This new finding comes from a research article published by the Achilles Lab at Columbia University in Cell Journal in September 2012. It is titled pancreatic beta cell de-differentiation as a mechanism of diabetic beta cell failure. These scientists studied type 2 diabetes or insulin resistant diabetes. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of all cases of diabetes. One of the main causes of type 2 diabetes is obesity. Because rates of obesity in type 2 diabetes have increased substantially over the past 50 years, it is important to understand the underlying biology at the level of the cell in order to engineer the next generation of therapeutics. In order to understand type 2 diabetes, let's focus on the pancreas. The important molecule we are going to talk about is insulin. When glucose in the form of sugar or starch is consumed by an individual, insulin is produced by the pancreas, by cells called beta cells. Insulin causes the cells to take up and store glucose to reduce glucose levels in the blood. So what happens in type 2 diabetic patients? Well, these patients experience something called insulin resistance. This happens when the body cannot properly use the insulin to store away glucose. As a result, glucose accumulates and the beta cells in the pancreas keep secreting more and more insulin to try and lower the blood glucose level. This causes a lot of stress on the beta cell and eventually the patient experiences beta cell failure, where the pancreas is no longer able to produce insulin and blood glucose remains high. This paper addresses the issue of beta cell failure and tries to understand why beta cells become unable to produce insulin. To start talking about this finding, let's understand where beta cells come from. Beta cells come from stem cells that we call progenitor cells that are specialized in producing a variety of cells for the pancreas. What happens is a progenitor cell will divide and those cells it produced will undergo a process called differentiation, where they become beta cells that produce insulin or other cell types in the pancreas. What's important to know is that this is a one-way street, so beta cells cannot make stem cells. Before this finding came out, there was much controversy in the field trying to understand why beta cells can no longer produce insulin in type 2 diabetic patients. Some scientists thought that the beta cells died more quickly than they were replenished, which caused a net reduction in the number of cells that produced insulin. But what this paper is showing is something a little different. In this paper, the authors are using a mouse model of type 2 diabetes that develops beta cell failure. What the authors did is looked at what happens to the beta cells over time when a mouse experiences beta cell failure. To do this, they engineered the mouse so that all beta cells that made insulin were yellow. If a beta cell loses its ability to make insulin, it turns green. So now they are able to answer their question, what causes beta cell failure and what happens to the beta cells? If beta cells were dying more quickly than new cells were being made, as was previously thought, then the number of yellow cells would go down and there would be no green cells. But that is not what they saw. In contrast, the authors saw that the number of green cells was actually going up with beta cell failure. This means that beta cells were losing their ability to make insulin. The beta cells weren't dying at all, but they were changing into cells that don't produce insulin. So what are these new green cells? Well, it turns out that these new green cells are actually progenitor cells, the same progenitor cells that normally produce beta cells.  This process is called de-differentiation, but it had never before shown to occur in response to beta cell failure. So this is very exciting. What's even more exciting is that these green de-differentiated cells are then able to make a variety of different cells for the pancreas. So this finding is very interesting for a number of reasons. Number one, it provides a new understanding of the causes of type 2 diabetes that was not previously known. Number two, it suggests that there is no loss of cells in type 2 diabetes. So these new progenitor cells may still have the ability to turn back into beta cells and reverse beta cell failure to maybe cure type 2 diabetes. So what did this study show? This study showed that during beta cell failure, which causes type 2 diabetes, beta cells that normally make insulin de-differentiate to become the progenitor cells that created them. These new progenitor cells now have the ability to produce other cells for the pancreas. This finding is very exciting, but when thinking about therapies for type 2 diabetes, it is still very preliminary. The authors use a mouse model for type 2 diabetes, so it's not clear if this is also what happens in humans during type 2 diabetes development or even in a different mouse model of type 2 diabetes. As you can see, scientists are always trying to rethink the status quo to gain knowledge and learn the truth about the causes of diseases to develop more efficient and targeted therapies.


Ladies and gentlemen, if anybody in the room is not currently reading David Stockman, you should be Of course you as some of you probably remember he was director of OMB under Reagan He was a congressman prior to that but far more importantly from my perspective anyway Is that he wrote what I think is one of the most important financial books ever written and certainly that the most important Financial book of the 21st century called the great deformation which not only explains the crash of 2008 But also explains so much about central banking and how it finances all kinds of evil in the decades prior He has a new book out called trumped which somebody needs to get to trump and have him read it ASAP because I'm afraid without that We are going to be lost in some kind of a cataclysm of of spending but David Stockman that runs a website called contra corner He is an absolute tireless Writer against crony capitalism, and I think he's one of the leading lights in our movement today. Thanks so much David Stockman Well, thank you very much for that warm welcome. It's the first time anybody's applauded Since way back in 1985 when they ran me out of Washington on a rail In the Reagan administration, but I really want to give my sincere appreciation to Jeff for saying a good thing about my book the great deformation because when it came out in 2013 it was denounced by every point on the political compass the republicans and the democrats and the liberals and the Conservatives and wall street hated it in the military industrial complex found it offensive And it got denounced wildly loudly by the neocons in the congress and the social cons In the tax cons and the just cons which is about everybody else left there But I expected it to some degree because I said, you know, the book is saying we're heading to a terrible dystopia Where the fed is destroying capitalism where imperial washington is wrecking the world with all its interventions Where we're going bankrupt because of this government that can't stop spending and borrowing. So I expected some Blowback, let's call it But you know, I thought at one point One of the critics went way over the top and that was your friend professor paul krugman Who the day the book came out wrote a blog called the rantings of a cranky old man And that was what he had to say about my book But you know that was going so far that it even aroused my 88 year old mother Who upon reading his blog shot me an email saying Doesn't he know you were a cranky young man, too And the point is that I think there are a lot of cranky people in america