NBA 2K22 has the community divided and for a lot of reasons we're going to explore here today. Step number one, let's identify the problems. Step number two, let's look for some solutions. We're talking to some members in the community and hopefully we can come up with some answers. Getting to the bottom of what it is that's wrong with NBA 2K22 is no easy task because as you'll see here in this video, as you ask people a question, you get a variety of responses. So we're going to dive into the most popular ones here in this video and see whether or not they even hold merit. Oh, the problem that they're having is like they're having a hard time keeping players on their game. After the people hit level 40 in two days, I'm off for two months. The game fell off. Fell off, it done four. The thing wrong with NBA 2K22 is that it's repetitive. It's not skill-based. So I feel like there's not a reason to make you want to grind and that's why I don't like the season system. There's nothing to keep me going. I might get on for 30 minutes or hour, but what's the reason for me to play all day? Having a city because it's just like, bro, everybody's not getting spots. You know, the people that go on streets, you know, the people that go on streets, they just, they're not getting that many games no more, man. They got to go back to the park, listen to the community, listen to it. And the funny part is that first people loved NBA 2K22. I mean, man, they had glowing reviews. I couldn't spot a person who didn't enjoy the game, but it could have been the updates. It could have been a slew of other problems, but now the sentiment is not the same. I've never seen the community this divided before, and I think I know why.  I didn't have a logo, and I was like, damn, I look, he can't get back to my games. And it's like, I don't know. That's just one of the things that made me stop playing. I'd have to like tweet out to get people on my game. And then they're like half the people that I was tweeting out to at next. And it was just annoying, you know? All right, let's find out how long it takes to really get into a game. Most people don't know my PSN because I don't post too many gameplay videos. So it shouldn't be a matter of people just flooding because they know this agent right there. It's starting now.  You have to go to the apartment and boom, I could zip line. This is easily the fastest way to get around. The argument people have is 2k should by default give us fast ways to get around. You shouldn't have to grind for them. I got to go across the... I got to go all the way to the right. Oh, here it is. Oh, this is going to be perfect. Wow. Oh, I got a game. Wow. That was under two minutes. So I'm not here to sell any kind of story, ladies and gentlemen. I did get the game in under two minutes. Well, that's probably not most people's experience. There you go. I guess it's possible. There's absolutely no reason to play the game. Usually in previous 2k that kept people on the game longer, it was harder to hit the max level. It took at least four, five months. And the fact that people can get the top repping two and a half days, and there's no fun in going for it. If everybody that's playing the game, it's a top rip. But I ain't going to lie to you. I haven't touched 2k since NBA 2k20. It's like this, man, they f***ed up once in 18. They f***ed up again in 19, in my opinion. And they f***ed up in 2k20, in my opinion. So back to back, I said three times is a strike. But I still been watching from afar. The most popular answer you'll probably get is franchise fatigue. The reality is, if you've been playing the game for a while, well, you might be tired of it. That's the truth that it mattered. The newbies are more forgiving of some of NBA 2k's flaws. So is franchise fatigue what's really at play here? Stop playing because of franchise fatigue, to be honest. I've been playing 2k for a long time. So that was my personal reason. But I personally was like, content creators got two games this year. That was a good fun game. But me personally, I just like the concept of park, like I had to take another year off just franchise fatigue. I've been doing it for so long. No, I don't think that is franchise fatigue. I think people are tired of surprises and building hype. I believe everybody just wants to be told the truth. They're tired of the lies. Simple. And actually, that one does hold a lot of merit. Fortnite's the best example. The first year, I mean, you couldn't catch anyone saying anything negative about Fortnite. Man, it was just positive comments on Twitter, of all places. Come year for, man, straight criticism for Epic Games in Fortnite. Reality is the longer you play a game, the less you want to put up with the bullsh**. It applies to actually a lot of things in your life, like your relationships. I mean, it's a pretty decent game, gameplay-wise. I just get on it whenever I'm bored. And I think that's the case with a lot of people. It's okay. I'm guessing I think that I might not like it after the new patch because they took away Speed Boosting. And every time 2K does that, I strongly dislike it. So I think I won't like it now, but I like the game when it came out. I feel like they took the rep rewards for the entire year and they split it up and they tried to make it seem like, oh, we gave you new rewards. And they took things you would get for free before, like animations, and now you have to unlock it. It's just not the same, bro. See, I wanted them. Oh, it's like the NBA 2K16 and 2K17. Look, if the games are still like that, I'm telling you, the games are still like that, I'll still be on that motherfucker. Hold up, hold up, hold up. This video right here is sponsored by C-Geek. I've been working with C-Geek for a very long time. They've helped save me money and time searching for tickets going to any events. Here, look at you, man. Wow, you're at an NBA arena. Wait, stop. What seats did you get? Were those the best seats you could have got? Did you get finessed? You don't know. Well, C-Geek, they analyze every single seat and they give you a rating from 1 to 10, letting you know whether it was a great deal or a bad deal based on where the seat is and how much is going for it. Green meaning good and red obviously meaning bad. I mean, the benefit of C-Geek is it aggregates tickets from all over the internet and it puts it in one place. So, if there's a better seat when you perform more, C-Geek knows about it. So, you're saving money and you're saving time and you get to go to the events you wanted to go to. So, don't have any regrets the next time you head out to an event. If you head to the top link in the description and you click the link, go over there to C-Geek and use code AGENT.  Again, that's code AGENT, A-G-E-N-T. It's a huge shout out for C-Geek for helping sponsor this video. The reality is even if NBA 2K dropped a fantastic product, well, that's what we thought NBA 2K 22 was at launch. The people that have the biggest problem with it are the people that have been playing the game for the longest. That's the reality of franchise fatigue. You don't want to cash franchise fatigue because they hit you like a ton of bricks. I've seen it happen in the Call of Duty community where there's a huge dip and then a resurgence. The reality is if the game developer and the publisher aren't providing you a brand new experience and I feel like that's the core of what this is, you're going to get burnt out. You will always have franchise fatigue where people get tired of the game. Usually in successful franchises there are new people to replace them. I feel like in 2K what we're seeing is not only franchise fatigue, we're not seeing many new people get interested in this game. Honestly, it's not really new. I want to go back to where it was good in like 2K16 and 17 where it worked. If you looked at any other game when they find something that's good, they chime in on it. 2K is like, no, we're just going to like scrap everything and just start from fresh every single year, which makes no sense. Well, we established franchise fatigue is real. It applies to plenty of people, some OGs in the community, you know who you are, but that doesn't mean you have world criticism. Your criticism is real. It's just a new BC Passive because they're in the honeymoon phase. But that's besides the point. Giving a new experience to a video game is not just a new game mode or a new piece of content or a season 4 of NBA 2K22. It's a new way to play the game, a new way to actually experience the game. It could be something as simple as adding proximity chat so you can talk amongst the people in the city. Maybe then it would feel like an actual city, but it could be something as large as providing us with a whole entire new mode. That's what my career was. That's what Park was when it was first introduced. And it's been probably like seven years since 2K has given us that. How about we start there?   They just buildings and then taking up a whole bunch of space. There's no more.  