In this presentation we will discuss payroll ethics and practices. Payroll is going to be a subset of accounting and within the accounting field like any type of profession, accounting being a profession and payroll being a profession in and of itself as a subsection and of its own right. And any profession has to deal with some type of information that's not even between the individuals involved. Meaning the person that is processing payroll may have more information than the people other people involved that are dealing with payroll and therefore the likelihood of some type of fraud or some type of problem happening without it being detected is higher. Therefore the professions in general professions usually happen when there's type of this type of information type of information that's more specialized and payroll is going to be a definitely area of specialization where we need some type of regulations within the profession in order to make sure and reduce the types of problems that could result within the payroll processing. The AICPA or American Institute of Certified Public Accountants list out some responsibilities for accountants in general some guidelines. One has to do with responsibility. The accountant must maintain the confidentiality of personal records which of course applies highly to payroll being an area that's going to have more information in terms of a personal nature, personal records, information like social security numbers that we need to keep in confidentiality. Then we've got the public interest the accountant must always perform his or her duties in the best interest of the public and the company stockholders in the company stockholders. Now that's going to have to do with of course if we have in our objective not being a personal objective but being as acting as agents for the company in order to make sure the company represents and shows the financial data well not just for the company but for the users of the financial data and that's going to be typically the shareholders and that to the public as well. So we want to make sure that our goals and our objectives when we think of the profession is in in alignment with that for the external users and if we're acting as that being our in case then we're acting in a way that's typically good for the profession in general. We have integrity which has to do with the accountant's behavior must be honest and beyond reproach at all times so integrity is going to have to do with certain types of things to make sure that when we look independent both in appearance and in practice as much as possible and therefore we can say that you know there's reliance on the numbers the more integrity there is in the profession there's more reliability in the in product that being the financial statements and all of this with payroll and the financials of course has to do with trust and you need to have that factor when dealing with the financial statements and dealing with accountants because it adds value both to the individuals to the profession and to the in product being the financial statements and the payroll. Then we have objectivity and independence the accountants must be able to perform his or her duties without pressure from supervisors. Now of course we're going to be working within an accounting field and we're going to have of course supervisors and whatnot but we need to maintain some level of independence we want to make sure that people that are critical to the decision making process don't feel pressure to do things that they believe are not you know ethical or not of the ethical responsibility of the in product that we're trying to make the financial statements or would be in such a way that would be pressured to do something that they think would not be in alignment with some of our other responsibilities principles including responsibility and public interest and integrity so we want to make sure that they have that certain level of objectivity because that objectivity leads to the trust leads to integrity leads to the public interest leads to responsibility and then we're going to have the due care we want to make sure that the accountant must remain current with regards to professional development and evolving legislations so and part of that of course is is within the profession where whether we're in a payroll profession or a certified public accountant a certified public accountant is going to need that continuing education and when we think about these skills involved here and that specialized knowledge there we need to both have integrity and we need to have that responsibility and that objectivity but all of that doesn't do any good we don't still we can't still have the trust unless we know what we're doing unless we have the knowledge in the first place so most of the professions end up themselves whether we think of a medical profession the accounting profession a payroll profession a legal profession there's really at least you can break it down to two things that you want from these type of professionals if you go into a doctor a lawyer accountant payroll you want to one know that they know what they're doing and that has to do with due care you want someone and that has to do with any profession typically having a minimum standard typically having some type of test that needs to be gotten to and typically needing to renew that information given the fact that things change in these professions laws change medicine changes the accounting profession dealing with laws change in particular payroll law so we need to make sure that we have the the current information that's what we want when we go to professional no matter who the professional is and two we want to be able to rely on them notice the rest of these basically has to do with uh reliability this one has to do with do we do they have the skills needed do they know what to do do i am i talking to someone who's going to be able to cure me or someone that can help me better myself if i'm talking to a medical doctor i'm talking to someone that's going to be able to help me illegally do they have the skills to do that and then we want to make sure that their perspective is the same are they acting responsibly are they in the public's interest are they acting basically as my agent rather than in their own personal interests which may be counter to my interest do they have the integrity do they have that objective objectivity and independence in order to act freely and give me advice that they think is best rather than feeling pressure from on some outside source to give advice that isn't as good when discussing the practical components of payroll how are we going to implement payroll and some of the things that we need to keep on on top of in terms of our payroll processing and being able to to know the current topics within payroll had to do things with like direct deposits and electronic payments and keeping up with new laws things like time keeping how are we going to keep up with the time keeping how are we going to record the time keeping what type of database system is going to be put in place what kind of separation of duties are we going to have between the workers in order to implement that time information we also have different locations as the world is becoming more connected we're going to have employees that are going to be in different states different countries and that's going to add to a level of complexity in terms of how are we going to connect all this stuff together and how are we going to deal with the different laws and regulations we also note that payroll as the laws change and grow are going to be it's more of a component that's not really in and of itself although it's becoming more of a profession it also reaches out into other types of areas within the business including of course like human resources and in terms of managerial planning so we need to make sure that we have that specialization in order to know what's specifically needed in terms of the payroll practice and we also need to know how the payroll practice is being integrated and used and is part of different areas within the business and be able to work with those different areas the human resources with the planning portion for management


He's a congressman barely on the job for a year, but George Santos of New York could soon be out of a job. The House Ethics Committee filed a resolution to expel the Republican congressman, calling him unfit to serve because he is, quote, committed egregious violations. It's a scathing report laid out in evidence that Santos used campaign funds to pay for things like Botox, personal meals, a handbag worth four grand. It also accuses him of defrauding donors, filing false campaign reports. All of that would violate federal law. Vote on his expulsion could come after Thanksgiving. Santos has already said he will not be seeking reelection. You may as well be completely honest now. Of course. Because I don't say there's any upside in continuing to fuel the media narrative that you're this terrible liar, right? So, you know, I'm very, listen, I don't have a horse in the race. I'm not an American citizen. You're not my congressman. You don't serve me. It's not my hard-earned cash going on supporting you. So in that sense, I'm slightly detached from this. All I can say is that in the UK, we're aware of you because there's been this constant running theme now for months on end that you tell a lot of whoppers, as we would call it in the UK. And so I think it's a good chance, congressman, to just try and work out where the truth lies. Because why not? There's a claim that you said you attended the Horace Mann School in the Bronx, New York during your first years of high school that had to leave in your senior year because your parents fell on hard times in 2008. Is that true? Did you attend that school? I attended it for a brief period of time and then went back to the public school system and then dropped out of the public school system and attained a GED. I was always very truthful of not completing high school due to financial difficulties with it.  Why would that be? I challenge to see what name they're looking under. If you look at my entire history of education, it was not under the name George Santos. What name did you attend that school? A variation. It was either George DeVolder or Anthony DeVolder. I wouldn't know. I was a minor. I don't know which way. CNN, I believe, checked all the variants of the names that you've used and there was no record the school could find of you ever attending. I was there for six months of ninth grade. In what year would that have been? 2004. So for six months you were indisputably at the Horace Mann School in the West. And then moved into the public system and then in 2006 I attained a GED due to just circumstances. Why would the school not be able to find a record of it? I don't know. What name should they be looking for? I would say George DeVolder. That's how it's on my GED certificate. You got on the George DeVolder, Anthony DeVolder. Officially, the only two names I've ever used on documentation has been George DeVolder or George Santos. So there should be a record of one of those at that school, of course. I'll try to be short on this one. This is just, there's so much. I'll fill your bingo card in my first video if we're not careful. He starts off with a pitch change. Yeah, yeah, yeah. You hear his voice change when he goes at, of course. He may as well be completely honest now. Of course. He immediately goes into something I was referred to as sacred space where he puts his hands together that gives him distance, that gives him a barrier and then he mills his fingers and thumbs. That's an adapter to make that space comfortable. It's a powerful tool. However, Joe Navarro says when you're steepling or have your hands closed and you use your thumbs, you're confident, when you don't use your thumbs, you're not. So there's no confidence in him when we see this. It's a good chance, Congressman, to just try and work out where the truth lies. Because why not? He purses his lips. Sometimes people point with their lips in some cultures. It's disapproval in most of ours. Now let's talk about the horseman school. There was no record the school could find if you ever attended. I was there for six months of ninth grade. In what year would that have been? 2004. He went to horseman school. He went to the horseman school for the academically delayed and he failed math because he tells us in here what year, he was born in 1988. He says he was in the ninth grade and he was 16 years old. I don't know that horseman school takes 16 year old ninth graders every day, but maybe I'm wrong. And we'll hear his math screw up as he goes through. And you see him try to do math, try