Who responded to what I had to say because Within one day after that cranky old man blog my book and i'm not bragging here Went to number four on the amazon bestseller list And their only thing ahead of it was two diet books And something a novel a horror novel called the walking dead So I thought well, maybe there is an audience out there But the true Point of the matter is that It did end up number three on the new york times bestseller list and again I'm not bragging because after three years They're still debating at the new york time whether times whether that was number three On the fiction or the nonfiction category But in any event, I'm very happy to be here to be part of this conference on war and peace I think we're on the war part today At least as a result of the events of the last Couple of days But I do want to give just a quick update jeff on your point about the general getting all hot and bothered about the tomahawks Here's the news flash on the tomahawks. They fired 59 36 of them were duds that landed in the desert somewhere 23 hit the airfields None of them hit the runway. They're launching sorties today from the runway That we didn't hit not a single operable plane was taken out. What they did hit was three butler buildings Otherwise known as hangers in a graveyard for inoperable planes that have been sitting there for the last Who knows how long so the point is this was kind of a random crazy thing? Where did it come from two days? No investigation possible plenty of circumstantial Reasons to think that this was a false flag very much like what happened back in august 213 Everybody's forgot about that the goda event so-called But when you go back and look at what some of the objective Evidence is investigations today. It's pretty clear that it wasn't launched by the regime It was launched by local jihadist radicals who are trying to bait obama in to doing exactly what trump did Two days ago when he had foolishly put out that red line I also want to before we get into the main topic Want to welcome everyone. I was delighted to hear that there are people here from mexico and canada And uh, hopefully hopefully you'll come back next year even if you have to leap the wall When the thing actually gets built Jeff had a very good observation About the think tanks which just have proliferated everywhere in washington and i'm going to talk about that They all say the same thing I turned on cable news Thursday night and you couldn't find anything from msnbc to cnn to fox that said anything difference or all these generals all these consultants All these think tank experts all these x You know national security consul types all saying the same thing they were in war heat And so it reminds me today jeff that really you don't have a whole bunch of think tanks around washington You have a whole bunch of group think Tanks they all think the same thing because they're all paid by the same pay master Which I call the warfare state in a moment We'll get into some of the detail, but it's a trillion dollar monster that basically feeds The prosperity of the beltway. That's why I call it the imperial city And everything in the imperial city today is compromised But most especially the news media I was just struck to tell you the truth I was appalled when I heard the great guru, you know in the pecking order of things There are some people that are felt to be the real thoughtful leaders of the media today One of them is for reads the karya And when I heard him say on cnn thursday night As they were showing in the background all the flashing from the bombs hitting and so forth that tonight Donald trump became president Because he was foolish and rash enough to launch an unconstitutional illegal unnecessary Pointless attack on an airfield in syria It sort of brought it all together and told me really what we're up against And why things like what ron paul is doing and what mesas is doing is so critically important Because there is a totally different view on what's going on in the world If you get your lens right, and if you're not part of this overwhelming group think consensus that is literally Suffocating the machinery of government the machinery of the mainstream media In washington today, and that's why we're at this point. I think that we're at I also wanted before I get into a little more substance. I want to acknowledge How much I admire and how grateful I am for all The work in behalf of the cause of peace and that's really what it is That ron paul has done over so many decades I consider him really a national treasure A person that i've admired for the last 40 years since we both sat together in the congress in 1978 And the interesting thing about that is that we were both kind of free market rabid free market types And we sat way in the back benches and we were being totally ignored by everyone Because they thought that what we were You know focused on entirely was the free market, but actually We were working on an issue that is the issue of the day Ron was really at that point a closet peacenik And little did they understand that I was a 30 year old congressman at the time in 10 years earlier I'd been out on the barricades as a member of sds protesting the war in vietnam And really trying to disrupt the machine and we have been going in the wrong direction ever since and here we are today And uh, I'm uh, you know more convinced than ever that what we were saying About the aggressive Expansionist the interventionist foreign policy Then in 1968 that led to the folly of vietnam Is even more true today and that's why history I think is so important perspective A lot of you probably travel if you've ever been to vietnam you have to go to hanoi If you're traveling to southeast asia or go to saigon and ask yourself what in the hell were we doing Putting 500 000 young americans Billions of dollars Dropping on the country from one end to the other napalm and every other kind of horrible thing out of the sky Why were we doing that back in 1960s? What was the point there is no trace of anything accomplished any purpose any valid Uh objective for uh 50 years later in fact, uh, vietnam is now becoming Major supplier of goods in services to the united states So, um, uh, I just uh, think that maybe we need to have a little perspective Historical perspective and I have to say that in light of the event two days ago. I had to change The title of my speech It originally was the deep state and the donald And my the whole idea was that in some ways he was a victim already of the deep state They were trying to relitigate the election That's what all of this russia gate hysteria is about And I thought they're not going to win even if they wound and Undermine him badly and even destroy his presidency Because at least he's an impetuous bomb thrower that would Help to begin to uh, that's what the word I used was discredit in unmask this huge surveillance state That has grown up in the hysteria after 9 11 Well, little did I know that suddenly Donald trump has been taken hostage by the deep state And before we knew it He's ending up being the tool of the deep state And that's really the topic that I want to address today. How did this happen? How did it happen so fast in a few days that A president that they were literally after attempting to drive from the very oval office How did it end up that he did the undertook the act that was so rash so uncalled for Even after by the way Everybody's familiar with all the tweets that he put out in 2 13 when obama was on the brink after the false flag attack in August you read all of them. Don't do it. How can you get involved in the civil war when there are two sides? And you want to fight both of them? It's none of our business. They haven't attacked us. There is