And we'll just Lady Aida. Hey everybody, it's me, Lady Aida, at my desk laxing Sunday evening that we would do a little bit of a stream just to see what's going on at my desk. I mean, there's a lot of routing actually. I see a really cool project. Yeah, this is the glasses.  This project, this board took me like 12 hours to route. It was, and I'm a fast router. I route boards like, believe me, I'm doing it automatically, this took me 12 hours. I think so many breaks. But let's take a look at it. I can just show you, it's just kind of bonkers. How many things are in it. So it's got 136 LEDs. This is each of the 2 millimeter LEDs. And they're matrixed up. Of course, this board layout would have been a lot easier. If one, it wasn't two layer. And second, didn't have these cutouts in a weird shape. And three, I decided to go with something like dot stars or neopixels. But as we mentioned before in previous shows. Would it also be easier if you didn't have the looming fear of no chips for anything you make? Well, I already got all these parts. So I'm good. All right, well. When I got those chips and I have them stashed away. It can always be worse. I'm a yoink them. But to save the cost to make this affordable, I didn't use individual neopixel LEDs because 130 neopixel LEDs would have cost whatever, 130 times 10 cents a piece, 13 bucks. And so maybe even if I got it at a really great price, $10 just for the LEDs. And also there's some risk of them being damaged. Whereas these LEDs are a penny a piece. And so I can put 138 of them on a board with a chip. And even if I have some yield issues, it's not too bad, although I'm going to try to avoid yield issues. So anyways, this board is routed. I routed it 6x6 and the vias are 15 mil. I don't, 15 mil is as small as I get for vias. I know that people can, you know, you can get boards with smaller like 8 mil vias. But I find that 19, I've never had a problem with any board house I've used, prototype or production. 15, you know, 0.15 and a half, 15 mil. I did have problems with yield, PCB yield, with 15 mil PCBs when I ordered from PCB cart. But JLCPCB and advanced circuits and other places seem to be okay with it. So it depends on your board house. But the 6x6 mil rule, that's not the issue. It's actually vias are usually where I've had problems. Yo, what's up? Is it a two layer board to make it affordable? It's two layer, yeah. It's basically like you're better off doing almost everything before going to a four layer board. You know, I just kind of discovered that when I did the design for the circuit playground, Bluefruit, there's nothing wrong with four layer boards. Use four layer boards if you need them or eight or six, whatever. But unless you're doing something, and believe me, there's some boards like BGA boards where it's like, look, you need to go four layer because you cannot fan out this board. There's not enough room, there's no space.  You can do so much to a two layer board before it becomes more expensive than just doing a plain four layer because the four layer process is usually outside of this lowest cost process that a board house does. And so, I don't even know that I have any four layer board designs that I've manufactured. I always, I really, I'll pretty much do anything before I go there. I really try to stick to two layer. And so far, I've been able to get away with it. So, there you go. We're not in the big pocket of the big four layer commission. A two layer commission. Sorry. No, the four layer, if we were in their big pocket, we would be promoting four layer boards, but we're not.  But so we're out of this whole thing. It took forever, but it's done. And it's not, it's not, one thing that was actually quite nice about it is because it's a matrix, not a direct driven, like NeoPixel, is the traces can be thinner because you're not powering each LED separately. It's another thing, like dot stars and NeoPixels each have one milliamp quiescent current, which we're not gonna have here. There's no quiescent current because it's that, you know, the LED is only driven when it's driven. And there's no ground plane because it's not ground reference, it's matrix reference and everything is, you do need to have a good ground connection, but there isn't a, you don't need a plane behind it. And that's another reason I didn't need a four layer board. So this is up for prototype. So another thing is finally I was able to get the ESP32 S2 mini modules. It's the, the S2 modules that are not the rover style, they're the smaller modules.  They finally came in and so I'm like, yay, I can do my ESP32 S2 feather that I designed like six months ago. And then of course, something else happened, which is, well, one, you know, every other part on here is pretty much, there's a lot of jelly beans, capacitors, resistors, there's the battery charger chips, which have been a little annoying, but I did, I do have some of those. This is a BME280.  I thought we'd have a version that had this. But at this point, I can't even back order BME280s. They, they Bosch just is completely fell over in this silicon shortage. So, you know, I can chip the board without the sensor and just leave it unpopulated and that's fine. It's not necessary. But the, this sensor, the, this is a LC79203, which is a battery monitor chip. So, this chip is what's end of line a few months ago or, you know, six months ago, which was, you know, again, historically end of line chips don't matter. Like it's end of line, be like, ah, you know, there's a last time buy, and the last time buy is usually 18, 24 months away. You have a long time usually to order as much stock as you possibly need to put your last order in and you're done. They didn't do that this time. So, you know, it's, you know, when you're done, they didn't do that this time, right? Because of silicon shortage, there was no last time buy or at least I couldn't figure out how to do one. They're just like, we're done, it's over. You can't get this anymore, like no warning. And so it's really annoying.  I do like it. It's a very inexpensive but very easy to use chip and it comes in a nice TDFN package. It got discontinued and it was replaced with the LC7092, I think it's 204. So they basically, you know, discontinued and replaced it and the board they replaced, the chip they replaced it with is a 0.4 millimeter BGA. And I really, really, really don't want a 0.4 millimeter BGA in my feather design because I'd want something easy to fab and again, does not require a four layer board. And once you get to 0.4 millimeter pitch BGA, you start needing a four layer board. Do not want, but I really like this chip. So the good news is that while this version was not available, this version, the 0.5 millimeter BGA is and the middle pan of the BGA is not, you don't need to fan it out. It is, it's, they designed it in a way that doesn't suck where it's at nine pin BGA but only eight pins are really needed and the middle pin is a ground pin and so you can connect that through to another ground pin and you're good to go.  And I'm like, all right, well time to, you know, make the BGA version. So we spun this board and now it has this 0.5 millimeter pitch BGA, which I think will be all right. I made the holes a little bit bigger and I think there's no reason our pick and place can't fab it. I think it'll pick and place it. Okay, a couple of people reporting chip shortages, stuff getting held up in Shenzhen. And next question, any concerns with the temperature sensor close to the ESP32 S2 module? No, and check out a previous video where we go over that. It's fine. We took previous desk radiator. Okay, so, you know, this one, I gotta, you know, I gotta change this package now, hold on, update the library and then I'll change the package over and now it's much smaller and cuter, but it's the same chip. And so I'm not worried about like, you know, so I didn't know this chip, I tested, I did the power monitoring, you know, management of it and all that good stuff. So I know this chip is good to go. So, you know, I'm going to reroute this board with this new little mini chip, but, you know, long term, it's not sustainable. I can't rely on this because even though there's, you know, 16,000 of these in stock, it's still end of line and it's still, you know, there is no last time buy and there may not be. So I think I'm willing to risk getting this design out the door, but I do need something, a long term solution or an alternative solution to having a battery monitor. And the reason I have the battery monitor chip on here and not just a resistor divider is I really wanted to have a higher quality battery monitoring solution because I think people want that for like an ESP32 based thing, but without the continuous current draw of a resistor divider and also maybe something that does a state of charge. So it converts the voltage because you know, ESP32s, they have, they have a weird kind of non-linear ADC, something that pops out like, oh, your battery's at 30% or 50% or whatever, I thought would be more useful for people than just a resistor divider. So, let's, do you have any other questions before we get into the great search? Go ahead. Yep, let's do the great search. Okay, great. Where? The great search brought to you by Digikey and H. Everything you did, Digikey, Lydia uses her powers of searching and finding, especially in the middle of this drought, this chip drought, to show you how to find what you're looking for. Lydia, what is the great search this week? Okay, the great search is actually what I did today. So, some Sundays I'm like, what am I gonna do for the great search? And then today I was like, oh man, I gotta find an alternative for this part that I can't get, that I can't get and the alternative I can't get and before you know it, you're like four layers down. That sounds exactly like great search. That's the great search, that's where we're at. So, for this design, this design for this feather, I used the LC 7903 battered monitor chip. The TDFN version is no longer available. It went to end of line. There was no last time buy because of silicon shortage. And so I kind of got like the rug pulled out under me. That's a good idiom, rug pulled out under you. We're collecting idioms and stuck without an alternative. There is the, we covered, okay, we can always get alternative packages sometimes and there is an alternative package for this chip, the BGA package. And I can use that BGA package temporarily basically for a few months, but it will also run out, it's end of line. So I want to find an alternative lithium ion single cell battery monitor, something that has an ADC, communicates over I-squared C and doesn't use a lot of power so that it can stick this on, it does the battery monitoring, cool them counting, state of charge calculations for you while still letting the main processor go into deep sleep. And when it wakes up, I can always ask the chip, what's the state? And of course I want it to be inexpensive, I want it to be easy to use and I want it to be a package that I can put on a two layer board. So I thought that's what we would do. All right, let's do it. Okay, so let's go to the computer. Okay, so this is the previous package, the chip that I was going to use, the TDFN chip, and then I can swap that for the BGA package and this will again, I can kind of limp along with this for a few months because I can get some of these, but eventually those will run out and this is the life we're living. So the chip that I was using before was basically this one. You know, this is no longer manufactured. It says some substitutes, you know, it has some substitutes, but we're gonna do our great search substitution work. So what I want is a battery monitor. I want to do one lithium ion thing, I squared C and surface mount, although you know they're all gonna be surface mount and let's see what we've got for similar devices. I'm not gonna say normally stocking or in stocking, I want to say no marketplace just because it's a little confusing, I want to just, I'm kind of in the specification stage so it's like I don't really care whether it's in stock right now, as long as I can get it in a few months. And I want to look at