Aloha and welcome to my talk on offensive malware analysis. My name is Patrick. I am the chief security researcher at SINAC. SINAC does crowd source vulnerability discovery with vetted security researchers. If you're interested in getting paid to find bugs in our customers' apps and websites, check out SINAC.com or come chat with me. So today we're going to start by looking at an interesting piece of malware called fruit fly. We're then going to talk about some monitoring tools and capabilities I wrote from Mac OS. Then how I built a custom command and control server following this, how then I used that server to task the malware in order for it to reveal its capabilities to me. And then finally what happened when I put this command and control server on the internet? So our goal here is to analyze fruit fly comprehensively but do so in a rather efficient way. So traditionally when you analyze the malware, you use disassemblers and debuggers. I want to stress these methods definitely work, but they're kind of slow. Now, I didn't have access to a command and control server, but I figured if I'd write my own, then be able to task the malware and observe how it responded, I would be able to basically coerce the malware into revealing its capabilities to me just by asking it the right questions. And I thought this would be a lot faster of a technique than spending many hours reverse engineering. So I mentioned the target is going to be a Mac malware specimen named fruit fly. But before we can build this custom command and control server to task it, we need two things. We first need to figure out the address that the malware is trying to connect to, where it's looking to connect out to for a command and control server. And then what protocol does it speak? Because this will allow us to create a compatible command and control server, which will then allow us to task the malware. So fruit fly was discovered in January. Initially it was undetected by antivirus engines on virus total. My good friend Thomas Reed, who is here in attendance, an incredible Mac security researcher, did the initial analysis, wrote a great blog articulating the components of the malware, its persistence techniques, and also some of its capabilities. It's fairly standard but fully featured Mac backdoor, but it has some interesting interactive capabilities, also the ability to turn on the webcam. Now, we don't know the infection vector. We never found an installer, which is interesting, but perhaps it was via an email attachment or a pirated or trojan application. Today we're going to be looking at variant B. A friend sent me a hash of this sometime in late January. At the time, variant A was already being detected, but variant B was still undetected. It was submitted to virus total with the name of FPS odd, which is designed to mimic a common flash player. And like variant A, its main component was an obfuscated Perl script. It's kind of odd. As I mentioned, we want to build a custom command control server, but we need the address that the malware tries to connect to, and we also need to understand its protocol. So let's briefly triage this malicious script to get this information. So the first thing we do is we beautify the script, which allows us to read it easier because it's now formatted better. We can see it starts with some imports, followed by some subroutines, and finally is the main logic of the malware. Briefly, if we look at these subroutines, we can see their names and descriptions in the table on the slide. Now, these aren't the core of the malware per se. They're rather helper functions. But what they can do is provide insight, especially into the protocol of the malware, which is essential for us to understand. So for example, the G subroutine sends data back to the command and control server. So if we see a command invoking the G method, we can determine how many bytes it's going to send, so then our custom command and control server can handle that response. Similarly, the J subroutine receives some number of bytes from the command and control server. So if we see a command say invoking J comma nine, we know it expects nine additional bytes that we must send from our command and control server. Now after the subroutines, the malware decodes some strings, which turn out to be the addresses of both the primary and the backup command and control servers. The easiest way to analyze these and decode these was just to step over them in a debugger. I didn't want to spend a ton of time debugging, but again, once I stepped over this and printed out the strings, I could see they were URLs and IP addresses, albeit reversed, of both the primary and backup command and control servers. Now, before the malware connects to the command and control server in that main processing block, it does a few other things. It processes some command line arguments, which we can see it's looking for an IP address or an IP address and port of the command and control server. This is awesome because it means we can specify our own, for example, when we execute the malware in a VM and have it connect to our custom command and control server. So this greatly facilitates analysis. It also hides its process by just changing args of zero. This will fool tools like PS.  Finally, we get to the main processing loop. And this does two things. It checks in with the custom command and control server, or the command and control server, sending some information like the host and username. And then it invokes the J subroutine to receive one byte from the command and control server, which it then processes in a massive else if else loop. What this is doing is basically just receiving a numeric command from the command and control server, processing that and then returning the response to the server. Okay. So now we know the address of the command and control servers and actually determine that the malware will connect out to whatever you specify on the command line. And also we understand the basic protocol. Now, before we start building our custom command and control server, though, let's talk about how we can passively monitor the malware. This is important because if we task the malware but we can't observe what it does, if it just sends us back a zero or one, we really have gained no insight into what that command actually did. So what do we want to monitor? Well, pretty much everything. A given command might create files, write files. It might spawn off processes, execute shell commands, might interact with a mouse and keyboard, or send interesting data back via the network. So we should monitor for all the events so that when we task the malware, we can determine what it's doing via this simple tasking. So let's take a closer look at each of these now. We'll start with network monitoring. MacOS, this is pretty easy to do. You can use TCP dump or Wireshark. We'll talk about tasking a little bit shortly, but at the bottom of the slide, you can see the Wireshark capture when the malware is responding to command number 13. Now, originally, I had no idea what command number 13 was, but we'll see when we task the malware, if we look at the network capture, we can see this command returns the location where the malware is installed. This is basically how we reveal the capability via this network monitor. Next up, we have file monitoring. We can use the built-in FS usage utility. This is a MacOS utility that allows you to monitor file IO events. We'll see that various commands when you task the malware will cause it to drop or save the embedded MacO binary. And we can see from the file monitor, it's saved to slash temp slash client. So now we can grab that binary and do some analysis. But we'll see we actually don't have to fully reverse engineer this because we'll reveal its capabilities just via tasking. Next up is process monitoring. Again, this is important because I assume the malware will probably spawn off other processes or executed other shell commands. Since detrace is neutered on recent versions of Mac, there's no easy good way to do process monitoring user mode. So I wrote an open source free process monitoring library that allows us to see what the malware is doing. So for example, here we can see that when we task the malware with command number 11, it executes the PWD command to get the current working directory. I also wanted to sniff the mouse and keyboard to look for simulated mouse and keyboard events. I found some old proof of concept code that would intercept and modify mouse and keyboard events. So I updated this. This will be online available for free as well. Open source. And it allows us now to capture mouse and keyboard events. So on the slide you can see when I type and move the mouse, our sniffer will now detect and log those events. Okay. Onto building our custom command and control server. Recall, we can specify the address of the custom command and control server via the command line. And we also understand the protocol of the malware. We know it connects out, sends some client information of the infected host, and then expects a single byte, which is the command it will then act upon. So we start by just creating some basic Python code. We listen on a port, we then execute the malware in a VM, give it the address of this Python custom command and control server, and we see that the malware connects. Nothing too exciting here, but baby steps. So again, what does the malware send when it originally checks in? Well, we can triage the malicious Perl script, and we can see it sending things like a version string, the host name, and the username. So now we can extend our custom command and control server to basically parse the format of this data. So when the malware connects, we can dump this client information. Now, the meat of the custom command and control server is obviously tasking and handling commands. Turns out there's about 25 commands, and a variety of these had subcommands bringing the total to about 50. So I built the custom command and control server to support all of these. Now, again, it's important to understand that originally I did not know what these commands actually did, like command number two, no idea. So what I did for each command is I would basically triage the command with the goal of understanding its protocol to receive additional bytes from the command and control server, and then what is the format of the response? So here's a simple example, command number 11. We can see it expects no additional address or bytes from the command