no possible danger The only thing you could do is compound and exacerbate the most complex sectarian battle Conflict civil war that we've ever seen so he was right then He was right last week when he sent his secretary of state out to say You know regime change is done. That was one of the fundamental propositions of his campaign regime change doesn't work That's not our role. Obviously And so what Here we are in three days. The regime change is behind throwing overboard He had his even his neocon You know Ambassador to the un saying the same thing and I since nicky hayley basically reads out of the playbook That samantha powers left behind from the Obama administration I'm sure it was tough for her to get out the words That we're not gonna we've decided that not to take a sod out But now here we are and everything has changed and he's back in the groove So the question that I asked to myself was well, what is the purpose Of this attack After two days no investigation Of what really happened in idlib province and that little town Where obviously it looks like they hit a ammo dump and there could have well been and there's plenty of Suggestions that there were both regular ammunition and chemical weapons being stored there But what was he possibly trying to accomplish if it's not regime change if it's not taking out the entire Air force and army of the syrians. What is he trying to accomplish and the only thing that I can think of Is that and they've said it Assad had to be punished And so You know the question comes to your mind Who appointed donald trump to be the global spanker in chief? for any dictator or Leader of a country that misbehaves And that is not a basis for a foreign policy That's not a valid basis for attacking any country And if you want to be spanker in chief, why don't you take a look at the Leader of egypt who was in the oval office a week or two ago He's he's murdered thousands of his political opponents since he illegally Took power in a coup several years ago If you uh want to be spanker in chief And compel behavior and this is the thing that Fareed zikariya was saying finally the president has realized that there are standards in the world And it's the job the united states to enforce those standards And if occasionally we have to use military power, let's do it He was applauding that well then where are the standards in this horrendous civil war that's going on in yemen Uh, we are arming the soddies with every kind of destructive device bomb missile drone that there is They wouldn't have the firepower that they do with all this u.s. Supplied Uh, munitions so far 10 000 civilians Have been casualties four thousand killed men women and children weddings and all the rest of it 6 000 injured Many of them from cluster bombs which are supplied by textron to the saudi government that is using it on the civilian population of yemen So if you want to be the spanker in chief bring in the king of saudi arabia and uh, you know Give him a whack or two the point is it makes no sense There's no justification for it and yet that's about the only thing that i can think of That donald trump may be up to so The question that i want to uh, kind of try to answer a little bit Is how in 77 days Did this outlaw renegade Guy who said a few things in the campaign that made sense like let's make a deal with putin We don't have to have a war with putin. Let's get out of the middle east regime change has been a disaster We've got rubble and destroyed states and Millions of refugees and blowback of every time everywhere. He said all this how in 77 days Is he doing something as stupid As immoral as short-sighted as impulsive as starting a major conflict Uh, uh with the Assad government and getting exactly into harm's way With russia and all of its allies that are on the ground there the iranians uh, hezbollah and all the rest of them How did this happen in 77 days? And i think what i would like to do is suggest That the deep state or the warfare state or whatever you want to call it Is gotten so massive the military industrial congressional surveillance complex and so forth That it envelops everything That enters the imperial city that enters the white house the oval office And therefore the kind of challenge and problem and threat really that we face from this thing Is far greater than almost anybody could imagine if they could even take down Donald trump Within such a short period of time now, let's just say how big it is i call it the trillion dollar monster And that's because if you take the 600 billion that's uh admitted to in the defense budget You add about 50 billion for your security assistance of foreign aid and all the rest of it you add another 70 billion that goes into a homeland security and an extension of the warfare state at home 180 billion for Veterans and after all we are we're spending 180 billion dollars on veterans Because we've had all these wars since vietnam since the last 50 years That have been pointless and we've ended up with all of these young men and women who need medical care or compensation or pensions and so forth none of that Ever should have happened so charge it to the warfare state Add a little bit of carry cost for the debt which is now 20 billion And you got a trillion dollar monster with funds flowing in every direction And especially in the imperial city You have a 75 billion complex for the 17 agencies of the intelligence community Now the difference between what i call the intelligence complex And the old fashion notion of the military industrial Is that at least the military industrial complex was spread all over the world and spread all over the country We had bases all over the country defense contractors all over 200 000 forces abroad that shouldn't be there and so forth But when you get to the intelligence community, it is concentrated massed in the greater metropolitan area of dc I think there's two or three or 400 000 Contractors or direct employees if you take the 75 billion budget of the cia at nasa and all the rest of them 50 billion of it goes to contracts and so you have all these huge Contracting companies that are paying people big big salaries not gs 16 or 18 salaries But huge salaries you create that entire mass Concentration of people all needing a justification For a continuation of the flow of all this money. That's why when you go into washington I don't go to washington that much anymore congressman, but when I do Compared to what I saw when I started there in 1970 or even when I left in 1985 The prosperity is amazing and you say to yourself Where is all this prosperity this glass and steel and all these new hotels and restaurants and all of this? you know Fancy stuff coming from in a city that has no Manufacturing has no industry. Where does it come from? It's coming from the 75 billion dollar Intelligence complex that sprawled all over the entire metro area So uh part of that obviously is the group think tanks Part of that is the media that's housed there. I mean wolf blitzer Can you stand to listen to another night of wolf blitzer? drooling over uh, you know the next uh Occupation or intervention or a stage of the war. They're all down there embedded In that horrible environment that's been created Now my point is That if there were some kind of existential threat To the very future of our society of our democracy of our system some horrible immense powerful uh Terminal threat uh to our existence. Maybe that would be a justification for what we have But I want to spend a couple minutes telling you That the real secret and we need to get it out and sort of preach the gospel is We have no serious industrial technological military threat anywhere on the planet Instead of an existential threat We have less of a threat than we've