to do something in there. But I don't think that this guy went there and I think he's just wherever. I also watch his blink rate increase and go through the roof when he's poked about horseman. And then his chin drop, his respiration rises and it gets shallow. He chaffs and redirects beautifully. I attended it for a brief period of time and then went back to the public school system and then dropped out of the public school system and attained a GED. I was always very truthful of not completing high school due to financial difficulties. When you ask how this guy got away with all this, he is one of the most elegant chaff and redirect guys I've seen because he smoothly doesn't. He doesn't do it in a big fashion. He finds a small topic that will take him off and runs down it. Then he gets to that GED thing. It's a beautiful way. But Pierce Morgan is a pretty damn good interviewer and he asked the hardest question and that's why. I mean, it's most of the school told CNN there's no record of you ever attending. Why would that be? And then he goes, but yeah. I challenge to see what name they're looking under. If you look at my entire history of education, it was not under the name George Santos. The only name he didn't use is Vinny, is in my cousin Vinny because he's using the my cousin Vinny method of delaying the judge from finding out he's not an attorney. He just gives him extra names and extra names and extra names. Everything I see here, I think the only time I see him do anything that looks reasonable in that, and guys, I'm just gonna knock this off because I'm gonna keep going. There's a ton in here. But he does do the Joan of Oro thumbs up when he says that, when he says I was under a different name because he thinks he's got it and he doesn't allow him to get away with it. He just nails him down. Mark, what do you got? Piers Morgan can be a real pain sometimes, but here he's an absolute delight throughout all of this. Love him dearly throughout all of this. Great target for him. All I can say is that in the UK, we're aware of you because there's been this constant running theme now for months on end that you tell a lot of whoppers, as we would call it in the UK. So Piers, great use of the idea of the whopper, which is very colloquial for the UK. Maybe lovely further on he uses the idea of telling pork pies or porkies, which is cockney rhyming slang for pork pie, lie. Just wanted you to know that. So you've got a little bit of cockney rhyming slang in case that comes up. I think I see Dupers delight early on. I wouldn't be surprised if I do. I mean, it could be contempt, it could be disdain, but I don't see anything that it would be to do with. So I'm gonna go that he knows he's gonna start his process of making up stories right from moment one. I see eye blocks and what I mean by that is the lids will come down, the head will shade a little bit. So it's not really a look off or a blink or even a slow blink. It's a real shading of the eyes. Not wanting to see almost this terrible situation that you've got yourself into. Lots of swallow reflex there as well. More than I would expect to see in succession, even under the pressure of a national interview, eyes glance off. I would say that's probably exit checking. That fight and flight is starting, the pressure of lying is starting and his unconscious is going, well, how would I run away out of this if I needed to? I saw the lip purse as well. Yeah, absolutely on why not tell the truth? There's a lip purse there. Disagreement with telling the truth potentially there. Targeting of the eyes as well. And on the yes, there's a single shoulder shrug. So for six months, you were indisputably at the horrors. That's not good to see. Chase, I don't know whether you've done a behavioral table of elements score here. I would love it if you have, if you have, if you haven't, just make one up because I just want to see what the number is here because I think I'm going to pretty much leave it a body language for that because that was, that was a huge, huge amount, huge amount and tackle some other stuff as we go, go through. So Chase, will you disappoint me or what do you got on this? 36. Oh, OK, lovely. Thank you. Come on, I was going to give him 168. This just for clarification sake, you need a score of 11 or higher to be considered a likelihood of deception. So 36 is astounding.  I don't say there's any upside in continuing to fuel the media narrative that you're this terrible liar. Right. So. So one big thing I was thinking, watching this was this looks like it might be disdain or contempt for being called a bad liar, as if there were a degree of pride, maybe in his abilities. So six months as a student there during this little part, there's a single shrug there, the unusual deviation in eye blocking, Mark, you picked up on that. And just the shortest answer yet from all of his baseline, super short answer there. And this guy has the vibe of kind of a grandiose high school bully that everyone in the school secretly knew hated themselves. And a lot of this comes down to a person that is hiding shame. And I want you to remember those two words as we go through the rest of this video, a person that's hiding shame. What does hiding secret shame make me do publicly? What does that make into a person's character or behavior? That's all I got for them, Scott. All right. Here now, this is just my opinion, but Mark, what you're talking about, about seeing the doopers delight. I don't think that's what it is. And Chase, the same thing for that. I don't think he feels proud about doing that. He likes what he's doing. This is a con man. Now, this is just my opinion. So don't come at me. What's his name, George? But this is what I think about him or you. I think this is a con man and he's doing what he always does. So he feels comfortable here, no matter what you throw at him. He's like, let's play the game because it's a game to him. He's having fun. He this doesn't bother him, not even a little bit. So in my opinion, that's what we're seeing. We're seeing somebody go in and enjoy what they're doing because they're good at. He knows this game. He knows how to lie. He knows how to do this. We're going to see everything in this. This is beautiful. We're going to see the just bull face line. We're going to see the smile and line like we're talking about the enjoyment of lying, a hard eye contact. He doubles down on his lies. We see everything in this. It's it's unbelievable. This in this series of videos, when he first starts, you see, and before he starts answering the question that forehead comes down, he scoots in a little bit. He's ready for the fight at that point. He's he's like the bull fighters has come out with a thing and he's like, all right, let's do this. He's ready for it.  Watch what happens there. Watch when he says under, he says under. I challenge to see what they're what name they're looking under. It seems odd and it and it sounds kind of weird, but you really have to pay attention to what he's saying there because that's how he's adapting. He's using his mouth to adapt. He's done some of his lips. He's he's done those fillers or something because the lips are all like like fish mouth the whole time and they look odd. His lips don't look normal. Something's not right about that, but that's where he's adapting. His tongue just around in there is flying around there. Keep an eye on that because we see some adapting in his hands, but we don't see anywhere else. But he's still on. He's still feeling that excitement. He's still got that stress and tension from from being on TV and and the sport he's playing now of lying because he's a pathological liar that sport is on.  Listen to the words he uses, the pronunciation of these words he uses, really important. Listen to how the sentences go from really short. Like you were saying, Chase, he's really short answers and short senses and a few minutes are going to get so long. Listen to this progression as it goes as it goes on, how the senses get longer and longer and longer. At one point, they become three times as long as they are in the first video. So far, we've seen eye blocking.  That's where his eyes stay and Chase refers that to shutter speed. They say clothes too long when he blinks. He blinks for too long. We're seeing everything in this. I can I can go on and on about this, but he's laser focused on everything happening and everything he's saying. One more thing I know what you're going to jump on, Greg, is the shoulder, one single shoulder and the chin. One because most of that we're not absolutes on here. But every time and pretty much every time we see someone with a single shoulder shrugging, that chin goes over there. Even Joan of Aro talks about that and says it's it's every time we've seen it, that person's end up been lying about something. Doesn't mean they that it's a it's a tell for sure that when your single shoulder goes up and your chin hits toward your line. But that's all we've seen on here every time it happens. So I've got a ton, but I'll I'll leave it there.  Oh, yeah, dad, it's a beautiful example of it. And it just you cannot miss it. Yeah, I would miss you. Is you may as well be completely honest now, of course, because I don't say there's any upside in continuing to fuel the media narrative that you're this terrible liar, right? So, you know, I'm very listen, I don't have a horse in the race. I'm not an American citizen. You're not my congressman. You don't serve me. It's not my hard earned cash going on supporting you. So in that sense, I'm slightly detached from this. All I can say is that in the UK, we're aware of you because there's been this constant running theme now for months on end that you tell a lot of whoppers, as we would call it in the UK. And so I think it's a good it's a good chance at congressmen to just try and work out where the truth lies because why not? And there's a claim that you said you attended the Horace Mann School in the Bronx, New York during your first years of high school, but had to leave in your senior year because your parents fell on hard times in 2008. Is that true? Did you attend that school? I attended it for a brief period of time and then went back to the public school system and then dropped out of the public school system and attained a GED. I was very truthful of not completing high school due to financial difficulties with it.  Why would that be? I challenge to see what they're what name they're looking under. If you look at my entire history of education, it was not under the name George Santos. So what what name did you attend? That's a variation. It was either George Devolder or Anthony Devolder. I wouldn't know. I was a minor. I don't know which scene and I believe checked all the variants of the names that you've used. And there was no record. The school could find if you ever attending. I was there for six months of ninth grade. In what year would that have been 2000? 2004. So for six months you were indisputably at the Horace Mann School in the Netherlands. And then moved into the public system and then in 2006 I attained a GED due to just circumstances. Why would the school not be able to find a record of you? I don't know. What name should they be looking for? I would say George Devolder. That's how it's on my GED certificate. When you got on the George Devolder, Anthony Devolder? Officially the only two names I've ever used on documentation has been George Devolder or George Santos. So there should be a record of one of those at that school? Of course. Congressman George Santos has officially been expelled from Congress, making him the sixth member of the House of Representatives to be forced out. The very first Republican member of the House to be forced out of Congress. This momentum has been growing for months and this could not have happened today without the support of Republicans. In the end you had more than 100 Republicans say that they support this push to expel Congressman George Santos from the House. From the moment that he walked through the doors here on Capitol Hill he has been defiant. He's been accused of lying about his professional resume and his background. Then he pleaded not guilty to those 23 federal charges including identity theft, unemployment fraud, and wire fraud, but it really was this latest report from the House Ethics Committee which was blistering. Accusing him of blatantly stealing from his campaign, using that money to fund trips to Atlantic City, even on bulltox designer goods that really caused this momentum to start to grow. As of right now, Congressman George Santos is no longer a member of Congress. You claimed on your resume to have gained a master's in business at New York University with a GMAT of 7.10. I've seen. Which would indicate academic excellence, but that's not true, right? Well, the reality is I don't know where that GMAT comes from. I never put that out on my website or my bio. But you didn't get a master's in business? No, no, but I'm just saying that. The GMAT was on your resume, I think. Which the resume was never furnished or supplied by me. Who supplied that? I have no idea where that came from. Someone did it on your behalf? I'm not saying no. I didn't supply it and nobody associated with me supplied it. That came from the GOP and I'm still trying to understand where that came from. But you never got a master's in business at New York University. No, like I said, no. Right. I mean, again, did you not think people would find this out? You know, Pierce, not after I had... You're not running to be like a reality TV star. No, no, I understand. You know, if you were going on Celebrity Apprentices, which I went on, right, it doesn't matter. You can embellish stuff about yourself. Nobody cares, right? But to run for Congress of the United States and to just tell blatant lies about even your academic record, I'm just struck, not necessarily that a politician would lie, but that you would think no one would find out. Well, I'll humor you this. I ran in 2020 for the same exact seat for Congress and I got to wait with it then and I guess... Right. Well, that's honest. Stupid.  