and control server, but then it responds with a byte and a variable length string. So we can extend our custom command and control server to parse this response, and then we can see this is the malware sending back its custom current working directory. Now we task. So again, we have our monitoring capabilities and this custom command and control server. Now, unfortunately, I don't have time to go through all the commands, but we'll look at some of the more interesting ones. And again, when I began tasking the malware, I really had no idea what these commands actually did. So the first command is command number two. If we look at the malicious Perl script, we can see this command via the J subroutine expects an additional byte from the command and control server. It then invokes the V subroutine to execute the embedded mock obinary, and then invokes the G subroutine to send the response some information back to the server. So now we know to understand the protocol. We know it requires an additional byte and then it's going to send us back some variable length data. But again, we have no idea what this command actually does. So we send the malware command number two, and for the second byte, we just send it a zero. And via the file mod, we can see it dropping that embedded mock obinary, and then via the process monitoring, we can see it executing that embedded binary as well. Now, via the network capture, we can then send it, we can then see it sending back about a meg of data. So we extend our custom command and control server to receive this data and drop it or save it to the file system. We can then dump it in a hex editor or on the file command, and it turns out then it's an image, a PNG file. And when we open it, we can see it's a screen capture of the infected host. So now we know that command number two is the screenshot utility, screen capture. And again, we determine this just via tasking. Now remember, though, this command takes a second byte. And at the time again, I had no idea what this was. I had sent it a zero and it sent me back this nice color PNG. But we have the ability to task the malware. So instead of having to spend time to reverse engineer it, let's just keep tasking command number two and change the values of that second parameter. We can see the table contains the results. Basically, that second byte influences the type and quality of the capture. So, for example, if we send it a one for that second byte, it gives us back a low res black and white PNG, while a 10 gives us a low res color JPEG image. All right, onto command number eight. Again, we triage the command. We see it expects an additional nine bytes. And again, drops and execs that embedded mock obinery. In terms of its response, though, it just sends us back a zero or a one. So unlike the screen capture command, we have no insight into what this command does by looking at its response. But if we task this, send the command number eight, and then for the additional nine bytes, just send zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, we can see the mouse sniffer registers event. It moves to the XY coordinate. So watch closely. We're going to task the malware with this command. And what it's going to do, it's going to move the mouse. Amazing, right? Gets a little more excited. Okay, so what about that second byte? Again, we didn't know what it was, but we now know the eight bytes after that are XY coordinates. So again, we can just task the malware, varying this second byte. And we can see as it shows on the table in the slide, this is a sub command. It basically tells the malware what type of mouse command to do. Left click, right click, right click, drag. This is a really neat capability because it allows the attacker to actually interact with UI elements of the host. For example, security pop-ups. So again, watch closely. We're going to task the malware and via the malware dismiss a security prompt. Kind of a neat feature. The final commands we're going to talk about are 16 and 17. Again, we triage the command. We see that it invokes J to get one extra byte from our command and control server. So we know, okay, our custom command and control server should send one additional byte. It then executes again the V sub routine which drops and executes the embedded mock O binary. The file mod and process monitor show this happen, but most interestingly then the keyboard sniffer lights up. So for example, if we send command number 16 with a value of 65 for the second byte, the keyboard sniffer shows a key down event for the letter A. If we then execute command number 17, passing in a 65 as well for the second byte, we can see it generates a key up event. So this allows the attacker to remotely type on the infected host. So again, on the slide, we're going to send it a command to type an H and then an I. Okay, so what I did was I repeated this process for all the commands. So this allowed me to understand comprehensively the capabilities of the malware. They say communication is key. Apparently people say this applies to humans, but in this case it also applies to malware as well. So we talked about some of the more interesting commands, but of course the malware supports other interesting commands as well. It allows you to execute system commands, shell commands, process listing, upload files, etc. The most interesting one though is the malware actually has the capability to alert the attacker when the user is using the computer. This is a very interesting capability. Obviously this malware was designed for interactive operations, and when you're doing interactive operations, for example, moving the mouse, maybe typing, perhaps turning on the webcam, you obviously don't want the user to be there because they will observe these very observable actions, and this will be a dead giveaway for what that the system is infected. All right, so we now have a fully compatible custom command and control server. Let's go hunt some flies. So if you ping the primary command and control servers, they are all offline. But recall we decrypted some backup command and control servers, and guess what? They were available for registration. So I hopped online, registered the URLs of these backup command and control servers, pointed them to my custom command and control server, and immediately hundreds of infected victims started to connect. And again recall for each victim, the malware when it checks in sends the username and the computer name, which coupled with an IP address gives us a very good pretty accurate way to identify victims. For example, if I was infected, you'd see an IP address in Hawaii. You would see username Patrick and the host name be Patrick Wardle's Mac book because by default Mac uses the first and last names for the host names. So I looked into who these victims were, geolocation and their names, and it turned out the vast majority of them were in the U.S. And also they appeared to be just normal everyday people. So this was interesting because again we have a piece of malware that looks like it has surveillance type of capabilities, for example webcam capture, etc. But it's targeting everyday people. Now everyday people are normally targeted by financially motivated cyber crime malware. And malware that has this more spying capability is usually associated with nation states which are not going to be targeting those kind of people. It's going to be targeting like defense contractors and military organizations. So unfortunately what this means is this malware was designed to basically spy on everyday people and families. And that's kind of what I saw by looking at the victims. So I contacted law enforcement and that's progressing. Alright, so let's wrap this all up. So today again we illustrated how to fully analyze a fairly complex piece of malware just by asking the right questions. Again in three steps we built a custom command and control server. We then tasked the malware and then we observed the malware's response to fully reveal its capabilities. Along the way we wrote some cool monitoring tools for macOS that again will be open source and posted online. And the end result is we had a full analysis of fruit fly variant B. Also then since we were able to register these custom command and control servers we were able to uncover a large number of victims and get insight into who these individuals were. Again we're closely with law enforcement because unfortunately it looks like this malware was designed with a very kind of creepy perverse end goal which you know it's rather shitty. We could also though hijacked all those victims. I always joke and I probably shouldn't say this but you know all those connections were you know computers in Russia or China I might have contracted contacted somebody else. Again this is the power you have with a custom command and control server in that if you can then take over the address of the domain it's talking to you can task these computers. I was tempted to but I did not. Now people always ask me you know how can you protect against something like this threat. Forensic analysis and also some information we have that I can't talk about publicly just yet indicates that this malware has been around for five if not ten years. Really just flying under the radar again targeting families to basically spy on them perhaps via the webcam. So my response is always you know use best security practices you know install the latest patches run the latest version of Mac OS but also look into perhaps third party security tools. So in my free time I write some free a lot of open source Mac security tools. One for example is called block block monitors persistence locations would have likely detect the malware when it persists. Another one is called oversight that monitors for the webcam and mic. So if this malware had got on the computer if the hacker had then turned on the malware to turn on the webcam to spy on the user perhaps when they were walking around their bedroom in their underwear or less when the user came back to the computer even if the hacker turned off the webcam oversight would have alerted the user saying hey just let you know some process was using the webcam basically spying on you. And then I'm just releasing a free open source Mac OS firewall think little snitch but free and open source this should be out in a few weeks. And again this would have detected when the malware connected out to the internet. So again I think creating these free third party security utilities that trigger or alert on these more generic actions is a great way to target these threats. All right so that's a wrap thanks again for attending my talk again if you're interested in being you know basically a paid security researcher to find vulnerabilities in you know Cinex customers check out Cinex.com. So I think we have a minute or two for questions if not I'll be around here and again thank you so much for attending my talk I really appreciate