Not no more. Because everybody's so spread out and nobody got time to skateboard from this side of the city all the way over to that side of the city just to see who playing. Like, no, but I stay over here. I see them another time. I hopped in the city this year. And even though it's a lot like really improved, I got PTSD from 2K21 next gen. So I didn't even, I couldn't play the next gen, the Cine 22, just because it looked too similar to 2K21. And even though a lot of people don't care, I'm an aesthetic guy. I personally like seeing new parks and new maps. So I couldn't play 22 because it reminded me too much of 21. I think the city was a huge failure. It's not like I hate it, but I feel like it's buggy. You get lag spikes all the time when you're just walking around. I feel like it's unneeded. Things that I would be able to access in the store menus before. Now I have to walk a long area for it. And I get it. It's for promotional purposes, but it serves no kind of use, I think, for like, average player. If ideas are plenty and execution is difficult, well, amongst the community, and I'm sure 2K employees themselves have some brilliant ideas, there's plenty of ideas to go around. 2K, what does the hold up with the execution? We almost at this point demand a new experience, something fresh, a new way to play the game. 2K hasn't done that for us in a while. I think instead of the city, 2K should keep it basic like it was in the previous two days. The park needs to be together. But everything that you have to travel in the city to go to, you should be able to do it straight from your menu. I'm definitely looking for brand new experiences, but in all honesty, I just want the base level line of things that other games have, like crossplay, like crossplay, like crossplay. The next nagging issue has to do with the fact that, well, where do we provide the new experience? Is it on current gen or next gen? The reality is, the game is split and the community split, and that's a big problem. Ain't no solution until they revert back to a one one console game. Crossplay might do it, though. I don't know. Crossplay might do it. I think current gen and next gen should be the exact same game. I think it should be crossplay between the two of them. And then I think next gen should have access to just slightly more rewards or slightly more moves or something to incentivize people to get next gen because I know that's what they're trying to do is push in that direction. But I think they should still be able to play with each other and have the same exact game. The sad reality is that the community is more divided than ever. They're torn by the fact that, well, does your friend play on current or next gen? The guard build he has, is it on current or next gen? It's harder now than ever to just find teammates to reasonably and consistently play the game with. And that's a problem. But I mean, it gets even worse than that. Next generation is supposed to be more and faster. But if you want things to be compatible with previous generation, because it's so hard and unaffordable to get the next generation, then you're kind of holding next gen back. I think realistically, you have to make the same game. I think they have to make the same game in order to stop the division between the consoles. Because I think that's ultimately what has an effect on content creators and just people in general. Imagine you and your friend both happen to like 2k, right? And now it's like you'll have to like 2k on the same console.  So ultimately, they need to just make one game, make the next gen version have better graphics. But I say have it be console backwards compatible. People on last gen got to be able to play with next gen. So what would the solution be? You can't just pack up the current gen people. It's very challenging right now to continue to get these next generation consoles. Well, do you just not make any next gen improvements on next gen? Well, that's not a good solution either. It's clear that cross play is necessary. But is it even possible to cross play the city into current gen? Next gen is doing too much. You know what I'm saying? Current gen still has that park feel a little bit. It has just a teeny bit. But that, I don't know, man, the city, the city. I don't think cross play will save 2k. I think it'll add a lot to it. But I think the biggest thing that's going to save 2k is consistency. I think they missed the mark on back to back games and maybe a new innovative mode well done with save 2k. As far as saving 2k, I don't know. I think 2k is the only company that can save itself. You know what I mean? They have to do more, not just cross play. You just remove the city. It's an awful idea. It's an awful idea. It's awfully implemented. Get rid of it, please immediately, expeditiously. Get it the f**k out. Personally speaking, the city for me is just like way too big. 2k and I think even some members in the community want to continue to push this narrative or this idea. We want to be spending like five minutes trying to get from point A to point B because it's realistic. I want to get to things in a very convenient manner like it was in the park. The truth is 2k is actually incentivized to drop this game on both current and next gen. They sell it, well it used to be at $69.99. Now it sells at $79.99. You might even call it two units in the annual report. So how do you take a company that's incentivized to do the thing that you don't want to do to do something else? Well, you incentivize them properly. I'd be happy if 2k did no more annual releases. From a content creator perspective that's pretty bad because then it's like you don't get the hype of a new game. I guess they'd announce them as like new seasons almost like they're doing now. But I think it would be better for the game. I wish if they did that they just stuck on the 16 engine because that's by far the best engine 2k's ever had. Video game publishers published the stats of how their game performed sales and units and if you look at this list here November 2021 about two months after the release of NBA 2k 22 the game is already in 10th place being beaten by Madden who's in fifth place. Although the list doesn't provide full context it says here digital sales are not included obviously that propelled NBA 2k a lot higher. And on top of that Xbox digital sales aren't included at all for the entire list that might push games like Forza Horizon up more. Not to say the game sold poorly all of the best-selling 2k's of all time if you put them in order have been in the last three years. So when the peak keeps getting higher and higher 2k really doesn't have much motive to switch things up. Trying to incentivize a billion-dollar corporation to act in the interest of its consumers is well a billion-dollar question. Reality is 2k often makes decisions against the community's interests and they did it again in season three. Alright so what did we learn franchise fatigue exists how 2k can solve for it is providing people with a new experience. The ideas are plenty I've sat here and talked about a 3v3 ranked mode for years now a real one with leaderboards and stats you can reference you play against people at your level you can play in places all around the world like Shanghai Washington DC Venice Beach and you know it's funny 2k had something like this in NBA 2k 3 almost 20 years ago but let's be honest what's happening right now is crazy people that have been part of the 2k community for a while are leaving people that have been playing the game for a while have stopped. Now I'm be honest this is the most down I've probably seen 2k community in a very very long time so if 2k has any hope of helping put this back together and helping reinvigorate the reason why people even enjoyed playing 2k in the first place they should start by listening to the community and sometimes that means putting the quality of the game over the pursuit of profits. Hey scroll down to the comment section and let me know where you believe 2k went wrong and how you believe they can fix it if there was ever a video this is the one if you guys enjoyed or agreed drop a like on this video it took some time to make so I'd appreciate it but otherwise I'll catch you guys in the next one video on the screen right now if you're bored and I'm out peace