No, I didn't think so. But to that effect, it's embarrassing. It's humbling to have to admit your faults as a human being. And I, you know, I wish genuinely if the media put the equal amount of efforts and resources, and I'm not saying this as villainizing the media, but just let's keep it fair. On all 435 members of the House and 100 members of the Senate, I think the American people would have more clarity of who represents them in Congress. I'm not saying, I'm not pointing... And I would say, I listen, I think the media, both at local level and national level, have pretty well been forensic about everyone that's in Congress, right? I mean, maybe not to quite the degree you've had to sustain it because they knew with you they had basically a wounded animal and if they kept going long enough, they could already find a loather more, right, you know, it's human nature. All right, Mark, what do you got? Yeah, just one thing on this which really kind of interests me is the wounded animal metaphor that comes up there. The idea that this subject here is now a wounded animal that the media has kind of come into feed on or predate upon. Now, why is that an interesting metaphor? Because it might just work for him if he could be that underdog, if he could be the fully wounded animal, maybe people would feel sorry for him, cut him a break as he's asking for there, you know, he said in the last video, you know, I've made peace with it. And Greg, as you said, maybe other people should make peace with it. Let me off the hook, let this one go because look, I'm wounded, you've done the damage. It's a good story. It's a good drama that could work for him. So I'm interested to see whether he holds onto that, keeps that one going or whether he's gonna let that one go. You know, it's interesting because it's that kind of Cinderella story of inside something very, very mundane, like lying, which everybody does, of course, everybody does it to greater or lesser degrees. Inside that mundane thing might be something really, really wonderful and beautiful.  The feeding frenzy will turn into forgiveness and it all be beautiful again. Let's see whether it works for him. Scott, what have you got on this one? All right, right out of the gate, we're seeing, we're hearing in other words, fading facts, that things starts getting quiet there. Well, the reality is I don't know where that GMAT comes from. I never put that out on my website or my bio. He's seen his own bio online that says what he believes to be is untrue, but he didn't take it down, didn't get it fixed, didn't have anybody take care of that form. Doesn't really, not really sure who did that. He thinks he sure was not really that sure. So we'll be sure that we're watching that chain come down as from the very first video, we're gonna see the whole thing come down to ways like this when he's talking. So keep it out of his chance as we go through this. And the way he's answering, I don't think Pierce was ready for this again here because he just agrees with everything. And then he just sits there and waits. He goes, yeah, I did that. You never go to masters in business that knew your interest. No, like I said, no. Right. And just, there it is. Then what do you do at that point? Cause Pierce is ready. He's up and ready to start swinging with him and he really doesn't give him a chance to do that. The one thing we haven't heard him say so far and we won't hear him say is he's sorry or he apologizes not once. So be sure and pay attention to that. He's not sorry for what he's doing. He likes what he's doing. The level of narcissism here is through the roof. This guy is not only malignant, this is clinical. He's got it. He's not a psychopath, I don't think, but he has no, he doesn't feel empathy for anyone. We're gonna find out a little bit later on from some of the things he does or has done. Then when he says stupid, allegedly done. But again, like I said, it's just my opinion. So don't come at me, bro, if you do. Anyway, I hope you don't. Do you see that chin go toward the single shoulder shrug again, and then when he says it's embarrassing and humbling, his illustrators don't connect with what he's doing. It's embarrassing. It's humbling to have to admit your faults as a human being. Everything is out of place here. His illustrators aren't where they should be. When he talks, he gets a little bit quieter. These are all kinds of red flags you can see on things like this. Be sure you pay attention to the way you feel when you see this guy talking, because that's part of your brain in there, which I go through every time I want this time.   When they're trying to talk you into doing something you don't want to do, sell you something, whatever it is, when you get this feeling, heads up. Then we see another brilliant chaff and redirect by talking about the resources being aimed at others besides him, by making sure he tells what the problem is, but it's not just me, and here's what you should be looking at. It's literally chaff and redirect at that point. I wish genuinely, if the media put the equal amount of efforts and resources, and I'm not saying this as villainizing the media, but just let's keep it fair, on all 435 members of the House and 100 members of the Senate. And then we see contempt on the right side of his face, and he sticks through his tongue through his teeth, and I said, keep an eye on that. And it really quickly just pops out through there and now quite often what you'll see with children and someone who feels like they've gotten away with something, they'll stick their tongue out through their teeth and they'll bite on it a little bit. He's always biting on his tongue. He's always got things to move around in there. Again, I think this is a form of adapting for him because he's got so much going on as he's weaving his way through this game he's playing with peers.  Greg, what do you got? Yeah, I'm gonna tell you, this is Anna Delvy as a guy. That's who this is, and I'm gonna show you why and why I love this video more than any other video in this whole thing.  That was a massive redirect. Hey, yes, my education is an issue. And he moves on into the same question. The redirect is working, in his opinion. And Scott, I think that's why he's not trying to cover anything up. He thinks, smooth, I got it. He's got a set on him because this is Piers Morgan. This is not the average person you go and try to snuggle up to. He's a little harder to snuggle up to. And he does a really good job of that redirect. What's happening here is he starts down the path. And when you listen to what a person says and watch the body language, it's telling. You can't miss it if you pay attention to this guy. He does the televangelist hands, picks it up, looks straight down the camera and he says admitting it's the first step. Well, that right there is a powerful, powerful, powerful statement. Then he goes into a long vowel extension at now. Now. And he's moving in to ask for forgiveness is what he's trying to do. And then he makes the biggest mistake he makes in this entire video. He assumes much like Anna Delvey did with Ian from the Australian 60 Minutes that he's got him. And he tries to build rapport and he says the stupidest single thing you could probably say to Piers Morgan. And you've been through this, Piers. Because he has, he's had his own scandal. Watch the body language change as Piers Morgan rebraises, pushes his arms forward. His chin juts forward, works his jaw, purses his lips. It's starting to get ugly now. He's gonna now come back at him pretty hard.  And this is not the guy to pick that fight with because now he's gonna come back at you.  He's been very patient and now listening to this guy. But now he's just waiting for the next thing. I'll leave it at that. Chase, what do you got? Yeah, I think this is a lot like the Alex Murdoch trial. The admissions are only coming when he's found out, when everything is found out. That's when the admissions come. My wife has the best intuition in my lifetime I've ever seen in a human being, better than mine, probably, but I would say yes, better than all of these guys. And I let her watch 20 seconds, just 20 seconds of this clip right here, didn't give her any background. She didn't know who it was. And she physically shuttered watching this. And I just asked like, how do you feel? Like, how do you feel after watching that? And she said, I would not allow him within a thousand feet of our children, from 20 seconds of just random 20 second clip of in the middle of this. So his underlying message is that the media would find stuff on everybody if they were equally scrutinizing everybody. And right there, right at that moment, he revealed everything. He thinks that everyone does this. He assumes everyone has really, really bad skeletons in their closet because all of us, we tend to think that people are just like us. And if you wanna know how someone secretly feels about something, you only have to ask them how they think most other people feel about it. And they'll give you the secret answer.  The island is you. You claimed on your resume to have gained a master's in business at New York University with a GMAT of 710. I would indicate academic excellence, but that's not true, right? Well, the reality is I don't know where that GMAT comes from. I never put that out on my website or my bio. But you didn't get a master's in business? No, no, but I'm just saying that. The GMAT was on your resume, I think. Which the resume was never furnished or supplied by me. Who supplied that? I have no idea where that came from. Well, someone did it on your behalf. I'm not saying no. I didn't supply it and nobody associated with me supplied it. That came from the GOP and I'm still trying to understand where that came from. But you never got a master's in business at New York University. No, like I said, no. Right. I mean, again, did you not think people would find this out? You know, Pierce, not after I had... You're not running to be like a reality TV star. No, no, I understand. You know, if you were going on Celebrity Apprentices, which I went on, right, it doesn't matter. You can embellish stuff about yourself. Nobody cares, right? But to run for Congress of the United States and to just tell blatant lies about even your academic record, I'm just struck, not necessarily that a politician would lie, but that you would think no one would find out. Well, I'll humor you this. I ran in 2020 for the same exact seat for Congress and I got to wait with it then and I guess... Right. Well, that's honest. Stupid.  No, I didn't think so. But to that effect, it's embarrassing. It's humbling to have to admit your faults as a human being. You know, I wish, genuinely, if the media put the equal amount of efforts and resources, and I'm not saying this as villainizing the media, but just let's keep it fair. On all 435 members of the House and 100 members of the Senate, I think the American people would have more clarity of who represents them in Congress. I'm not saying... And I would say, I listen, I think the media, both at local level and national level, have pretty well been forensic about everyone that's in Congress, right? I mean, maybe not to quite the degree that you've had to sustain it, because they knew with you they had basically a wounded animal, and if they kept going long enough, they'd probably find a load more... Right, you know, it's too... What do you got?