So, believe it or not, there was a time when Howard Dean, former presidential candidate turned DNC chair, was actually fairly progressive, but now he is cartoonishly evil. And when he started to become evil is precisely when he became a lobbyist. Excuse me, he's not technically a lobbyist because he doesn't actually have to register as a lobbyist somehow, but what he does, it looks very, very conspicuously similar to what lobbyists do.  He's trying to get Joe Biden to oppose releasing the intellectual property rights of the COVID-19 vaccines so that way other countries can manufacture generic versions of the vaccines. It's really the only chance that we have at vaccinating the entire human population before mutations and variations pop up. So, this isn't just one of those things where, okay, well, you know what? I don't have to care about other developing countries and whether or not their people are vaccinated because I have my vaccine. That's not the way that this works because so long as the virus continues to spread that increases the likelihood that new variants could pop up that are resistant to the vaccine. And again, I've said this once, I'll say it again. If that happens, we are all screwed. It's back to square one. And Howard Dean here is trying to influence Joe Biden to make that more likely. So, as Lee Fong of the Intercept reports, Howard Dean, the former Progressive Champion, is calling on President Joe Biden to reject a special intellectual property waiver that would allow low-cost, generic coronavirus vaccines to be produced to meet the needs of low-income countries. Currently, a small number of companies hold the formulas for the COVID-19 vaccines, limiting distribution to many parts of the world. IP protections aren't the cause of vaccination delays Dean claimed in a column for Barron's last month. Every drug manufacturing facility on the planet that's capable of churning out COVID-19 shots is already doing so. Creating a new medicine is a costly proposition, wrote Dean. Companies would never invest hundreds of millions in research and development if rivals could simply copy their drug formulas and create knockoffs. Dean's claim that global vaccine manufacturing is already at capacity is patently false. Foreign firms have lined up to offer pharmaceutical plants to produce vaccines but have been forced to enter into lengthy negotiations under terms set by the intellectual property owners. The waiver, however, would allow generic drug producers to begin copying the vaccine without delay. Many of the manufacturing plants prepared to mass-produce low-cost vaccines are centered in India, which has committed to supplying the poorest countries in the world. But the waiver petition, Dean wrote, is unreasonable and disingenuous. It's a ruse to benefit India's own industry at the expense of patients everywhere. President Biden would be wise to reject it. The strident opposition to the waiver, which is supported by an international coalition of human rights organizations, as well as a growing cohort of congressional Democrats, may surprise Dean's liberal supporters. But while Dean boasts a long history of support for single-payer health insurance coverage and government intervention into lowering domestic drug prices, he has reversed his positions on virtually every major progressive health policy issue since moving to work in the world of corporate influence peddling. Dean is not a registered lobbyist, though he works in the lobbying division of Dentons, a law and lobbying firm, and is rhetoric in the column follows the firm's recent pattern of advocacy. Dentons touts its work on drug intellectual property issues, noting on its website that it has represented Pfizer and other firms in the recent past. Despite publicly funded research and huge infusions of government cash for the development and delivery of vaccines, drug makers have carefully guarded their monopoly on the intellectual property rights and signaled to investors that they plan to soon hike prices. The pharmaceutical industry, including representatives of Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson and Johnson have pushed the Biden administration to oppose the intellectual property waiver petition and go further to even impose sanctions on any country that moves to manufacture vaccines without their express permission. So the reason why Howard Dean wants to deny developing countries the ability to very cheaply reproduce the COVID vaccines is because the clients that he represents, they wouldn't be able to profit off of it. And in his defense of his position, he kind of inadvertently reveals why the motives here are so grotesque, why capitalism is incompatible with human health or the flourishing of human health, I should say. So this is what he says here. Creating new medicine is a costly proposition. Companies would never invest if rivals could simply copy their drug formulas and create knockoffs. Isn't that the problem though, Howard? Isn't that the issue? Do you see what anti-capitalists have been saying now? Can you at least maybe try to sympathize with our position? It shouldn't be about making money when it comes to public health, medicine. These things should not be commodified industries. The COVID vaccine should not be a commodified thing. That's the issue. Making money off of public health when you introduce that profit motive that creates a perverse incentive to not actually want to make people well and prevent them from getting COVID-19, but to profit off of it. These companies didn't manufacture these vaccines out of the goodness of their hearts. They saw an opportunity to make money and see we, our tax dollars, funded the development of these vaccines. So obviously we should have a say. It's just honestly the way that he defends this. He claims that the arguments in favor of the waiver are disingenuous. You're disingenuous and you're disingenuity and you're influence, the level of influence that he has in the Democratic party as a high ranking former official, the implications are broad. If he gets what he wants, then how much longer will developing countries have to wait? Will you admit that you're wrong if we don't vaccinate people quick enough and that leads to the spread of new mutations that are resistant to the vaccines that exist? Will you ever admit that you're wrong? Will you ever admit that it was about the profit motive and not actually about public health? Of course you won't because Howard Dean is quite literally a corporate chill, literally a chill, but don't call him a lobbyist because that's a slur to him. If you call him a lobbyist, that's super offensive. He's not lobbying. He only works in the lobbying division of a company that represents Pfizer. Definitely not a lobbyist though. Don't call him that.  He's a terrible human being.  I don't know how he justifies what he's doing here. If I knew that I was doing something and influencing the president of the United States to not do something that is objectively good for the human species, I don't know how I could live with myself. I'd be so distraught. I'd resign. I'd quit. I don't care how much money I was making. To do something this disgusting, morally reprehensible, I just couldn't live with myself. I couldn't lick myself in the mirror. So I don't know how Howard Dean looks himself in the mirror. I don't know how he's able to sleep at night, but regardless, if he can live with himself, I don't care.  It's grotesque and in the event, a new variant that's resistant to the vaccines emerges because not enough human beings in developing countries are vaccinated quick enough. It's people like Howard Dean who we should thank.


Quorum, an accessible programming language. Technology jobs are in demand, and an understanding of computing and coding are important for anyone pursuing these opportunities. But learning programming languages can be difficult for any new student, including some students with disabilities. That's why Quorum was created. My name is Andreas Steffick. I'm an assistant professor of computer science at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. I invented the Quorum programming language. It was originally designed to try to help blind or visually impaired students learn to program more easily. At the time, a lot of computer science was moving toward very visual content, and that in general makes a lot of sense. However, not if you're blind. I'm Richard Ladner, a professor in computer science and engineering at the University of Washington. Children who are blind, who can't see, can actually program in Quorum. If you look at almost all the tools that are out there for children, they're all super visual. And this one is visual and auditory. So that makes it much better for everybody. Quorum's features are universally designed, making it an easier language to learn in general. The language is simpler, which impacts people with learning disabilities. For example, if I was to tell the computer to do something over and over again, in a language like Java, I would say for left parent int i equals zero, semicolon i less than 10, semicolon i plus plus right parent left brace, which obviously means that we should do something 10 times. In Quorum, I say repeat 10 times. I find personally reading Quorum programs a lot easier than reading C programs or Java programs. Most languages, after every single line, you have to put a semicolon. Why you have to put a semicolon? It seems to be just tradition. It doesn't need to be there. And Quorum has no semicolons. Quorum is evidence-based, using the results of scientific experiments to determine how to make the language easier to use. Quorum provides two primary benefits. One is everything is free. And then number two, at the end of the day, all of the materials that we use and that we give to people are vetted both by teachers and students and are vetted in experiments through the scientific method. To learn more about Quorum and how you can encourage and support students with disabilities in computing courses, visit uw.edu.accesscomputing.accesscsforall or quorumlanguage.com.