Earlier this year at our build event in the spring, we announced the newest member of our Visual Studio family, which is Visual Studio Code. VS Code is a code optimized editing experience. It's small, it's fast, provides both code and intelligence, as well as debugging support. It also is built in source control integration with things like Git. And the great thing about Visual Studio Code is that it works not just on Windows machines, but also on Mac and Linux machines as well. And it's available entirely for free. And we've had more than one million downloads of VS Code in just the last few months since we announced the preview of it. And what's cool is about half of those downloads are coming from non-Windows systems. And so the great thing about this is it's really enabling a much broader range of developers to take advantage of the Visual Studio family, regardless of what operating system their development machine runs. And what I'd like to do is invite Anders Halsberg on stage to show off some of the what you can do with Visual Studio Code, as well as highlight some of the cool features that we're announcing here this week. Here's Anders. Thank you. Thanks, Scott. I have to say I'm really, really excited about what Visual Studio Code is doing for .NET development on Mac and Linux. Here we have the same home controller app that Scott Hansen was showing a little bit earlier, but now opened up in Visual Studio Code on a Mac. And as you can see, we get a full fidelity experience in here with, you know, statement completion, colorization, highlighting, and so forth. Now, we already have a great debugging story in Visual Studio Code for Node.js and C-Sharp on Mono. And now we're adding debugging support for .NET Core as well on Mac and Linux. So let's take a look at what that looks like in action. What I'm going to do here is run the code. So I'm going to press F5 to start. And that's going to spin up the Kestrel web server that we're using. It's going to give me a debug console here. There we go. So as you can see here, we can do watches. We can look at local variables. We can look at watches. We can single step through our code. So let's try to single step a little bit. Let's step over the code that creates a user object. And we can even evaluate expressions over here and drill in and see that the values we put in the object are there already. So pretty cool .NET Core debugging on a Macintosh. All right. Now I'm going to switch gears and let me stop this. Close this window here. Let's switch gears and try to take a look at some TypeScript and Angular 2.  And what we have here is a to-do MVC open source example.  This one is written in TypeScript and uses Angular 2. We've also added a Node.js backend to it so we can play with Node. Now TypeScript in a nutshell is a statically typed superset of JavaScript that compiles two plain JavaScript. And it delivers basically two important advantages. One is excellent tooling powered by static typing. The other is the ability to use modern ECMAScript 2015 and 2016 features in your apps and have the code compile to JavaScript that runs in older browsers. Now TypeScript is written in itself. It's entirely cross-platform. It is entirely open source and hosted on GitHub where the team and myself work on TypeScript every day these days. So in here you can see we have a modern ECMAScript app. We're using import statements and modules. We're using classes. We're even using features from the future decorators, which is a proposed feature for ECMAScript 2016. Now as I'm working in Visual Studio Code, we get static checking in the background constantly. So if I make a mistake, we immediately get red squigglys that tell us that I mistyped a property name. Let's fix that. I can do code navigation based on static typing. So for example, I can say go to definition on to-do store. That takes me to the import. I can go to the actual class definition of that. If I could get my keyboard to work, there we go. And over here we see the definition of the class. I could also ask to see all references and scroll through here. And for example, there are three references to this guy, and I could just navigate to all of those. Let me actually go full screen here. So whoops. Okay. All right. Let's try to run this app. There we go. So I'm going to fire up two commands here. One is to run the typescript compiler in watch mode in the background. And the other is to start the node server part of our app. And let's try to switch to the browser. There we go. We'll go to this time local host, 3,000. And here we see our little to-do app, and we can enter items here. One, two, three, et cetera. We can check them off. We can clear the completed ones. Now, this toggle here is supposed to toggle the state of all of the to-dos that we have in our list, but it's obviously not working currently. So let's try to go back to the code and see if we can fix that. I know that that's wired to the method in here. It's wired to the... No, sorry. It's in store. Here we go. To the set all to method where I've actually just commented out the line. But let's look at the experience that we get as we're entering code here. We say this dot, and you see that we get statement completion on all of the members in the class we can pick to-dos. And since that's an array, we get statement completion on all the members on array. If we pick for each, we here get told what all the parameters are and so forth. So this is all powered by static typing. So let's finish the code here. There. Now, we might also decide to, for example, rename the class. And I can just use the built-in rename command and call it, say, remote storage. Like so. And when we do that, again, this rename refactoring is powered by static typing. And it changes all of the places that I'm using this class, including over here in the other file. You'll see that these now changed. Okay, so because I am running with autosave on in Visual Studio Code, my code continuously is saved to disk. And because I started my command line compiler in watch mode, it is continuously rebuilding the project. So I don't actually have to even press save in order to get my code updated. I simply just switch to the browser, refresh. There we go. And now my button works. Thank you. Now, my app has a server side written in Node. Here you see a piece of that code. We actually wrote this part of the app using a new feature in TypeScript 1.7. Which is asynchronous functions and async await that you may know from C sharp already. We now support that on Node v4 and later. And we can take a look at what that looks in action. So let's try to go to the debug pane and then that's simply attached to the already running server there. Let's switch back to the browser and then let's add a new to do item. And as we do that, press enter. We hit the break point and in here again you see we can look at local variables. We can look at a call stack. We can set watches. We in fact have a watch here on the message that got sent to the server. And we can even see in here that here's the string that we just entered. So pretty cool experience here. As you can see we have very solid support for Node.js, Angular 2 development in visual studio code. But even better we also have an extensibility model that allows you to add new features to your app. Now you may know that I have a background in Pascal going back quite a long ways. Let's look at some Pascal code here.  It's a pretty plain experience. There's no statement complete. There's no highlighting. There's no colorization. But in fact we now have available the ability to add extensions in visual studio code. So we can try to install an extension. And indeed there are already in the gallery multiple extensions available for Pascal. We'll just pick a simple little one here. Restart the IDE. And here we are. Now we can now we can reminisce in color. So great extensibility story that allows you to add new capabilities and even support for new languages. Now in fact all of this stuff I've been showing you here. Angular TypeScript. The Angular team at Google is actually using visual studio code and TypeScript to develop Angular 2. The teams actually spend a lot of time together just improving our technologies. And I think it truly speaks to the power of open source. In fact we actually have a team member from Angular in the audience today. I'd like to welcome Jules Kramer up to the stage. Hi Jules. Hi thanks Andrew. So Jules tell us a little bit about your experience using TypeScript on the Angular team. Great slide. So yeah the Angular team has been using TypeScript to write Angular 2. And we found it lets us find bugs and refactor our code faster which has given us a lot more time to actually make Angular 2 itself better. And we actually discovered not really alone. We recently surveyed about 2,000 Angular developers and found a good portion of them about 45% are also using TypeScript for their Angular development. So there's a lot to love about Google and Microsoft working together on an open source project. It's just awesome. Is there anything else great coming in Angular 2? There's lots of great things coming in Angular 2. It's going to be blazingly fast. We've made it a lot simpler so it's easier to learn. And one of the greatest things about it is it works not only on the desktop but also on mobile web and native mobile. So as a developer you can learn one framework and target multiple platforms. As well as a lot of other features and capabilities. And our collaboration with the VS Code team makes it so that VS Code already understands all of those capabilities. And it's a great choice of editor for Angular developers. Thanks Jules. I just want to say thank you for you guys for being such strong partners. It's really a pleasure to work with you guys. It's been awesome. All right. Thank you everyone. I think one of the things a lot of people talked about over the last 18 months is kind of the new Microsoft that we're trying to build. Which is much more open, much more collaborative. And it's kind of a flash forward to where we are today versus where we've been in the past. Having Anders demo an open source language on a Mac with a Google engineer on stage collaborating on a project together. That is sort of a very different world than we've been in the past. And it's really kind of indicative of the type of thing we're trying to do really across the company with all of our products. At the end of the day everyone wins in that situation. Most importantly all the developers out there taking advantage of all this great technology.


