerous as yet unknown civilizations. And although these finds have seemingly been concealed from mankind, fate is seemingly on our side. Ironically, a site of complete opposite characteristics, having not been touched or re-inhabited for untold millennia, has also been unearthed within Turkey. Alacahoyak, a site on the surface, perceived to have been a primitive archaeological ruin, dating back to 2350 to 2150 BC, over 4,000 years ago. And yet, upon deeper exploration, an analysis seemingly undertaken too late for academia's dating has shown that the site possesses evidence of the same lost technology, or more specifically, advanced knowledge of stone construction, found at many other ancient unexplained sites around the Earth. Like Saxa Huaman, a site we also covered previously, it must be clear to everyone that academia's dating of these sites is not accidental. Was the dating too hastily concluded? We would assume that a dating of over 4,000 years is now difficult to accompany with such advanced knowledge of stone carving and construction. Just how old is Alacahoyak? The Nimrod Castle, which translates as Castle of the Large Cliff, is an astonishing ancient fortress. And although this awe-inspiring site has predictably been dated to the medieval era, we feel that due to the many anomalous megalithic blocks within its construction, it is far older than this, and undoubtedly, a remnant left by a highly advanced civilization now unfortunately lost to history, this due to academia's funded and often deliberate ignorance. Many of the oldest blocks present within the structure, for example, are all upwards of 10 tons, with some of the heaviest recognized as being over 40 tons in weight. How modern curators and academics alike can attest to these ruins having been created by our tremendously less capable medieval ancestors, we feel, is preposterous. According to those in the so-called No, the fortress was created from scratch during the Ayyubid dynasty, placed within the 12th and 13th centuries. The dynasty undoubtedly existed, this we do not deny. We also do not disagree with the posit that the dynasty ruled large parts of the Middle East during these centuries. However, we suspect that, just like the many other unexplainable ancient and advanced ruins found throughout the world, these more recent ruling ancestors, and indeed the large array of ancient artifacts which they left, creating an archaeological legacy, has been used to conveniently date and explain this miraculous structure away, avoiding the controversial truth which is clear for all to see. The fortress is situated on the southern slopes of Mount Hermon, upon a ridge that rises over 2,600 feet above sea level overlooking the Golan Heights. We feel that due to its strategic location, much of the structure was rebuilt upon. This task completed with the purpose of guarding a major access route. We believe that upon the leader of this dynasty, Al Aziz Uthman, discovering the enormous, impenetrable polygonal masonry still in existence within the walls of the site, that were left by a people who, at some point within antiquity, mysteriously vanished. This leader made the logical decision to build upon the impressive remnants, with these walls being reused, utilized for a more modern fortress. This second phase, predictably made with far smaller blocks, and thus can be easily explained as medieval architecture. A fortress could have indeed been its original purpose. This due to its strategically placed location, indeed other ancient advanced seemingly impenetrable fortresses, can be found in other places within the world, such as Saxe Huaman. Although its true grandeur, or its initial advanced builders' intention for the structure, may take tremendous, meticulous alternative research to eventually unravel. Furthermore, intriguingly, the enigmatic yet highly recognizable shape of this initial stonework is also present at another site, possibly a number of other sites, although in particular within Girash, a site currently claimed as Roman. Who built the fortress of Nimrod? How can academia claim that this site was built by the Ayyubid dynasty? Well another ruin unquestionably constructed with the same form of megalithic blocks, seemingly dating for the same era, be that of the Romans. We feel that these two sites, each containing the same building features, yet claimed as completely different civilizations' work, both placed within our more recent history, yet in vastly different centuries, is clear evidence of academic fallacy, evidence of their explanative contradictions when it comes to the many currently controversial ancient ruins of Earth. Nimrod Fortress is yet another jewel in the crown of a civilization currently lost to history. It is undoubtedly highly compelling. There are many ways to create a misleading, coercive conspiracy. Yet nearly all good stories, even when mostly fictional, to upstand some level of scrutiny must contain that which is known as the kernel of truth. And these kernels can be found throughout the mountains of ancient stories, belief systems, rituals, and medicines worldwide. Throughout ancient texts, however, interestingly, there are countless accounts of a great deluge, however. Modern curriculums are not about finding the truth within these writings, but a form of conformity. We not only feel that the evidence for a flood worldwide exists, but that the pre-flood civilizations who lived through this event, claimed as secluded, primitive, small settlements, didn't venture far until a much later academically claimed dating. Regardless of this, we are now slowly exposing the truth regarding said events. Modern technologies, such as ground-penetrating radar, are now being utilized more and more. Many of these studies are finding mega-metropolises, often now resting beneath and amongst dense forest, having been revealed via this technology to have been not individual settlements, but one enormous city, some with estimated populations of 10 million people or more, facts which are in staunch opposition to modern dating paradigms. Along with ours and many others, personal, in-depth research into the technologies and knowledge of the creators and later re-inhabitants of such sites, have also been proven beyond doubt to have once had shared knowledge. Unquestionably made by people who were in global communication, endless examples of tools, masonry techniques