Hello, this is Kat Ng with LSNTap. I'm here to give you a short overview of Google Sheets. It's part of the Google Document Suite. It's very handy. It's the equivalent to Excel. It requires you to have a Google Count. So here, we have a sample sheet set up. It's got some stuff. I'll walk you through it. It's on the basic features. You can do all of the math stuff you can do in Excel. Here, there's the basic sum average count in Macs. Under more functions like 500 extra functions, there's a huge number. For example, I'll do some very simple. I'll just get the sum of all these numbers. Looking down here, you have some of your standard sort features. Here, I can set this table. And then right-click, choose Sort Range.  And you just sort them. I'm just got some of these same add-ons, like Google Docs. Very useful. If there's some feature that you need that's not already in here, odds are someone made the add-in, and odds are it's available for free. Some of the other cool features include creating shading maps. I can do conditional, let's call it conditional formatting. So here, I've cleared it. So this is the table as it is normally. But then you add rules. Let's say everything with a cell that's the number is greater than 25 with shade. So here, now you get a nice, easy visual representation of things over 25. So if you have a very large amount of data, this can let you zoom out and get a good overview. Here's a color scale, which will take the highest number and the lowest number and set those as the two colors in the ends. And everything in between will have something on the gradient between those two colors relative to their value between the two endpoints. So of course, you can make all sorts of different graphs here. I'll select this, go back, chart. And then I've got the names, select whatever type of chart you want. If you want to customize various elements of it, it's very easy to do that. Just go in here and choose what you want. It's important to remember, just like Google Docs, your work is being saved constantly at all times. If something goes horribly wrong, your browser crashes. It's going to be maybe, again, 30 seconds of work missing in the worst case scenario. Thank you for watching this. This has been Kedding with LScentab. If you're interested, you can go to our YouTube channel and see all of these videos plus much more. This is part of the Docs set, which includes docs, sheets, slides, and fusion tables at this moment. Hopefully, there'll be more in the future. Thank you so much and have a good day.


Hello everyone. Today we are going to see query processing. So, learning outcome for this session is students will be able to find query violation plan for a given query and analyze the cost of selection operation. So, without index. So, rather other operations that we will see in the next lectures. So, this is the query engine how it executes. So, first query will be given to the parser and translator. So, first step is parsing and translation. So, query that we have written for example, SQL statement will be converted into the relational algebra expression expression using parser. Now, there can be one or more relational algebra expressions or plans for a given query. So, that will be that plans will be passed to the optimizer. So, second step is that optimization in which the cost of every plan will be found or find and based on that it will be decided that which plan is optimized one or is having low cost that will be passed to the execution plan. Then execution plan will pass that plan or that plan will be passed to the evaluation engine. Evaluation engine will execute that plan and the return the result of the or output will be written. So, third step is that evaluation. So, let us look at in detail. So, first the query will be translated into its internal form. So, understandable by machine. So, parser checks for the syntax find out whether the relation name which is a relation name that has been used are these relations are existing or not. So, once it is a valid syntax, then the system will prepare parser tree present representation or we can call it as a relational algebra expression will be found. Now, as we have seen that it can have the one or more relational algebra expression for the same query. It may be the possibility that in the instead of relation it will be view. So, that view is going to be replaced by the actual expression that is used for creating view. So, all these will be done in the first step. Now, let us look at the example. So, this is a query select salary from instructor where salary is less than 75000. So, here the relation name is instructor and again there is a no error in that particular query. So, which will be converted into its relation algebra expression. So, look at this condition is that salary less than 75000 and projecting salary from the instructor because we have to check that salary is whether less than or 75000 or not. So, same will be is converted into this parser tree. So, first at the leaf load it will be the relation name which is instructor, we are projecting salary. So, as we are required only salary and then again select salary which is less than 75000. So, this is one evaluation form or this is one plan for this given query. So, at this moment pause this video and try to find out the other plan. So, same query for this particular query there is one more plan possible. So, try to find out that plan. So, I hope you have got that. So, second option is that first filter out all the records less than having the salary less than 75000 and then project salary. So, in the first we have just projected salary and then we have applied the condition in the second plan we have already first selected all the records which is less than 75000 and then we have just projected salary. But here when we are applying this condition it will select all the attributes whereas, in this scenario it is only the salary attribute is selected and then we are filtering out the condition and that is why these two will give the same output but the cost is going to be different. So, the first that passing and translation find out all the possible plans. Now, plans that partiality representation will be more enhanced in the query evaluation plan. So, what does it mean that? So, we have to give a query or for while evaluating a query we have to provide the relational algebra expression or that has been calculated with and then we have to specify how to evaluate that expression also. So, again I am coming back to this example this is a plan or this is a relational algebra expression. Now, how to project this salary or how to select this salary less than 75000 that specific instructions need to be given. So, here that the operation which is going to be noted with that particular instruction is called as an evaluation primitive. So, that we have to specify in the query evaluation that particular plan which is called as an query execution plan or query evaluation plan. So, in this case now for this instructor now we are interested in salary and the condition is also on salary. So, what we are doing is that if you look at this it is written here that use index one. So, for instructor there is a primary key instructor ID. So, index is present for the idea also. Secondary index is present for the salary and while this selecting that salary less than 75000 use index one which will be more efficient than using the first primary index and that is why it has been mentioned over here. So, which index should be used how to retrieve the records that has been specified in query evaluation plan. In query optimization now as we have seen there is a different evaluation plans and obviously different cost will be there. So, in query optimization among all the equivalent plans the plan which is having the low cost or the lowest cost is going to be estimated. How it has to be estimated? So, it has to use a statistical information for example, how many number of tuples are present in that relation? What is the size of every tuple? What is again the other measures are there? So, that we are going to see while calculating the cost, but these are some catalog information which is going to be used for finding the cost of the every plan and then with the plan which is having the lowest cost that will be selected for the execution. So, in detail now we have to see how to calculate the cost. So, sorry the parameters used for this query evaluation will be in terms of number of resources like disk access, CPU time to execute a query, cost of communication and so on. Or the disk cost can be estimated as number of 6, number of block transfers. So, in that block transfer it can be block read or block write. So, that we have to consider, but here we are going to concentrate only on two measures. One is number of block transfer and other one is number of C corporations. Also the other assumption is that data will be always read from initially from disk. So, it may be the possibility that data is available in buffer, but we are assuming that every time initially data will be read from the disk. So, once the operation will be required that time. And the write time and read time cost though ideally it is different, but here it is assumption that it is going to be same. So, with these assumptions we are going to calculate the cost of the query. So, there are two times one is a time average time to transfer one block of data and the other one is access time. So, it is going to be the disk 6 time plus rotational latency. So, based on this previous again measures that is a number of block transfer and number of 6 the cost of this particular query will be b into tt plus s into ts means that how many blocks that we need to transfer into the time required for block transfer one block transfer plus number of sick operations into time required for one sick operation. Now, this ts and tt will depend on where the data has been stored. What does it mean that? For example, assume that block size is a 4 kb and if the data is stored on high magnetic high end magnetic disk then the time required for sick operation is 4 milliseconds whereas, time required for block transfer is 0.1 milliseconds that has been found by the experiment. If the data is stored on SSD then the time required is less as compared to magnetic disk. So, ts will be 20 to 90 microseconds and tt will be 2 to 10 microseconds. So, based on the hardware your time will be different. Now, first we will start with select operations. Obviously, we have to see the select operation, join operation, sorting and so on. So, that we will be looking in the next lectures. So, what is the selection operation? So, it will be like a file scan which is the lowest level operator to access the data. So, for example, select star from employee. So, I have to go through this complete employer relation. So, from the first to the last record. So, it is like search algorithms that locate and retrieve records which fulfill the condition. So, select star from employee where salary is less than 75,000. So, all the records which is fulfilling the conditions that will be retrieved. It allows the entire relation to be read in those cases where the relation is stored in the single dedicated file. That is nothing but the file scan and we are going to use this at the basic level first. Also attribute or set of attributes which are used to look up the record is generally called as a key that we already know. So, we will start with first linear search. So, here in selection operation. So, consider the query that select star from employee where salary