Let's examine the wavelength spectrum of radiance observed by a satellite looking down at a location on Earth. Because the absorptivity and thus emissivity of different gases changes dramatically from 6 to 25 microns, the satellite is observing radiance from different types of matter at different wavelengths. The radiance depends on temperature, so once we know the radiance, we know the temperature of the object that is radiating. The Planck distribution function spectral radiance is plotted for curves of different temperatures from 200 Kelvin to 300 Kelvin. Thus the radiance gives us the object's temperature, and since we have a rough idea about the temperature profile of the atmosphere, we can make a pretty good guess at the height of the radiating object and what is actually radiating, whether it be Earth's surface or a gas like water vapor, carbon dioxide, or ozone. Between 8 and 13 microns, no infrared gas absorbs very well in the atmosphere, except for ozone around 9.6 microns. Note that the radiance in this window came from matter at a temperature near 300 Kelvin or 27 degrees C. From the satellite's position, this radiance is known to come from the ocean Pacific. At the edges of the strong water vapor absorption band at 6 microns, say at about 7.5 microns, note that the radiating temperature is about 260 Kelvin. This radiance must be coming from water vapor at 10 to 20,000 feet altitude. At 6 microns, the temperature is quite a bit lower, and so therefore this radiance comes from water vapor at a much greater altitude in the atmosphere. In the CO2 absorption band near 15 microns, the radiance is equivalent to a temperature of 220 Kelvin, which is from CO2 near the tropopause, since this is the lowest radiating temperature that we see. Note that little spike in the middle of the strongly absorbing CO2 band. It is coming from CO2 that is warmer than the tropopause, but we know that it must be coming from above the tropopause because the center of the CO2 band absorbs the strongest, and thus this radiance must be coming from CO2 higher than above the tropopause. It must be coming from the stratosphere. This makes sense. The stratosphere is warmer than the tropopause. So we can actually learn a lot about what is being observed simply by looking at the satellite thermal infrared spectrum like this one.


Hi, FossAsia 2020. It's great to be here, albeit remote. So, hope you're all well. I hope everybody's keeping well. We'd like to start this talk by taking a picture. If you don't want to be in this picture, then please hide your face. Hold something in front of your face. Okay. Thank you very much. FossAsia 2025. It's great to be back. I'm proud to see everybody here. Again, as we've done in past talks, we'd like to take a picture.  Okay, let's go. Thank you very much. So, what a year it's been. So, we've had the 28th Amendment in America, the Trump Amendment. He's in office until the party gets sufficient votes to overtake. That will trigger an election. But this has to be a physical nationwide poll that overtakes sentiment analysis across all social media and news outlets and whatever the government wants to do. It has to overtake the AI before an election is triggered. Otherwise, he's still the president. COVID-25, predicted by AI and tracked through wearable tech, was stopped in its tracks after only 1,000 cases and no deaths. Singapore continues to act as a bridge between areas. It's acting as an area where you can get access to the balkanized web, so you can get log-ons to the Chinese web, the Russian web, the EU web, the American web. And one of the interesting things about the American web is that it's got very aggressive AI, and it's e-commerce. You log on with bank details, and AI predicts what it is you want and what it is you need, sends it to you and deducts payments before you do anything. And you then got to start to fight to get refunds through online AI courts. We've had drone swarms at exits of transport hubs using facial recognition technology. These are tracking people with temperatures or other known suspects, etc. I'm not sure what term they use, but it's starting to track people across lots of towns. It's quite interesting seeing the swarms fly around, though. So who are we? We are data kind, a global nonprofit that harnesses the power of data science and AI in the service of humanity as a strap line. They do pro bono data work through meetups and all sorts of other events that they organize for charities and nonprofits. It starts to get the charities and nonprofits interested in being data driven. And it starts to introduce people who are data scientists and interested in data and data driven things introduced to the NGOs and the charities. There are six chapters around the world, two in America, one in the UK, one in India, and one here in Singapore. So the results from the pictures that we've been taking. So we've been analyzing the data through clean, de-bias data. And we've been looking at the audience through all sorts of other things through social media and various other things that we can get data allowed to have the data of. And we are, as the slide says, we've been using de-biased homomorphic encryption. It's securely stored. It's all auditable. And only a few people have access to the unencrypted data. This goal is to maximize ticket sales. So maximize the revenue that FOSSAsia got. And so we can then plow that back into the community and give away free tickets, early birth tickets, bursaries and prizes. The models were developed and were assessed by a panel against the Singapore framework for AI and the data sharing agreement. We're going to present a chart on that because we've been having some issues with that. And now we've got to change things, especially now as a Singapore AI framework is regulation. We've got to have a look at maybe re-engineering some of those things. So here's some results. Divided the community up into these groups, into five groups. We normalized the attendance to the 2019 attendance and we've been tracking that. We've had to go back through the data and track all that. What we've been seeing is that some groups have been impacted and others have gone up in the numbers. And now we've got to go through all this data and say, see why that was happening? We may be discovering proxies. And now the AI framework is regulation. We need to start to fix this and re-engineer some of the work that's been done. Had we been looking for proxies earlier, then maybe we could have avoided some of this bias and have fairer access. But we can't go back and correct it now. But what we can do is review the strategy going forward. So thanks to FosAsia 2020. So I'd like to take a picture, but maybe we shouldn't because we don't know what kind of things we're going to start to introduce into this. So let's do a bit of a revisit. Early in 2019, the PDPA published a framework and they invited comments. Looking at this, especially the contributors, we thought there wasn't enough involvement or protection of civil society. So data kind, people from effective altruism and interested individuals got together and wrote a response paragraph by paragraph suggesting improvement. It didn't take away the substance of the framework, but we thought it added dimensions of work towards protections, awareness and for protections and awareness. And for the PDPA, these improvements could potentially stop litigation. This was in the form of, we called ourselves a, what did we call ourselves, a working group, non-profit working group for AI. Some of the stuff got into the version two of the paper and we were credited with that. But before we get to AI and responsible AI, I think a lot of this starts with data and this is just the latest graphic that indicates in some of the major areas how much data is going to, going away from all our interactions because we've moved increasingly from the physical to the digital and we generate vast amounts of data with every action that we take. It pours onto servers with greater volume and greater speeds than ever before. And we give up this data mostly for free.  In and of itself, this may not be really a problem, more of an irritation with constant interruptions that pop up adverts. And to some, it seems slightly creepy when you're on another computer and it seems to know what you're looking at on a different computer. But everything is data these days. To my mind, one of the emerging battlegrounds is voice. The more we speak to things, the more we record, more data, we are giving up to make more accurate engines. That's a good thing, isn't it? We want the models to become more accurate. Isn't it even more irritating when we're recommended hair products when we're bald and various mistakes like that? But it seems to me that we live in this age of constant cognitive dissonance. We know we're giving away data and that may be a bad idea. It's invasive. But there's so much cool stuff out there and so much of it for free. But it is how this data is taken, how we can convince it of it and what is done with that data that can be part of the problem. Shashana Zuboff in her book, Surveillance Capitalism, talks about data being expropriated since there is no apparent law against it in many cases. Data is taken without permission, worked into product and sold back to us. They seem to work on the idea that it's better to ask forgiveness for permission. And so if you look at products like Street View, that was developed in this way. Google drove around to lots of pictures since public spaces are free. And it's been brilliant. It's been a boon to