and artifacts are often found who have all been crafted in the same ways, with matching scars found at quarries and upon megaliths worldwide. Yet these quarries again bring us back to our original message, that of a shared experience of catastrophe, also one of which being the Great Flood. Many of these groups worked on huge weather-resistant stones as an attempt to face off against such enormous natural forces. Yet it would seem, although they left their mark on the globe, as our research would suggest were in vain, as they were seemingly wiped out in an instant, with many sites abandoned mid-flow during one of these events. Interestingly, not only would the evidence suggest a sudden disappearance of those responsible for many of the most extraordinary megalithic ruins, there have also been remnants found and documented within mainstream-funded study, which is not only indicative of a prior knowledge of this possible swelling of the seas, but an immense effort attempted to build fortresses to protect against such an event, dated as 7,000 years old. From an article titled, quote, This 7,000-year-old wall was the earliest known defense against rising seas. Lizzie Wade states, and I quote, About 7,000 years ago, seas were rising all over the world, Ice Age glaciers were melting, and the ocean crept up shorelines and toured people's homes on every inhabited continent. Now archaeologists have discovered the earliest known defense against those rising seas. A 7,000-year-old seawall built to protect a farming village from worsening storm surges and encroaching saltwater from the Mediterranean Sea. Ultimately, however, the wall failed, and now lies drowned off the coast of Israel, along with the rest of the settlement it was meant to protect, end quote. Additionally, Amy Goussic, an archaeologist at the Natural History Museum in Los Angeles, California, who studied this period around California's Channel Islands, stated, and I quote, All the different kinds of responses we see towards sea level rise 7,000, 8,000, 9,000 years ago, we're still seeing all of those same responses today. Discoveries such as these not only prove of our ancient ancestors' awareness in regards to the possible dangers of rising sea levels, but supports the argument that human contributions are not as catastrophic as are currently believed by some to be. The questions regarding their origins, however, who was once responsible for such remarkable efforts, remains a mystery, one which we are determined to solve. It is a journey of discovery which we find highly compelling.


Clayton Kersh has a history of back injuries now. So how concerned are you right now, Dontrell, about this? Very concerned because he's a max effort guy. His mechanics are rare, but it's part of his strength.   He only topped out at 89, 90 miles an hour. That's nowhere close to his velocity. So I almost sure that they're gonna put him on the deal because they're gonna need him down the stretch.  Yeah, Treyn, I agree with you. You look at the fifth inning, his last inning of work. He threw 11 pitches, he struck out the side. It looks visually good, but he didn't throw a fastball. And this is concerning because you said the velocity, 88.2 miles an hour, that's not typical for Clayton Kershaw. There's three things you have to worry about from a pitching standpoint, injury-wise, shoulder, elbow, and also back. He has had the shoulder in the back situation. That's not good.  You could almost see it on his face during his start. He didn't look the same. And you know what? You can't simulate that intensity when it comes to rehab work and simulated game. This is what Clayton Kershaw doesn't understand. It's going in there and having that emotion in the start. It just wasn't there tonight. And that's the scary thing when it comes down to the Dodgers' rotation. They've done a good job surviving without him. Like I said, even with all the other injuries, they've had a couple of guys step up, but much longer without him, they need to start winning on a more consistent basis. That's a problem. So hopefully the MRI goes okay. Hopefully Kershaw is okay. We'll cross our fingers and see. I think we can look at it and pretty much agree there are three elite teams in the American League, right? Very true. The Astros, Yankees, Red Sox. So in your eyes, Sween, what separates the Red Sox and the Astros? I think it's starting rotation, KB. If you look at it, I think probably Kaikal is probably the starter that hasn't done the damage that you would probably expect. But the other four, they've won 25 games with that starting rotation. That's dominating. I think Garrett Cole being the number four guy, but it really comes down to your ace. And Justin Verlander has been exactly that. That's the separator for me. When you do it with pitching and you can dominate with starting pitching, you can sustain some long winning streaks. For me, the Red Sox, they already have their established closer in Craig Kimball. He comes up big. He's one of the best closers in all of baseball. So they don't really need to have to rectify that problem. The Astros are still kind of filling out guys, seeing who will fit, seeing who will stick and seeing who they can have confidence down the line, especially against these bigger upper lesson on ball clubs. But I love the Red Sox offense, especially with JD Martinez, arguably having an MVP season. These offenses are similar. They both can score. They both knock people around, but I definitely think the closer spot that the Red Sox had their advantage. Yeah, the one thing that concerns me when you think about the Houston Astros though, is the back end. You saw Ken Giles tonight doing the job. But I think AJ Hinch needs to be creative down the stretch. And it's gonna be very important for him because they're only a four and 11 with one run ball games. That's scary because that can be detrimental to a clubhouse when you're not locking down wins that you have to get. Especially when you're hitting yourself. Yeah. You can't have that guy hitting yourself down there in the back end of the bullpen. So you gotta calm that down. You don't like the face button? No, I don't like that at all. I want to see strikeouts. So we might have to be able to get some guys, maybe use Morton down there, depending on when he started before that. But they have to get creative. They might have to go out and get somebody too. Well, it'll