prices in the 5,000 piece range or so. And you know, as you can see there, this is the chip that I historically liked, you know, these are the two versions, they're the least expensive at about 70 cents a piece. The BGA version and the LC709 TDFN version, but you know, not this one, not available, this one I can use until they run out of stock. So let's go down the list. Ooh, the BQ27426, okay, this looks pretty good. Is that the one? What? Is that the one? No. Well, no, not only is it not in stock, but if I ask it, when's it gonna be in stock? It says April 2022. Okay, so it's not only are we trying to find a part, but I'm like, I really want a part I can get, you know, like this year maybe, you know, would that be so hard? Maybe get it in the next like three months. We were spoiled when we were, we were babies buying parts that were in stock. This family's, you know, it is quite a nice family of chips, but yeah, basically, you know, all of them are April 2022. This is the same part of that family. This one, I think is also, you know, September 2022, like not even within the next year, I'm gonna be able to get this part. So I basically kind of went down this entire list. And until I, and then this one was okay, but I really didn't want a BGA. Again, I want something that's a two layer board. I don't want something that's BGA with middle pads because I really don't want something that's gonna be a pain to route. So what I did find, you know, I basically like scanned through this. Almost all of these are completely unavailable anytime soon, except for this one, the Mac 17 048. And this one not only has 3000 in stock, but it has 9000 in the factory. It's not inexpensive, but it is TDFN. I can get it, you know, quickly. Another thing you can do is of course, you can put down, you know, even more. And you can see like, well, there's gonna, you know, if I need 30,000, I'm not gonna get them till 2022, but there are gonna be two more shipments of 10,000 a piece. So in October, so you know, if this is something I want to book for nearby delivery, you know, I have a shop, but again, it isn't stock. I'm not gonna need more than 10,000. I just kind of know that that's 10,000 a year is about how many, you know, that's how many I'm gonna need for now. So I think that, you know, this is kind of what I'm thinking of going with. So I designed a, I did a, you know, a board package for it and laid out the package. And then I designed a breakout for it. So, you know, this is what I start with whenever I want to design. I basically pulled out the LC79203 and I put this in. One nice thing about this chip is it doesn't have some of the BQ chips, the TI chips used Coulomb counting when they had the basically resistor between the input and output. And one thing that is kind of nice about this Mac17 chip is like the OnSemi LC709203, it doesn't have a resistor. It actually looks at the voltage, the historical measurement of the voltage to track what the state of charge is. And, you know, I kind of like that. I think it's nice because it doesn't matter, you know, especially for a breakout board where people can accidentally connect the wrong way. This is a kind of an elegant method of measuring because you don't have to worry about having it backwards and you don't have to worry about the resistance, you know, being in the way of your boost converter or something or affecting something down the line. So I'm gonna start with this. I normally actually would have gone for the BQ chips. The BQ chips were quite nice. They were much less expensive and they had I squared C and they had, you know, also either voltage or built in Coulomb counting capability. But if I can't get it in the next, you know, six to 12 months, even if that's as soon as I can get it, I'm gonna start actually designing with parts that are more expensive just so I can get something out the door and then reevaluate in a year. It's easy to then, you know, I can always reduce the cost later by subbing out the old part, but not being able to ship something costs money every single day. So yeah, these are the design trade-offs I'm currently making is going with parts I normally wouldn't go with just because I can get them knowing that I'll probably have to do a redesign down the line, but you know, I'll deal with that later. You know, I'll say, hey, I redesigned this for a cheaper chip and here is a new driver and here's the differences. And I've done that before. We've designed a lot of our feather boards or early Metro boards, whatever, with FTDI chips. And then when we could get SILabs USB serial converters, which I like a little bit more than the FTDI ones, they're less expensive and they have a couple capabilities that I like, very high speed, you know, data transfer and stuff. I redesigned a lot of boards and said, okay, I used to use the FTDI chip now using the SILabs chip. Well, the SILabs chip is also end of line. So maybe we'll do a future show where I show how to swap out a SILabs 2104 as well. Yay, it's like juggling. All right. And that's the great search. Where? All right, and I had one question here. How do you validate newly created libraries, spin a PCB with just a component or test it with some prototype design? I don't think I'd make a breakout like this, but you know, I've really learned, I'm not saying my packages are perfect, but I've really, I've made almost every mistake at this point. And so I'm actually pretty good. When I make a package, I usually don't, I usually don't mess them up. I know that's like a weird thing to say that's just gonna jinx me because I'm gonna mess up my next package. Another thing is from Digikey, they do have a, they often have a CAD file download where you can download, so you go to the computer real fast.  You can download the footprint and symbol. And they do this, this is a service that the companies work together and they pay them to make it in the format. Then you can then download in various Altium or Kacad or Circuit Studio or DesignSpark, whatever. You know, it's not forever guaranteed. Oh, that's kinda nice. It's a little mouse over there. But so far, I've had very good luck with these. I just personally sometimes like to make my own packages, but I've used these and had great success with them as well. All right, we'll see everybody during the week, full week of shows ahead. Please take good care of yourselves. Lots of stuff's going on. Stay tuned to The Aid for Love. Social media places and more, and we'll be back for just go lady it next week Sunday. Thanks everybody. Have a great week. Bye, bye.


Well, hello. I'm not going to talk about what the paper is about for the first few seconds. He's going to put it on, but I was going to discuss something related to the other three papers. First of all, we're talking about inequality in those three papers. And I think it's very important to understand what inequality really is. What inequality really is for almost every measure we would ever use is two income standards. What an income standard is, it's a way of summarizing the entire distribution in one income, one number, one EDE in Atkinson's terminology. And what happens is that you have one of these income standards that looks out of the right eye, so it focuses on higher incomes. A second income standard focuses out of the left eye, and that looks at lower income standards, lower incomes. So in the case of the Gini coefficient, it's the mean and what's called SEN's measure or welfare measure, which is moving toward a Rawlsian approach. Or you might in fact even use the mean against the lower 40% mean, which is now being used by the World Bank as part of their measures of progress. But it's always a pair of such income standards. So therefore when you look at inequality, you already have the mean income in it, typically as one of the two standards for most measures. And so if you're running regressions, my main question is how does whatever it is you're looking at impact differentially the upper mean, the one that's focusing on the right eye, and the lower standard, which is focusing from the left eye. And it's that difference that the factor affects the one standard differentially than the other is changing inequality because every inequality measure looks at a ratio of these two indicators. I thought I'd start with that since few people have talked about fundamental measurement issues in inequality, and I think it's useful to do so. In my cross-country regressions I've done it once, I made use of that. So now let's go down to what this paper is talking about. It's poverty actually, but it's poverty the intersection with a form of inequality. And so all of this was started when Sabine Alkar came to a talk of mine and said, you know, what you're doing could be turned into multidimensional poverty. I said I couldn't believe that. You can't measure multidimensional poverty. You can't measure multidimensional inequality. It's too hard. She convinced me otherwise. And so the result of that has been a whole lot of measures that have been applied in probably about 40, 50 countries with about 10 of them taking it on as their official measure. So this stuff has hit big time in terms of what countries are doing because they feel that they can actually do something better about policy and the poor by knowing what dimensions people are deprived of and focusing on those dimensions to make things happen for the poor. And since our measure is a measure of priority, it says, you're deprived in a few things and you're deprived in a few things, but you're really deprived in a lot of things. You're multiply deprived. We're going to focus on you. You're the poor. That's our target. So you can then see what dimensions they're deprived in and go after them. So let's go ahead and get back to the paper itself and see if I can get this to turn. Move, shake, do something. I think I've ruined it. I don't use these computers, I'm afraid. So could you help me make sure that I don't screw it up? And then I should press on the side here going to the right, right? I just make a touch, sorry. There we go. There's two forms of technologies for measuring poverty. One of them is called unidimensional, like income, $1.25 a day. It has identification, who's poor, aggregation, how much poverty is there. All approaches to measuring poverty have that sort of structure and has developed in this 76 paper. But what's different about unidimensional compared to the other is it has one single variable, like calories, which I used in a paper that I had in 1984 on unidimensional poverty, and otherwise it has measures that have been kind of constructed into one dimension from many dimensions. So when you can do that, use unidimensional approaches, but sometimes you can't. And when you can't use unidimensional approaches, is when the variables themselves don't really mix well. There's no way to do the apples and oranges here. Or perhaps you can do the apple and oranges, but policy says I'm not interested in the apples and oranges all piled together. It's India and half the kids are malnourished. I want to see why. Let's look at the income or the consumption related to food. Maybe that holds some insight and we'll keep it disaggregated. There's been a lot of demand for this stuff and it's been coming from governments and from international organizations, NGOs and so on, and there's been a ton of measures that have come out. Problem is that very few of them are inapplicable where you need them most. When you have ordinal data or qualitative data or categorical data, because most of the other dimensions are not nice like income and you can do cardinal stuff with them. No, instead it's quite crude, those data. And secondly, the measures themselves that are used or come out of that literature are often very crude in and of themselves. They're their headcount, which doesn't satisfy what I call dimensional monotonicity. If you're a poor person, you're deprived in an additional dimension, you should have more poverty should be the result of that. It shouldn't just be ignored by the measure, but the headcount ignores it. There's also the type of identification whose poor is very non-discerning in many cases. It's a union-based