If you are an online trainer or delivering on online speech, you want to make sure that your audio is on point. In this video, I am going to show you the different options available to you to nail your next presentation. Let's get started. Getting good audio is not about buying the most expensive gear. It is about understanding how sound works and to use it to your advantage. Sound is vibrations that travel as acoustic waves. They bounce off shiny surfaces like glass, concrete and other shiny surfaces. They get absorbed or diffused when they come in contact with soft surfaces like fabric, carpets and furniture. If you are an online trainer or delivering an online speech, the first thing you need to do is control your surroundings to avoid the sound reflections and other external noise. Place carpets, thick curtains and other furniture around the room to absorb sound. This will reduce the room echo that will be picked up by your microphone. Now that we have the theory out of the way, let's focus on the practical aspects of sound. Most of us use microphones that are built into our smartphones, our laptops or our web cameras. And to demonstrate this, let me now switch my audio to my Logitech web camera. I am now speaking using the Logitech C310. As you may notice, this gives decent sound quality but this kind of microphones tend to pick up surrounding room noise which can sound irritating. This is good enough for normal conversations but if you are delivering an online speech or an online training, this will not have the impact of good audio. Next let me demonstrate a high end web camera. This is the sound coming from the Logitech Brio 4K. This web camera has dual microphones with noise cancellation technology that is supposed to improve the quality of sound. I am sure this sounds far better than the C310 but this also picks up surrounding noise and it doesn't have the feel of professional audio. The solution for good audio is to get the microphone as close to your mouth as possible. The audio that you are hearing now is coming from this wireless headset. The wired headsets work the same way. Since the microphone is close to my mouth, you will not hear the room noise. This kind of microphones give good audio quality as long as you don't mind having a big headset wrapped around your head. The next option we can try is a lavalier microphone. This has the same principle as the wireless headset that is to get the microphone as close to your mouth as possible. Left mics are great because they give good sound and they stay out of your way. This particular lavalier microphone that I am using comes with a 6 meter cable. This gives you the flexibility to move around while delivering your training or your speech. Continuing with our lavalier microphones. If you have to move around while delivering your training or speech, the logical choice is a wireless lavalier microphone. The sound that you are currently hearing is from my Rode Wireless Go, one of my favorite devices whenever I want to deliver a speech standing unencumbered by wires. But what if you want high quality audio that is always connected to your laptop and you don't have to worry about wires, connections, battery levels. The solution is a USB condenser microphone. The sound that you are currently hearing is from my Rode Anti USB Mini. It's a small microphone that you connect to your PC using a USB cable and that's all there is to it. It gives great studio quality sound as long as you can keep the microphone close to your mouth. In my case, I keep it around 6 inches away from my mouth and that gives me great audio quality. If you want the highest quality audio, then the gold standard is a dynamic microphone. Like the Rode Procaster that I am currently using or something similar, these devices are complicated to set up and can cost from a few hundred dollars to a thousand dollars or more. Inside the microphone, you need special audio cables, an audio interface to connect the audio to your PC or your laptop and depending on the microphone, you may need a mic activator like a cloud lifter. Dynamic microphones are great because they reject most of the room noise and they give you that great audio quality that you get from an FM radio station. However, you need to be very close to the dynamic microphone, otherwise the sound will not be clear. I hope this demonstration gave you an insight on the different options available to you to create a high impact in your next online presentation. The choice of audio will depend on the objectives. Will you be sitting in one place while delivering your presentation or do you need to move around? Choose the device based on the objective. Please leave a comment below on what device you currently use and what device you wish to upgrade to. I wish you all the best.


My name is Mitch and this is my wife Kristen and we have come from Silver Lake and this is the fifth vehicle we've bought here at Mountain View Dodge. And we just love the service and all the people that work here and they've treated us really well with trade-ins and our new purchase. So just a really highly recommend them for all your Dodge and Ram needs.