be interesting. And their starters have been so good. It's almost, it's relieved the bullpen a little bit. So we'll see if that becomes an issue for the Astros. Great first game of this four game set though. Astros win game one. The Cubs, hmm, are they still the favorites? Are we just still living off the Cubs that won the World Series? Are they still the favorites in your eyes, Dantro? I don't think so. They've been struggling on both sides of the baseball. The pitching staff has been subpar, especially the rotation. And the offense has been up and down. Javier Baez leads them in home runs, RBI's, run, score, and stolen bases. And that cannot happen. He needs to be the side piece. Rizzo Bryant needs to step up and be the true teeth of that lineup because if he continues to go like this, they're gonna be able to pitch around guys and continue to expose the holes in their lineup right now. You know what, Tre and KB? They're not the lovable losers anymore for me. And I wonder about the likability of this club because it's been questions of late, especially. And you see the sliding incident that Anthony Rizzo is involved with. This is a second time, back to back years he's done that. Did against the Padres last year, this year he goes out of his way of the sliding lane. Whatever side you're on that, but then you're looking at the Cubs and they're starting to look for their identity but they used to be likable. Obviously winning that championship was huge, but now it's starting to look like- They're the villain. Who are they? Yeah, they're the villain. And you see a lot of bench clearing brawls. It's not August yet. And everybody's already angry with them. They're tired of the antics and Vaez is the lightning rod. So then teams want to get up against them. They want to give them their best fight. So they gotta understand that they gotta calm down, stay humble, play hard, and stay focused, and play clean baseball. That's important right now. And who's the leader? I mean, I'm questioning on that. We've heard Kyle Schwarber's the leader. Anthony Rizzo is he the leader? That's what really is in question right now. And I think Joe Madden has already set a tone on this in previous years. You're wondering what's happening now. This identity of this club is a mystery to me. It's interesting because last year we all always a World Series hangover, right? And then like that's hard. Everything they've dealt with kind of, it's hard. And they still got back to the league championship series. And then this year, okay, well what is it now? You guys pointed out some really interesting things, but waiting to see the real Cubs. They win tonight, it's a good start for them. And we'll see if they can get on a little bit of road.


Welcome everyone to today's virtual open house. We're very excited that you're here to listen to some of the information we have about our Master of Archives and Records Administration program. It's a unique program, one we're very proud of. We're going to talk to you about the iSchool and the program itself. We'll give you an overview of the degree, what is comprised of. We'll tell you what it's like to be an online student from the instructor's perspective, and then should Katie be joining us soon, she will be able to fill you in on the student's perspective, and then we have time for questions and answers. So I wanted to explain to you our administration. I'm at the top, not because I'm the top person, but because I'm talking to you right now, but I'm Dr. Pat Franks. I'm a professor in the program, and I'm also the MARA program coordinator, and I serve as the MARA advisor. So I'm the one who we talk to you about the courses you're taking, if you have questions on electives, that type of thing. Dr. Kersch right below me is really the head of the School of Information. She's also a professor, she's a fantastic person, very forward-looking, and so we're very proud of the things that are happening in the iSchool. Dr. Linda Mayn is our associate director, and she's the coordinator, as you can see there, of admissions and graduate advising. She's the one that I go to if I don't know all the answers to the questions that I receive, and in addition to her, I often turn to Sheila. You'll probably be in touch with Sheila quite a bit if you can join us. She is what's called an online student advisor, so I'm the academic advisor about courses you should take. Sheila makes sure you figure out how to take them if you need permissions, if seats are open in certain courses, if you need to fill out anything for graduation, that type of thing. So these are people that are more in the administrative roles, and then our primary faculty, Dr. Dalby, is with us tonight, and you'll be hearing from her soon. Jason Kaltenbacher is not, but he is one of our lecturers. He teaches a course each fall and spring, and if you join us in the fall, you would be taking one course from him. Joshua Zimmerman is one of our other lecturers, and Josh teaches the research methods for archivists and records managers, and he teaches that in the fall, and he also, many spring semesters, not this one, offers a one-credit course in archivist persona. I'm just saying that briefly as a title, it's quite a long title, but it talks about where the idea of the archivist as a professional came from and how it evolved over time. It's quite interesting. And then this is Katie, and Katie is our student assistant, and Katie's been with us for, there she is, Katie's on, so hi Katie. Katie's been with us for almost two years, this year and a half now, and she's going to be graduating in the spring, and I'm going to be so sad because she really handles a lot for us. So I am going to let Katie describe some of the online resources we have, and she'll talk to you about what she does, and she's a good person to ask about the student perspective on classes later on. So let me move over to the first slide, and Katie, why don't you take it away? Okay. Our university, the iSchool and the MARA program have posted a great deal of information online, and what we're going to show you are a lot of the sites and how we use them and stuff. Next slide. So this is our university and iSchool website, our webpage. It's a great place to go and get general information, and this is actually our brand new site that we've updated it, and you have access to our blogs and information about course rotations