is equal to 30,000. So, which records will be qualified. So, if you look at this particular relation here. So, what it will do is that it will bring the first block of the relation to the memory. It will check for all the values of the salary and which is satisfied that will be added to the result or I will be output as a result. So, here each block will be checked. So, first block will be checked here it is one record which is present with the salary equal to 30,000. Second block will be then see assume here it is an assumption that it is containing one block contains one record and memory fits only three blocks. That is why we are taking here in the first as three blocks then next three blocks and next three blocks and so on till the file will not exhaust. So, first three records or the blocks will be brought to the memory condition will be checked and the records will be taken into output if it is satisfying the condition. So, here in this example first block qualifies only one selection or the one record in the second block is also having the one record and in the third block it is we are having the one record. So, all these three records will be retrieved as a result. Now, really linear search will be applied regardless of the condition that is the selection condition also ordering of the record. So, whatever may be the ordering it does not matter when we are going for linear search because we are going starting from first record till the last record and then availability of the indices here we are not using any index for that. If the file is too long or if it is not stored continuously then we require many SIC operations otherwise if the file is stored continuously then we will require only one SIC operation to start with and then all the blocks will be brought to the main memory that is why the cost of this operation will be TS plus that is the time required for the only one SIC operation plus BR into TT. So, it is going to be one plus now three blocks has been brought to the memory that is why it will be one plus sorry not one TS plus three BT. So, depending on the TS and TT the cost will be calculated. The second thing is that consider now this query select star from employee where employee ID is 1004. Now, here employee ID is a key attribute in this case whenever the record is found it will not go further because as it is a key attribute it will be only having a single qualifying record. So, how it will be executed first block again will be brought to the main memory. So, employee ID 1004 is not present in the first block that is why it will go for the second block. In the second block the first stopper itself is having the employee ID of 1004 then this will be retrieved and then thus this particular selection will stop it will not go further for the next block because there is only a unique record present in this particular relation. So, average time will be VR by 2. So, if there are three blocks again. So, 3 by 2. So, 1.5 that is two blocks needs to be transferred we are going to use seal operation of course and the time required for TT and TS. But the worst case what can be the worst case? So, select star from employee where employee ID is equal to 1008 if this is a query all blocks need to be read to retrieve the record. So, the time will be same that we are into TT. So, this is how the linear search will be used and the cost required for the selection operation using linear search. Thank you.


Okay. Yeah, I'm going to show you K-Public Transport, which is also somewhat indirectly an outcome of the privacy goal. And yeah, this kind of started shortly after last year's academy. So last year I presented KDI Tenderary, which is kind of the privacy-aware and privacy-protected variant of things like TripIt or the Google itinerary integration things. So what we had last year was an infrastructure to extract your personal booking data from incoming emails and add them to a timeline. And we had integration with augmentation of that with static data from VikiData, so we had locations of airports and that kind of stuff. And the thing that was missing last year was access to real-time transport data, so delays and gate changes and that kind of stuff. And I was somewhat skeptical last year if we could get that because that is usually data that needs to come from the operators. Because there's usually no other way to get the life positions of trains and that kind of level of detail of data you would need, for example, for delay displays. However, it turns out I was entirely wrong. After the talk last year I got contacted by a bunch of people actually working on this and working on this in a free software and open data community. So I got to learn a whole new world on things that I had no idea existed. And some of the key elements is the GTFS data format. That is again like the itinerary data, something that Google came up with and then basically mandated the public transport operators to provide data in that format if they wanted to show up on Google Maps. And that is a very good way to pressure them and to motivate them. So this is actually available for many operators very often under open data licenses and in some countries apparently legally mandated to be present under open data licenses. And that exists in two variants. The simple one is just basically the static schedule data, so how a train is planned to go. And in basically all countries apart from Switzerland and Japan there is the real-time version that shows the actual state which differs there. And that is a bit more complicated due to the amount of data you need to process. But that goes down to actually the GPS positions of all the vehicles in the fleet of that operator. And then to use that kind of data there are several free software projects that consume that, aggregate it and then allow you to run queries on top of that. Like how do I get from A to B or what is the delay of that specific train. And most notably that's Navizia, that's the people that contacted us, and OpenTrip Planner. Right, so as I said this is basically a free software server side thing where you feed in all the GTFS data you have. And then that does all the like the routing algorithms on how to get from A to B. And if there's a gap in between how can you walk and do you want to take your bike to the first step and like all those possible combinations you know from from the the routing apps. And it gives you access to the schedules both for the for lines and for stops. And it has the location search as you type the name of a stop right that you know to complete that. So basically all the backend stuff you expect behind the routing application. And it of course considers disruptions and delays and shows that to you or adjusts the routing accordingly. And yeah you could set that up on our own infrastructure and then just feed in all the GTFS data we find. Or they also have a version they host that we are allowed to use. And they have hundreds of feeds from all over the world in there. So that's their coverage map. You see there's a strong bias towards Europe and the US. And unfortunately very little if anything at all in Asia. So that's not ideal but that's a huge amount of data we can already work with. So how do we get to that? And that's where K-Public Transport comes in. So that's the framework that allows us to interact with that kind of data query it and then represent it in a way that we can integrate that in an application. It's a simple job based query API currently supporting location searches departures from or arrivals from a given station and journeys. So how do I get from A to B? It's not limited to Naritsia so it supports multiple backends. We'll see a bit about that later. And it can pick the right backend based on the locations where you are traveling. So to get the best results and to reduce the amount of data we have to send out. And that also implies we need to be able to merge results we get from different backends and that is the that's probably where most of the code in that framework is actually needed for. Yeah regarding the backends there is obviously the Naritsia one which is providing the widest coverage at the moment. Then we have support for three proprietary systems. Some of them are more or less documented. Some of them require a bit of creativity. That is mainly necessary for some of the German operators to get some data there. What we are still missing is a backend for the open trip planner system which has some similarities to Naritsia but it has a bit of more complicated interface. That would be necessary to support Norway and Finland at least so there are national railway ones on top of that. And yeah the challenges resulting from supporting multiple backends is the merging the results and aligning different spellings or variations of the same location in a way that that it's the same. This is the coverage areas that we have beyond Naritsia so that's the mainly the proprietary backends. Again you see it's a strongly biased towards Europe and one exception in New South Wales I think but unfortunately still a big gap in Asia and America isn't even on the map so there's still quite some work necessary to make that a bit more global. Well Greenland is partly covered not because we actually cover it but because the the simpler you make the geometry for the coverage areas the the faster it is to actually make hit detection on those areas work to pick the right backend so that's why it's these weird simplified shapes and then map projection of course that's why it's spreading out in the north. Yeah a bit more on the result aggregation. There is I think the biggest problem there is unlike with air traffic there is no universal identifier for locations. So every backend basically has their own arbitrary numbering scheme and then you have the human readable names which might be in different languages which might use abbreviations for parts like station or central station that is typically abbreviated somehow in in the different languages so we need to try to somehow normalize all of that and merge it together. We quite often get geo coordinates so that's that's useful but it's unfortunately not enough because if you look at one of the very large central stations they are many hundred meters in in size on in that area you can actually have multiple bus stops so I mean geo coordinates help to clearly distinguish stuff that is not next to each other but how exactly do you group this together in a in a local area then another fun problem is with with very local providers they tend to not add their location name or city name to the name of their stops so if you search for airport you find stops named airport in 15 different cities and in the context of that city the stop name airport of course makes sense but if I try to find that without having any additional information that isn't really helpful and then of course there's problems with the identification of a specific train or a specific bus as well so they tend to have like a line name like m5 here but sometimes they also have individual numbers for the individual trips on that line and it's not always clear which one you get and that also again makes it harder to properly merge that and spelling variants and languages I already mentioned that so none of that is unsolvable but it requires a lot of feedback from people using that especially initially on weird results that they are getting right and then because that this is very local and locale dependent so I need specific test cases from in this city searching for that gives me nonsense results or it