approach that says if you're deprived in one dimension, heck, you're poor. Well, that isn't very useful, everyone's poor. If you go to data in all kinds of places, the numbers are 80%. Latin America, it's crazy. But yet, if you use the other extreme, you have few people poor. So what? Something has to come in between those two extreme cases. So there's been a new methodology introduced by myself and my co-author, Sabina Alkar, at Oxford. And it has as an identification approach a so-called dual cut-off. You have cut-offs in each dimension and then another cut-off that says, hmm, if you're deprived enough or multiply enough, chop, you're considered to be poor. So that's the identification. The second is the aggregation. And to do that, we use some kind of an FGT or some other sort of measure. In this case, we look at the adjusted head count ratio. M0, I'll mention that in just a second. So it addressed the problems that were in the literature before. We can apply this directly to any ordinal data, the really crappy data. And we did with the DHS. It also is not that crude, really, because you do observe when people become more deprived, a poor person becomes more deprived, poverty goes up. You're measuring the breadth of poverty. And as they add another dimension, they have more breadth. It also has a fairly discerning identification in that you're looking at a cut-off that isn't saying all or virtually none, some. It's an intermediate approach to identifying who's poor and prioritizing where action should take place. And it satisfies really cool properties. When I say cool, I mean these are the properties that have led to a whole lot of analysis out there, at least the top one. Subgroup decomposability of the FGT indices. That's what made those things used everywhere for measuring poverty because you could disaggregate them according to groups and target different groups. In fact, Progresa was originally targeted using those things, the FGTs, because they were decomposable. The paper that Santiago Red and Levy wrote was based on decomposable poverty measures, those. So the second one, however, is what's new. Breakdown by dimension after identification. It means that you can conceptually look at each dimension of poverty and you can construct some sort of a function on each dimension and say, ooh, there's the contribution of that dimension to poverty. Come on over here, over there. There's a lot of implementations of this. The multi-dimensional poverty index of the United Nations appears every year in the Human Development Report. Official poverty measure of Mexico, Colombia and now another 10 countries are implementing it right now. The Gross National Happiness Index uses this as the way of looking at its measure of flourishing, one minus the measure of deprivations, if you will, of poverty, and the Women's Empowerment and Agriculture Index by USAID and a bunch of other folks uses the same structure. So there's one big critique of this. At least it was made by a few people. Hey, this isn't sensitive enough. This measure, this adjusted head count, isn't sensitive enough to inequality within the poor. Okay, and so I said, well, what types of inequality could we have? We have a comb type of inequality, sort of like a generalized Lorenz idea with many dimensions. That's one approach. Or you could have the Ackerson and Bergen-Yohan approach, sort of positive correlation along the various dimensions. If we all, if I have more goodies and you have much less goodies, then that's more inequality. So those two types of inequalities among the poor could be incorporated. The problem is actually our measure satisfies what properties there are, like those, right? Because they're all weak. They never specify anything strictly. And so our measure actually satisfied it. The change in the distribution didn't change our measure. Hence, it satisfies the weak property. And there are others that we have constructed, in fact, in our paper, that satisfied both of those, or one of them. But it turns out that those sorts of measures are not useful with ordinal variables. So we're back in the conundrum. If you try to incorporate inequality, it seems like there's a problem. So this paper asks, hmm, can M0, the adjusted head count ratio, be altered to obtain a measure that, a method that's both sensitive to distributions among the poor and applicable to ordinal data? And I'll say one more thing. Maintains its breakdown. The answer is, well, the first two is yes. It's really easy to construct these things. And I hope to explain it to you in very simple terminology. But essentially, you start with an inequality measure that is transfer, you know, is adhering to distribution sensitivity. It pays attention to inequality among the poor in terms of income. So it's a unidimensional measure. Apply it to a particular distribution that I'll create from the multidimensional setting. And when you apply that, you will get the second form of inequality in the measure itself. It's a trivial matter, so that critique is not relevant, at least in some sense. It's easy to extend M0 to obtain such measures. So that's relying on an intuitive transformation from unidimensional to multidimensional measures. And it offers, this approach, offers insights as to what M0 is all about. But here's the kicker. When you do that kind of stuff and try to incorporate this form of inequality into the measure, you lose this great property, this decomposable property, the breakdown property by dimension. And that is where so much of the interesting policy has been coming from in the application of this measure. So the question is, you know, is there any multidimensional measure that's sensitive to the distribution of deprivations and also has that property? The answer is no. It's an impossibility result which we've proved. You can have one or the other, but not both. And so therefore we would go back to M0 and say augmented by other indicators that will help you understand the inequality. That's the outline. Now I've probably run out my time, so I can't really talk about outline. Traditional framework of sand, who's poor, how much poverty? Typically uses, the first step uses the poverty line, typically. An early definition was, you're poor if your income is below or equal to the poverty line that was sent, and then it was clearly a better way of saying strictly below. Example, look at the income distribution there. 7, 3, 4, 8, poverty line is 5. Who's poor? Well, these two guys. So there's the identification. What do you use for aggregation? You use some poverty measure, right? Formula aggregates to the poverty level. You can use watts, sand, FGT index. There's the typical FGT. Forget that. Let's look at an example. It's a lot more fun. Essentially FGT can be calculated in three seconds. Here's a poverty line. There's the distribution of underlying the people who are poor. Therefore this is the deprivation vector saying who's poor, who's not. Take the mean of that vector, that's the head count ratio. Look at the normalized gap vector which takes the poverty line minus the income of the poor person, puts it over the poverty line. Four-fifths would be that second person. Each person has some shortfall, average the shortfall. Of course, zero for non-poor people. That becomes the so-called poverty gap measure, HI. And then finally, if you square those normalized shortfalls, why would you do that? Square that to get this, square that to get that. Well, look at the ratio. 4 to 1 versus 16 to 1. It emphasizes the people who are really poor. Take the mean. You get a measure emphasizing the really poor folks. That's called the FGT measure and it's been used quite a lot as well. Properties. There's tons of properties. I don't have time to go through them but they're all good. A poverty line actually in this case has two roles though. And this is one of the kind of aspects of this paper that's quite different. A poverty line has two roles. One of them is to find out who's poor and the other is to use as a standard to compare the shortfalls. And so we want to separate those two roles and that's what we do. So in some applications it may make sense to do this, particularly let's say ultra-poverty measurement. You say, who are the ultra-poor? Are you going to lower the standard that you're using to measure how poor they are just because you need to identify who they are? So you have $1.25 and you really want to get down to the lowest people earning less than 50 cents a day. But why do we then lower the standard as we measure the distance from the standard to where they're at? No. We'll keep that distance. We'll keep the original standard but identify who's poor using the cutoff, the pi i, the standard used to measure is pi a. And this can be used in other examples as well. So we have a broader class of measures with two cutoffs. Well, one standard, one cutoff. And I show you how you can then turn around and use this to construct and measure poverty in an example. With the usual things, you'll have a different cutoff which identifies only this person as being poor. But how poor is that person is still four-fifths. Right? So that's what's going on here. God bless you. All properties are easily generalized to this environment. The usual unidimensional poverty measures just generalized easily. The idea of the poverty measurement is that it allows flexibility at targeting the group below the poverty cutoff while maintaining the poverty standard and hence the measures you've been using at the higher amount. This is very helpful for ensuring that when you have the very different types of poor people that you are doing things for them appropriately to who they are and I see the green. So how do you evaluate poverty with many dimensions? There's a ton of approaches that have been used. All of these previously were pretty impractical, I would say. I think so. Let me outline what we have done so you can see. We have something called a dual cutoff identification. A person who is multiply-deprived enough is considered to be poor. Here's an example to show you how this can be constructed. Income per day, schooling, self-reported health. Right-hand side is whether you have access to a particular service. Here are cutoffs. Very natural, $13. It's close to U.S., by the way. Well, it's a little bit low but that's good enough. Twelve years of education in this example. Your poor or fair health entitles you to be deprived in that dimension. If you don't have access to the service then you're below one and that would lead to zero and hence you're called deprived in that case. Who's deprived? Put the lines underneath. How much? So who is poor? That's a different group, right? Because you're not just talking about people and then the deprivation. You're trying to identify from this matrix of who is deprived who would be considered to be poor. Well, this person might be. I don't think so. That one probably is. This one's not. So what we do is we take some cutoff say K equals 2 for this example. Chop. Everyone who doesn't have many deprivations is not considered to be poor and this person is one of those examples so goodbye deprivation we don't pay attention to you. We can also do an example which goes beyond to the kind of FGT indices we won't do that here. Properties satisfied are very nice. Note, the poverty measures that use higher alpha the ones that I just ran by don't satisfy our denality. Let's forget about them right now. Here's what the adjusted head count ratio does. It takes and looks at the head count ratio. It's a half here because these two persons qualify but also looks at the share of deprivations that they're suffering here. Two out of four. Four out of four. Average them to get an average share A. That's three out of four. Multiplies it times the head count ratio to get three eighths. That's what we have here. But another way of doing it is to take that sensor matrix and do its average. Add up the total entries in it. It's six. How many entries are there? Sixteen. Three eighths again. That's our measure which can be by the way replicated and done with various values instead of equal values. Now we have equal values but this could be two and this could be what