and where to, what you'll be studying and things like that. Okay. So we have curriculum, the classes that you can be taking that are electives, as well as what you will be taking in the MARA program, and then you also have access to the iStudent blog, which is a blog for the whole program, and it does a lot of blog posts about things like books that are coming out by some of our professors, or we'll be doing a few MARA things on it, and MLS, MLIS was there recently, so there's a lot of information that you can gain from it, and just a lot of knowledge. Next slide. Social media, this is part where I'm probably the most familiar with. We have Facebook and Twitter, and we do a lot of outreach through it. This semester, the spring semester, we're focusing on scholarships, and last year we focused on what kind of social media do our alumni and our current students like to get information from us. So our Facebook, you can get posts about news articles and scholarship information and job opportunities. It's a great place to interact with other students. And our Twitter, we definitely retweet and follow other archives and people and museums, and especially during archivist day in October. There's a hashtag ask an archivist, follow it, and we find all the information and retweet that and stuff. So, next slide. Okay, so the MARA blog, I work on a lot of, or most of it, all of it, and in this blog we have what we call the spotlight series where a student and an alumni come in and write about something that they have gone through, like Sharon went to an ARMA chapter meeting, and if you were interested in going to an ARMA chapter meeting, she tells you what her experience was like. We have people who talk about the CRM exam and what they've done in, or the program has meant to them. We have professors that talk about a program that they're trying to advertise. It's a great place to get some information about the MARA program itself. Next slide. Okay, here's our Facebook page. As you can see in the picture, we have a scholarship opportunity. We're posting about a paper proposal soon. So, it's just a great place to get information. Next slide. The VACARA blog, the VACARA is a virtual center, I can help me, for Archives and Records Administration? Yes. Okay, so VACARA is in Second Life, and this is where you're able to meet up with alumni and students who want to be in the setting of Second Life. You get to do, let's see, we did a Dickens Christmas project where some of our alumni read a Dickens Christmas story and they did, oh, I'm trying to think of the word. They had props and they had noises that coincided with the story. It was a really great place and it was a great Dickens Christmas project. So, it's a great opportunity to meet people. Next slide. I think this is mine. Thank you, Kaden. All right, so now I'll talk to you a little bit about the program. When it was developed, it came out of the idea that the MLIS program did have a career pathway with Archives and Records in it, but not enough information about those topics, and so the school decided that they would create a separate second degree program, so we're similar to the MLIS and that we're an independent degree program, however, we have no library science in it. So, when you hear somebody say an ALA accredited school, ALA is American Library Association, well it's not the school that's accredited, it really would be the program, and the program would be the MLIS Master of Library and Information Science because it's a library program, you know, so that's what ALA does, but the MARA program really is geared to Archives, Records Administration, and Information Governance, and therefore there's no one association that would certify this type of program, our whole institution is certified, so we're fine there, but I'm talking about a professional certification, so in this case, our students must become certified on their own once they enter the professional realm, and that means that they really know what they're doing, so we looked at ARMA core competencies for ARMA International, the Records Management Association, and we looked at the site of American Archivist Guidelines for their graduate programs, what were they looking for, but then we also looked at the certification examinations for the professionals, so if you want to be a Certified Records Manager, what do you need to know, and that came from the Institute of Certified Records Managers, we also looked at if you want to be a Certified Archivist, what do you need to know, and that too came from the Academy of Certified Archivists, and so we put all of that together and created curriculum with courses that should deliver all of this to you, and we're very proud and I'll explain to you in a minute why we believe we have been quite successful, but along the way something else popped up and it was the Information Governance Professional Certification that also came from the Records Management field from ARMA, but this time it was looking at beyond just the archives or the records at a whole variety of skills that one would need if they were going to look at all information that was not just managed and preserved but actually used, analyzed, utilized within the organization, and so we created two courses that in fact one of them started right at the same time the very first exam went out for the Information Governance Professional and it is the Information Governance Course that Lisa Dr. Dolly teaches, and then she has a second course that complements it, it's Information Assurance. Those two are excellent courses that prepare you to look beyond the traditional, so this also is incorporated into our program, and now I had said I could show you why we're pretty confident that we've done it right and that we're maintaining it well. The ICRM, the Institute for Certified Records Managers has an agreement with us that once our students finish the MARA program they will receive credit for parts one through five of six-part examination. Normally you pay $100 each section, so you'd pay like $500 for these first five exams, but they certify that with the content of our courses, should you graduate from the program, you will get credit for it, and then if you wanted to become a certified records analyst you could immediately request that, once the graduation has been certified through our university, and if you have one year of work experience or