it merges this or it doesn't merge that and then we can incrementally improve that privacy that's of course something we need to look at as that's where the whole thing started this will require online access because we we depend on real-time data right so there is simply no way around that there is also very limited room for for caching the results that might work for location searches but not for anything else because we want to see delays as they occur so there is actually network traffic on the outside that is observable but at least we can control what exactly we send in those requests the proprietary apps tend to add various unique identifiers or cookies and whatnot we can strip all of that right and just put in what is the absolute minimum that is necessary and I think that's as good as it gets right the the next step is just to disable that entirely if you're concerned about that network traffic there is unfortunately a few proprietary backends that don't even support transcode security so there your requests go out entirely unencrypted those are off by default but if you're living in austria kd itinerary has a specific setting to enable that because otherwise you don't get any data so that's a trade-off you need to do and another problem we still need to solve is if you search for a location by name where we have no context on which backend to pick it currently picks all of them and there might be backends in there from countries that or from providers that you don't trust right so we want some form of manual selection I know I'm in Italy so there's no point in sending it to the UK or wherever so that is something we we still need to support then another topic that isn't all that obvious since we are dealing with open data just like with free software we have to look at license compliance and attribution so the data that is based on sometimes for example is licensed under creative comments attribution license which means if we show the data we need to properly attribute this now since the data comes from various sources that USD application author might not not even know the framework collects all that data aggregates it together with the results and gives you as the application author all the information you actually need to show and you can write any about dialogue or you show it in line next to the results and then that hopefully makes it easy to comply with the the licenses and and conditions around that what else right so what currently supported is the absolute bare minimum on data that we needed for kd itinerary but what we get from the backends is actually a lot more the typical result size for a journey query is easily more than a hundred kilobytes in in jason and what we currently extract is probably less than a kilobyte of that so there's things like the entire gps track of the route you are going there is tons of options on how you want to do the routing so how fast do you walk do you have a e-scooter with you or do you want to avoid specific terms modes of transportation and all of that kind of stuff there is a lot more in disruption informations there is a lot of accessibility information which actually could be quite interesting to show that in in the application or to consider that as a as a constraint during scheduling right so during querying if you if you are dependent on lifts or something like that right so it's good to know where they work and where they don't work there is information on how full the trains are probably or are expected to be there's the whole area of pricing and ticketing which we haven't touched at all yet and stuff like the estimated co2 usage on that trip in case you want to optimize for that so there's a huge road that that we haven't even started with yet right and then the people around for a bit longer might vaguely remember that we had something like that in the past and yes there is the public transport plasmoid from the early kd4 times that was unfortunately discontinued and it wasn't it didn't seem useful to revive that instead of building something new because that was initially based on web scraping because that was the only thing available at the time so this is like more than 10 years ago right before smartphones nowadays most of the network operators have their own apps and that kind of forces them to have a much more sensible api that we then can hook onto and gtfs was also just starting at the time so the the bill of code that existed for that was offline processing so you basically you download the entire multi hundred megabyte gtf file the static one and do local routing that however isn't really feasible on a mobile phone let alone if you want to have the real-time data because that's a multi megabyte per minute protobuf stream from which you need one tiny detail but you need to basically have the continuous stream to update the local state so this isn't really feasible on on mobile so there's unfortunately very little that can be or that could be reused from this just because the environment has changed quite a bit since then yeah and then I have a few pictures on how this is actually integrated so this is taken out of the detailed screen in KDE itinerary you can see the the delays show been showing there and you can see the platform changes so it changed on top and it got confirmed in the in the lower case so it's shown in green so that was the first bit we integrated and then the more advanced stuff this is the alternative connection selector so if you missed your connection you can basically look up the the next one on that trip the red one is cancelled so we also detect cancellation status and and some some notes we get from the operator and then you can save that and the itinerary timeline updates to that that new trip while keeping your ticket but dropping your seat reservation that doesn't make sense anymore and we have departure schedule so if you if you arrive at the airport and want to check if you have to rush to get to the train or if you still have time for a coffee right that can be useful I think this is mainly a stop gap until we have proper navigation from say from the hotel or from getting from the airport to the hotel built into itinerary so that's one of the the next steps coming up but until then that is kind of the easiest to implement approximation and that is the the integration as we have it in itinerary so far but then Nico started a new app k-trip which is basically focused on journey planning which is currently I think the second user of the k-public transport framework which I think more directly exposes what k-public transport actually can do yeah so what this what this hopefully showed is that there actually is quite some useful and freely available data around public transportation available to us and we now have the infrastructure to easily get to that and yeah depending on what we actually want to do with it we now can step by step extend the data model and extend the the query API to support that since there is so much data I'm trying to do that on an as needed basis so whenever there is a specific thing we we want to address usually there's the corresponding data available and then of course there is a lot of stuff that we could do with that data beyond what we have done so far there's of course the integration with my craft as an obvious idea right so you can ask my craft for when when does my train leave or does my train have a as a delay or how do I get to the university and that kind of stuff and something I would like to see is the kind of the commuter counterpart to itinerary so for your regular daily trips showing you the delays or showing you alternative means to get to to work or to get back home there is of course also a nice building block for and I mean bigger picture all of this is basically building blocks for a larger digital assistance system that we hopefully one day will have on on plasma mobile yeah and that's it that was amazingly on time just like public transport ought to be questions um some providers like in the Netherlands they do have fairly extensive albeit proprietary APIs but they are gated behind API tokens how do you deal with that or at all we have that problem already some of the backends we use require API tokens they are checked into the source code that seems to be the standard everybody is doing it I was very reluctant to do that and I talked to some of those people and they said everybody else is just publicly checking in those as well so so that's what we do I mean for most of them you get the API tokens for free so there is very little incentive in stealing them right I mean you need to sign up for them but they are essentially free so they they are sometimes rate limited but those that I've seen have rate limits that are way above being problematic anyway and for now it's here we talk to them and they actually um they give free software very favorably rate non-rate limited or well API tokens is very high rate limit so that's not a problem for those sources which either don't have an API or have an API that we cannot use for whatever reason is web web scrapping an option I said you mentioned was scrapping I don't know if yeah I mean in theory you could implement a backend that works via web scraping I'm just a bit too lazy to do that but it might indeed be that there is providers where we have absolutely no other option um and yeah I mean the backend API is basically just give me the results how to get from A to B or something like that right and how you do that is up to the backend so web scraping would be would be ugly but it would be a technical option yeah do you think you need an infrastructure some server in order to provide the answer that a mobile phone will require um yeah I mean this this needs server infrastructure but luckily not our server infrastructure so we use the server infrastructure from narizia and from the commercial backends so in theory we could host the narizia software ourselves and maintain all the data in there ourselves but that would there would be very little gain to that apart from a lot of work so better share that right if you do that are you not sharing the information your personal information with navizia um well you of course they see the same they see the queries you sent yes so um they see that somebody is querying how to get from A to B but there's no identifying token beyond the IP address that would connect us to you specifically right um it's connected to this is coming from the KDE library due to the API tokens um but yeah I mean if we would host that ourselves you would still share this with KDE um maybe you trust KDE more than you trust the other guys um but essentially you're still sharing this right um self hosting that for each individual person I don't think that scales because the um the gtfs real-time protocol is quite heavy that might produce multiple megabytes per minute updates so if suddenly many thousand people draw the data from those backends I think we cause a problem there right so this stuff is designed to be used with very very few servers that consume it and then share it um I mean yeah there is a trade-off we need to do in in regard to privacy uh because it it isn't doable without online access so anyone else otherwise let us thank Falkar and be on time