I totally just like did what you did, but I didn't clear an event or What's up everybody welcome back to the channel I'm even rabbit here on Forza Horizon 3 staring at this beautiful Kona's egg And that is because it's time once again for another Forza Thon I haven't done a Forza Thon episode in a while, so let's take a look at what the Forza Thon challenges are for this time Oof that that car is very scary right there.  We got a win a race with that. I've actually never driven this Kona's egg so It's gonna be new for me Okay, this car is already beat up. All right, so Forza's on challenge is to win a race in the Kona's egg. We're here right now. We're just gonna hop into a race right now and We're gonna race next submission South circuit three laps anything goes Tony's egg 1500 horsepower monster of a car We see what we can do and then we'll probably try and find somebody to do a co-op event here to try and get The other part of this forza time complete. All right, so we're here to race this we have the Wheel set up 900 grids of rotation with our logitech G9 20 six-speed shifter. I draw a cam brake. I'm already listen control energy innovation 350 millimeter rim in the energy innovations bucket seat This is definitely crazy the fact that I don't have to shift I've actually never driven this car, so this is very interesting right now. Oh My gosh, and it just wants to lose traction. I should have chose a track with more Straits, but like these cars are no real match for this car if I can keep traction Go a grip so that's for sure. Oh, excuse me Sorry, I Just can't put my foot to the floor. That's all I gotta remember do not put the foot to the floor. That's super though I'm often you see a stock Supra Don't miss that checkpoint. Excuse me a little first person because you know like I said prior to this I'm actually enjoying more first-person racing recently Okay, this thing is scary quick Oh boy Breaks good too. It's got some really good brakes really good acceleration So we get roll into the throttle.  Oh Breaking tires a little bit, but we're good Yeah, we're never driving this car. This car is crazy It's definitely very weird not having to shift It's very weird to say the least I feel like I'm an automatic car, but The power is incredible. It's like a much faster version of the Tesla I feel like that super is catching me Try and take these turns nice and easy and just roll back into the throttle. We go. Oh, don't lose it All right, we got one more lap Mat the gas here is where it gets really sketchy 212 to like 60 in no time.  Ooh A little slide there, and they'll throttle up a little bit. We're good So it is kind of weird that forza released a forza thon for VIP cars it's forcing people to either buy the VIP pack or Buy a car off the auction house, which I mean I guess is good for a business standpoint But not a lot of people have the VIP not a lot of people wanted to buy the VIP pack So I feel like this is kind of making people buy it Smoke in the tires on the last turn. We're good So as I was saying, yeah, it's making people buy, you know, the VIP pack Which I guess it's not all that bad, but it's still it's different for sure So forza thon give me there's my achievement Automotive royalty win a race in a VIP for the Porsche 914 slash six So we're gonna go take a look at that Porsche And see what else We can do in this forza thon if we feel like doing something may find somebody for a co-op event Let's see. What do we got? We have win a race in a super hot hatch She's been 45 AMG. Yeah, don't need that complete 5.5 head-to-head races Yeah, I am interested in the 928 gts though. So I may have to find somebody to You know get online here Porsche 2 we got 11 9-11. There's that beautiful flying wizard There she is this old girl 1970 Porsche 914 slash six Why not we're gonna drive it see what it does. Definitely probably not gonna do a lot It's very underpowered from this get-go and It's boxy. Whoa, just glitched out there. Okay Alright, so let's see what we can do. Can we do burnout? Oh, we got a little burnout going. Oh My gosh, this rain might help over rip it sideways It drifts three drifts That was did not expect that to happen. Oh You wrecked my new Porsche, man so I Gotta find out if I got anybody online To do a co-op with So I'm gonna see if I got anybody online do a co-op with and I'll get back to you guys here in a second now I'm joined by MK 6 here on Forza Horizon 3. We're gonna do this co-op campaign event in these Cone's eggs one gear seems so weird that I don't have to use my shifter But I guess it works since I've still been having issues with my shifter and I need a new one MK You should tell me your shifter. I'm being funny real funny.  I'm gonna buy. Oh my god. I could buy a wheel this week because I'm getting rid of my car Hey That we'll life to oh my god.  Oh, by the way roasting roasting roasting roasting. Yeah, don't map the gas out of turn You will lose it. Oh Jesus Hello, hello. Oh, no. Oh, yeah, it gets tail happy over in the air too. Oh my gosh It was me come through. Oh, but the brakes are very good.  Oh My gosh, so many shenanigans I'm not sure how to feel about this one gear thing. I I don't know, but I'm all over the track right now Why am I going ever? Okay? I need a breeze. Oh my god. I just cleared an event to door Did you and then you hit a wall I see you buy I don't think we have to record that I don't think we have to Win this one. I think we should have to complete this one Do I have to win to get the other car?  You got three laps, dude Oh, it's a oh, it's a lap race. Okay. Oh this car Oh Just slide out of the turn This kind of makes me wish I had like a leather or a suede wheel It will happen soon very very very very very very soon. Oh gosh Where you at? I'm I'm very far behind but I'm catching up very quickly As long as you smooth out of the turns like roll into throttle you should be good Brevin, it's me. Oh, yeah, you're never smooth I'm about as smooth as a baby's ours I totally just like did what you did, but I didn't clear an event to door But I soared straight into that wall. Oh, oh my gosh. I missed the same damn checkpoint Do you want to restart this race? No As he says yes under his breath, I'd like I'd like to convert this thing to all-wheel drive, please No, no mods Stock buh-bye to buh-bye to spinning tires forever in the day I mean, I'm pretty close to the front I mean, I just have to get pretty high up and as long as you stay in first We shouldn't win it with points, right? I'm not first, right? Yeah Uh, I think we should we we're probably close to winning right? Are we no No, we're not No, it's 1150 to 900. So oh my god All I have to take two. Let's try this again Repeat maybe third time's the charm. Let's hope not Oops, I saw it I saw that off the line. How do you stall? How do you stall a one-geared car? How do you miss it of that bag? um Horrible because I'm completely just is this on unbeatable Uh, it might be Because those first couple drive atars are just going to the moon and back It might be I think it probably is because I think I've been racing on unbeatable ever since I've turned it I'm not gonna jump this into this time I kind of saved that turn. Yep. Yep. We're good. I kind of saved. Oh, I missed such a point. No, we're not good No, you're having the same problem Here goes something. I'm not sure what it's going to be but it's going to be all right I'm going to try not to stall this off the line Yeah, I don't know how you manage that one Oh, I got off the gas when it was spinning tires and then it like just bogged and wouldn't go anywhere rookie Hey, I'm not used to this whole one gear thing All right, we're good All right. Yeah, let's go. Oh, let's not take each other out. Please. Oh, Jesus As you take me out right there I didn't even you weren't even on my screen It's okay. There's these nice two p ones right here They like team it up They got two red regalis. They're all teaming up against us. Oh wait. Yeah, technically it is that way, isn't it? All right, I gotta remember to break here Yes Break there we go All right, we're good. Let's break. We made that checkpoint without smashing into the wall This is good. This is good so far. Love how on my mulligan. We went all the way to the third lap Mine was not even fun. I missed it up messed it up. All right restart Well, I mean Oh bugatti trying to take me out Oh, no, that's all I can think about now is when you're talking about sailing over the uh event stores fly me to the moon And let me amongst the star Oh, or you could play uh rocket man For rocket man Oh, damn that backfire don't nasty loud All right, I'm currently in first. I'm gonna do my best to hold it promise absolutely nothing I'm currently in third Getting all kinds of sideways A lot winning by a lot of points Oh break break break break break. Oh, yeah break. Thanks. Oh almost forgot You gotta you got a veyron behind you I see it and he's the one that tried to take me out earlier Oh, I mean I can take him out. Oh, no trash can Let's not let's just win this first and third place place. I'm in fourth. I got passed by a four show Oh, come on It's a 918 We got this We got this all the regera odors in the world are shaking their heads at you saying I whoop 918s every day of the week and twice on Sunday. Come on Andy Well, what's what's gonna happen is I'm gonna get second right now, but I'm gonna let you win Just so you can get both the fours of thons in one go Oh Because you should be able to get both because you win an event provided. I don't bone this Like last second, please don't because I'm right behind you. So let's go break Oh geez airborne We're good Now I finally got the handle of this car Oh It's probably would do a lot better with some tuning but Out of the box.  