would be the equal share for those. It would still apply. We could do the same exact thing. Properties are nice. Okay. There's all sorts of properties. I'm not going to get anywhere to this discussion as I thought I would just keep going and get to the main thing. What I wind up doing is turning the matrix around and looking at achievements attainments as it turns out instead of deprivations. So where I had a one before I now have a zero where I have a zero I have a one. And then I count up those attainments four, two, zero, three. It's just the opposite, isn't it? That's what we had before. And that becomes the distribution equivalent. And now I apply poverty measures to those things. And the first example shows that we well the second example shows that we get the alkyr foster multi-dimensional measure by applying a poverty gap where the poverty standard we're using to measure how far you are from the top is d itself the number of dimensions we have and the cutoff that we use to identify for it is a cutoff that's below that. We get the multi-dimensional and it's just a gap. So you get the same properties as gaps have in this measure. If we go to example four it produces Mexico's structure that they use for the national multi-dimensional poverty measure. They do so because their poverty gap measure doesn't have a difference between the two income the two cutoffs and the standard. But instead they're the same. And so it has a rather different way of constructing it and you can work through these two examples at another time. Okay, so the properties of these M's the multi-dimensional poverty measures that are produced by unidimensional measures it turns out follow exactly what the unidimensional measure satisfy. If the unidimensional measure satisfies monotonicity you get my so-called dimensional monotonicity and if it satisfies transfer then you get so-called dimensional transfer which I was talking about being sensitive to the kinds of correlating types of switches or movements of goods from one poor person to another which stresses more inequality or less inequality. But at what cost you can construct all of these measures you'd want but at one cost give me about one and a half and then I will go. This is the crucial property it turns out there's a theorem that says there is no symmetric multi-dimensional measure of any type not even those that you construct using that way or any others you could put together that would satisfy both dimensional breakdown and this type of correlational inequality period it just won't work and the proof comes from a lovely little paper by Pot and I ready and a couple of other folks but we have our own proof so that's the impossibility conclusion it's easy to construct measures satisfying dimensional transfer but at a cost you lose this key element of the toolkit and you're out of luck so what are you going to do instead maybe you'll use other measures don't know that's it I'm done thank you very much


Mae'n gwybod ei ddweud o'r ffordd yn ymweld. Y ffordd yw i ddim yn gweithio i'ch eu bydd o'r gweithio o'r oed gyfnod o'r ddweud, ac oed o'r statio'r gweithio'r ysgaf. Na'n gweithio'r ffordd yw'r gweithio'r adeg, yn y gwybod y link yn y dyfodol, yn ymwybod i'r adeg. Felly, yn gyfodd yr ysgaf, rwyf i'n gyfnod i'n ei ddwy'n argymwy o'r pwn. Mae'n gweithio'r prysau sy'n credu, Ond rwy'n gallu'n cael ei gael yn nos. Ond yw'n mynd i'n cael ei fod yn biteshion. Felly rwy'n gallu'n grannu. Ond rwy'n gallu ymdweud am bobl dweud o'r bach posiwn. Ac mae'n nhw am yn fagrwych arnynynnu'r bus. Rwy'n credu, rwy'n gallu'n gweithio'n fts! Rwy'n gallu'n gweithio'n dweud i'n bwysig. Rwy'n gallu'n meddwl i chi'n cael ei pwysig. A'r môl yn deall i chi'n meddwl i chi, gyd, ond yn mynd i'n pob ddweud ondau'n gweld iddyn ni. Felly, dwi'n gweld i'n gweld i'n gweld i'r dysgu. Dyna sy'n ffordd. Ond y diwrnodd tri i'r bod gweld i'n gweld, yna rhai rhoi datblygu! Damn, mae'r rodd ddim yn gweld i'n clyndo ar ein bod ydw i'n mynd i ni. Dwi'n gweld i'n gweld i'r ddeimlo, mae'n gweld i'n gweld i'n gweld, Hire open, as it done on my tactics show last week, a highlighted the space in behind the fullbacks. And that was the area which we exploited. When we did exploit it, we looked very dangerous so, you had to have it's okay with the theatre back and now a lot of people don't like it. But I was okay when it's here in the store, you can understand what it's trying to do. You know, let's see how we go with it. And I thought for the most part, I thought we done okay. I think it was individual errors which I said after the game, individual errors cost us the game, not only the system cost us the game. You know, pick for that to make a brilliant save from Michael Keane, but just that part of the clearance. And he had a save from Ray of Marys, which was close to him, was a good save. Other than that, they didn't have any chances in the first half. Really, did you score the goal? Which we gifted them with. Which we give away so, I think if you look at the game overall, they didn't have a lot of chances in the game. So, I think the system did work. I think it worked. Yeah, I mean, there was a few changes wasn't there. Obviously, that's the main one going with the three centre backs in the team. And it was, of course, because Garner had had the late injury, didn't want to risk him. So, yeah, I think that's kind of the natural go-to. As you said, maybe Tom Davis could have come in. But you still want Guilfe on your side, although didn't really do anything to be honest to him. And he's been quiet, love Guilfe. He's been great this season. But the last few games he's gone missing. So, yeah, I'm with you a little bit on this one, Baz. I think, actually, it's been individual errors that have cost us in the game. You know, Yeri Mina, the first goal, that shouldn't be happening.  And that's what they'll do to you. So, you can't afford to make silly mistakes. You might be able to get away with that one against the other side. But you can't do that against Manchester City. You know, Richarlison should score and Port is in front. I don't know.


Well, thank you all ladies and gentlemen. For your attendance this afternoon, we'll get matters underway. The first thing that I'm required to do or ask to do is to remind you in relation to your phone, your mobile phone, not necessarily to switch it off, but to render it silent because you might be motivated to tweet in the course of the presentation, and if you would like to do that, the handle is at I-I-E-A. Felly, mae'n dweud, mae'n gen i'n gweithio'r bydd y cwnod ar y dweud, mae'n gweithio'n ffordd ddaeth eich prosesion, dwi'n dweud. Felly mae'n gweithio'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio ar y llwyddo ar y llwyddo a ddim yn gwneud y byddai'n gwneud yma, a chi'n meddwl i'r pradysau, mae'n gwneud yma ar y prosidio ddod, ar 20-25 munud a'n meddwl i'r prosesio ar y cwnau. The practice here is that the initial address of our guest is on the record but that the Q&A session afterwards is under the Chatham House Rule so that as you'd be familiar with it if you're a frequent guest here you can use the information that you hear but you pick up. Rwy'n wedi'i gwybod ei gweithio'r bydiau o'r ffordd yr oed ganchyn neu ar draws oedd o'r fforddd. Erbyn hynny, mae'n gir… Pe fyddwn ddim yn llwylo'n fyddodol. Beth mae'n hi'n rhaid i'n ei ddaeth i'r cyfrif yn Ierhwp ysbytен i'r gennym, sy'n ddefnyddio'r ysbytennol o ran eich gwasanaeth ysbytennol er mwyn ymfermwys. Wrth gwrs, mae hynny'n bod chi'n rôl i'r digwydd ydw'r gweithio'r byddwr angen, Fel angen. Fel angen. Fel angen. Ie. Adon'taf. Ie. Ie. Adon'taf. Ie. Ie. Ie. Ie. Ie. Ie. intenbeth yna'r gweld, i'r mynd i'r cynnwys Norgshaf MacKenzie, a Norska Skog. He is a commissioner in the global commission on the economy on climate, an international initiative to examine how countries can achieve economic growth while dealing with the risks posed by climate change. We are delighted to have Christian here this afternoon, there is much more that I could say about him, but what I would prefer to do is to introduce Christian first of all to advise him, gallwch ar y podium i'w meddwl'n gweithio ac wedi bod yn rhoi'r ffordd yma yn cael y gall fan gyda'r ystod ac yn mynd i'ch bywch ar y cyffredin iawn. Felly, ddych yn bêl i amdano'n cyfran. It's a great pleasure for me to speak here at the Institute for International and European Affairs. Ireland has high ambitions in renewable energy, and Stottcraft also has high ambitions here in Ireland. Felly, 6 oed yn ymdweud y yrhys yw'r cwmpennu ielod yn ymdweud. A'n gofio'n gwneud ymdweud o'r Eiland. Rhaid i Eiland, mae'n amlwg yma'r ysgrifennu yng Nghymru, ac ein bod y cyfnodd ymddangos yn ei gael a'r holl ymdweud yma. A'n rhaid i'r holl oedd yma hwnnw, ond mae'n adegwch. Rwy'n meddwl, rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r Llywodraeth a Llywodraeth. Llywodraeth o'r 17 mawr, St Patrick's Day, a Llywodraeth o'r 17 mawr, ond rydyn ni'n meddwl o'r ffordd o'r Llywodraeth a'r Llywodraeth. Rydyn ni'n meddwl i ddechrau, hwn i ddechrau'n meddwl, ond rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r Llywodraeth o'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r Llywodraeth, oherwydd o'n meddwl i'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r Llywodraeth. Dwi'n meddwl yma, rydyn ni'n meddwl i ddiolch yn ddechrau, iawn i gyfnodd o'r cyfrifiadau a gweithio'r cyfrifiadau ond rhaid o'r llyfr o'r ffordd. Rwy'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithleisio yn fwyaf i gŵr energi. 73% o gweithio'r gweithleisio'n gweithleisio yn rhan o gweithleisio'n gweithleisio'n gweithleisio, gan ymgyrch, gan gan ymgyrch, yn gweithio'n gweithleisio'n gweithleisio'n gweithleisio rhagor. Y ddweud, 27% yn fawr yn ymddiadau ac yn ymddiadau ac yn ymddiadau. Felly, yn ddiwedd, mae'n meddwl gwneud i'r meddwl yng nghymru, mae'n meddwl i'r meddwl i'r meddwl yng Nghymru. and very fundamentally speaking it can boil down to two things, it is how efficient we are in using energy so to use energy more efficiently and secondly to make sure that as big a portion of that is renewable and one cannot add nuclear for those with nuclear but the most important is the renewable. I do not believe in a future where people will stop using energy. We can reduce to some extent hope people travel and a little bit the way we live, but fundamentally the future generations will continue to use energy. So we need to ensure it's done efficiently and maximise the share of renewable energy. That is how reduction are going to be. Come down. And luckily this is the cost of renewable technology. They are coming down faster than what we in start craft and many others had expected. In fact solar panels have declined in costs close to 90% over the last 10 years. And likewise onshore wind around 70% cost decline in the same period. So as of today either onshore wind or solar or both are the cheapest sources of new capacity available in more or less every country on the world. One of them or both. In some countries like in India new solar even compete with existing coal and gas on costs. So some of the oldest and less efficient coal plants in India are out competed now from new solar. What it means is that we expect in start craft that renewable energy will take a dominant share of all electricity produced in the world in the next two decades. All the blue areas here from the dark blue which is hydro up to the two on the top which is wind and solar. All that combined is renewable energy. And this is our low emission scenario. And in this scenario it constitutes 7% of all electricity produced in energy terms in terawatt hours. If we took it in megawatts it would be even much more share because the production hours are less for renewables. But this is energy. At the same time coal declines while gas in fact stays may even increase a little bit and oil declines. This is our low emission scenario. We have one other scenario a base scenario where it is still 50%. My view of the future is somewhere between the two scenarios between 50% and 70% of all electricity. Here in Ireland you have a target of 70% in 2030. So you are a bit ahead of this but you are not alone. The whole world is going