Hello and welcome you all for this online video session on course data analytics and the topic is data scales and descriptive univariate analysis in terms of frequency values. Myself Mr. Vipul Kondekar from Walton Institute of Technology, Sholapur. So, these are the learning outcomes of this video. You should understand the scales and will be able to differentiate between the different scales of representation of the data and then data frequencies you will be able to calculate and interpret or make interpretations from those frequency values. So, these are the contents present in this video. We will have introduction, we will talk about the different univariate frequencies in that we will have absolute frequency calculations, relative frequency calculations for one of the attribute and then we will make some interpretations from those calculations also. So, first let us start with what are the scales for data representation. Before that when you have a data analysis, your data analysis may be depending on how many attributes you are analyzing. If you are analyzing only one attribute it becomes univariate, if you are analyzing two attribute it becomes bivariate and if you are analyzing more than two attributes it becomes multivariate. Any analysis, any analysis can be done by using three different approaches. You may have frequency table calculated for that parameter attribute or you can have some statistical measures representing the attribute values and then you can have visualization in terms of different plots. So, when you talk about the different scales, when you have the data, data may be available basically in the two different formats, data may be a qualitative data or it may be a quantitative data. The qualitative data can have two different scales, either it may be a data with the nominal scale where only names are given to the attribute values or it may have ordinal scale where the names are there and you can have ordering of those names. The quantity data can have two different scales, it may be a interval scale where the distinct values are there and the difference between the two values is equal. And final you can have a scale called as ratio scale where you will be having the distinctiveness ordering is possible and as well there is a possibility of absolute zero value. So, that is the important property of the ratio scale. So, the data of ratio scale has got absolute zero value. So, this is the check table where these are the four attributes and then if you have a nominal data, it will be distinctive only, but if it is a ordinal data it will be distinctive as well ordering is possible. If it is a interval scale data, so it will be distinctive, ordering is possible and the spacing between the data values is equal. And finally, when it is a ratio scale data, see all four things are applicable, it is distinctive, ordering is possible, the values are equally spaced and the absolute zero value is possible and has got some significance. See definitely whenever you are having the scale representation for the data, when you are going from the nominal scale to the absolute scale the amount of information goes on increasing. So, most information is observed if you have the data represented with the absolute scale, least information is observed when you have the data with the nominal scale. Now, just think how we can convert the attribute weight, weight is the attribute represented in absolute scale, but how we can convert that to a other scales like how I can convert it to the ratio scale, sorry interval scale or ordinal scale or nominal scale, think and answer. Now, let us come up with this analysis in terms of frequencies. So, when you are analyzing univariate data in terms of frequency basically when you say frequency is what? Frequency is talking about a repetition. So, a frequency is basically a counter which counts how many times certain thing is getting repeated. So, for univariate data you can come up with four different frequency values. So, first frequency value possible is called as absolute frequency, absolute frequency. So, what is the absolute frequency? It just counts how many times a particular value appears. It is like a batsman has played 200 different innings and he has made century for 31 number of times means indirectly you are talking about absolute frequency of scoring runs 100 is 31. How many times that particular value appears? Then comes relative frequency. Relative frequency calculations are in terms of percentage. So, it is percentage of times a particular value appears. A player has played 100 innings and in 100 innings for 25 innings he has scored let us say 50 runs. So, then 25 percent is the relative frequency of scoring runs equal to 50. It is percentage of times out of 100 innings. So, it is percentage innings 25 times means 25 percent you will get the percentage value. So, this is a relative frequency. So, it is percentage calculation of absolute value itself. But now when you are considering these values, frequency values, absolute frequency values or relative frequency values in a cumulative way you will come up with two more frequency descriptors. One is absolute cumulative frequency. It is cumulative frequency or cumulative value of number of occurrences for the attribute value which is mentioned and all values which are less than that particular value. Relative cumulative is again cumulative calculation of the percentage or relative frequency values. This you will understand better with the example. So, now if this is the table of data we are considering for the analysis of frequency. So, this table has got six different instances sorry six different attributes name this is the contact list table stored. So, you have attributes like frame name, maximum temperature weight, height, gender company and then you have got 14 different friends information getting stored here. So, 14 instances you have and now let us say you want to make some frequency calculations how you can make that. So, let us say you want to make the frequency calculations for the attribute height. So, what can be done for that? Very first thing is the attribute which you want to analyze for the frequency is what you have to do is you consider the unique values taken by that attribute and arrange those values in the ascending order. So, in the from the earlier table I could check that the minimum value of the height was 158 maximum height was 195 in terms of centimeter and these are the in between values and I have neglected the duplicate values here right. So, these are the different height values taken these are the different unique height values taken. Now, next how I can come up with the absolute frequency calculation.  