if you take our internship or our organizational consulting project course, either one of those will qualify for that one year of experience, so it's really I think a very good indication that the ICRM is very pleased with this program and the content that we have that would prepare you for working in the records management field, but we also at the same time had the academy of certified archivists take a look at our courses and evaluate them to see how well we were satisfying their requirements for skills that archivists would need, and of our 11 required courses, 10 were approved by them and are actually posted on their website. The one that was not is the internship organizational consulting project only because that's never the same for anybody, it's always different, and so they couldn't look at content that they could say, oh yes, this satisfied this skill, it might satisfy different skills for everybody, so we are very proud of this. What this means here is that when you attempt to take the exam to be a certified archivist, you have to prove that you've had education that satisfies their requirements to sit for that exam as a student and our courses qualify for that, and there are two electives I'll talk about a little later that also have been approved, those are the two info courses that are also on the ACA website and those are also pre approved for anyone who's wishing to sit for the ACA exam. Now the reason we don't get credit for that exam is they only have one part of it, it's the 100 question exam, and so they do want to see that you take that, but at least you qualify for it, so we're really pleased that we believe this program will instill the qualities and the qualifications in you that you need in order to satisfy needs for records management or archival positions, and more and more we're seeing information governance positions coming along and you are certainly qualified for those as well when you graduate. So this is a what we call our program learning outcomes, they're the core competencies that every graduate must satisfy. What that means is through the courses that we've put together we know that if you take a passage course, do the required assignments, the readings, and so on, you will be able to do these things A through J and for example in B, recognizing social, cultural, and economic dimensions of records, keeping your record used, and that really explains why we look at records for business for example or government because we have a lot of issues with the economic dimensions, that's where you're keeping things for finance, right, for tax purposes, for contracts, accounts receivable and payable for customers, but also at the same time we're looking at society and through the government what kind of records have to be kept for society, and certainly your identification so that at some point you collect social security, I mean those are the kind of records that are really important there, and cultural, just think about our national archives and the declaration of independence that's there, so these are all the kinds of records that we're talking about when we talk about the goals of the archivist and the records manager to preserve those records. So you'll see a number of other competencies here on the list, what happens is each student will prepare an e-portfolio that will demonstrate how they have mastered this through assignments that you do, and you have to keep track of those assignments, I'll explain that a little bit later too. So what are the required courses? Well I said that 11 courses are required, but actually you need 42 credits, so there are three more courses that are electives, but these are the required courses, and you'll see that when we talk about record keeping professions, that's archivists and records managers as well, and information governance, and you see in the next course management of records and archival institutions, that's intertwined, and when we look at records creation and appraisal, we're actually talking about appraisal too, from the archival point of view as well as from the records management point of view, so there's a course I teach there that I really am having fun with enterprise content, digital preservation, you would actually be working in Office 365 and SharePoint online for half of the course, and then you'd be working in Preservico, which is a terrific commercial environment for digital preservation, so you'd be getting hands-on experience through that course. Now this, I mentioned a portfolio that you would have to create, this is the beginning of Rachel's e-portfolio, and at the top you see Home, Competencies, Conclusion, and Affirmation. Well the competencies would be those listed A, B, C, D all the way through J, and in addition to the intro that Rachel has here explaining what this e-portfolio is about, she under that competency tab would explain what the competency means, the kind of evidence she has to support it, she would have links to her work that shows that she's done that, and she would explain how that will be useful to her in her current or future career. This is a course rotation schedule they wanted to show you at the bottom, and you're at the last two rows. Oh, I'm going to let Lisa take over. I see that I should be doing that, so Lisa, if you have your mic off, can you just pick up where I left off? I just want to say hello everyone and welcome to the Mara Open House. I'm very excited to be speaking with you today. I'm speaking to you actually from Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where I live, and I have been teaching in the Mara program since 2009, which means I've had the pleasure to work with all Mara students. I teach a number of courses in the Mara program. Again, welcome, and I'm going to be speaking to you right now about the course rotation and other aspects of the online experience, but any questions during the session, if you have, or you know, just ping me, or if you have any questions later, please feel free to send me an email, and both Dr. Franks and I will put our emails in the discussion area, the chat area in a few minutes. But this important slide is one sample of the actual course rotation. So if you are a student entering in the fall 2009, this would be your schedule. This is just one sample. I like to call it the happy path that the school has created for you. This is the sample of a course selection