The National Broadcasting Company and its affiliated stations present the Pacific story. It is the story of the Pacific, the drama of the millions of people who live around this greatest sea where the United States is now committed to a long-term policy of keeping the peace. This is a documentary account of the situation in the Pacific, of the men and events which are today influencing world affairs for generations to come, but Japanese and the soil, years of holding many farmers almost in slavery, the Japanese land genesis system is on its way out. I do not understand. It means, my father, that we will have land of our own and that we can work it for ourselves. We will not have to divide our crop with our land boss that is right. How could we ever pay for land? We would have 30 years to pay for it. How can it be? We have never owned land nor have any of our ancestors. Of Japan's 5,500,000 farm households, only about 1,700,000 own all their land. About 2,300,000 own no land. Nearly 4 million are tenant farmers. The Americans are changing things now, my father. The land is to be bought from the landlords by the government and is to be sold to us and we will have 30 years to pay for it. How can this be? Until now, 70% of the Japanese peasants have been either partially or wholly tenant farmers with less than 3 acres on which to eke off living. They have had little voice in the course taken by the warlords. Their sons have been taken by the armed services. Their daughters have worked in the fields or in the industries. Despite the rapid industrialization of the last quarter of a century or so, Japan is still an agrarian nation. The people are tied to the soil. This is an American agricultural expert. Agriculture is the foundation of Japanese economy. To June Kusaku, the landless Japanese tenant farmer, the prospect of land reform is almost bewildering. Do you mean that we can raise food to eat and that we can sell what we do not need? Yes, my father. We will have to pay taxes and buy fertilizer and tools and clothing and the other things we need. But this we can do for ourselves when we have our own land. When will this happen? The steps are being taken now. The Americans have ordered our government to work out... For years, Japan has been divided into tiny farms. Most of them averaging a very few acres. These tiny farms, small as they are, have been divided into endless, minute parcels of ownership. Thus, there are many owners of land. But about 20% of the landowners do not work their land. Almost 20%, which numbers about a million landowners, live on the income from their rents. And although most of these landlords own less than seven acres apiece, still they can live on their rents. The reason is the land rents have been so high. This is the son of June Kusaku. For years, we have had to give 56% of our total crops. This is the average land rent of two crop lands. The land rents vary, but they are all extortionate. This is an American expert. On single crop paddy land, the rent is usually 51% of the total yield. On non-paddy land, the rent ranges from 28% to 40%. Most of the rents are paid in kind. The peasants see very little cash. When they can pay in cash, the rent is slightly lower. Ask June Kusaku how much money he clears a year. If all we have good fortune, we can clear something less than $20 a year. Some rentals are paid in wheat, soybeans and vellus, in addition to rice. And sometimes payments are made in other ways. I will pay the rental in labor. I offer you the labor of all the members of my family. We will work off the rent. Very well. I will stipulate the amount of labor to be done. Could you tell me how much labor there will be? The same as last year. It must be remembered that I am paying all the taxes and rent assessments and all the other fees that come along. Oh, yes. The feudal tenancy system has been in force in Japan for many years. While there are many who own land, since the parcels of land is so small, the vast preponderance of peasants are tenants. There are two general kinds of tenants. First, there are the June Kusaku, the true landless pest. There are something like 2,300,000 households of these who depend entirely on land hired from others. In generations, these June Kusaku have not been able to acquire one square inch of land. Then there are those called the Jisaku Koon Kusaku. Those that are part owner, part tenant. There are something like 1,500,000 households of these peasants who own very small parcels of land, but must rent additional parcels in order to make a living. So these, like those who are completely landless, are also tenants. These two classes of peasants constitute 70% of the agricultural households of Japan. And until now, this vast majority of the farmers of Japan have been beholden to landlords. June Kusaku remembers what happens when the rent is not paid. June Kusaku, this is the second time you have been here on this map. Is it not? Yes. We agreed on a rental you all, plus the interest in the kinds of cash. And you gave me a promissory note. Yes, I gave you the note. We have had a bad year, as you know. And my family has had trouble. I cannot have a tenant on my rent who does not pay. My ancestors for generations before me have always paid the rental to your family. And until now, I have paid it. That has nothing to do with the muscle ham. If the rental is not paid, then I must end your tenancy. Oh no. Now, where could I find land? No, you know she in this region would rent you a rent. We must have enough food to live. I must insist that you pay the rental you have agreed to pay. I will give you until the end of the season. If it is not paid, then I must take your standing crops and end your tenancy. Against this kind of action in which the landlords acted collectively against the tenants, the tenants have taken concerted action against the landlords. Until the dispute is settled, we will not pay the rent, nor will we give up the land. We will store our rights together, all of us. And if the landlords will not try to settle our dispute with us, we will sell the rights. The whole matter will then be placed in the hands of the law. But even with these measures, the strength of the tenants against the landlords was slight. For this reason, the farmers of Japan have for years been moving together. An important joint movement took place after World War I, during which time the landlords expanded their holdings. In World War I, Japan was on the allied side. Her industry boomed. Prices rose. And the landlords, taking advantage of the rise and the price of rights, which was grown for them by their tenants, had the means to buy more land. And this they did. So the position of the landlords improved while the position of the tenants deteriorated. By 1922, there were more landless tenants than ever before. And that was the year the Japan Farmers Union was formed. Until now, we have had a tenant movement. Now, under the Japan Farmers Union, our objective must be to improve the loss of all tenants. Many groups of tenants joined the Japan Farmers Union. And by this time, in the early 20s, the problems of farm tenancy were coming up at almost every session of the imperial diet in Tokyo. Japan is becoming apparent that his Majesty's government must take a more active part in the matter of farm tenancy. This is the government's view. We therefore enunciate the following general policy. First, the government will arbitrate that they're still for the tenants. Second, we will undertake a program of war at war and plus to tenant farmers to enable them to buy land in order that they may cease to be tenants. Third, we will undertake to restrict certain arbitrary practices of the landlords and in this way, improve the conduction of the tenant farmer. Implementing this policy, the Japanese government started making loans to tenant farmers to help them buy land. But in the first four years, only negligible progress was made. This made grist for the mill of the Farmers Union. By 1925, the farmers were strong enough to help found a political party. Long live the farmer, Labour Party! We have taken a great step toward expressing a voice in the affairs of our country. Long live the farmer, Labour Party! Excuse me, please. Excuse me. Yes? I have a message for you. Yes? The whole minister brought it to us. I cannot believe you. It is impossible. No, no. That is the message exactly as the whole minister related to us. This is unbelievable. This cannot be done. Will you announce it? Yes. The message has just come from the whole minister. The whole minister has ordered the farmer, Labour Party, to dissolve. The whole minister has dissolved the farmer, Labour Party. Then we have no party. The government then launched an expanded program to help the tenant farmer. It is our purpose to conceive of this plan as long range. And it is therefore set up for a period of 25 years. The government will help tenant farmers by 286,650 acres of land. The aim was to increase the number of owner cultivators. In addition, steps have been taken to help the owner cultivator in terms of taxes. But this expanded program could not halt the tenant farmers from becoming politically conscious. The agrarian movement continued. And in 1928, the powerful Japan Farmers Union and the All Japan Farmers Union joined forces and became the National Farmers Union, which was to be known as Zeno. During this period, the farm troubles did not decrease. In fact, they increased. Nevertheless, it was plain that the tenant farmers were floundering toward some kind of solution. Despite the government's program to help the tenant farmer become an owner cultivator, in the 10 years from 1926 to 1936, the number of tenant farmers increased and the number of owner cultivators decreased. The government's handling of the whole problem of land terrancy has been ineffective. How could we prevent the small landholders from becoming a tenant farmer? As the plan was set up, the plan was not practical. If subsidizing tenant farmers to buy land is not practical. The truth is that we have too many farmers. Everyone knows that. That is the real problem. If we could become more industrialized, then we could put many of the tenant farmers to work in a factory. This would leave fewer farmers on the land. Therefore, each farmer would have more land to work. What industrialization? That is another thing. Oh yes, it is indeed. If we do not get more industrialization, then we will reorganize our entire system of land terrancy. That is what we have been trying to do. But not effectively. The system must be modernized. It can no longer be operated as it was in the middle ages. What do you mean when you say modernized? I mean that if necessary, we must expropriate all unused farmer lands. What? Yes. We must re-divide these lands. The lands of the absentee landlords and the non-cultivating owners must be put into the hands of the active farmers who work the land. And the extortionate rentals must be reduced. But now it was 1938. The plan was well-launched on its policy of aggression. She had invaded and occupied Manchuria. She'd attacked China proper, had taken Shanghai, Beijing and Manking. She was engaged in a full-scale war in the mainland of Asia and at the same time was preparing for her eventual drive to the south. The Japanese government was in the hands of tough military whose plans encompassed no talk of rights from the farmers.  