many people. But we are being habituated into giving away a lot and then paying to get it back. And if we object to this, it feels like a losing battle. Things like the right to be forgotten to have potentially damaging data removed is being rolled back across the world and this can cause problems. The case of Nader Soctane in Iran shows what can happen when mistakes are made. The name was similar to one associated with a shooting during the election in 2009. A link was made after searching for a similar name and her face, Nader's face, was then posted as the face of a martyr. The authorities approached her, asking her to debunk the killing of fake news she was to appear in person. She wouldn't do that. And what she was then told that she could be charged with treatment, threatened with imprisonment, even death, and eventually she became a refugee. And many people think this is just the beginning. A lot of this will get worse and worse as IoT and wearables become more ubiquitous, gathering data about how we react to things and mistakes will be made. You could say that this has been done for a long time, but these days with the models used in AI systems, they are getting better at doing it at scale and at speed. I'm presuming that that will go for the mistakes and some of the mistakes as well. Things like the five facts of personality model has been used to get to what we post on social media for quite a while. We've used what we post, but how we post the language used, length of words and other parameters. And this is met with some success in predicting what demographic people are in. Now imagine that when so much more emotion is transmitted without a voice, our manner, our deportment in a video stream, tie that up with directly measurable parameters from wearables, and we are setting ourselves up to be manipulated big time. But then you have a look at things and how much more information is gathered from watching someone react to a video connected with micro-emotions, surprise anger, confusion, sympathy. Most of this event survey that simply says, I liked it. Couple that with heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing rate, or rousal anxiety states. You have something that says I can be manipulated far more successfully by applying micro-stimulating images, text to the sound, to herd and to nudge with a longer term goal in mind. And we're not always sure what those goals are. Maybe it's not an issue when something pops up that's really cool that we didn't know we wanted, but when democracy is at stake and money buys more airtime and social media time than the next guy, then inequalities in the world are amplified. It might be okay if we're nudged towards a healthier lifestyle. We like bad sugary food and drink. So our health can be nudged towards better things. But if I'm sold, remedies to cure my bad behavior or insurance premiums go up, then we can create socio-economic inequalities. And there are people who can't afford to get better and might be trapped in a policy that determines the food they get. And that can trap people further as poor diet can lead to poor academic achievement in no way to get out of this trap. And on social media, experiments have been done on millions of people and published in academic journals that now show marked shift in voting behavior with A-B type testing in social media streams. And these experiments do not have to follow the same ethical standards that academia does. In the US, I believe it's the common rule introduced after many manipulative experiments in the 1960s. But academics are now knocking on the doors of some companies to do this kind of research. Do they live with a cognitive dissidence and pretend they're doing good or are they unethical researchers? That's a question. These kind of things. And with respect to our privacy, giving our data away could be a violation of privacy. But what does it feel like to have privacy violated? There's research that talks about that we behave as if our personal physical space is being violated. And how do we deal with this? There are cultural norms physically that we can learn and we can start to adhere to and respect in different cultural areas. And we need to do that online as well somehow. But to help with part of that, we need control of our data, who has it, who takes it and what they do with it. In the voice battleground, companies have been taken to task about snooping on our daily interactions, televisions, digital assistants, toys even. And some of this data is being transcribed by humans, so people are reading this. And for those who say, well, you've got nothing to hide, do you really want your private conversations listened to, transcribed and potentially sold on? How do you react if somebody is following you around all the time and making notes on everything that you do? I don't think you would react very well, so why do you do it? Would you have all your phone records, bank records, location records published publicly? Not the same as a PPI that's often talked about in privacy terms. We all have something to hide. We all have something we want to keep private. Acutely, and as a mapping out our living spaces and passing us on smart beds recording and analysing sleep patterns remotely. Children's toys have been co-opted and worse than that, not only are they recording and passing on your child's conversations with toys, but they're also asking personal questions. I think some of these toys have been banned in certain areas. Questions about where they live, where they can't be right. And strange conditions are put into T's and C's that accompany these devices. No upgrades, may not work as expected, unless we can take your data. I'm not sure of the validity of some of these things. It doesn't seem to make sense to me. So once our privacy is violated, once our data is expropriated, do we have any say? Are we then being manipulated by increasingly accurate AI that nudges us towards a herd behavior? Is that the kind of society we want? Some of this is tried to be reflected in some of the frameworks that are being published around the world. And my colleague, Raymond, will now take this up with him. Thank you, Jeremy, for this excellent introduction to the AI governance framework. For my part of the talk, I will focus on the big picture trends of AI governance proposed by governments, nonprofits and universities all over the world to mitigate the negative impacts on people and society. We use the paper, the global landscape of AI ethics guidelines that was published in July 2019 and contains 84 published AI governance frameworks. These frameworks cover the following broad themes. Transparency, justice and fairness, non-maleficence, responsibility, privacy, freedom and autonomy, trust, benevolence, sustainability, dignity, solidarity. I will cover only the first seven in this talk as the last four are less common. For each of the principles listed, I provide an example where the principle has either a positive or a negative outcome. Spoiler alert, they are mostly negative. Framework development has mostly occurred in Europe and North America, but a small number of frameworks have been developed in Asia, including Singapore. Since the paper has been accepted, two more important frameworks have also emerged from China. The first theme I'm going to cover is transparency. This is also part of explainability, interpretability and disclosure. This generally boils down to using machine learning or statistical models that can explain the reason behind the decisions that were made. A positive example of this are credit scores in the U.S. that are used to determine illegibility for loans and credit cards. Everyone has a right to receive a credit report that explains all the information that goes into the score like previous mortgage, utility payments, total debt and other things like that. This transparency reduces the likelihood of miscommunication and gives customers an idea on how to improve their scores. The next theme is justice and fairness. It also covers inclusion, diversity and accessibility. This is going to be a negative example. Some years back a large e-commerce company built a tool to automate recruiting decisions. Give the system 100 resumes and it would give you the top five candidates. Fortunately, the algorithm was very biased against women. It turned out that the root cause of this was that men were overrepresented among hires in the historical data set that was used to train the model. Fortunately, the system was decommissioned after a year once the issue was realized. As Jeremy mentioned previously, this would be really bad for your company if you did this. The next theme is non-maleficence which covers prevention and security. Like the Hippocratic oath taken by medical doctors, it is the principle of first do no harm. Just this year, dozens of women in Singapore had their images stolen from social media sites and doctored using the T-mute app.   