program that will come into the program in three years. And I think it's just a helpful tool, but it is by no way required. We've had students go through this program in a two-year program, two-year program, as well as, you know, five or six years. And so absolutely, this is just one sample. But what students really like about this program, according to our exit survey, is that it's the flexibility of the program. They can finish in two years, or they can finish in six, seven years, and they can, you know, take a term off. We all have family issues. You know, people have given birth and had family issues. And so that's what's really awesome about this program is that, although this is the, you know, the prescribed program, you can take courses in and on when it's convenient for you. And obviously, you are not alone when you are picking your courses because you have your faculty advisor, which would be Dr. Franks, who would help you all along the way in picking your courses. In order to allow students the opportunity to really customize the program based on their own interests, students select three additional electives from the MLIS or info program during the course of the program. And as you can see from this extensive listing, there are some awesome courses, including like digital creation and information privacy, project management, web 2.0. I often say to everyone that I really wish I was a student so that I could, you know, I had the opportunity to take these courses myself because they are really cutting edge and relevant to the industry. So this listing was really, was reviewed and approved by the MARA advisory committee. And we haven't spoke about that, but we have a committee of experts that advise us on our curriculum. And so these courses were really selected by them and made up of this, the committee is made up of industry experts in the field. And so when you take these electives, you can ensure that the electives provide you with the real skills you need to succeed in the profession. I think that the electives really are like just an awesome, excellent educational compliment to the really important courses that we're providing in the MARA program. Next slide. Again, within the MARA program, students can choose to take advanced certifications to compliment their enhanced their degree. Here's the selection of just three. I can easily be, these can easily be accomplished by selecting the right electives, and I'll talk about that in the next slide. But we have three pathways, a digital asset management, information governance assurance, and security and digital analytics and data driven decision making. And these are really like hot topics within the field. But next slide, and I can provide a little bit more information on that. So what is important from the previous slides, what is important to remember that when you are selecting, say electives to do your, to do that carefully, because if you do it right, you can select the right courses and then qualify to get these like awesome certifications. So for example, you're already required to take MARA 284 and MARA Information Governance and Information Secure Information Assurance. So if you added this one extra course as an elective, which was called Cyber Security, you are qualified to have one of these additional certifications, which awesome looks awesome on your resume. And so it's just like an added benefit of, you know, coming to the program because we have these amazing certifications. And I think I'll take you through what a MARA course really looks like. If you join in the program, one of the first courses you will take is called MARA 200. And I teach that and it's probably my favorite course. And it's called record keeping and record keeping in the record professional in society and history. It is a fundamental course which all other courses will later build upon. The course really begins by exploring the relationship between archives and the professional associations and the publications we produce and our code of ethics and our code of conduct. And then the course really looks at the relationship between our professional associations, so our professions and our professions between archives and our information security, information privacy, our library colleagues, all of the other professions that are really in this space. And we really look at, you know, our relationship between our professions. We then move to more of the, you know, the professional functions of an archivist. We talked about arrangement and description, preservation, outreach. The course is really a great balance between practical application of the profession and the theoretical constructs we need to understand as records management. And then at the end of the course, we really get into some really great stuff when this is what the students like the most according to our surveys is that they really like to understand the concept of records and trust and collective memory and records, how it's power and its relationship to human rights. And really we close the course with analysis of records and archives and the transformational change that is happening in our profession due to electronic records and data management. So this is just a really awesome screenshot because this is really what a typical course looks like. And I just want to say that the content is available 24-7 in Canvas, which is our learning management system. And typically a course, it looks like this on our main page and it's divided into 15 units. And each unit will have a lecture, a pre-recorded lecture from your instructor. And it's always our lectures and our content is always associated for people with learning disabilities as an aside.  