That is your responsible attack. The pressure against the farmers increased. Tokyo. Official announcement was made here today that the powerful organization known as Zeno has liquidated. Zeno or more properly, the National Farmers Union, was the largest organization of farmers Japan ever had. Zeno, which had fought for reform of the land tenancy system, had been in existence ten years. And with its dissolution, the farmers of Japan are now left with no national organization to represent them. We do now, or we still have our small group. What could that be? What my father means is that the problems that we face, nearly all farmers face. And if we have only local organizations, there's things to be little we can do. We must join together our small groups and form new national organizations. Yes, yes, but how can we do this? Yes, how can we with those who are making the war of holding us down? We cannot give up. We will not give up. The smaller groups started moving together again. And out of this movement emerged two new national groups. The Great Japan Farmers Union and the Japan Farmers League. I am glad to tell you that in our new organization of the Great Japan Farmers Union, we now have 70,000 members. And presently the other group, the Japan Farmers League announced that it also had 70,000 members. 70,000 members? But now we can do something. Yes, maybe now they will help us buy land. Instead, the two new farmer leagues found that they had stronger opposition than ever before, those in power frowned upon them. For Japan at this time was riding toward the crest of her wave. France had fallen, and as an echo of this, the Japanese had moved into French Indochina. The Japanese were preparing for the showdown that they knew was coming in the Pacific. His Majesty's government announced that in the interest of national unity, both the Great Japan Farmers Union and the Japan Farmers League have voluntarily dissolved. Effective at once, these organizations no longer exist. In place of their organization, another organization supported by the government was imposed upon the farmers. The Imperial Agricultural Association. We are better off with no organization. This will only keep us working on the land for the benefit of others. If war comes with a medic of my father, then there is no hope for us. There is no way we can escape it to my son. The sons of the farmers were taken for the armed services. The daughters to be workers. The older farmers were left on the land, and there they worked as the farmers of Japan have worked for hundreds of years.  Among the first objectives of the light headquarters after the occupation of Japan was the breaking up of the system of land tenancy. On November 12, 1945, General MacArthur announced that he was preparing a directive to free Japan's millions of farmers from their bondage. And in his statement, MacArthur promised free marketing and a state of freedom, and summed it up by saying, As the day by day story of occupation unfolds, it must now be understood that the primary objective of the occupation forces is to destroy the old system. Exact toil for past misdeeds and create a nation of people who will forever retain a democratic way of life. The next day, the directive was issued. The Japanese government will submit all plans for dealing with farm tenancy, farm loans, rents, taxes, and the costs of farm supplies. Also, the Japanese government will report an effective plan for the redistribution of land. In the back countries, Jun Kasako and the other tenants looked on. Will the Americans make a new land law? Oh, the Americans have ordered the Imperial Diet to make a new land law. Oh, will they do it? They must do it. When must the Diet do this? The Diet will meet in a few days now. Oh, what will the new land law say? Oh, I do not know. But it will have to say something about buying the land from the large holders and selling it to us. That is what our government tried to do. A measure was introduced in the Diet to alter the land tenancy system. But Supreme Allied headquarters found it inadequate. The measure proposes the purchase of land from larger states and the reclamation of other land for redistribution to tenant farmers. But it leaves the system of absentee land ownership as it was. The Japanese tenant must be freed from the bondage of feudal absentee land ownership, from the mountain of debt, from discriminatory taxation, and from the other economic ills that have oppressed him for centuries. The agricultural experts of Supreme Allied headquarters studied the proposed Japanese measure. Then a new directive to the Diet was issued. The Japanese government will submit to Supreme Allied headquarters by March 15, 1946, a program of agricultural reform with the following measures. First, the transfer of land from absentee owners to land operators. Second, provision for the purchase of farm lands from non-operating owners at fair prices. Third, provision for the tenant to buy land in annual installments in keeping with his income. Fourth, provision for reasonable protection of former tenants against reversion to their old status as tenants. The members of the Japanese government mulled over the directive. In it they saw the end of the system that had obtained for ten centuries. It even stipulates that measures must be enacted to protect the farmers against exploitation by processors and distributors that we cannot do. That we will have no choice. We made great confessions on the measure we were considering when the directive came. That is your belief because, if I may say so, you are an extensive landholder. That we have as regular as are. But you remember what General MacArthur said. He said that the purpose of the objective was to destroy the forces that have enslaved the Japanese farmer for centuries of human oppression and to establish a system ensuring that those who kill the soil shall have a more equal opportunity to enjoy the fruits of their labor. That is what MacArthur said. Yes, I know, I know, but the farmers have always managed to gather long. That is no longer enough. That is why General MacArthur said that the farmer cannot be freed until the evils of our system have been rooted out. What evils? Well, here are the ones that General MacArthur has listed for. What was that? Right here. We have a burden of farming that is not so high, right, General MacArthur? They are government policy that discriminates against agriculture in favor of industry and trade. And this one. The autocratic government control over the farmer and farm organizations without regard for the farmers' interests. I do not know that the government has been autocratic. It forced the dissolution of the farmers' leagues. Did it not? That was for the good of the country. Well, at any rate, this is the directive of Supreme Allied Headquarters. And any law we enact must conform to it. Meantime, the question of how much acreage landholders should be permitted to own came to the front. At present, about one-third of the Japanese farmers cultivate 1.25 acres or less. About one-third cultivate between 1.25 acres and 2.45 acres. This means that two-thirds of the land holdings are exceedingly small. In the Allied Council for Japan, recommendations were made by the various members. If the recommendations of the holders be allowed to retain 7.35 acres prevails, then few tenants will ever become landholders. On this basis, there simply is not enough land to go around. Likewise, there were differences of opinion as to how the land shall be taken over. I recommend that all holdings exceeding 15 acres be seized without remuneration. This was the Russian proposal. Further, I recommend that the Japanese government pay the full rate for the first eight acres and half the price for the second eight acres and nothing whatever for the expropriated land. With this suggestion, the American member disagreed. I submit the opinion that expropriation of land or other property without due payment is not in accord with the principles of the Potsdam Declaration. These recommendations are not in accord with the principles of reviving and strengthening democratic tendencies among the Japanese people because they are not in accord with democratic principles. The American member went on that certain men are rich in property is no justification for depriving them of the property without compensation. To deprive certain men of their property without payment would be to deprive all men of the security of ownership and to deprive the Japanese peasant and small farmer of his rightful security which we are endeavoring to establish. Mr. Chairman, I regret that I am unable to concur and the interpretation put upon this matter by the American delegate. I therefore resubmit my plan for expropriation of all land holdings above 15 acres without remuneration. I should like to ask the Chinese and British members if they consider this democratic. No, expropriation is not democratic. I'm afraid I must agree with the Chinese member and the American member that this is not democratic. The Japanese diet that had enacted the unsatisfactory land law was dissolved. A new diet or parliament was elected under the democratic procedures ordered by Supreme Headquarters. The new diet went into session in what was to be the longest session in the history of Japan. A new constitution was adopted. A new land law was adopted. My father. My father.  That is not good. I am to be all the village board. The village land board. The land board? Yes. Oh, that is good, my father. There will be land holders and tenants on the board and we will decide how much land each telling can buy. Is the same old story over again. Oh, no, no, my father. This time we will be helped to buy. It is the law.  No, no, no, it is really the law. The land of the absentee owners is to be bought by the government and sold to us. Do not be deceived, my son. It will be as it always has been. It is different this time, father. At last we can own the land and we will be limited only by what the board says in the village. It is the law passed by the diet and the Americans are standing behind it. I did not think I would ever see this day. The terms of the land reform law are explicit. The law makes available 4,900,000 acres for purchase through the Japanese government by tenant farmers. This will embrace about two-thirds of the farm acreage now being rented. The land will be paid for with government bonds and it is planned to sell it to about 3 million tenant farmers. This will make owner cultivators of these 3 million farmers and they will be given 30 years to pay for the land. Today, under the direction of the supreme command in the Pacific, the feudal land system is, in fact, being torn out by the roots. The Japanese government under orders to guarantee to agriculture a share of the national income commensurate with its contribution has been warned that it will be held strictly to account for the final accomplishment of the broad aims of the Allied directive. The Japanese land tenancy system is on its way out. The tenant farmer for years virtually chained to the soil that was not his. Will within the next few years emerge a free man working for himself. With ten centuries of bondage behind him, he looks ahead, conscious of all the problems that face him and his nation. But with an inkling for the first time of the meaning of democracy. To the Pacific story presented by the national broadcasting company and its affiliated independent stations to clarify events in the Pacific and to make understandable the crosscurrents of life in the Pacific basin. The story is written and produced by Arnold Marklis. The music was scored and conducted by Henry Russell, your narrator, Gaines Whitman. Programs in this series of particular interest to servicemen and women are broadcast overseas through the worldwide facilities of the Armed Forces Radio Service. This program came to you from Hollywood and was heard in Canada through the facilities of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. This is NBC, the national broadcasting company.