Well, you're not going to but you're right. I'm not 360 for style 360 for style as you just Landed along my screen. Look at that So you should get it. You should get two. I should get one I hope and then I'm gonna hop in this 928 gts and rip it around the street There's war is one Automotive royalty. Yep. You got that one now. You should get the other one too velvet road to whatever it is Yep, there it is Only road buddy three percent of people that play this game have it. Oh 10. Oh, I got another achievement too We're completing 10 co-op events. That's all I've completed is only 10 co-op events What I feel like we've done way more. We spend most of our time No, we spend most of our time sliding we don't do many even with those goliaths The co-op goliaths well, I guess Well, we only did that like twice. All right. Well, that's gonna get us those fours of thorns I'm gonna hop in that 928 and see what it does. Yeah I will shoot as my game loads There it is The Porsche, right? Oh Old school Porsche 928 gts 1993 Uh, I wonder if it slides. Oh my god. It's a Porsche.  No, wait. Oh wait. I think I see you. I see you Street tandem Go this way this car Second gear I'm going left. So slow. David's rental help. Go left. That's raining. Oh, Jesus Pagani So 918 has no power I think we might head to the mod shop and modify this thing a little bit Just yeah, let's uh do that. Let's go meet up somewhere Let's mod this and see if we can't get some slides in this 989 28. Shall we? I don't I have exactly zero hopes for this car. Actually, it's not bad. Heads of the parking lot Already there Oh, well cheater Oh, what? Cheater Fast travelings for cheaters. Okay. I just fast travel Pair it out for those peasants Why did you put a ridiculous spoiler on that thing? Like I said, it's already ugly.  This thing is just screaming. Don't teach on it. I'm just mad at you John It shows You still doubt way more than I thought you were going to. Okay. I I didn't have my hopes for this car but I mean Well, that's good to be here for this episode here on Forza Horizon 3 big shout out to mk6 for coming out to Help me get that co-op campaign Forza time complete. We did get both poor shows It was a lot of fun racing those kona's eggs differently weird only having one gear But like I said, it was definitely a lot of fun. I hope you guys enjoyed this episode But I do want to apologize to you guys for the lack of content that will be here in the remainder of the week It was my birthday on tuesday and so my girlfriend's birthday on friday as well as we have a party on saturday So the remainder of my week is pretty packed with things that we're doing So I hope you guys understand about the lack of content for the remainder of the week But I will be back on monday with videos for you guys Maybe something a little different coming to the channel stick You know, you're gonna have to stay tuned to the channel on monday to find out what's coming down So like I said guys once again, you can follow me on facebook, twitch, twitter and instagram All of which are found in the description box below I hope you guys can understand that you know, I do have a busy schedule this week So I do apologize that there won't be you know, two more videos posted. So until next time guys I'll see you guys on monday. I hope you enjoyed this. Thank you for watching. I'm evil rabbit Because I've been sipping on hyena. I got the study of my vision and she ain't from the city


I think in communicating to the public about climate, it's almost impossible to simplify things too much. It's helpful to come up with analogies. Use metaphors which have really a common basis. So I understand them, but the audience understands them. Find ways to communicate concepts which will cross that bridge to the public. I have had fun explaining Milankovic cycles with me. This is the globe and here's the North Pole and don't ask where the South Pole is and then let's do some things there. What glaciers do is they act as sponges basically. So in the winter they hold that snow that falls and then they release that snow in the dry time of the year, which is typically the summer. Yeah, Usain Bolt goes and runs at 9.2 in the 100 meters and everybody just goes, this has got to be down to performance announcing drugs. Then he goes back and runs a day later and gets another 9.2 and everybody's convinced. And Andy was talking about extremes in climate and that's still a question and said, we couldn't get these extremes without the world having had the world's got its own performance in announcing drugging in carbon dioxide and it was a great line. We're kind of in a situation where the doctor told us quite a while ago that we had this condition and then we started to develop symptoms and then we started questioning the doctor. And now we do a lot of asking, well, is this pain in my toe? Is that my cancer or is that my Ebola that you say I have? And these are not the right questions to be asking. The question you should be asking is, what's the prognosis of this disease based on what we know? The rates of biodiversity loss are going to go down eventually because you'll lose the easy things that go first. It's like being burgled several times, the first time you lose your computers and your iPhone or for the next time, it's other stuff. And by the time they've been there, you've had three rounds of extinction. You're only seeing the things that nobody wants, the things that are very hard to get rid of, hard to move. Glaciers are kind of like an insurance policy. They accumulate snow during wet seasons and wet periods and then they melt and release that during droughts and dry seasons, but they're getting smaller so their ability to do that becomes less and less. It's the way that the climate models work is that they divide the world up into a series of boxes. So it's very like Lego, if you like. So you can imagine sort of building up Lego and each one of those Lego blocks represents perhaps a box in which the climate model has a value for temperature. It has a value for the amount of air or water within that box. It has a value for how fast the air or water within that box is moving and how much moisture is contained within it if it's the atmosphere. So you can imagine you've got sort of this matrix, if you like, surrounding the world of these boxes that go up in the atmosphere, down in the ocean. The ice shell works a little bit like, if you have a cork in a bottle of champagne, you know, it's like stopping the champagne. You break the ice shelf and the champagne comes out. And so the glacier has been observed to once the ice shelf, you know, collapse and it breaks up in pieces. They have been observed flowing faster in the ocean. Basically a model is like if you would construct your world out of little Lego blocks and it's basically the size of the Lego blocks. So you can buy really expensive Lego Star Wars ship. My son has those. They are very big. Expensive takes a poor parent's two days to build them and they have lots of detail. Or you can buy a little car for three-year-old, which doesn't have that much detail, but it's made out of big, big blocks. There's probably no parts of a climate model, of a modern climate model that still reflects what was done in the 70s. Almost everything's been rebuilt or rewritten, I think. It's like asking what's the relationship between a Formula One Grand Prix car in 2014 compared to 1970? And the answer is there probably isn't a single widget that's shared. You know, one year maybe one glacier or one continent has a good year, but overall globally, glacier mass balance is declining. And yeah, I just don't think we, for most of my students, you know, they weren't even alive the last time glaciers had a good year, a positive balance. And so there is no business that we would consider operational at that point. It would be bankrupt. And in this case, you know, we have huge reserves in terms of ice, you know, a huge bank reserves in terms of a company so that, you know, they can survive, but it's not a business model that's going to work. We arrive and we say, you know, climate is changing. It would be some impact. It can be difficult. We'll have to cope with it, you know.  And they arrive and they say, well, don't worry. Everything was going to be fine. All these scientists are crazy. There is nothing occurring or it is natural. Everything gets back to normal at some point. Who do you want to listen? The guy with the sugar in the hand or the guy with the lemon, you know? Climate scientists are almost like physicians of the planet. So if you went to the doctor and you said, well, I have some troubling symptoms and the doctor did a scan of your body and found something wrong, imagine if the doctor didn't tell you. If the doctor said, well, I don't want to tell this person that they have an incipient brain tumor because they wouldn't be very happy with me. They would probably accuse me of being in pay of the big pharmaceutical companies trying to make money off their illness. So I'm not going to tell them. Of course that's ridiculous. The doctor has to tell somebody if there's something wrong and the patient does not respond by saying, oh, well, you're in the pay of big pharmaceutical companies. They respond by saying, thank you, what can I do? Give me advice. So in the same way, we are the ones, climate scientists, who have done that scan of the planet. We have seen that the planet is running a fever. We have determined why it is running a fever. And we have looked at all the other many symptoms around the world that are resulting from this increase in temperature.