If you talk about height 172 you you observe that there are two persons in your database having the height 172. So, just look at here is it true here. So, here is one person Carolina as well here is Leah. So, these are the two persons taking the height values 172 only. So, that is why the absolute frequency of height 172 is 2. So, like that these are frequencies are calculated. Now, let us come up with relative frequency. So, what is the relative frequency of height 158? There is only one person out of 14 having height 158. Hence, relative frequency of height 158 is 1 by 14 in terms of percentage it comes out to be 7.14 percent. So, 172 height what is the relative frequency? So, two persons out of 14 means 2 by 14 and 2 by 14 comes out to be 14.29. So, this is the relative frequency value for all the unique height values. Now, if you are considering these height values cumulatively this frequency values cumulatively you will come up with the two more frequencies one is called as absolute cumulative frequency one is called as relative cumulative frequency. Now, let us try to understand the significance. Let us say what is the significance of this absolute cumulative frequency coming out to be 10? It means that in your data there are 10 persons having height equal to or less than equal to 180. There are 10 persons. So, like that you will come up with this answer as 10. And then what is the significance of this relative cumulative frequency? It is cumulative sum of relative frequency values. If you sum up all these percentage values you will come up with this answer as 71.42. So, one point you keep in mind when you are preparing this frequency table the last element in the last row of this particular column absolute cumulative frequency should come up with the total number of instances and last element of this column relative cumulative frequency should be 100 percent. Because of the rounding effect we are getting closer, but ideally this should be 100 percent. So, this is how you should get the results for the frequency calculation for the single attribute height. On the same lines if you change the attribute let us say you want to analyze for the company attribute. So, company can be good or bad. So, absolute frequency of company good is 7 means there are 7 persons representing good company remaining 7 are representing bad company and relative frequency is coming out to be 50 percent, 50 percent here. And these are the important observations. So, the value of the relative cumulative frequency in the last row will be always 100 and last last row for the absolute cumulative frequency will be representing what? Total number of instances. And finally, when you have these relative frequencies calculated if you have a discrete attribute discrete attribute then these relative frequencies can be used for having a visualization or plot called as probability mass function. So, these frequencies can be used for plotting probability mass function if the attribute is discrete. Example the integer data types and if the attribute is continuous in that case you can come up with this probability density function from this frequency values. This is all for this online class. So, these are the different references used for this video presentation. Thank you.


Hi, I'm Jacqueline Elliott. If you're new to sales and you're afraid of what to say, here are some tips that'll help you break the ice fast. Who likes being the new guy? Or girl, nobody. See, I started the business in 2004 and I remember that I had to learn certain things really quickly in order to be successful. And one of the things that I really, really had to learn really fast was breaking the ice and knowing exactly what to say within the first 30 seconds because most of the time, people aren't going to like you. They didn't like me. That's the way it works, you know? Because salesmen have a bad reputation. They're known as a sleazy car guy, typically, and we have to basically break them all. So it doesn't matter what they think of salesmen before they see you. It matters what they think of you after they leave. So one of these things that we're gonna go over is a lot of times people, when they're new, they don't know what to say or what to do and they get in their heads. They don't have the confidence to say, hey, you know what, I've got this. I just gotta be me. I've gotta be real. I've gotta be genuine and just get out there and just genuinely show them that we care. So one of the things that I like to say is, hey, you know, do I look the part? Am I dressed in a certain way? Do I look clean? Am I gonna turn anybody off with what I'm wearing? And am I wearing a smile? Because the best thing you can possibly wear is a smile because everybody loves somebody that smiles.  I mean, sometimes you'll get that person but hey, most of the times, that's not the way it works. Most people actually like people that are happy and they're drawn to people that are happy and if they're not, then you're around the wrong people but the point is, hey, lead them with a smile. That's the most important piece of anything you could wear is being happy and smiling. So one of the things that is important that you wanna show them is that you genuinely care so you don't wanna be an ass-kisser, okay? So you wanna be genuine and ask them questions, tentatively listen to what they say, what their concerns are and really focus on that. So a lot of times we're thinking ahead of what we're gonna answer and what we're going to say to try to be ahead of the game. We think so far ahead that we don't really focus on the moment and we lose all credibility with our customers. So one of the things that help you be genuine is to slow down and