had since 1917 when wilson foolishly Put us into the first world war And let's just tick off what is out there The first one obviously is russia And you know, that's a joke If they're going to land on the shores of new jersey, they would need vast power projection capability aircraft carriers and suites of Capacity to let I know i'm being facetious But the point is None of that is remotely possible because they've got one 50-year-old aging smoke belching aircraft carrier That's on duty in the eastern Mediterranean and probably couldn't get out of the straitsage of alter if it had to That's it So how do they threaten the security or the safety of anybody in america? Unless you think Putin who is the ultimate chess player the cool hand luke Of the global, uh, you know seeing today is foolish enough to risk uh, nuclear retaliation By attacking us first And have all of russia turned into a parking lot The point is we have had the nuclear deterrent on our submarine Trident submarines more than enough ever since i was there fighting the defense build up in 1980 We don't need any more money There's nothing that the russians are going to do that remotely threatens us And as a matter of fact just to give you some Feel for how silly this whole damn thing is I'm actually uh Unfortunate enough to live in new york city and uh on the 19th floor of a very nice apartment building On the east river And when I look out from my balcony I can see the queens on the other side and I look south and I can see brooklyn I look north on one side. There's harlem and on another side There's the broncs and also I can see the entirety of russia From the balcony of my apartment in new york city now i'm not doing a sarah palin on you Okay, i'm not talking about the cyberian landmass I'm talking about the fact that the gdp that I can see from my balcony of new york metro Is 1.6 trillion and the gdp of russia is 1.3 trillion in other words The entire economy of russia is not even as big as new york city It's one seventh of the gdp of the united states russia is Mainly a huge hydrocarbon field With a few Nickel mines 100 million acres of wheat And an aging workforce that has a great fondness for vodka And other distractions so the point is there is nothing there that could ever generate a threat Or the military capability to Harm us now china is the same thing You know If you think about it Do you really worry at night? That china is going to send Some missiles or a fleet of aircraft to over to over the pacific In order to bomb four thousand walmarts in america I mean the point is their economy would collapse Within six months if they didn't have this global bloated global system Of exports and trade That's what the whole red ponzi is predicated upon And if they want to build sand castles in the south china sea more power to them But they aren't a threat to us and frankly they're not a threat to any of their neighbors either because they depend on a huge supply Of raw materials coming up through the south china sea into their ports And all the intermediate products that come Yeah, you know from all the nearby countries like south korea taiwan malaysia and so forth Now my point today is Can't we learn a lesson from the demise of the of the soviet union the 80s You know one of the things I had to do over and over when I was in the budget office was fight this massive build up of defense Spending that reagan got convinced to do When the soviet union was dying on its own accord because it was predicated on a centralized socialist Controlled economy that was falling apart and the only thing we really needed to do was just wait it out And sure enough it did it wasn't the reagan build up It wasn't star wars all the money that went into that reagan build up ended up ironically Going into conventional weapons. It didn't go into strategic defense. It didn't go into strategic offense it went into Tanks and it went into a 600 ship navy and more aircraft carriers and more you know Cruise missiles and tomahawks and so forth all the things that subsequently got used for the wars of invasion and occupation That we never should have undertaken. But my point is let's learn from that mistake and realize that China is a red ponzi of historic proportion That 20 years ago the debt of all of china was a half trillion dollars today. It's 30 trillion That you don't blow up the debt of a system by 60 fold 60 x in two decades and create a frenzy of building and speculating and borrowing and Gambling really and expect the system to be stable sustainable When there are no market mechanisms to discipline it or there's no honesty in the system since they all lie Up and down the channel. So my point is we only need to wait it out We don't have to get excited about the china threat either And frankly, we don't have to get that excited about the terrorism threat either And if we wanted to do something about it, that's the third item We ought to stop bombing and droning and occupying because it's the blowback from that That's created.  Not many and most of them had to do with inner murals between the palestinians and the israelis It had nothing to do with us. It had nothing to do with Europe And all of a sudden allegedly were more imperiled than ever before in history Well, where did all this come from? It started with gulf war one. What in the world were we doing? trying to argue Resolve or intervene in a fight between the emir of kuwait who was directionally drilling into saddam's oil field And saddam was pissed off and pretty soon He decided to take over the oil field and the next thing we knew george bush said this will not stand We had 500 000 troops on the sands of saudi arabia the Mujahideen that we had armed and trained to fight the soviets became offended because we were you know, we were Defacing the holy lands and the next thing we knew we ended up where we are today But the point is stop The intervention the blowback will die out The threat will eventually disappear. But beyond that they're not coming over here Anyway, and I just have to get this point across. I had it in my book that I wrote on trump And that is I got very upset during the campaign when he was talking about terrors Everywhere lurking behind every bush. So I went and checked it out And it turns out if you take this time frame, which is 15 years Between 9 11 and that last unfortunate incident from the done by the lone wolves in san bernadino Which I think was december 2014 15 in that period 420 americans Were killed by lightning Okay, and six americans civilians Were killed by terrorist acts outside of military bases So that gives you a little bit of perspective about the fact That 99.9 percent of the american people in the towns and cities and Villages and farms of america are not imperiled by terrorists And this this huge massive System that we've created to combat them Is part of the problem not part of the solution and uh, you know, so it leads to The system to keep itself alive Leads to uh, what I call endless false narratives Because if there isn't an enemy if there isn't an imminent threat If there isn't danger lurking everywhere, even if it's more from lightning than it is from terrorists then Over time it becomes hard to justify all of this money That is being wasted in this massive system You know, I want to mention one or two because this is one of the things I do in my blog And I think it's important that we educate people About what is taken for granted as truths In the day-to-day mainstream media Which is totally distorting of the facts and is creating a false case for this massive system that led donald trump To try to bomb an airfield, which even that didn't happen You know one of them is russia is an expansionist power And if they can't get to the new jersey