in the same direction. Today we have energy consumption on the planet which is about 81% fossil and about 14% renewable. We expect in the same scenario just showed for electricity that this translated into total energy will develop into more use of energy because the population on the planet is still increasing and wealth is increasing and energy use is increasing while total energy consumption increases. But it is to a large extent offset by more efficient use of energy and most of that is coming from replacing. Combustion processes, fossil processes with electricity and electricity is much more efficient. So still fossil fuel in this scenario will constitute 59% less than 60% of all energy used but it is less than 81% and it is in absolute terms also less than today. What will decline the most is coal, gas will increase a bit and oil will go down. This scenario was not constructed by us to reach any specific target of temperature rise but it happens to be equivalent to two degree scenario but it was constructed as a trend extension on the existing technology development going on. If we are going to reach one and a half degree scenario there needs to be even faster and more shrinking of use of fossil energy than this scenario shows and that will hit coal even more, oil even more and to some extent gas. But gas will be the one that we need the most, less emissions per unit of energy and what will remain for the longest time. Coal will be faced out the earliest. If we look on a capital aspect of energy global investments in oil and gas is a little bit more than 700 billion US dollars per year and in electricity including networks is a bit more around 750 so electricity as an investment class is no bigger than oil and gas upstream and downstream combined. If we look at renewables is constituting around 300 out of the 750 billion US dollars so it's a huge investment class already today. The distribution of the renewables is that 50% of all renewables in capital terms are solar panels on the planet. About 29% wind and hydro also a reasonable share of 14% but solar alone is half. Wind is the second biggest. In fact the installation rate of solar panels today is equivalent to 27 new football fields of solar panels every hour today. We expect this to increase by three to five times within the next 20 years so an installation rate of between 150 to 150 football fields per hour. In addition to renewables taking a higher and higher proportion of the electricity production also electricity will migrate into other sectors than pure use of electricity as we know it today. It will start with the transportation sector. This is a picture of the new Mercedes fully electric EQC that is being a new plant is being built in Germany to produce that car. Stuttgart has entered into contract with Daimler to supply electricity to this factory and it is just one example of all new investments that are going on. It's also around 300 billion US dollars of investment plans into electric cars if we summarize the big car producers. We don't have an overview of all but those that we summarized came to that number. It also means that we will need more electric charging networks for the electric cars. In Norway we have tax incentives already for some years that makes an electric car less expensive to buy than other cars. So in Norway more than half of all new cars sold now are electric and in Oslo last month it was 80% of all new cars sold was fully electric or hybrid electric. But the bulk of that was fully electric. I have just ordered one myself. I moved from hybrid to fully electric and I will never buy any fossil car again. My sons and my daughters will never buy a fossil car. So this is going fast. We expect that on pure cost roughly by 2025 without any subsidies it will be the cheapest to buy and the cheapest to own. And driving range will be 400 km plus for a normal small car like the Tesla 3 today. So charging of electric vehicles will also be important here in Ireland. There are also challenges related to this transition. Of course there are possibilities and challenges. And the whole electricity industry globally is in a huge change process. From the good old system we know with the big coal fire gas fire and the hydro that we are producing when needed into a new system where wind and solar will dominate almost all markets. And we have to adapt to that. It means that utilities like us we have to change quite fundamentally from constructing a limited number of large power plants to a huge number of smaller plants. Smaller wind parks, smaller solar parks, battery projects and so on. So it's a different DNA in a company to do 100 projects at the same time rather than doing three or four. Also it means more distributed generation all around. Roof tops, ground mounted, small wind parks, big wind parks there will be simply distributed electricity production many places. I expect in the future when a new building is constructed it is a solar roof simply. It's not the tiles we know today. And it means also that in the period where we are now which is not 2040, it's 2019 it is important how we sell the energy. So we are still in a period where in ground mounted solar on the ground is fully competitive now with other sources of electricity from equator and in Europe up to southern Spain. This will increase as technology gets further down but as of today solar still needs some incentives or some stimulation so auctions are normal in Europe to get it in. Wind are fully competitive in Norway and Sweden without any subsidies now but there can still be need for auctions in Ireland and other countries in order to have it deployed at an off rate. But it will also be without any need of subsidies some years ahead. Right now how we sell the energy to sell power purchase agreement PPAs to companies or long electricity contracts are key to deliver on this transition. It is not only a question of how we produce electricity is how we sell it. Auction is one way but to sell directly to the customers that wants to source renewable energy is also a very important part of this transition. Another aspect of this change is illustrated here on the logarithmic scale on the I axis. So the nuclear plants are extremely large big expensive takes many years to construct coal and hydro power like in the middle wind power less and solar even less if it's a relatively small solar park. So it means that the scale and the scale of the investment and the time to invest has shrinked a lot. That means that there are many companies that can enter this market. It will not be dominated by utility companies like the nuclear industry and the coal industries. This will be enormous amount of investors from private persons just constructing a wind farm on their own farmland to financial investors that don't know that much about energy but they are investing anyway in wind and solar. It's simply more smaller and more easy to build. So that is also a huge transition from a few large utility companies to hundreds of thousands of investors into this. Having said that, it is also a role for the good old companies like Startcraft but not if we continue the way we did. We have to adapt, be able to compete both on cost and speed with the new players. It's also a truly international market. In Norway, in most European countries, South America, India, wherever we are there's a huge competition here between local and international companies and that's good but it's also tough. So that's also putting challenges on us and everyone else. Another interesting aspect is that wind and solar produce electricity when there is wind and solar. We all know that. It's not the big news but the size of it is interesting to observe. This is 2025. It is a study that we made together with the Bloomberg New Energy Finance for the northern European countries. The blue here are so-called dispatchable renewables. It's hydro that we can control when to produce because we have storage magazines. But the red are intermittent. Those that we cannot control it is wind, solar and run on river hydro that produce when there is sun, wind and much water in the river. So the red part is still limited in Norway because we have so much hydro. But in Ireland and that would be the same in the UK, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark. It's a huge share. This is in megawatts. But it means that the difference between a day with a lot of wind and a lot of sun with a night with no wind is that this red goes from full to nothing. So this blue, the dark blue and the light blue will have to take all the swing. Plus demand that can adapt and consume less electricity when there is less production. For instance, when we charge the electric cars. So it also takes a lot of change to have a system that has to adapt to variation in production, whereas the good old traditional system was adapting to variations in demand. The technology is there. It works okay, but there is a lot of IT and software needed to take that transition.  It takes room for companies in Norway, in Ireland and in any other country early in this transition that we will develop software systems and skill sets to control all this that we start using ourselves and that can be exported. With all the IT industry here in Ireland, I think this is an interesting aspect that can be a business of the future. Startcraft, we intend to be among the players that will help out to handle this flexibility with integrated systems of demand control, running flexible gas, not gas plants that we own, but with companies we cooperate with and batteries. We have already taken an investment decision for the first large-scale battery here in Ireland, down in the southwest. In Germany, where we have been more years than here in Ireland, we have developed a system that we call a virtual power plant. The virtual part here is that we connect a huge amount of power plants. We have around 1,400 power plants in Germany that are connected to our system and controlled by us, but we don't own any of them. These are wind parks, solar parks, dominantly, but also some biomass plants and some hydro plants. This is all control from one control centre in Dysseldorf. We can turn the angle of the blades of the wind mills in microseconds to balance out the electricity production of 12,000 megawatts throughout Germany from one place. So it is important for renewable energy also to be intelligent handled. And Stuttgart is market leader in Germany and in the UK and also number three in India. And maybe we can contribute here together with Irish producers to do some of the same here. A few words about Stuttgart at the end here. We are present in 16 countries. We are the biggest producer of renewable energy in Europe, but we are by far not the biggest producer of electricity in Europe. The biggest is EDF in France, but we have more renewable than any others. And we have about 19,000 megawatts, most of that renewable, but some of it is gas fired in Germany. And we operate 22,000 megawatts for others, the 12 I mentioned in Germany plus 10 more. So we actually know control more power stations for others than we own ourselves. And that I think is also a business model of the future that we should use over skill sets applied on more assets. Like we see in other sectors like Airbnb and so on, the fastest growing companies in the world are those that are able to utilize assets of other companies or private persons with the ordering an apartment for that matter. So we constantly need to adapt a few interesting aspects in addition to the electricity which is our main business is that we are looking into data center developments in Norway of course to be supplied with renewable energy. So it's a new customer class. And here we are behind the island. Island has been very active for many years. We are full over there, but we are doing our job now. Hydrogen for transport. Electricity in the future could be so cheap that we can produce hydrogen in a cheaper way than extracting it from natural gas if there is some price of CO2. Not extremely high, but a meaningful price of CO2 will give that transition. And that of course will create a lot of hydrogen available for other purposes. And