really soak that in and genuinely show them. Another mistake that I see a lot of people make when they start is that we tend to focus on the dominant, we try to find the dominant buyer and sometimes we go with the loud one in the situation. So if you have a husband and wife, sometimes the husband may be louder than the wife or vice versa and you go to that person and the person that's quiet would kinda leave in the corner but the important, if you're really, really good at what you do, you will bring that person in and kind of make them involved in that process and bring them into the sale. So even the person that's loud is going to appreciate you for that because they tend to, since they're the quiet one, they tend to not be paid attention to so they will appreciate that. So that's a great thing that you wanna do. One thing that really, really helped me as well is another thing that you wanna do, we call this the ATM phase.  So one thing that I would do is I would basically go and I would tell my customers a little bit about myself. So why I love selling cars, why I chose that dealership, why I genuinely love to help people and I have a servant heart. So one of those things that, before you start asking them certain questions and everything before you start, cause sometimes we make the mistake of asking questions too soon and to some people, they might be open to give you information but a lot of people don't wanna tell you that much especially since we carry that bad reputation as car people, they don't wanna open up to you that you have to gain their trust. So by you having that 30 second base statement and saying, hey, you know what, this is who I am, this is what I've done with my customers, this is how I truly care, it's not just a transaction, it's a relationship and you're gonna recommend people to me in that kind of stuff and how your business is built. They wanna know that because they wanna feel like they're dealing with a true professional and even though you are new, you can still have a structure to what you're gonna do and how your sale is going to go. So one of the things, after you say your base statement and all of that as you're in the withdrawal stage asking the questions like, hey, what is it that made you buy the vehicle that you came in on today? What is it that made you purchase it then? Hey, could be, hey, you know what, it had great gas mileage or this is all I could get approved for or, hey, I didn't have a family then, so I didn't need more, it was just me and I had to travel back and forth to work and it was a long commute or whatever it was, you have to find out what that was, what made them buy that vehicle and see if it's still important to them, certain things that they like about that.  Why you are replacing it would be like, hey, what would you change on it if you had to change one thing on that vehicle right now? What has changed in your situation today that has made you have to look for vehicles possibly like did your family size change, are you having a baby or, hey, maybe they need more leg room or maybe they don't need to travel anymore because they got a local job or maybe they have a little more money and they can afford a little bigger, but whatever it is, that's your discovery phase. As we're talking about being prepared in your sale and knowing where you wanna go, I just wanna say one thing, if you are new, don't be afraid to say that you're new. You wanna make sure that people know that because guess what, you know, car people have a bad reputation.  Not only that, they let their guard down when they know that you haven't been doing it for so long because hey, they know that you're not a professional and taking advantage of them. That's one thing that they think, so they let their guard down. Now, if you are a woman selling, one of the experiences that I had as a woman is that, you know, if I had a husband and wife, the women didn't like me. 99% of the time they didn't like me and I had to learn to win them over, so a lot of times they were quiet and everything, so just make sure you find something you have in common with them, so give them a genuine compliment. They'll appreciate that. If they don't talk to you, try to be the talkative one. Sometimes we'll wait for people's reactions towards things, be a leader, lead them with a smile, lead them with questions that you, and genuinely care about what they have to say. And if you care about people, you know exactly what I'm talking about. As long as you're real, you don't seem fake and you genuinely care, then this itself would help you sell a vehicle or whatever it is that you're selling because that will take you a long, long way. So know that after all these questions, you're going to be doing something with them, so there's a structure to the sale, but when you come out, just be overly confident. Know exactly what you're there for. Be happy. Don't let the noises from the dealership or anybody else bring you down. Listen to a motivational music or whatever it is that moves you in the morning. Don't forget to carry the mood. Carry a smile. Be confident. It doesn't matter if you just started. It doesn't matter if you've been there for two years or whatever it has. I mean, you have to make sure that you lead and that's just it. And also, make sure you're wearing, you're dressing the part, wearing something that's not going to turn anybody off. Make sure you work on that base statement so that you can make sure that people know who you are and that you genuinely care. That's what's going to separate you from the rest of the people. And have those well-placed questions of why they purchased them, why they're purchasing now and what needs to change in order to make sure you're really surfacing their needs because this business is about helping people. And if you know how to truly care about people, it'll take you a lot further. The money will follow. So if you just take those simple steps on how to break the ice and be real, I mean, this will take you further than anything in life. Are you new to sales?  Listen, send me a text at<PHONE_NUMBER>. Just tell me I'm new. And I'm going to send you some tips on what mistakes not to make as a new salesman.