Note that creating forwarding and possessing these kinds of images is a form of sexual harassment and is covered in the recently passed protection from harassment act. Following the outcry, the app was removed from the app store but the harm to these women has already been done. The theme of responsibility also covers accountability, liability and acting with integrity. In 2019, 650K Rohingya had to flee Myanmar for Bangladesh falling prosecution. A lot of that violence was fuelled by hate speech spread on social media. In Myanmar, social media is in fact synonymous with the internet due to the high penetration rate. What level of responsibility does the social media platform bear or hate speech propagate through its content recommendation system? In many legal jurisdictions, the answer is quite a bit. Especially in the last couple of years it has passed anti-fake news laws. To that credit, the social media platform in question has significantly increased the number of Burmese-speaking content moderators to deal with such issues but still this may not be enough. Especially considering our current COVID-19 pandemic situation and all the fake news and cures being passed around on the internet. Privacy is also an important part of AI governance as well as data governance. Again, in 2019, we saw the year that news broke about Cambridge Analytica harvesting data from millions of users to feed their political ad campaigns. This was very much against the terms and conditions of service for the social media platform when they took their data from. Not only did this part a political firestorm but Cambridge Analytica was eventually shuttered in a hail of controversy for abusing the use of this personal data. Finally, we cover freedom and autonomy which includes things like consent, self-determination and empowerment. Make sure your customers know what they are getting into and have the freedom to decide what's in their best interest. A positive example would be making your terms of service easily understandable. The picture contains the terms of service of a number of very well known online platforms. As you can see, they are mind-numbingly long. Don't do this. Ask for consent as and when you need to instead of getting it upfront for everything possible. As January mentioned previously don't let organisations push you around to maximise profits. In summary, whichever part of the world you are in, there are frameworks coming into force. Many of them will become laws and regulations in the near term. The faster we start considering them in our AI architectures, the more likely that we don't run a power when they eventually become the law of the land. Thank you very much. I'll hand it over back to Jeremy to close out. Thank you very much, Ryan. Some really good stuff in there. Hopefully it's giving people a lot to think about. I think the people here can help. This can be a little bit of a call to action. Free open source software is a responsible movement out of which I think will come protections and ways of working to help mitigate bias, prejudice, and wrong outcomes. As individuals you can question if the outcomes and motivations in applying AI align with the values of the organisation. Does the organisation have any values? Building monitors and checks at regular interviews in the pipeline, including over time may be in certain areas so that outcomes are within expected boundaries. I know that's not always possible in deep neural nets and things like that. But building alerts when you're finding out bias so that an investigation can be done. Perhaps these investigations can be done with external and internal ethical review boards involving legal and social scholars and other areas not just the technical people. Maybe we can set up cities and juries where AI is going to be implemented by public bodies to gauge the temperature of people upon which these manipulations will be happening. Do your work well, do what you do best and do your work responsibly. Be brave and be countered. Thank you very much. We're from data kind. We love data. But we need to be careful with it. Thank you very much. Thank you. See ya. Bye.


Good morning once again welcome to the breakfast on PLOS TV Africa. Our first major conversation this morning is moving across states of course starting with Adamawa where the people of Mubi and Chamba communities in Adamawa have of course requested for more states to be created. Long ago also there was conversations in Kaduna state of southern and northern Kaduna asking for the splitting of the states into two. They have of course the committee handling the north east zona public hearing for the review of the 1999 constitution and they have told them that there needs to be Ammana and Gongola states. It is like I said similar to the request by some people in Kaduna state for the splitting of the state into northern and southern Kaduna. We of course have always known as about the request one extra states in the southeast to make up for the number of states and number of representatives that the southeast and states have in the national assembly. The big question is of course is does Nigeria need new states and if yes how many more. We joined this morning by Mark Adebayo to discuss this. Good morning Mr Adebayo. Okay we can't hear you. Good morning. Can you hear us? Okay it seems your device is muted. We may have to of course ask if you can unmute your device so we can hear you clearly this morning. Fantastic. Okay we can hear you now. Yes we can. Good morning once again. All right. So it's a conversation that has come up in the past. In the southeast earlier there are people who had mentioned that the southeast needed to create more states to meet up with the lack of numbers in the national assembly and representatives and of course I had stated that it is unfair that certain regions in the country have as much as seven states in those regions but the southeast has only five and now of course in Adamawa there's a talk of Gongola states southern and northern Kaduna have also been mentioned. So do you agree that Nigeria needs more states? Well basically let us go back to the fundamentals. Why the agitation for more states? There must be a reason for that. Now there might be a set of reasons for that. You will see it is a sense of injustice, the sense of imbalance, the sense of marginalization in the country. These are the factors that are responsible for the agitation for more states. We have to face the reality. The current, even some of the states we have now, some of them are not viable. Even most of them, they are not viable. Well if you would say, I don't know if you can still hear us, we seem to have, can you hear us some Sunday morning? All right, go ahead. Go ahead. More states, people are marginalized, people have no sense of being Kanawa and I think that is the major risk, can you hear me? Yes, go ahead. So I think that those are the factors that are responsible for this climate for more states, agitation for more states. Even the people who have a sense of belonging, if they have a source of justice, nobody will be clamoring for more states. And I think at this point that is something that the federal government and all that states should go to Auguste and learn because you know, you discover that you are not hearing that kind of thing in the states anymore. Seven years ago, eight years ago, you will see a lot of communal clashes, intercommunal clashes, violence and so on. I don't know, there must be something that the current government is doing, that's it, that is making those agitations to go down, that is making insecurity in that state to go down. The question says the primary responsibility of every government shall be the welfare and security of the populace. And those two elements, whether you agree with him or not, it has been, it is successfully managed in Auguste. And I think the federal government should go to Auguste and have at least one or two things about how to manage differences, about how to manage diversity, about how to bring everybody on board. That's the goal there in Auguste that the federal government needs to go and learn about. And I really do not know how the crisis in Auguste was managed and reduced to a state of belonging. Maybe it's a little long, you understand me? They were not agitated for local government states and stuff like that. I agree, I agree. On the issue of the statutes, I really do not know what informed the father that statutes may have only five states. It is irreversible. There is no excuse for that. I really do not understand why the drafters of our constitution decided to allow statutes to have only five states. It is irreversible. It is unreasonable.  And you are telling them they are second class or top class in the country. It doesn't make sense. It doesn't make sense. It's possible. Set them aside for only five states. They have the right to exist for most states. But I do see... We'll get to the southeast and the parts where you've mentioned, of course, people feeling marginalized and unfairly treated. But one thing you mentioned earlier was the fact that some states don't seem viable. A couple of states are not working. So would it make sense seeing that there are certain states that don't seem to be working because of the system that we run? And after seeing that, you go ahead and create even more of these states. That is why I'm saying that you are trying to solve a difficult situation, but we are going to create more crisis by having more states. But also, you know, it gives a sense of balance and belonging when people... I have my own state. We have our own state.  