we are looking into floating solar. We have a project in one of our hydro power plants in Albania. If we cover 4% of the surface of the reservoir in that particular power plant, we double the capacity. So we will have equally much solar capacity as hydro turbine capacity in the same plant. And of course we are just holding back the water when there is sun. And therefore we can have a perfect mix in one plant. The potential for floating solar around the world is huge. And it is today much cheaper than floating wind for instance. And this is first generation floating solar. So I think this has a huge potential. We are also looking into biofuels which is highly interesting for Ireland because you have used peat and coal to many repositions that can be replaced by biomass but that can also be combined with a mix of biomass and waste to produce liquid fuels. So the new energy companies of the future here in Ireland will be electricity and fuel producing companies most likely both renewable. Here in Ireland our ambition is to continue to develop onshore wind based on element power which is no start craft island. We have about 40 employees here from the good old element power people. But of course we have integrated this into the total start craft system so we are combining it with our purchasing power of windmills worldwide. And other skill sets that we can add some extras to. But the people on the ground here in Ireland are Irish people with a few others coming from the rest of the start craft system. We will aiming for constructing more batteries to help up with balancing the whole system. We will enter here with solar parks. We have 30 megawatts that we are putting in for consent not too long. We will try the virtual power plant concept that I illustrated for Germany. Small scale and then increasing here in Ireland to see if we can have it work here in the regulatory system of Ireland. PPA so that's power purchase agreement the sales of electricity to customers here fully renewable of course. And new business development in various types maybe bio fuel in the future or hydrogen. And maybe learn something from you in the data center development. It's just to make a point that also here in Ireland I think electricity has a huge potential to come into other sectors of society than what is consuming electricity today. And that also is leading way to a lot of interesting business development in the country. Not only for yourself but we all should start with ourselves but for future export of new concepts. For instance if you want to charge with charging stations for electric cars it is much more important to have good communication systems with apps on the telephones and directly into the car that tells you that it's a free space for you that in the direction you are going so that you can actually charge your car when you get there that you don't have to wait for half an hour for the car in front of you and that you can pre-order your meals so that while you are there it's ready for you when you're coming and so on and so on. That is equally important as the location itself and more important how we attract customers and there could be other concepts as well that goes far beyond the technology of charging as such. But wind is what is going to drive the change in Ireland from a modest percentage to 70% renewable. It will be also solar, there will be other technologies but wind will be leading. Onshore is the dominant source, that is where we are but there will also be a large offshore development quite likely. Element power has one offshore field of 500 megawatts we will offer another company to take a leading role in that project because Stuttgart sold all of offshore wind business in order to focus onshore but we will help to develop that field outside Dublin have 500 megawatts to a successful project but with another company lead. So let me just run close with what I started saying that I'm very happy that Ireland has this ambitious strategy that you have and we will be an important company here in Ireland and we are here to stay. Ireland is an integrated part of Stuttgart and we will also learn from Ireland we don't have the mentality that we know the best of everything but we will combine what goes on here with competence in other parts of the company and I hope we can really contribute to Ireland becoming a global leader in climate action and in the development of renewable energy. Thank you.


The challenge of the Yukon The Wonder Dog King's swiftest and strongest of Eskimo lead dogs Blake the trail through storm and snow for Sergeant Preston as he meets the challenge of the Yukon Sergeant Preston was typical of the small band of Northwest Mounted Police who preserved low in order in the new Northwest country where it agreed for wealth and power led to frequent violence and bloodshed But in spite of the odds against them Sergeant Preston and his Wonder Dog King met that challenge and justice ruled triumphant Darkness was closing in as Sergeant Preston of the Northwest Mounted Police drove his dog team toward one of the male cabins on the way to Dawson He neared the cabin he saw smoke drifting out of the chimney, but there was no sign of the male team as he stopped his dogs in front of the door Come on fella Who is it? I'll buy you a gem Well, Sergeant glad to see you Thought for a minute you was Abe with the male Abe's just about due here, isn't he? When I saw the smoke from your cabin, I thought I'd find him here Is that the male team, Sergeant? Guess I'd better put on some more beans for Abe It's a team all right, but Abe isn't with it. Those dogs are coming in alone Yes, and something's happened to the male. Abe's been robbed Look at this sled. All the lashing's off. I'll feed those dogs a mine and harness and we'd better find Abe Ain't we gonna eat our supper? Our supper can wait, Jim. We're leaving right away It's getting so dark. We'll never find him Sergeant. We can't stop, Jim. He's on this trail somewhere King found something. Hello, how are you Huskies? You think it's Abe? I hope so. What is it, King? It's Abe all right. Is he dead? He's been shot. He's not dead though Help me. You'd better get him back to the cabin right away Feel more comfortable? Sure I'm much better.  Did you get a look at the men who shot you? I got a good look at one of them. The one who drilled me. It was short about five feet two or four Some black hair showed under his park of hood and he had black eyes He was a white man.  And did you see the other one? No, not very well I think he was taller, but he was down the trail stopping the team The fat one shot so fast it didn't know what hit me You're stepped right out from behind a rock right in front of me your dirty skunk Not even give me a chance to protect yourself. You say you were carrying a lot of gold about $30,000 worth it's government money It was in government mail sacks and they stole every bit of it. I'll start at dawn and see if I can pick up the trail slim You wire the description of that man to headquarters at Dawson as soon as you can Sergeant Preston with King's help had picked up the trail of the thieves and the spot where Abe had been shot He glanced anxiously at the clouds overhead and hurried the team and he read the signs of impending snow The trail winding around the side of a mountain was a difficult one And as the dog team rounded a curve the Mountie haunted them Inside peered over the edge of the trail Just a chance that we can see them from here fella before it begins to snow And so they are boy wait below us. They're making camp Suddenly the rock in which the Mountie was kneeling gave way and man and dog plunged headlong down the side of the steep mountain Sounded like it Steve look it's a man Side from the trail up there See him I'm there on the slope. Yeah And look there's a dog beside him. Come on. We'd better see if he's there.  You don't want anybody seeing us. Yeah, I never thought of that Wonder if he's been watching us over the edge of the trail. Maybe he was maybe that's how I had to fall come on Maybe be a good idea to make sure he's dead Nobody could have followed us this quite steve Kill that male man. He couldn't have told nobody and I don't think this man whoever he is was following us You could always tell somebody saw us here. You better have a look. His dog wasn't hurt.  He ain't dead.  Somebody might come to confirm We don't want to leave no trail looks like an accident.  You'll probably freeze to death anyway Come on. Let's get to Dawson When Sergeant Preston opened his eyes he found King lying close beside him the great dog whined anxiously and got to his feet As he felt his master move King King old fellow what happened? Yes, I twisted my ankle all bones broken. What's that boy? We can hear King there beside you. I give it to me That's funny And the snow's all disturbed around here someone must have Boy oh boy. Yes a little Yes, and you bring it down the trail for me Banks and hurry Well fellow that's a break The men were after have gone But if we ever catch up with them I think you'll know one of them the one who wore this parka It was almost two weeks later that Steve and Slem reached Dawson city Steve waited for Slem and the gold horse you bar He spoke to no one until Slem entered. Did you get the money Slem? Yeah, I cashed in some dust questions asked Good or something.  We got to get out of here fast. What I saw a poster in the place where they weighed the gold They know about the mail robbery and they got a description of you.  Nobody saw it Yeah, the mailman you didn't kill him the poster said wanted for robbing the mail not murder Have all the rotten luck. I was looking forward to a rest. Good sleep in a bed for a change So tired from that long trek up here. I can't keep going any longer. We've got to keep going. They'll find us Hey, hey Slem Slem Look over at that table. What? Am I seeing things that does that guy look like me the one who's just getting up there Just my height ain't he he's got black hair. He's about the same weight I sure wouldn't take it for twins. They ain't got my picture on that poster heavy. No Yeah, you're right steve. He does look like the description. Come on. We're following him My cabin She's so falling down. Did you just come to dorsal we All alone. I have tried to find gold for two months But look she's not with me Yesterday I get here I got to find job somewhere. I think listen partner We just look rich see I like that parker you wearing Just about my size Will you sell it to me these park here? He's not so fine. But all I have Give you this one of mine that you buy another Here's a bag of gold for you. Oh Can you read?  Never have I learned to read or write Oh Well, this bag has my name on it. Here you are Well, all that is gold You give so much for this old parker. I want to help you out a little My luck shall change here. Here is parker on this money. I can drink for a month with no work Go ahead and celebrate come on slim but you must let me buy you one drink before you go We got to leave town How far is it to 40 mile? 40 mile? He's 40 mile from Dawson. You don't know that slim. Come on It was two days later that sergeant Preston talked of the inspector at the headquarters of the northwest mounted police in Dawson Yes, sergeant.  No, I want you to see him. He's right back here We haven't found the rest of the money yet and you'll have to sweat it out of him some way Here he is Sergeant you should have let king go in there. He'll tear him apart. Hello, you nice dog Maybe you would believe Andre, no Wait, he's petting king. Why shouldn't I pet him?  I can't understand it. What's the matter sergeant?  That's why I think Andre is innocent Uh are so kind That parker she is not mine with a hole in it. What's that? You were wearing it when we arrested you that man. He gave it to me. Oh, he's making that up sergeant He didn't tell us that before no no me. I am so scared. I don't think to tell you that inspector Maybe this doesn't make sense to you, but I believe Andre Andre Do you know where those men went they say something about 40 mile? Yes, they had for the border of course inspector If I guarantee to bring Andre back here if you let me take him to 40 mile with me Well, I think this man is guilty sergeant. This wild story here doesn't make sense at all Duty or excellent record. I'm gonna let you have your way Watch him. Thank you sir. Come on Andre. We're leaving for 40 mile at once and we're traveling fast Hello sergeant. When did you get to 40 mile just out here bill? Has anyone registered here who looks like this man I have with me? Yeah, there's a man in number 20 looks something like him. I've got a pal with him though They've been here two days. Do you mind if I go back to see them?  There ain't no rush They probably arrested Frenchie by this time This is the first good bet I've been in There he is. There are men we look for. Hey, what is this? Why are you breaking in here? We're under arrest for robbing the mail. What? Why you can't prove anything? No The mailman you shot is waiting to identify you.  Watch them boy These copyrighted dramas originate in the studios of wxy z Detroit and all characters names places and incidents used are fictitious Beginning next week the challenge of the uconn will be heard one hour earlier in those communities remaining on standard time This issue hold speaking. This is the michigan radio network