And also this is just a learning management system, but most instructions will add on to this learning management system. You'll be getting Zoom lectures like you're getting tonight or Skype or WebEx and other social media and blogs. So we use social media in our course content beyond just what the learning management system, what you're seeing right now. I think I might be back to you Patty. That is, yes. Yes, and I was going to say when we use a platform like Zoom, we don't require attendance. Normally you'll see that those are used for supplement to the course or students using for group projects, for example. Our programs are asynchronous, so you can be very successful in them by working through the courses as Lisa had mentioned that are open 24-7. You just have to make sure that you do your assignments when they're due, which is usually at the end of a week, but can be a couple of weeks or a couple of months if it's a major project. Excuse me, this program performance page, if you're wondering about the program itself, the quality of the program, this is where we report out. The university requires all programs to have a page like this, so our program performance page will have a lot of information you may be interested in. One of them would be external inputs to the curriculum, and that's where Katie has created a job survey the last two years, and that's the most recent one is posted there. She went through probably two months of job descriptions for archivist records managers, information governance professionals, gathered that data, analyzed it, and put the information out there for you. What we do is track that to see what we need in the curriculum to make sure that we are still continuing to prepare students for the most recent requests out there in the job market, but there is much more information there for you as well. You might be wondering why would you take Mara and SJSU? These are comments from the students that have graduated as they're leaving. There's an exit survey, and they always mention the quality of faculty, program, the technology, but most of all the other students that they learned from, we have such a collaborative approach in our classes where we expect everybody to work together so that everyone can succeed, that students really learn from one another. There's a diverse student body with different types of experiences that all come together in order to understand the needs for records, record keeping across the spectrum. Now you would also though have an opportunity to learn from experts. I didn't mention guest lectures that we have, our Second Life Student Archives program, also puts on guest lectures that are available if you don't want to go into Second Life to listen to through Zoom. We had one not too long ago on artificial intelligence where the robot actually did part of the presentation. And then of course the cost. It's $4.74 a unit. You have 42 required units. That's 14 courses. And so the entire program is $19,908. You only pay for what you take. So if you take one course semester, that's what you're paying for. And the application process right now what we're doing is recruiting for fall. Students are going to be beginning the spring semester very soon. And the next opportunity to join us is in August. And the information is online now. You can see that for the fall our document deadline is a little later in May, but you've got to apply by May 1st if you want to come. We don't have a cap, an upper cap, what we do is look at your bachelor's GPA. If it's 3.0 or above, then you will get in. If it's not, there is no way that you can get in until you raise that because we don't take letters of recommendation. We don't look at work experience. We're not allowed to. All we can do is have our university look at those transcripts for that 3.0. Now what they do though is if the 3.0 isn't there at the end, the complete final grade, they will look at your last 60 units of credit and to see what was that a 3.0. If that was, then you would still be accepted. If that was not, then what we recommend is you take a course or two somewhere else, raise that GPA and then come back and apply again and a number of people have done that. I also wanted to mention that we have scholarships available for new students. You can never count on the scholarships paying your way here. It's not like for bachelor's degree and we are a public university so we don't have the kind of money that a private university was, but newly admitted students can apply for one of five different scholarships in the regular session or a special session.  The regular session only means that you might live near campus and get a different fee, which is almost similar to what you're paying if you're a special session student anyway. So in Mars though, what I've told you as far as the cost is exactly what it is. So you can always check out this page to see what else might be available. It's always nice to get one of these, but you probably if you don't have your own funding would be looking at financial aid for this. So I'm going to stop right now and ask if you have any questions and I'm also going to stop the screen sharing for the slide. So if you want to quickly jot down the email address, you can do that, but in a minute we'll also put our email addresses in the chat area for you. So right now let me go back to the session itself and I'm back and if any of you would now would like to turn off your or turn on your mics, I should say unmute yourselves if you have questions. I'll put on your videos if you'd like to be seen, please do that. And anyone have a question for us? You can raise your hand or just go ahead and say ask your question. Who is Aha? And and Millen, did you see how your name pops up? If you laugh or you cough, your name is there and if you have your video. That's what it does. It's very sensitive. Any questions at all from those of you on the? I have a question. Introduce yourself and then ask. All right, I'm Sabina Erickson and I have a question about the discussions. Are they conducted in say like a manner that we're doing now or is it simply something done online through say just a typed in discussion comments or is it something more that requires you to be at the same place at the same time as everyone else in the class? No, we're asynchronous. So my classes will open on a Monday and there will be lectures, there will be readings and there will be discussions and you would click on the discussion and you have for me, we're all a little different, but for me you would have to answer the questions by Thursday evening so that other people have the rest of the week in order to read your answers and respond if they would like to. So when I open the class on a Monday, I expect all discussions to be done by the following Sunday night and then the following Monday a new one will open. It's always in the learning management system along with the lectures and the other materials. Links to outside readings, whatever it may be. Okay, thank you. And my course is exactly the same way. Good, the two of us agree. And there are