If you are comfortable with the state, if you are comfortable with the in the Nigerian state itself, nobody will be agitated for cessation, nobody will be agitated for statusing, nobody will be agitated for social. It's the acute sense of injustice and lack of belonging, lack of the sense of belonging in the country that is leading to all these agitations. That is why the next president must be somebody who can demonstrably unite the country. Our diversity should not be our adversity. It should be our advantage. But we don't have the managers, the good managers of our diversity in the country now. And that is why I focussed all the best model for the management of diversity in this country today. That model is needed at the presidency. It's needed at the presidency. We should not think that we can solve every problem by using sledgehammer to kill a fly. There must be an intelligent political management of society that is what can give all the kind of peace, progress and unity and unison to speak in unison that we need in this country. You understand me? No. Other states, people's states, we are, people are clamoring for states. Even those states have demonstrated justice to all, fairness to all. Under their states, nobody will be clamoring for states. Under their states, you understand me? So, and this is something that people are clamoring for all manner of things that is because of the lack of sense of justice for everybody. There's no balance. That's why I keep mentioning the Kovibude. Okay. So, Mr. Adebayo, can you hear me? I'm hearing you. How about the perspective, you know, that breaking out more states would further divide the country? Yeah. You see, I keep saying that you want to solve a problem. We are going to create more complications.   We cannot have states who depend 90% on the federal government to survive. No. That is, that is, that is a fundamental index of unviability. But people are, I keep saying, let us go to the factor, to the reason, why are they clamoring for you? It may not be viable. It may not even run successfully. But they want their own states. We can feel a sense of belonging, we can feel carried along. But if you have a government, a system that operates on the basis of fairness, on the basis of equity, nobody will want to agitate for more states or agitate for even their own country. You know, seven years ago, seven years ago, Congress said it is a place that I know considerably. There were inter-communal clashes, there were agitations for local government, there were agitation when you move or something like that.  So that then this government came in and it solved those problems. I think we should go and borrow a model from that state to see how the government managed to manage all this, that crisis and confusion and bring everybody on board. And that is why, you see, whether you bring on board, traditional rulers, youth, women, everybody in the state to the table. You know, where you don't say, I want to hold a security measure, I want to hold a state order meeting, only the traditional rulers will come, only select politicians will come. But you bring everybody on board. That will be pleased as we are witnessing today in Congestate. There will be harmony as you have witnessed today in the Congestate. You know, so that is why I keep saying that the presidency needs the Cognizbo there and we need to look so that we can download the agitation, the fear of the people, the trepidation that we are going to be annihilated if we don't have our own country, if we don't have our own state. The states for now are struggling. They are no state government now. They must publicly to say that if the government had to create more money to be able to settle them for a or match, you cannot be doing that. We are inflicting inflation. So most state is not a solution really, sincerely, practically speaking. Most state is not a solution. It is not because it's going to create more confusion and crisis for us. We will not be able to find the financial capacity to be able to manage it. Okay, so then how does the Cognizbo make sure they consider the agitation for the social without restructuring the country, the eruption, and we have to want to go from that. Not only do states in the social system, you have to restructure the system and you are allowed states to substantially control their own resources, control their own faith, control their own destiny, control their own security, all that we say. You know, there will be, you know, people will find a way to make their state work. In the restructuring, most states may work, but as the current structure, most states will not work. If we kill, if we create more chaos and crisis, I'm going to be able to get the state we neglect getting the state. We have to pay the reality. So Mr Adebayo, you're basically saying that restructuring is the solution. You mean it's a bit like the win-win answer to all the agitations we're seeing, but we've been talking about restructuring for a long time coming. How long more do you think we'll need to talk about this before restructuring and the evolution of power becomes a reality? Do we need to wait for another government, another, you know, eight years? It is the responsibility of the citizens to ask. It is the responsibility of the government to give. If we are not getting restructuring now, it is because the federal government is not listening to the demands of the citizenry. We have been asking for restructuring. If the government are listening to us, when we have been coming for restructuring for 15 years, nobody will come out today and be asking for a good work. Nobody will come out today and be asking for a good work. Nobody will be coming out today to ask for a new master in all those things. But because there was no, the power that be, the fields to listen to the climate restructuring, let's go back to the 1960s constitution and improve on that because the 1960s constitution cannot go far enough to satisfy the yannies and escalations of the people of Nigeria today. Nobody loses anything. Why, why, why are some people so much afraid of social things? What the many of, this elementary meaning of social is that you allow federal units to have substantial control of their socio-political and economic destinies. Why should everybody be afraid of that?  The concurrent list is not robust enough. The exclusive list has totally taken out the advantages of the concurrent list. Now, we cannot have a country that's operating like that. You cannot operate if it is bought to social. We are by the state, we have to come to Abu Dhabi every month, cap it hard to collect money. No, a location of resources cannot be concentrated in one unit at the center of the country as large, as big, as diverse as Nigeria. Before that being, the ruling clique must begin to think sincerely and very seriously about the social in this country to doubt this tension, to doubt this tension. Now, you see at the state level, let me give you an instance, at the state level, the judiciary is clamoring for autonomy, the local government is clamoring for autonomy at those levels, and then those states are also clamoring for the social at the future government level. What we should do is that even the states, the governors, who are also clamoring for the social issue, start and begin to destroy their state. Let me give you an instance, in a couple of states, you know, like Kogi, and I think reverse too, and I think there's another state I'm trying to remember, we are in the states. All right, Mark at the bar, you can hear us. I'm absolutely on the protection of the Kogi state because I'm from Kogi state, I'm not from Kogi, so I'm here to you. So, we have to borrow a model there, we are the governor and president of the social in the state, give the judiciary autonomy, local government autonomy, and let us try that in our state, and then put pressure on the federal government to the social in the state. It does not take Mr. President anything, anything to listen to the clamor for the social, if you agree to the social, the clamor for cessation, we go down.  All right, hold on Mark at the bar, you.  If we throw away the biscuits, if we throw it away and smash it as cacayas. All right, Mr. at the bar, hold on, hold on. Give me the biscuit that this guy is asking for. Well, before we start sharing the biscuits, let's go back a little bit. A lot of times we speak about injustice and unfairness and not being able to pull people together and some of all of that on the federal level, but it's pretty obvious that there's a lot of all those things still happening on the state level that has created these call for new states. In Kaduna, for example, there seems to have been this long issues between you know, northern and southern Kaduna and southern Kaduna people have always felt marginalized or felt unfairly treated. So how do you respond to the fact that it's not just on the federal level, but even on the state level, we seem to have that same culture of injustice and unfairness? Well, the Kaduna state is a particular exemplary tragic situation. You know, the kind of thing, the kind of experience that these other Kaduna people have been going through for decades, not just on this government, for decades is unimaginable. It is unacceptable. There have been there have been victims of organized genocide. It is unfortunate. It is tragic. And I do not know, I don't know, and unfortunately the current governor, you know, also who's fouled in the fire, his body language, his focal language are not consistent with a leader that wants peace. It's not something, if I, if I should meet governor every fight today, I would just, I would just advise him to take a show, to take a show, just go to Kogi State, not far from you, go and learn how Dono Yaiabino was able to manage to doubt the crisis in the state. He should just, he should just go there.  