Team keep it clean. I'm hyped for this week. I'm ready for it man. It should be a lot of fun But anyway, we'll get to that when we get to it But first and foremost, I know we said we were gonna start with question from subscribers and that was always the plan But the bills decided you know what we want to sort of disrupt what Ravens fans been trying to have going on Early this morning. So about 30 minutes ago or from when I'm recording this the Buffalo bills They made a move that could help them out a lot, especially as von Miller recovers from his injury Hopefully he'll be ready by the start of the season. I don't know what his status is But this reunites him with his buddy that he served alongside with with the Los Angeles Rams that helped them win a Super Bowl because the Buffalo bills they are signing past Russia Leonard Floyd and The reason that needed to bring this up because one, you know, you know Buffalo bills with them They always up to something. They always up to something every single offseason every single year They usually make these big moves where it's like, whoa, okay bills I know you can still do that and while this may not be the big move This is a significant move for Buffalo and their past rush. I mean they got von Miller still obviously They just signed it Oliver to a contract extension and now they bring in Leonard Floyd. So they really Really trying to get after the quarterback But I respected and I admire it and I appreciate it But one thing that a lot of Ravens fans wanted because trust me I seen it all up and down a comment section video at the video at the video at the video especially when we talk about the past rush A lot of Ravens fans must say hey, let's get Leonard Floyd. Let's sign Leonard Floyd bring in Leonard Floyd Oh, we can get Leonard Floyd He could be that veteran past Russia that we've been looking for but Bill said oh We've been reading the comment section and now it's a no-no So Bill swooped in and they got that past Russia that so many Ravens fans have been clamoring for but It's okay. I'm sorry Bill we see you we respected but Ravens y'all still got some options out there. Hey, maybe just maybe The past Russia outside linebacker the edge guy that I've been clamoring for for years For a long long time. It's literally been years Maybe it could still happen Maybe there's a bigger chance of it happening now I mean if Ravens are still even in the market for another edge got veteran edge guy Not to say that they necessarily need it, but I mean they could use they could use a little more a little bit more because while the boat that I'm in I Am excited for the youth We talked about reunions with Leonard Floyd and von Miller being reunited again That's what's gonna happen next year. Well, this year with David a job. Oh and a doubt fair way They should be officially Reunited and maybe this will be the year where I think the Ravens are really gonna push David a job. Oh now because last year was sort of a red shirt. Yeah Last year was anything you got out of him and we said this at the beginning of the year Anything that the Ravens got out of David a job. Oh last year is a bonus should be considered a bonus But like my god, Noah said when he was on the channel a couple days a couple days ago He mentioned how with David a job. Oh, he said he is him. He is that guy And he expects him to go off this year Especially because he was a projected top five pick top 15 pick at the minimum But he expects him to deliver on that now this will be his year and that would be amazing to see I would love to see that But when you think about Ravens past rush, it could be nice. It could be solid It could be solid because right now they got David a job. Oh, they got a doubt fair way They got tires Bowser They drafted a pass rusher, but um, it seems to be pretty thin there overall And I feel like with Ravens past rush as of right now their banking on potential and there's Not necessarily anything wrong with that but Sometimes you in certain positions you want to have a short thing there too somebody who may have been there and done that Or what not or somebody who's more proven to and not even that you're saying a we got this proven guy here And that's gonna take away from the young guys at the past reposition But it could be like one of them things with a stay ready. So you ain't got to get ready We have a proven here guy. We got a proven guy here. I'm over here doing the tongue twister We got a proven guy here. So just in case the young boys ain't quite ready. We got somebody that could come in and feel it I don't know But we'll see I know I'm Justin Houston is obviously still out there too And I don't know what his status is. I haven't heard anything at all about his status the market for Justin Houston Nothing, I don't know if the Ravens are interested in bringing him back I don't know if he has interest from other teams. Maybe some of y'all have heard something But I have literally zero clue on what's going on with Justin Houston But um, I do feel like Ravens could beef up there. Just so just a little bit just a little bit again Let's stay ready. So you ain't got to get ready Because it'll be nice if the guys that we have if they can really blossom and we remember Taya's Bowser He of course two years ago. He was really turning the corner last year oh Yeah, last year he was recovering from injury Yeah, last year he got back from injury because the two years ago. He's really turned the corner He's coming on strong especially toward the end of the season really finding his groove And then in a lot the very last game of the season That's why I felt so bad for me. The very last game of the season got hurt I think was his Achilles or AC. I think it was Achilles, but whatever it was he got hurt inside Oh, so that that that messed him up for this past season to kind of set him back and So yeah, now he'll be a year removed From being hurt like a four-year removed So he should be a lot better healthy and whatnot going into this season Which is a beautiful thing because as we know again last year will stay ready. So you don't got to get ready I mean you can say that every year, but this year for the Baltimore Ravens health is wealth because Again, I read the way that they got the team constructed right now and they still got with some more moves that they can make but Health is the only thing that could get in the way of my pain It really and of course you're gonna have some games here and there that you mess up or whatnot because it happens every year But health would be the Ravens really that biggest enemy man So hopefully this will be the year where they conquer that this will be the year where? They can just really be healthy like really be healthy because if they are man like But also just referring to my guy Noah from for the flock when we had him on something that he also brought out Was about the past rush sort of making a break and not necessarily making a break in the defense But them being able to make the Ravens go from being a good defense to an elite defense If they can get the past rush right Because we know the Ravens is for it with the past rush That's something that they had struggled with for years it improved last year It really did and now we got some past rush We've got some sacks and some production some pressure from some different departments Then just the password and that's what you gotta do I get created sometimes because you know Marlon Humphrey they were sending them on blitzes and whatnot They would put him in a slot and then all of a sudden it looked like Marlon covering a slot guy No, no, he's going to blitz. You know Kyle Hamilton I said it throughout last year Kyle Hamilton was the best pass rush on Ravens last year And we said it jokingly but at the same time there was some truth to it too Kyle Hamilton I mean you want to call them a safety you want to call them outside line back password You call whatever you want to but that boy can play And I love what he said about I Love what he said about The the pff great. I know a lot of people. Oh, yeah He was the top rated safety in a league last year and that's technically true But he wasn't really playing safety like that He'd like so but and I love how I love how he addressed that so shout out to him But anyway, um Yeah, what what my god knows said about the past Russia It doesn't make sense because they can have an elite pass. I should they have a great pass. Oh That would be great. But anyway team keeping clean We'll see what the Ravens do next if they even address edge because Ravens might be like, you know what? Hey, we we said it's straight. We don't need nobody. We don't need nothing so but I I Don't think they'll do that Well, what but what do I know? I don't know nothing from nothing. So we'll see if the Ravens do anything At that position. Anyway, I love y'all. I appreciate y'all and just like the Ravens are when it comes to being in the linen Floyd sweepstakes We out


We're streaming from the beer shoyner at Alte Hölle in Brandenburg The coming talk looks at the method of carbon sinking a way to limit climate change Hans-Peter Schmidt will tell us how to do this with the help of biochar We're really happy to have him as a speaker because Hans-Peter is a pioneer in the field of biochar science And he has worked on the development of its technologies and the application Following the talk we have a short Q&A session from your devices at home You can send your questions via Twitter to the hashtag RC3 hell or via the IRC chat or the rocket chat at hashtag RC3 minus Gehaktis from hell Later, you can also meet Hans-Peter in a jitzy room called Discussion dot alt minus Hölle dot de and now over to Hans-Peter for 15 years now that I work on methods to extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and to sequester in the extracted carbon in a stable form I then soil on sediments and And We found and many others who were going to say in subject found several methods that can extract significant amounts of carbon dioxide and Also methods that can transform the extracted carbon dioxide into stable carbon forms that do not Decreate biologically or chemically and The Itaka Institute for which I work also developed the first carbon sink certificate that can certify and assess the amounts of carbon that are stored in carbon sinks and Now at the end of 21 We we are at a stage that several of these technologies could be scaled and Have to be scaled to reach the objectives of the climate policy But this scale up of these technologies is so massive that it will have an influence on the