a few that might start on a different day, might say that I thought I said somebody doing like Friday through Thursday. I don't know why, unless it fit better with their schedule and they didn't want to have to work on the weekend. When we allow you to go until Sunday night, that means we're usually there on Saturday and Sunday making sure that you don't have any issues that you can't deal with on your own. So it might be that. And I'm going to look at the chat area, see if we have any questions here. And I'm hearing, are these certifications only for Mara or also MLIS? Just Mara, because the MLIS, if you're taking a look at the Archives and Records career pathway in there, you're electing electives. And so not all programs are the same for every student, although there is guidance for a career pathway. But there is no guarantee that everybody is going to do what is needed in order to be approved by ICRM. So it's just for Mara. And the certified Academy of Certified Archivists, students who take those courses can apply, but it just means that they're going to have to be looked at individually. They'll have to show their transcripts. Mara students don't. Mara students take pass, graduate, and so everybody knows what they take in the MLIS. We don't know that. It can always be different. So it is different. What is Second Life? Well, many, many years ago there was excitement about avatars in other worlds, virtual worlds, and that's what Second Life is. So it started here on our campus in 2007. And when I came, I think I started with a student at the time, a virtual Center for Archives and Records in 2009. We're celebrating our 10th year. We're going to have our 10th annual conference this coming spring. It's a way for a small group of students who happen to really like that virtual environment to get together to plan things. So there are different activities that we do as time for everyone. And I often hear people say, well, the game is not a game. There are sites in there where people do simulations like fighting fires. There are health simulations in there. That's not what we do. What we usually do is look for our interests. Do we want to have speakers on topics, like I said, on artificial intelligence robotics? Are we looking at library services? Are we looking at something else like museums, for example? We're going to be touring a more museum in spring. So everything that's created is in a virtual world. We use Linden's. Everybody is excited about cryptocurrency now. But actually, we've been turning our dollars into Linden's for years and buying objects and buildings and clothing and things like that as well. So if you're interested in that, you can always ask me about it. And I could have one of the people who works in it show you. Even if you decide not to come to us, we'd be welcome to give you an orientation. We'd like to show that off a little. We even had a book based on it and several of our students wrote chapters for that book. So they're now published authors as well. And two students, I know I'm thinking one student and I just put in a paper for a conference on computer technology that's going to be held in Portugal in May and it was accepted. And so she will be representing us there in Portugal. Yes. And Katie is explaining because Katie is our representative to the student associations for Vakara and she said beautifully it's where users can create, connect and chat with others from around the world. Are there security certifications available for the MLAS? The MLAS is different. I recommend that you go to one of their open houses. I don't know of any agreements they have for any type of certification like that, but that's something definitely that you should bring up at the open house. It may be something that they can negotiate because they do have a cybersecurity course and they have some other courses like that. It would be, I think, really interesting to pose that question and see if you could perhaps first some interest in following that up. Any other questions? If you'd like to just grab the mic, please do that. Hi there. Can you hear me? Yes, I can. Cool. Hi, my name is Ellis Martin. Thank you all so much for being here. It's been super informative. I just have a question. My background is in small academic museums and small queer archives and I have a lot of experience with kind of cobbling together with open source software and I was just wondering what's the relationship to working with like those hard kind of tech skills. Do you do any, is there like kind of back of house? Is that folded into the program at all for asset management? Yeah. Well, you know, we have, I mentioned the course that I teach where we use Preservica for digital preservation students actually follow the OAS model and create submission packages, bring them in, migrate, that type of thing, and then make them available through WordPress for universal access. Other instructors in the MLAS program offer courses that if you're interested in that, we recommend you take as your three electives. One of the instructors does digital curation that was mentioned, preservation where they use content VM. We do have digital asset management course as well that you could look into for an elective. I don't know exactly what goes on in there, but I do know that a number of our instructors do include different type of software. We have one that we offer through our MARA program. It's a two credit elective each fall. It's on digital forensics. And that also is a hands-on. Software is introduced there. And I think they're using big curator in there. And in fact, they'll be meeting with that instructor this week and with the cybersecurity instructor to see what more we can do with that. So I'm not sure that I answered your question, but it depends. We have only, I believe, one or two museum-related courses. If that's really what you are looking at, other universities have programs in it. We do not. But if you wanted a strictly museum-related course, you'd have to look at the MOA Selectives. And you could take that if you were in the MARA program. Sure. Thank you so much. Okay. Many others. Okay. I'm going to stop right here then. And thank you all for being here. Really appreciated. And if you have any questions, Dr. Dalby and Katie and I will put our email addresses in the chat area for you so that you can contact us. And we'll be glad to answer them for you.