shores, they're going to take over all of europe And how do we know that well because allegedly they occupied crimea All right. Now here are the facts on crimea Catherine the great bought crimea for hard gold money in 1783 from the turks Who were desperate for cash? It was a stalwart part of russia for 200 years Sevastopol the main port became the home port for the black sea fleet the heart of the russian navy under zars and commissars alike And it was not until 1956 after being In the heart of the russian empire in fact You know the charge of the light brigade occurred in crimea And it was the occupying invaders who were charging the english and it was the russian patriots who were defending the homeland that's The the point but it wasn't until 1956 After the succession of stalin was resolved and khrushchev had killed off his two rivals And khrushchev as you remember was a ukrainian So in a night of drunken celebration with his comrades from Kiev and the ukraine They decided they would transfer in the soviet empire crimea from russia to the ukraine That's how it happens. So we're supposed to start a war today in order to compel russia to return crimea because of You know A invasion that we helped or a coup that we helped Start in 2014 my point is Crimea has been part of russia And provided them with a warm water port for 173 years Which is longer than california has been part of the united states when we got our warm water port You know in In california The point is there are a lot of these that we could talk about One other that i just want to mention and then i'll take some questions is You know we're constantly being told that they need these billions of dollars to do the policing On the homeland all this homeland security stuff because there are terror cells everywhere But i think congressman you've probably looked at this but the fact is that about 90 of these so-called busts of terror cells Are fbi stings and one of my great Anyone who wants to get educated on the terrorist threat Needs to only go back and watch paul annouman and robert redford's movie Of 40 years ago called the sting and you will see exactly what's going on today But most of them are sting operations and the latest one was and i just mentioned this in closing The latest one was in kansas city Where the fbi agents cultivated for several weeks A young man who was so destitute so out of it such a loser Who his wife had left him and had a young son? That the fbi gay had to give him 30 dollars and babysit his son While he went to walmart To buy a list of stuff that they had given him like copper wires and battery And batteries and fertilizer And a few other incriminating things now this may be an extreme case But the point is this is part of what i call This false narrative that's constantly going on so The bottom line i guess of my point today is that maybe there's a silver lining in this latest Capture of trump by the deep state this utterly stupid attack on syria In that is maybe it will help revive A coalition anti-war coalition in the congress Like the one that i started with way back in 1968 when both non interventionist like senator akon from vermont and real Doves from the democrat side came together and basically put johnson out of business stopped the war And ended the madness Maybe now that the liberals and the so-called progressives will come back to life. I mean they've been essentially Sidelined during the whole obama era because anything he did they had to justify But if we have a opportunity now to tell trump That you can't do this without congressional authorization And a real debate begins in congress, which i think is beginning to happen Maybe we can revive some kind of resistance some kind of opposition To the madness that's been going on and i in this Setting i want to particularly commend rand paul For the tremendous leadership the astute and brilliant You know representation of this position that he's doing day after day in the senate And he goes on the media and he just leaves them totally flummox because he in a calm way Is laying out the facts of the case And so i consider rand just like his father To be one of the great patriots of america in fact To sum it up when you think of what rand is willing to do To defend the constitution and the right of the right way For the foreign policy to be conducted to defend the position of Non-intervention and a more peaceful foreign policy He is willing to go so far as that i've read this morning that he's trying to form a coalition For bringing this to the senate floor with senator pocahontas from massachusetts And that i i would say that's going a mile and beyond So at least there's some glimmerings of hope But uh frankly the group think is killing us The warfare state is uh suffocating uh washington The war machine is bankrupting and draining the fiscal and economic resources of america And the hour is getting late so uh maybe there's a chance to turn it around and maybe Inadvertently donald trump gave us that opportunity two days ago. Thank you very much


Verses 273 to 291 of the Song of Roland. So Gwendolyn, before the king there, stood, lusty his limbs, his face of gentle hue. Were he loyal, right barren like he'd look? He saw those ranks, and all who'd judge his doom, and by his side his thirty kinsmen knew. After he cried aloud, his voice was full. For the love of God, listen to me, barrens! I was in the host beside our emperor, service I did him there in faith and truth. Should have me had Roland his nephew. So he decreed death for me and Dola. Message I bear to King Marsylion, by my cunning I held myself secure. To that fighter Roland my challenge threw, to Oliver and all their comrades too. Charles heard that, and his noble barrens. Vengeance I get, but there's no treason proved. Answered the Franks. Now go read to the Moot. When Gawain sees his great cause is beginning, thirty he has around him of his kinsmen. There's one of them to whom the others listen, Tispinabelle, who in Soren's castle, liveeth. Well can he speak, soundly his reasons giving? A good vassal, whose arm to fight, is stiffened, says to him Gawain's. In you my faith is fixed, save me this day from death, also from prison. Tispinabelle, straight where you'll be delivered. Is there one Frank that you to hang commiteth? Let the Emperor, but once together bring us, with my steel brand he shall be smartly chidden. Gawain's the countneels at his feet to kiss them. To the council go those of Bévière and Saxe, Normans also with Pottaver and Franks. Enough there are of two D's and Germans, those of Alvern the greatest curtsy have, Tispinabelle most quietly draw back, says each to each. Twer well to let it stand, leave we this cause, and of the king demand, that he cry quit with Gawain's for this act. With love and faith he'll serve him after that. Since he is dead no more you'll see Rollands, nor any wealth nor gold may win him back. Most foolish then is he would do combat. There is but one agrees not to their plan. Teary, brother to Dongay Frate's that man. Then his barons returning to Calhoun say to their king, Sire we beseech of you, that you cry quit with County Guenolun, so he may serve you still in love and truth, nay let him live so noble a man's he proved, Rollands is dead no longer in our view, nor for no wealth may we his life renew. Then says the king, your felons all of you. When Charles saw that all of them did fail, deep down he bowed his head and all his face. For the grief he had, Catef himself proclaimed. One of his knights, Teary, before him came. Geoffrey's brother, that Duke of Anjou, famed. Lean were his limbs, and lengthy and delicate. Black was his hair, and somewhat brown his face. Was not too small, and yet was hardly great, and courteously to the emperor he