geophysics of our planet and that we have to consider and Those risks we have to think them now without further waiting to scale climate technologies but We need to take care that this scale up is done sustainably and And in our talk I want to to make some of these points that We will not Hopefully save the climate to get extinguished by other means and the end so did The the situation is rather clear and And most in the world most governments And people understood it by now that we need to reduce the emissions to close to zero by 2050 and and in all scenarios, we should have reached already The point of highest emissions by now But in fact emissions still rise but Everybody counts on On emission reductions to happen rather soon So we to be honest, we cannot see these reductions happening In the close future but Let's let's assume Emissions will be reduced then according to the plan until 2050 Even then we will need massive carbon sinks because of the effect of the CO2 that was already Emitted to the atmosphere and that is not degraded but has a global warming effect that continues for several Hundreds and thousands and ten thousands of years so To clean up Legacy emissions we need To extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and need to establish carbon sinks and We know that if everything goes according to the plans of the Paris treaty and and and other Decision makers Then we need To extract eight hundred billion tons of CO2 from the atmosphere by the year 2100 So this is not to balance further emissions, this is only to balance the effect of the emissions already Ocured But the technologies that are available To extract carbon dioxide they are called the negative emission technologies It's negative because it's positive is when you emit to somewhere negative would be just a subtraction Not a nice name, but that's what it is. So net technologies are nature-based like manifestation The growth of biomass which in fact is the way to extract naturally carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and As long as this biomass is growing and does not decompose The carbon is stored However, when you transform the Biomass carbon by pyrolysis Into a stable form like biochar and paralytic oils these Transformed carbon can be stored for longer times and that's what is here in the middle the biochar or Pyroganic carbon caption storage method Which is partly nature-based and partly Persistent and measurable because you have long-term carbon thing that cannot just go away by accident like in the forest fire There are other means like enhanced weathering May take volcanic stone powders that can react to carbonates and Then there is direct air capture is when when you extract by adsorption The CO2 so you filter air and you extract the CO2 and transform it then into Something that you can store. So our specialty is picks the biochar method and Just shortly to show you how this works So You have biomass You heat the biomass in the absence of air up to 400 to 800 degrees and then It's like cooking without air these biomass And then you have a solid residue, which is the biochar a liquid residue that you can Condense from the gas phase, which is the paralytic oil and you still have a permanent gas which usually is Combusted to drive the whole process, which is Energy neutral so you do not need external energy to run this process and And then this biochar can be used for example in agriculture To increase yields And to improve soil quality And then this makes that you have it can grow more biomass that then again can go back to to the production of Biomass and then transforming by pyrolysis by truck and also be used in industrial products and in building materials and plastics and and Composite materials Where the carbon does not decompose neither? so So this is in very short what is picks organic carbon capture and storage This is a pyrolysis unit of a smaller size that can produce Up to something like 1,500 tons of biochar per year So shortly again how it looks inside the pyrolysis so biomass that is shredded to smaller particles goes into the screwdriver and So it's avoided that any air can enter this process and then it goes into this screw reactor and The biomass is Transported here in this reactor where it is heated from environment temperature of 20 degrees up to 600 degrees and Then the biochar is The solid residue of this cooking that flows out of the process while the other 50% of the carbon is in the gas phase Which is separated here and then in this case all the gases are Burned to produce Thermic energy that drives the process and is then be used For heating purposes However, if you do not burn the gases, you can also condense the gases and use the liquid Of of the process the biochar is looks like this It's a very porous material that conserves The biological structure here you have a piece of wood that is carbonized. It looks like charcoal And if you look on the microscope, you see this enormous porous structure which explains a lot of Functions and effects that we see in biochar for example, you can impregnate it with organic fertilizers and Then all these pores are filled with organic fertilizers is Preserved so it cannot be leached out the soil and plants and microbes can feed from these conserved organic fertilizers So we have an effect of this biochar on Economic systems, but what I want to talk about today is only the effect that if you put this biochar to soil this carbon which was CO2 in the atmosphere which was assimilated by the biomass which was transformed in the pyrolysis To aromatic carbon, which is this black stuff this Aromatic carbon cannot be degraded Over centuries by microorganisms. So if you put it to soil, it is a long-term carbon sink so To have a global effect We need a lot of biomass in the European context we could say yeah, we use residual biomass leftovers from food processing or harvest residues or manure Or serious latch, but these are all biomass that could be Transformed by pyrolysis. However, the amount of this residue carbon is not As much as it could have a Climate effect. We need a lot more biomass and it means we have to grow biomass especially for The extraction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the transformation by pyrolysis So we have to combine Carbon forming systems with pigs with pyrogenic carbon capture and storage and there are different methods that are not Just monocultures highly intensive Production, but these are what we call carbon forming systems Like you can see here. These are silver arable. So you combine wood And traps with arable with crops or You have this kind of acroforestry systems that are highly productive in regard to biomass Instead of having just pastures. You can have silver pastures. So animals range below trees that produce Additional biomass We would also need algae farms that are highly productive and could be combined to shellfish and argies would Also clean coastal water from exceeding nutrients and so we can see that if we investigate as different farming systems That in addition to food production because we do not want to replace food production by biomass production But in addition to the food production, which is the green bar in a tropical Acroforestry system or we can produce the same amount of food as now, but in addition We can produce biomass for carbon sequestration Also in systems like tropical forest garden, you can have both and you can intensify the systems However, the Suggested eucalyptus monoculture as you can see here is would only be for carbon capture and would not produce Food and as you can see is not very efficient. Anyway It just doesn't make much work And Also marine seaweed is quite efficient in this regard now If you come back if we want now this part this green part This is the carbon sink part that we need to balance global temperatures and we know we need 270 billion tons of carbon in this carbon sink. So this is 800 gigaton CO2 equivalent and What does it mean if we would with this method paragonic carbon capture and storage deliver 30% of the necessary carbon sink What does it mean for global resources? So for this to happen for this 30% of the minimum necessary carbon sink We would need about 100 billion tons of biochar 100 gigatons of biochar until 2100 and Just to get an imagination on how much this is This is the amount of 1500 of this Matterhorn Mountains so the volume of One Matterhorn that you find in the Swiss Alps multiplied by 1500 with dense Biochar or just the imagination of how much we need to extract and sink and that's only 30% and this amount corresponds to a thin layer of 2 centimeter of biochar The 2 centimeter of biochar on each hectare of global agricultural land So we would have to cover All agricultural land by 2 centimeters of biochar which then will be dict Plowed into the soil as a carbon sink. So this is massive massive massive And it only makes 30% of the biochar so we would need to produce this amount of biochar we would need 190 gigatons of biomass and So this 100 190 gigaton of biomass We need to compare to the global standing biomass And that's about 0.8% of the global standing biomass and 0.8% of the global standing biomass would have to be paralyzed every year from the year 2050 to 2100 to produce the amount of carbon sink That's necessary to preserve 30% of the climate and that would need about 380,000 industrial pyrolysis plants so We calculated and looked and What does it mean to produce 400,000? Pyrolysis industrial pyrolysis plants and we imagine that it could be or has to be produced in chain production like cars But to reach the Negative emission potential that's necessary by 2050 we need an exponential growth of the production of these pyrolysis units, which would be possible and you see you see here This is the blue line so we have this exponential growth and And as you can see we have then a slowdown of of the Growth of absolute numbers So the the orange line here you see the production numbers per year So you you have to go until 2043 to produce 50,000 units per year But then you have to to slow down The production because we can only use 400,000 pyrolysis units on earth after that we do not have More biomass to treat So we need an exponential growth because of the severity of the problem of the problem And then we need an exponential degrowth of the 2043 to a steady state of the production of few plants That are needed to renew the standing plants So this is a very interesting from an economic point of view and we will see this in several areas because of the global economy and the global problems and