You know, I, I cannot understand. You know, there was a time when certain Kaduna, Kaduna people were, were more or less tagged as terrorists by the, by the governor of the state. People that you are supposed to call to a round table and discuss with, you are, you are tagging them, you are tagging the so-called Kaduna people, you are tagging them, you are tagging them as, as, as terrorists. That was the same mistake the federal government made, when the third apple, apple was just protesting. It was, it was not armed by then. But it had been terrorist. And what did they, they started behaving like terrorists.  And can you blame them? You know, and people were saying, this is the part of the injustice we are talking about. But it turned out that the apple was not carrying arms. You tagged them terrorists. But you refused to tag killer and the terrorists. It is, it is part of the thing is that people are saying, and it's unfortunate as, you see, that is why I plead. That is why I plead. The Nigerian populace, the Nigerian electorate. But the timing, now, that is the time that they need a young, educated, vibrant, energetic president. Call 2023. Last, nobody should go. Don't vote for money, don't vote for this. Don't vote, don't vote for ethnicity, don't vote for Egypt. Let us go for, let us go for and experience young, vibrant, educated, energetic young person who will be able to manage the crisis of this country. Who will have the power, the strength, the energy, the intellect, the intelligence to be able to carry the weight of this country. Centrigenarians and autogenarians cannot carry the weight of this country. It cannot. So we have seen the experience now.  And I guess you massively ignore them in any way, in whatever political party. Let us work together. Any of the young people, the vibrant young people have come about to say that I want to be president.  Let us back them up.  You know, some of them are coming home. We have Mungaloo who says we want to try again. And we have, we have, this is 45 years old for some people. That, those are the people who can carry the load of those countries now. It is, look, we cannot go back to, to what we call it, it is the digital age, you know. Analog, we cannot use analog age to solve the problem of digital, and that is one of the problems we're having with the current administration.  We age, in other countries, like maybe U.S., you have a president that's above 75, it is working for them, because they have a political system that supports, you know, excellence in everything, excellence. If you are able to give delivery, they report for you, it's not only in Nigeria we have a president. But in other states, in other countries, they have people who are older than that, but who has to also perform, but we, it seems, it is a major factor here. We need people who are between 35 and 45, 46, people who are older than 50 to become president come 2023, and they have to be on the lookout as signals of their experience, those who have had experience in managing, maybe as governors, maybe as, whatever, maybe as senators, who have been involved in the management of, of, of the country at one level or the other, but who are still less than 50, who are still less than 60, everybody above 60 has a business contested by election 2023, at every level, especially at the presidential level, no, no, no, no, no. And some of us are going to mobilize Nigeria's in favor of the younger generation. It is your generation now that take over this country, and use your intelligence, and use your capacity, and use your education. Well, there's obviously... We don't want people who are complicating matters. Yeah, there's obviously a lot of... We don't want people who are complicating matters. We cannot, we cannot continue with that 2023. Nigerians should take note. And youth, and youth and women, are 73% of the electorate. Like them, and he was a young president. All right, hold on please. There's obviously, you know, a couple of factors that need to come into play for that to be possible. You know, also with fixing our electoral system, and some of all those aspects, the electoral bill still needs to be signed before we, you know, can find those possibilities. INEC, of course, has continued to struggle with getting eligible voters registered, and getting their voters cards to them for the longest time. But I want to go back to your thoughts on restructuring. There is people who would say that the reason why, or the reason we've struggled, we've been able to achieve, you know, an actual conversation on restructuring, and steps, genuine steps towards restructuring is because certain regions don't feel like they will be able to survive by themselves, if Nigeria restructures. Can you hear me? I'm hearing you now. Okay, so... Basically, you see, look, I had part of your question, but I don't think there's a constitutional, lacuna or constitutional, you know, inhibition on the part of the young people to contest, you understand me? And that is why, you know, we have the not too young to run, act. We have substantially reduced the age of people who can contest. People who have chosen this now can contest, and I think that contested also can contest for the presidency. So, you don't need to do anything in the area of age, the electoral act again, to allow young people to run for the presidency. No, you know, one thing that, aside from education, you need, I keep saying, you need experience in political management, whether at local government level, whether at national, at state level, whether at national level, you know, and some other public experience in the management of people and sources. That is it. So, and that is why, I've mentioned to people to you, I've mentioned, I've mentioned the Mughaloo to you. These are still the people in the younger generation of political, you know, of the political that gets you of Nigeria.  But I also know that in the management of people, of crisis, you know, as a citizen in the state, to a large extent, I keep referring to the Mughaloo there because of what you have been able to demonstrate at that level. So, there will not be shortage of young people to vote for. The blackmail of what can we do, this and that. And the youth, some of them, we say, go around, we say they don't have the money, they don't have the resources, you understand. But let them come to that, and support one of their own, and support one of their own. It's not because there's no space for young people to contest, there's definitely, but the cost of running elections in Nigeria is a challenge. The cost of running for office in Nigeria is a challenge. There's also, like I mentioned, the factors concerning INEC as a body that has made it difficult for these young people that you've mentioned, and the women, and the vast number of Nigeria's population to really get themselves in a place to get registered, get their voters card and vote. So, those are some of the things that I was talking about that need to be fixed. And of course, the electoral bill that still has not been signed. I was asking a question with regards restructuring and the perspective that some people have that the reason we might not be able to do that or why it has not been achieved yet is because there are certain regions that feel they may not survive a restructured Nigeria. Do you agree with those people? And do you think that regardless of what they think, we should go ahead and restructure and they would fall in line eventually? Everything boils down to leadership. And the biggest advantage of this country has been leadership failure. If we had the right leadership, nobody would be afraid of anything. Nobody would be suspicious of any step. Imagine, of a women number of Nigerians especially in the south are clamoring for restructuring. Yes, so people are also afraid, not even the government now, not even the political cliques now, not even the political class now. So people are afraid of restructuring Nigeria. Let me give you an example. During the 2014 National Congress of the United States, most of the southern delegates were clamoring for restructuring. The minority elements in the north objected to it, they objected to it perhumanely. They said no, if the restructuring Nigeria would be left at the mercy of the majority in the north, no, they did not want to support it. They had to be plagiarized, to be convinced that the restructuring Nigeria will work for everybody. So the new fears are there. Even for restructuring Nigeria, I agree with that. But you know, leadership, if you get our leadership right, if you get the right leader, the right president at the center, who can bring everybody together? Who can unite the people? Who can listen? Who can listen to people? Who can listen to people?  Now you are talking about the regional system, these are the INX incapacity in terms of management of our elections. I agree with you. But that should not discourage anybody from making effort to protest. And that is why they jumped. Okay, we might have lost him there, but he was wrapping up. Ms Adebayo, all right. We apologize for the network glitch there. Well, thank you very much. Your thoughts are well noted regarding this particular issue. And above the national confab, yes, they recommended 19 states to be created, to add to the states in Nigeria, but we still haven't gotten to the end of that discussion regarding all the other recommendations of the national confab. But yes, this is still an ongoing conversation. Many more states or many more groups might still make their own claim or their own case for state creation. But we'll see how it goes though. We'll take a break here to bring updates on the topic we covered the last time about a man who was wrongfully arrested when he came into Imustid for his father's, his father-in-law's burial. And there's an update on that story regarding his release after the break.