first is improved regulator, investor and rating confidence that if you install this ERM, then your rating agency will have your confidence, your investors will have your stake holders, shareholders and investors they will be much more comfortable with you, that this organization has a good risk management for example, you can say that there are two people who you can invest one is very well managed, document, one is very careless, not well documented, so you will follow simple answer is definitely the A person, the well organized same way if we talk about bigger picture, then you will also invest in such companies whose risk management structure is better than the one whose risk management is not how will you know if you have a proper system in place second reason is enhanced corporate governance corporate governance is very important and required, so ERM supports it and supplements it improved ability to respond to changing business demands because you know only thing constant in the world is change change is necessary, business environment will change, dynamics will change so ERM helps you cater to change in a better way ability to evaluate likelihood of an impact of major risk which are the risks, you can identify them, you can pre-assess their impact provide an integrated as opposed to silo approach silo approach what is it, silo is different from your box like you have seen the silo of wheat, one is the wheat box, the other is the other there is no relationship between these two, silo so even in organization if there is no link between the two then we say that silo is working, which is not recommended silo is opposite of integrated approach so we are more want something integrated or linked to know each other's systems in place as you remember we talked about in currency that we have to take $10,000 from one place and we have to give $8,000 from one place if there is no link between the two then it will be safeguarding the receivable it will be safeguarding the payable which is wrong, the need was only to safeguard $2,000 if they are connected and integrated so this ERM will help us in their integration promotes an open positive risk culture risk culture, risk awareness, this we will achieve that is why we need to have this thing determinants, Leven and Hort suggest that in the adoption of ERM we will depend on what are the factors to consider so first is firm size, what is the firm we are talking about and then earning volatility, how much are the earning levels vary and stock volatility, what kind of stock movement is there because these things are gauging us and they lead us to what kind of risk management we have to go to, what type of levels we need determinants what are they, average leveraging leverage means that how much you are working with your own funds how much your borrowed funds are because that is higher you borrow it makes you a little more risky and as the boring level higher removes high your risk level increases average book market value ratios, financial capacity what is yours, institutional ownership shareholding is with one person, it is spread percentage is concentrated, spread out so this pattern of shareholding we will know so these are determinants that tell us what kind of tools we have subsidiary countries, how many countries we are operating how many countries are functioning these are all determinants that will lead us to how to develop ERM policy indicator 5 factor have significant impact on firms to implement ER these are ERM's tools, ERM's drivers which we will take with us A risk officer, we talked about it earlier that it has a main tool, CRO, you can hire managerial support, it should be well supported it should not be that one person is identifying a risk so manager will give it specifically to you or why you are highlighting it so it should be if someone is identifying a risk that should be well accepted by management that should be discussed and then it should be addressed size of firm, auditor's role the good firms, big four firms or top level auditors when they go into audit process they also give specific weight and they are giving weight to this point that how is this organization's ERM so risk management structure is also being gauged and we are also commenting on it that how is this organization's structure their audit process is also being impacted and overall if an organization's system is very good then it may be that 5 out of 100 should be viewed or 3 documents should be viewed but the risk management system will be weak we will go there to see 40 out of 100 documents so you can see confidence difference 40 out of 40% should be viewed or 3% should be viewed or 5% should be viewed just because of your system this is a very good summary for example it will remove our confusion and also our point that it's not about financial risk so it's about strategic risk operation risk, finance risk one of the important one but not the only one HR, human capital, human resource risk IT risk, legal risk so all these factors we are addressing how to manage it so the course advocate what we are talking about is that ERM is very important to us we are strong advocates we have already justified its benefits we have said that its costs but its benefits are immense what will we get from it increased risk awareness effective decision making and what will be the ultimate thing bottom line profits increase and increase in the value of the firm that in brand image firm's value in share price we will see increase if you are following a proper risk management system the literature we read that very few enterprise from developing nature are into ERM this is a point of concern that developing countries like us and other small countries there ERM is not giving much weight that is why we have said that they will be asked why should we do it and in contrast the developed nation is following it and implementing it this gap is due to lack of awareness and its called for serious concern to value maximization of enterprise shareholder in developing nation so this is a big concern that the wealth of shareholder is not being safeguarded because of risk management there is not much focus when developed countries have worked a lot on this implementation as a type so this is your role in Pakistan that wherever you are working wherever you will be working in future you should take to risk culture ERM according to them this gap is due to lack of awareness so this is a call for serious concern that this is an alarming nature it needs to be taken care why is ERM important organization starts an interviewer to take business opportunity this uncertainty about organization will take opportunity or not so each interviewer has associate risk so this because ERM is important whatever project we take we see what will be the benefit what will be the loss informally so ERM needs to help out which venture should be taken which venture should not be taken this is a specific task so this helps us to address to help organization needs to increase their risk taking ability to cash on the opportunities to keep knocking at their door so we have different opportunities if we understand them we will capture them better so that we will not take risk ERM actually is braving you that you will get understanding supposedly you should ask an ordinary person that have you ever worked in derivatives or have you bought a share he will say no I don't know that is why I don't know so you see that he is not coming in this field in risk because he doesn't have understanding if ERM comes if ERM trains you guides you so you can tap that avenue so you can increase your horizon with this tool with robust ERM identify and analyze risk and decide which risk is worthy to take this project is a little risky but it has tools and factors so you can take that venture which you don't do ERM institutionalize risk management process in organization by standardizing the tool in this a methodology is made that what task will be how path will be taken this is important so that the impact of individual product failure in case happens I address appropriately this is also a normal thing that you will buy products some of them might fail as well so now the failure is also learning you have launched 10 products 8 are successful, 2 are not successful so rather than just think that those 2 are not going work is over, no ERM will probe them in great depth what was the reason for their failure maybe there are minor issues which can be addressed and relaunched so it will help you in future strategies as well importance of this is so much ERM is important because it will determine the health and life of business enterprise overall if your ERM is going on effective system organization will help business similarly there is a warning sign if organization fails to identify to its existence how it can affect us it will be ill prepared to face any risk event if we don't identify if it is actually incurred we will be losing out of it for example if you are in a place where there is a risk of data and you haven't done the measures you can lose all the data or even organization's functioning and survival similarly for example business enterprise recognized dependency on a sole supplier is a high risk for example you are taking raw material from an organization which is a good thing which is a good raw material deal high best possible rate ERM will say no it is not a very good structure because your over dependence if something happens to that supplier or if supplier do something bad that is going to impact you so ERM will say no take multiple sources even price is a bit higher you should not have all things brought from one supplier only possibly one supplier that's a different thing but otherwise ERM will suggest having more supply so this means its benefits are much more high thank you


We'll guarantee Russian Army won't respond on this case. Understood, Alex. Just locate the gas, comment to your Barcovstrucks and get off the X before the tide turns. Copy, watch here. We'll handle it. Let's move. All hitman teams, push to your 7th floor. Roger, cover the roof. We need to keep this on a tight loop. Barcovst men are moving the gas tonight. What are the odds we'd rather the General Barcovst? The Russian General wouldn't be caught dead out here. Down. Coast up on the ridge and let's get the lay of the land. Echo 3-1 to Blue Viking 5. Call for fire. Stand by for target confirmation. Copy, 3-1. Viking standing by. Let's rank you the area and make sure there's no Russian Army down there. Medium transport truck. Transport for the gas. Vehicles on the move. Patrol vehicle. Contractors. Security. Good targets. No Russian military presence. Call it NCA. Blue Viking 5, this is Echo 3-1. Troops in the open, south gate. You are cleared hot. Roger, 3-1. Target acquired. Weapons free in 5 seconds. 5 seconds. Much obliged, Viking. We'll take it from here. Force up. Be advised, Echo 3-1 is not a patient man. Looks like someone was playing with fire.