spake. Fair Lord and King, do not yourself dismay. You know that I have served you many ways. By my ancestors should I this cause maintain. And if Rolland was forfeited to Guen, still your service to him full warrant gave. Felon is Guen, since they are that he betrayed, and towards you is perjured and ashamed. Wherefore I judge that he be hanged and slain, his carcass flung to the dogs beside the way. As a felon who felony did make. But has he a friend that would dispute my claim, with this my sword which I have girt in place, my judgment will I warrant every way? Answer the francs. Now very well you spake. Before the king has come now Pinnabell, great is he, strong, vassalous, and nimble, who bears his blow has no more time to dwell, says to him, Sire, I knew this cause depends, command therefore this noise be made an end. See Thierry here, who hath his judgment dealt, I cry him false and will the cause contest. His dear-eyed glove in the king's hand he's left, says the emperor. Good pledges must I get. Thirty kinsmen offer their loyal pledge. I'll do the same for you, the king has said, until the right be shown bids guard them well. Thierry sees that battle shall come after, his right hand glove he offereth to Charles. The emperor, by way of hostage, guards it. Four benches then upon the place he marshals, where sit them down champions of either party. They're chosen aright, as the other's judgment cast them, ogre the dain between them made the parley.  For battle now ready you might seen them. They're well confessed, absolved, from sin set free. Masses they've heard, communion received, which offerings to those minsters they leave. Before Calwn now both the two appear. They have their spurs, are fastened on their feet. And light and strong their hoburks brightly gleam. Upon their heads they've laced their helmets clear, and girt on swords, with pure gold hilted each. And from their necks hang down their quartered shields. In their right hands they grasp their trenchant spears.  God knows full well which way the end shall be. Down under X there is a pasture large, which for the fight of the two barons is marked. Proofmen are these and of great vassalage, and their horses unwearied gallop fast. They spur them well, the rains aside they cast, with virtue great to strike each other, dart. All of their shields shatter and rend apart, their hoburks tear, the girths asunder start. The saddles slip and fall upon the grass, five-scall thousand weep, who that sight regard. Upon the ground are fallen both the knights, nimbly enough upon their feet they rise, nimble and strong as pinnabell and light. Each the other seeks, horses are out of mind. But with those swords whose hilts with gold are lined, upon those helms of steel they beat and strike, great are the blows, those helmets to divide, the Chevaliers of France do much repine. Oh, God! says Charles, make plain to us the right. Says pinnabell, Thierry I pray thee, yield, I'll be thy man in love and fealty. For the pleasure my wealth I'll give to thee, but make the king with Guenolun agree. Answers, Thierry, such counsel's not for me, pure felon I, if ere I that concede, God shall this day the right show us between. Then said Thierry, Bold art thou pinnabell, thou art great and strong, with body finely bred, for vassalage thy peers esteem thee well. Of this battle let us now make an end, with Charlemagne I soon will have thee friends. To Guenolun such justice shall be dealt, day shall not dawn, but men of it will tell. Please the Lord God not so, said pinnabell, I would sustain the cause of my kindred, no mortal man is there from whom I fled, rather I'll die than Thierry Prochers said. Then with their swords began to strike again, upon those helms that were with gold be gemmed, into the sky the bright sparks rained and fell. It cannot be that they be sundered, nor make an end, without one man be dead. He's very proof, pinnabell of Sorence, Thierry he strikes on's helmet of province, leaps such a spark the grasses kindled thence, of his steel brand the point he then presents. On Thierry's brow the helmet has he wrenched, so down his face its broken halves descend. And his right cheek in flowing blood is drenched, and his hoburk over his belly rent. God's his warrant, who death from him prevents. Sees Thierry then, that in the face he struck, on grassy field runs clear his flowing blood, strikes pinnabell on's helmet brown and rough, to the nose-piece he's broken it and cut, and from his head scatters his brains in the dust, brandishes him on the sword till dead he's flung. On that blow is all the battle won. Franks cry aloud, God hath great virtue done, it is proved right that Gwennalon be hung, and those his kin, that in his cause, are come. Now that Thierry the battle fairly wins, that Emperor Charles is come to him, forty barons are in his following. Names the duke, ogre that Danish Prince, Geoffrey Dongeau, will arm off-blave therewith. Thierry the king takes in his arms to kiss, and wipes his face with his great martin's skins. He lays them down, and others then they bring. The Chevaliers most sweetly disarm him. An Arab mule they've wrought, whereon he sits. With baronage and joy they bring him in. They come to ex, halt and dismount therein. The punishment of the others then begins. Prince Counts and dukes then calls to him Carlon. With these I guard, advise what shall be done, hither they came because of Gwennalon, for Pinnabell, as pledges gave them up. Answer the Franks, shall not of them live one. The king commands his provost then, Basbrun, go hang them all on the tree of cursed wood. Nay by this beard whose hairs are white enough, if one escape to death and shame thou outstruck. He answers him, how could I act save thus? With an hundred sergeants by force they come, thirty of them there are that straight are hung. Who betrays man himself and his friends undoes. Then turned away the beavours and Germans, and Pratavan and Britons and Normans. For all the rest was voted by the Franks, that Gwenn's die with marvellous great pangs, so to lead forth forced aliens they bade. After they bound his feet and both his hands, those steeds were swift and of a temperament, which by their heads led forward four sergeants, towards a stream that flowed amid that land. Sones fell grey into perdition black, all his sinews were strained until they snapped, and all the limbs were from his body dragged, on the green grass his clear blood gushed and ran. Gwenn's is dead, a felon-recreant. Who betrays man need make no boast of that. When the Emperor had made his whole vengeance, he called to him the bishops out of France, those of Bavière and also the Germans. A dame free-born lies captive in my hands, so off she's heard sermons and reprimands, she would fear God and christening demands, baptise her then so God her soul may have. They answer him, sponsors the right demands, dames of estate and long inheritance. The Bards at Ex great companies attract. There they baptised the Queen of Sarazans, and found for her the name of Julianne. Christian is she, by very cognisance. When the Emperor, his justice hath achieved, his mighty wroths abated from its heat, and Bramimund has christening received. Passes the day, the darkness is grown deep, and now that King in his vaulted chamber sleeps. Saint Gabriel is come from God and speaks. Summon the hosts, Charles, of thine empire, go thou by force into the land of Bavière. King Vivian thou sucker there, at Imphi, in the city which Pagans have besieged. The Christians there implore thee, and besiege. At loathe to go, that Emperor was he. God said the King, my life is hard indeed. Tears filled his eyes, he tore his snowy beard. So ends the tale which Durold hath conceived. End of verses 273 to 291. End of the song of Roland.