the global limits of resources that we need Exponential growth and degrowth for several technologies and how that will be done. That's that's very interesting That's subject of today So so you saw it's massive what would be needed 400,000 plants And one plants cost about 1.3 million euro. So that's about 500 billion euro and That is not so much in the end. It's less than 50% of the annual military spending So from an economic point of view it would certainly be possible to make it happen So more problematic is how can we Make it happen on an economic point of view Financially, this is very attractive as we can see first the production of the industrial units And then you have a global carbon sink market If you calculate 100 euro per ton of CO2 equivalent and we know how much CO2 we need to extract So this is a 400 billion euro market per year only for carbon sink credits so Massive and very interested market and that's why you see a lot of financial institutes going already now into these markets Well, what do we have with the risks and side effects? So The 0.8% of the global plant mess that has to be paralyzed every year. That's about 0.75 ton biomass per hectare of agricultural land. So if we extract from every hectare of the world's crop land A Bit less than one ton of biomass. We could solve the problem. So that does not seem too much However, this biomass is everywhere and there are there are millions of farmers that all would have to be convinced to do it And then we have to bring the industry Close to them so that they can extract the biomass So let's say if 10% of agricultural land was used for biomass production by carbon farming so we set aside 10% of the global agricultural land and Then we only need 7.5 tons of biomass per hectare And that would be feasible because thanks to biochar based fertilization crop productivity Can increase About more than 20% So to have 10% aside would be possible. So let's say um It would In theory be possible to produce the biomass necessary for the carbon sinks on the available agricultural land without Decreasing food production But in the last five minutes of my talk, I want to give you another outlook Because socially environmentally It's still very much on the edge to do this huge scaling carbon pyroganic carbon Storage project Because we have several other problems on earth and not only the climate problem. We have the biodiversity crisis other ecosystem crisis and therefore The half earth project was Lensed About five years ago to say that It is needed that 50% of the earth's surface is preserved for Nature recovery And there are in fact Quite a lot of governments that Agreed to this program astonishingly and it has a lot of Support This initiative from Audrey Wilson You find more information on half earth project On the website that you see here below because that's that's the point if we do all this climate action We do not have enough land to preserve it for natural revival However, we have technology that's possible and In the latest Saudi Arabian solar energy project The kilowatt hour was produced at 0.88 cents And that means energy becomes so cheap that we have new possibilities for technology to produce in fact Carbon sinks Without plants so the Oppressed company They created this project a fuel, which is a methanol factory that runs entirely on renewable Powered energy, so you have this large solar panels, then you have here the The chemistry that's behind so In short you have direct air capture here where you filter out the CO2 from the atmosphere The energy is used for electrolysis That is done with desalinated water, so they produce hydrogen from desalinated water with the solar energy And with the CO2 from direct air capture. There is methanol synthesized methanol Is a liquid form of carbon? It's a bit like alcohol, but just methanol and Which is not toxic which can be pumped which can be transported which can be used as a fuel And which could also be used as a carbon sink So you you can find here and when you have more time you can go into details Though we calculated The the total balance so for 500,000 tons of carbon dioxide Equivalent in the carbon sink, so that means we extract 500,000 tons of CO2 from the atmosphere We need 11.5 Square kilometers of solar panels that produce 6,000 gigawatts hour of energy Part of this energy is used for the direct air capture part of this energy is used for desalination and electrolysis Which produces oxygen and then the hydrogen and the CO2 are synthesized to methanol Where you produce some energy that goes back to the process Where you produce also water that also goes back to the process and then you have the carbon sink and this methanol in fact Can be pumped back into old fossil storages like in the Saudi Arabia desert and So we scale this up and We would need only 21% of the surface of Saudi Arabia Used for this methanol carbon sink technology to sequester the necessary 800 gigaton of CO2 equivalent and Pump it back into abandoned fossil oil fields until 2100 And the interesting thing is that only This is only 10% of the surface that would be needed if we do the same thing with plants and Biomass and where everything works perfectly optimized Without chemical fertilizer without irrigation And not counting the risk of fire and other disasters happening to the biomass production With this technological solution I think we could prepare the biggest the biggest hack ever to turn The Arabian fossil fuel producers into carbon sink producers and pump back The liquefied carbon extracted from the atmosphere to the fossil oil fields Thank you very much So how can we avoid the risk of the permanent of CO2 sinks becoming a cheap excuse for not pursuing the necessary reduction of CO2 emissions on the other hand? Yeah, this is this is the main Main problem. I think now when we enter this carbon sink markets Because all the carbon sinks that are bought now are used for emission compensation and But but we have no choice. We have to curb the emissions. So Normally policy Makers should Defend the compensation of emissions with carbon sinks because the carbon sinks we need For the compensation of legacy emissions of all this year to that was already emitted before now Yes so How do you estimate the potential of pigs against the background of increasing interest in biomass for food energy and chemical industry Yeah, we we need all of it and we will not have enough of it and that's why I presented the possibility to Extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for the chemical industry for fuel for materials for plastics and also for carbon sinks. I Think we will not achieve The protection of our ecosystems and of the climate With the biomass that we have on the planet only All right, actually just the fourth question came in I think we have time for one more little question. How can we be sure that? Operates would be more successful than in example These attack What was the first one? How can we be sure that operas would be more successful than this attack? Yeah, I The economics are much better now because Solar energy is so much cheaper than 20 years ago when desert tech started and The the system is more complex because of the coupling with chemical industry with carbon sink and the necessity is also higher, so I think We we can achieve this and desert tech is not that yet and and could continue also towards More complex systems Thank you Petya, thank you very much I'm saying goodbye to you in the stream now, but everyone is invited to join further discussion in the jitzy room now Which you can reach under? Discussion dot alter minus Hölge dot de Goodbye from beer shoyna and see you in the jitzy room. Thank you You


The fact that we are not only geographically speaking a core element of Europe, but that we can also become a very strong part of Europe thanks to multilingualism is a significant opportunity. I am firmly convinced that the future of Europe lies in the European regions and in this sense we have to present ourselves alongside our partners as a European core region. This represents a significant opportunity as well as a personal opportunity for everybody growing up in the Tsarland. We are able to present ourselves even stronger as an associate in Germany to whom can be appealed to in order to succeed on the German market or even beyond. I believe that in so doing we will be able to further promote the Tsarland. The French strategy of the Tsarland has been appraised very well in France. I have seen much approval, real approval, even enthusiasm for this mutual vision. The France strategy is a significant opportunity for further development of the Tsarland as well as our partners in the border region that also represents an important impulse for the German-French relations. If we succeeded in becoming a gateway to France and if every German entrepreneur interested in France were to handle the whole thing through us, then we would definitely have a tremendous opportunity. People who have facilitated themselves not only with their own home country but also with neighboring countries and cultures have access to more opportunities in the Europe of today and tomorrow. And with regards to this, the Tsarland is particularly well positioned. One of the prerequisites for success with regards to the implementation of the France strategy is multilingualism. That means we will have to take responsibility in ensuring that the French language in schools and kindergartens is better accepted without neglecting the English language. I have worked within the framework of French-German relations for almost 20 years and everything being done in order to promote togetherness is very positive and I think it is brilliant that the Tsarland has adopted such a position. It would be extremely desirable to uphold the position of the region, also beyond the border as an attractive place to study, to keep young people in as well as to attract them to the region. In my opinion, the conclusion we should draw from the France strategy is to inform Berlin about the geographical situation of the Tsarland as well as the relations to Lorraine. Secondly, we have to commit ourselves, supported by the government in Paris, to putting the necessary measures into place in Lorraine by emphasizing the fact that we are indeed an extraordinary region. Multilingualism is always an advantage, not only for the Tsarland but also for each and every individual. In France, this project has been received in a completely positive manner. We are ready to react to the political impulse given by the Minister-President of the Tsarland.