It is Brett and this 2014 Ford Shelby GT500 convertible is stock number 12755Z. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, near new and used sportscar headquarters. This 2014 Ford Mustang Shelby GT500 convertible has the 5.8 liter V8 supercharged engine that puts out 662 horsepower. This car has been fully inspected and inspected by our service shop per the state of Wisconsin inspection process, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this car is 100% ready to go. We are going to go all the way around inside, start it up, take a look under the hood. I'm going to try and show you the underbody as best I can in this video and you can check out all those chapters in the description below. Sterling gray metallic is the color and we shoot all of our videos in 4K so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, options, and cleanliness of the car before seeing it in person especially on a very nice sports car like this one. And if you like the video and how we do things here at Summit Automotive in the upper right hand part of the screen, actually the lower right hand part of the screen is a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel. This one comes with the SVT performance package which gives you the 19 inch painted alloy rims in the front. No scuffs or scrapes on there. It does come with the Brembo brakes and it has a Goodyear Eagle F1, two 6540 ZR19 tires. And these tires, really the tread is on the inside of the tire right there and I'd say probably almost all of it there on the front tires. Front fender is in absolutely perfect condition, didn't see any dents or dings on there. It does have the HID headlamps, the LED running lights, and the factory fog lights. Front bumper is in great shape as is the lower valance. These stripes are all in very nice condition as well. Didn't see any dents, dings, scuffs, or scrapes on there. The hood is in very nice condition. I didn't see any dents or dings on that and the stripes on the hood are in nice shape as well. Coming around to the passenger side, front fender looks really good, the Cobra logo is in nice shape, and the stickers down the side all look really good. In this passenger side front rim, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. Sterling gray metallic, it's got a lot of metal flake in it, you can see just how nice that paint is, really a cool color. And as you go down this side of the car, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. When we take these HD videos, so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the car, hear the car, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that Brett sent you. Back rim, very nice condition as well. And the back tires, you can actually see the tread pattern just a little bit different. And those tires have probably about half the tread left on them. I'm going to try and get underneath here, which is hard to do with a gimbal, but you can see the frame and underbody is in a very nice condition from what you can see. It's actually really hard with a gimbal. Coming around to the back of the vehicle, you get the quad tipped dual rear exhaust. The rear bumper is in very nice shape, as are the stripes back here. That trunk lid is in nice shape, LED tail lamps. These trunk lids can get really scratched up, but this one's in really nice shape. What I'm talking about is this glossy part here. Sometimes people's fingers and stuff touching them dirty can get scratches. That's in really nice condition. The stripes up top are in nice condition. We'll take a look in the trunk here. Now this one comes with the car cover, the Shelby car cover. It also has the top for the soft top, or the cover when it's down. There is your tire inflator kit, and you can see just how nice and clean it is back here. Very, very clean in the trunk here. Coming around to the driver's side, just as clean as that passenger's side. No major dents or dings on the rear quarter. And for full disclosure, this back rim is in really nice condition as well. It does come with the capless fuel fill, which is a nice feature. And the soft top on this side is in very nice shape as well. And last but not least, the driver's side door all looks really good. Edges of the door look good, and those stickers look really good as well. Does have the power mirrors with blind spot mirrors in them. What we're going to do is we're going to put that soft top down before we start the vehicle.  You get the Cobra embossed on the backrest, the suede inserts on the seats. This one has the black stripes. Sometimes they come with white stripes or blue stripes or red stripes. What's really cool is you can find out, they've got build sheets depending on what colors you have on your car and what type of stripes you have in the seats. You can see just how rare your particular GT500 is. Power driver seat, factory floor mats. This one does have auto headlamps, launch control, the different steering feels and suspension setups. Power mirrors, locks, and windows. We'll hop inside, check out the miles, radio, and everything that this car has to offer on the interior. You can see that this one has 12,816 miles. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the leather and suede wrapped steering wheel. That's a nice shape. You do get Bluetooth and audio controls on the right. Cruise controls and information center controls on the left. You do get that Cobra logo on the steering wheel and that's in really nice shape as is the rest of the steering wheel. I didn't see any scuffs or scrapes on there. This one comes with my favorite radio on the Mustangs because you can store music on this one, but it has the factory navigation system. You get AM, FM, and SiriusXM radio capabilities on here. CD player, shaker sound system. This one does have the heated seats, which I know is kind of a rare option on these cars. The sync system for your Bluetooth and the six speed manual transmission. Passengers side floor mat and seat are in excellent condition. And the inside of the soft top is in very nice shape as well. It smells very clean inside this car. I don't think it's ever been smoked in and you do get home like buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems. So we will open up the soft top here. So you just kind of put these down and like that. Same thing on this side. And then there's a button right here. You got to have it in the parking brake on and that just goes down like so and you can see that it works very nicely. Alright, so we will start it up. Take a look under the hood, check out the exhaust and yeah, here we go. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. All the taillights are working nicely. We'll take a look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to verify the quality, condition, cleanliness, and options of this car. There are those HID headlamps, they are really bright. Factory fog lights are working good as well. Under the hood we have the 5.8 liter supercharged V8 engine. The V8 is very clean, you get the powder coated heads on there. Once again this car has been fully safe to be inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter changed, all the foods have been checked and topped off. And this car is 100% ready to go. This one was hand built by Jeff Hamblin and Gary Mostado, maybe? Anyways, runs very smooth, there's your emission sticker. And this car is 100% ready to go. I would highly recommend this one from a quality and condition standpoint. And to see more pictures of this 2014 Ford Mustang Shelby GT500 convertible in sterling gray, go to that website right there, www.summitauto.com, full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations, all at www.summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to www.youtube.com slash www.summitauto.com, remember to like, subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the upper left, a link to more GT500 videos like this one in the upper right, link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those, check us out and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2014 Shelby GT500 in sterling gray metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video, remember to like, subscribe and share.


Hello everybody. Good afternoon. This is Andrea Mieski here with Dental L Tutoring. I have something new, very exciting, that I know all of you guys have been waiting for. This is a full-on practice test, so you do not have to pay anything. This is a full-on practice test that I have prepared for you to really see and to make you feel confident if you can pass the board exam or not. But you don't have to worry because let's just say you take the practice exam and you don't do well. Well, I can give you tools to help you. So this is a full 50 questions practice test on a variety of topics that you need to know for the board exam.  So have a look. It is for the Canadian Dental Hygiene and the US Dental Hygiene exam also. So this is for each of those ones. I'll just show you guys what the link looks like on another page here. So when you guys click on the link that I will leave for you guys on the bottom, so DentalL.Poria.com. Can you pass the boards? Excuse me. This is what it will look like and you do not have to pay anything. So it's a full 50 question practice test that will test your knowledge if you're ready to take the board exam or not. So if you do well on it, then you're off to obviously a pretty good start, right? So this is what it looks like. You will not be able to access the the quiz until you do sign up right here. But it just kind of gives you guys a little bit on what it is. And the nice thing too is that it is fully trackable meaning every single question you you take will tell you if the answer is either right or wrong. Plus it will track your percentage at the end. So that's nice. And this will help you guys because it will truly give you the confidence to let you know if you're ready to take the board exam or not. Especially if you've taken the board exam in the past and you're at the point where you feel like you have studied everything you can possibly study but you don't really know what you need to study more of. Well this will help because it does have a wide range of topics that you need to know for the exam. Once you do access the course, I did sign up as a student but you just have to enter in your email. It will ask you to create a password and then once you do that you will be able to log in and then it will look something like this. So to access the quiz you just have to click on. You might see it over to the left hand side. If you don't see anything then you just have to click the little three lines up here and click on take your practice test. And I might not be able to preview it because I technically am not logged in right now but if you do log in then you will just take the quiz from here and then you will have everything right here. So it's super duper easy and if you don't do well you know on this practice test then that tells you that you do have to study a little bit further and I can help you with that. So if you do take your test and you sadly don't do well that's okay because you still have time but I can help. So I do offer a little something if you click again on the left hand side. It just sort of lets you access my program. It's a 30 day intense study program that will be starting April 20th so it will be starting this weekend. You will get four weeks of mock exams. You will get modules. You will get lectures everything but only what you have to know for the board exam to really teach you everything and only the most important things in 30 days. So if you don't do well and you're thinking oh my goodness I need help like I need something else. I'm not the type to just give you a practice test and then go okay see you later have fun. So I will be checking with each and every single person after you take it and I will be asking you like hey do you need help because I am here to help. I have been tutoring now for 14 years online and I absolutely love it. I do still maintain a 99.4% success rate helping students pass so I know I can help you pass. It's just saying things are locked right now because I'm not actually logged into my course. But yeah you guys so I'm super excited you do not have to pay anything so you might as well sign up for it and you will see if you will pass the board exam right. So it gives you a pretty good idea. This will this one here is for dental hygiene students. I will be making one for dental assisting students within the next two weeks or so but this one is specifically for dental hygiene students. Thank you guys so much and good luck. If you do take this test I will be sending you an email probably in about a week to see how everybody's doing. So good luck have fun and let me know.