It is so exciting to see all of you and really there are so many of you here at the student. You can cheer. It's one of the highlights of the year for me and I hope that at the end of the weekend you'll understand why I am the enthusiastic supporter and champion of CGIU. CalTV News had the opportunity to attend the 2016 meeting of CGI University, a three-day event for college students to speak about their developing projects concerning a wide range of global issues. Former President Bill Clinton's daughter and Vice Chair of the Clinton Foundation, Chelsea Clinton, spoke with us on the final day of this meeting about the ways in which the foundation works to make a long lasting impact on each student's project even after the meeting is over. So we rely on the students to remain in contact with us and thankfully many of them do. At the meeting over the last couple of days we highlighted a number of progress reports which is what we call them from commitments that were made in 2015 and some in earlier years. Partly so that students who are at the 2016 meeting can really see what is possible if they follow their action plan and they themselves stay committed. They're able to meet or exceed their targets and sometimes if it doesn't work out they're able to reposition and redirect their energies and efforts to still have a meaningful impact. Chelsea, a Stanford alum, also mentioned a creative solution she would like to develop for a global issue if she was given the opportunity to do so. I think my commitment to action, if I kind of were trying to put myself back in my Stanford shoes, you know, thank you for not booing me. Although I really never thought as a Stanford alum I'd be so grateful to be at Berkeley but I've been super grateful and have been so warmly welcomed and I'm grateful for that warm welcome over the last few days. I think my commitment to action really focused on how to translate health information that comes out in crisis or emergency situations like around Ebola or Zika right now into ways in which people can really understand it and be empowered by it and hopefully then prevent the stigma and the fear and the too often kind of negative reactions that people have toward the communities who are most affected who actually need our compassion, our support, our empowerment and not our fear, our disdain, our stigma so that we know how to protect ourselves but also that we still have a real sense of social solidarity particularly with people who are suffering. I want my peers to continue growing, continue like and get to the point where they feel comfortable with their identity comfortable to say I'm undocumented and unafraid


Hi, my name is Nick Evans. I'm a linguist and you will hear a story told in the Dullabon language by the late Maggy Tecumbe, whose skin name is Ngaritjan and her clan name is Nalwakmarang and her language is Dullabon. This story tells about the crocodile, Koala Momo, the rainbow bee eater bedded bedded and the way humans came to have fire thanks to the actions of bedded bedded in snatching the fire away from the crocodile. And if you look at a photo of the beautiful bird, the rainbow bee eater, you'll be able to see the fire stick, which he snatched away, hanging down from his tail and the beautiful flash of color in his wings that comes from the fire. He snatched. On the morning I recorded this, we were sitting near a misty billabong at Mobarn Outstation in Central Arnhem Land. And this was part of our research, producing a dictionary of the Dullabon language, which Maggy Tecumbe is one of the co-authors of. Maggy throughout her life was completely dedicated to this task. And even though she hadn't entered the educational system at a time when she learned to read or write, she had a very clear picture in her mind about what a dictionary involves. Telling stories like this is part of getting out the richness of the language. I'll just read you some words she said as part of the preface to the dictionary. We're going to make our customs new again so that the children can understand our words and then they'll know. Ngadahcan was very keen that everyone around the world have the chance to learn about Dullabong language and Dullabong culture. And I hope this recording will give you a little bit of a glimpse of how beautiful and rich it is. We're going to make our customs new again so that everyone can learn about Dullabong. We're going to make our customs new again so that everyone can learn about Dullabong.


So you my viewers have voted and the next series I'm going to be doing is on shell scripts And I've already today started recording the first couple of weeks worth of videos the first couple of weeks That is are going to be quickly reviewing on the basics touching I'm trying to keep them short videos but put out a lot in those first couple of weeks and One of the things I'm trying to do is maybe touch on some things that are normally Glossed over when it comes to the basics But what I want to ask you guys now is Besides the basics. What do you guys want to see? So so tell me in the comments below what you would like to see done with a shell script you know just Something simple, you know, not too complex. Don't say oh create a whole office suite Shell scripts, but you know if there's a task you want to know how to do or something you want to do I want to kind of get into you know answering your questions with shell scripts So I don't really know what I'm looking for, you know, there's plenty of topics I can come up with but I want to hear what you guys want want to see so go ahead comment below Let me know what you would like to see done in a shell script So and I'll see what I can come up with so Thanks for voting. Thanks for commenting below. I look forward to hearing what you guys have to say And I hope that you have a great day


Good morning. Welcome to Why in the Morning. You guys have been watching Tuesday Enterpreneurship and right now we're going to have a first interview for Tuesday Enterpreneurship and remember that if you want to talk to us you can do so on our social media handles which are just there on the bottom of the screen and remember you have to put hashtag going in the morning and hashtag Tuesday Enterpreneurship and ask whatever you'd like to ask just in case you're interested in any information that we're going to be talking about today and today actually I have a wonderful guest She's an author right here from our wonderful Kenya. We celebrate our own authors like this and She's called Joyce Kikunju. I'd like for her to introduce some of the Titles she may be holding if any and yeah, maybe where she's situated right now And then we can start the interview. We can get to know her. So please carry booni and join me in welcoming Joyce Kikunju Thank you carry with madame. Thank you. Yes, okay, and so I know that you're an author And also that you do your life coach. I am a public speaking master. Masterclass coach So you're teaching those ones I am teaching business executives. Wow to position themselves for impact Wow how to position themselves for impact. Yes. Oh, okay. That's interesting And so there's a there's you know, you find that there's a need for people to Put themselves in the right place in order to get the stuff that should be coming to them Correct. I see. Yeah, I see well today We actually want to talk a little bit about books so that we can get our people to read and you know understanding Kenya and everything People tend to read in very niche books But before we even talk about the niche books that they tend to read Maybe we can talk about some of the things that you've been doing.  Yeah, and so it looks like there's many fields in which you've decided to focus on Okay. Well, maybe we can just start by talking about the books that are on the table today And right now we have both that that's on the table. It's titled appropriately Bouncing back and thriving bouncing back and thriving. I wonder what comes to mind when you guys hear that But let's not jump to conclusions. We have the person who's written that right here on set with us Let her tell us. Can you please tell us a little bit about what the book is without giving too many spoilers? So that people when they're reading it, they're like, yeah, I knew that because she said Yeah, so basically bouncing back and thriving is like the journey of business titans Okay, the people you admire every day the people you who you see driving big cars How did they get there? That's the story. I see and the story is that they bounce back From failure from setback from insurmountable odds and then they thrive So in other words who you see succeeding today failed until they succeeded So that's the story of the book. I see yeah, okay And I believe that for someone to write a book like this that there must be something an experience that they've gone through I don't think that You can write about bouncing back and thriving when it comes to business or anything unless you've had some experience in Bouncing back and thriving. Could you kindly share with us if there's a background on it? Yes, there is a background on it Although really the book is not about me, but yes, I have tried a business I have tried an events marketing activations business Okay at some point it did well and then at some point it failed and I asked myself who else is suffering and who else has gone through the same thing like me and How did they bounce back? Yes, so in my mind. I thought let me go on a journey. Yes to bounce back, but I'm not going to do this alone I am going to help the 400,000 plus people whose businesses apparently fail every year in Kenya. Is that right? Yes, are those the numbers? Those are the numbers according to the Kenya National Bureau 400,000 businesses fail in Kenya per year. Yes So here I am on a quest and I say join me on the quest to find out how you can bounce back Because Kenyans really are very are very entrepreneurial lot, but what happens is that when they fail in business? They don't try to bounce back. So here I am telling you. Yes, you can. Here is a handbook. Here is a manual To bounce back. I see. Yeah. Okay. Well, I think I'll be grabbing that manual because Yes, I don't think There's I think there's a lot of people more than we think who've doubled Yes, starting some kind of business and sometimes they don't share it and sometimes it didn't go according to plan And it didn't go too well. And so maybe that to close it down or it simply failed Yes, and you know the numbers we have are what is in the is in the books What about what we don't have in the books in the statistics? Yeah, because most people actually are ashamed of sharing such things And if you're kind of starting this business on this journey by yourself And you're telling people I'm not going to tell anyone until this business starts exceeding Yes, but then the business fails So which means you've not told anyone that you started a business that failed Yeah, you know, you sit down with a lot of stress and you just don't know what to do Maybe that mojo and that morale and that motivation to go forward is no longer there Yeah, and that's what people can find in the book. I believe exactly how to It's pattern. Yeah, so how do you bounce back? How do you get your how do you get yours back? Yes, yeah, that's what the book is about and you know the best thing about it Is that the people who have interviewed in the book are really people who are at the top of their game So you're getting pure, you know information 100 percent from billionaires. Yeah Who I mean wow, wouldn't you want to get that? Of course you try to get through to their offices for inter for appointments You may not get through but here I am handing it to you It is very difficult to have us sit down with a billion and and many times we look at their lives and we're thinking to ourselves Okay, there's those who tend to have the jealousy Maybe because they're small-minded, but if you have a big mind and you've got plans You're looking at a billionaire saying to yourself. How did he get there? And how can I get the information that he has so I can get there? That's how you should think broadly Yes, and I believe that yeah, it's quite difficult. It's not like you can just be like excuse me, sir Even for me getting them was hard. So imagine what about you? What do you try? It'll even be much harder or never. I believe that yeah Yeah, so there's valuable information in here and I think I might have to get that book But if we could just move on a little bit more Maybe we can discuss a little bit about canyons and reading because right now Someone may read may look at this and think what is bouncing back and thriving about And sometimes the first thing you see people do when they're in a bookshop They look at the title and they flip the book over to read the Synopsis or the short form of what it's all about. And so they're like, okay business, you know like And maybe they were thinking it's got to do with something else Maybe it's someone who got divorced that wants to bounce back and thrive Maybe it's someone who got a miscarriage that wants to bounce back and thrive But then they find that the book is Focused on a particular niche and that's what I want to discuss right now because canyons we tend to go for what we want and I don't not very many people tend to read business books. It's mostly about something entertaining A lot of our young people just read novels, which is just basically a very long story So there's that it lack of wanting information. Why do you think there's that lack of wanting valuable information? And that more of wanting superficial fiction all the time That's a scary thing actually when you think about it because it means you just want to entertain yourself You don't want to feed your mind. Yes, so that's a dangerous place to be in And you know since the beginning of time It's very important even for those who even don't read like our forefathers who didn't have books to read But they sought out wisdom So it's a very dangerous place to be in if you are not seeking out wisdom either by reading or by You know seeking Information from the wise and you know these days for everyone who has something to say it's in a book It's in a newspaper. It's in written form That's right And why it is in written form is because our forefathers discovered You know that they passed down information by storytelling But there's no record anyway. Imagine how much information we missed out on Because of that so now these days there are even audiobooks for people who can't read so that you can listen Why because it is so important to remain mentally stimulated Yeah, and that's why people should read people should read also because again another thing that people don't know Reading is very good for stress reduce for stress reducing and also very good for depression So again the things that we encounter every day in the news So chances are if you're feeling depressed and you're doing nothing about it Why don't you pick a book and read if you find you're always Unconscious or stressed read a book you'll be surprised and another thing about books optimism It really builds your optimism and this country could really do with a lot of that We could do with a lot of optimism because yeah, we have a lot of depressed souls Nowadays a lot of people committing suicide, you know And yeah, it's good to get out of your space in a way I'm good to how can I go to get out of your head? Yes, exactly because if you're always with your thoughts your thoughts and your thoughts alone Yeah, something might go wrong. You need to look at someone else's perspective in life Exactly and once you can look at that perspective in life You stop thinking about yourself for maybe 30 minutes one hour And you find that once you're done you're looking at life in two different ways And not only have you learned something but your whole perspective on life has changed because you got out of your head for a second You said let me stop thinking. Let me just pick up something has to do nothing with my thoughts Yeah, and so I think it's pretty great and reading is very therapeutic more than people actually know more than they'd like to give And before we actually close the interview before we move on to the next question Maybe you can tell people how they can find you that we can continue and conclude later Right so on facebook It's choice kikunju twitter is at kikunju joys and Instagram is kikunju joys those are my social media handles. Okay kikunju joys I hope you guys got that and apart from writing and authorship What else do you tend to dabble in? Okay? I wear so many hats Oh, let's tell us about those hats. Maybe we can also wear them because we're learning about interpreters now Yeah, so I'm like there go two person for the millennial age I get invited a lot to millennial conferences to talk about The issues that millennials are dealing with Mostly about this dream killers Yes, these dream killers and especially in this country could really do with a lot of Millennial speakers to the millennial generation Especially because of for example, what happened yesterday, you know A job has been advertised. Just, you know, five positions and there's Yeah, there's a situation where the thousands and thousands of people who turn up that already shows There's a mindset issue in this country. That is why we need to you know What would you think it is that mindset issue? It's a mindset that is not of this day and age Where you believe in being employed as opposed to creating opportunities for yourself It is an archaic way of thinking that your skills are much sought after by somebody that when you graduate People can't wait to hire you. That is 1970s, you know, when the white settlers had left And now there were jobs that needed to be taken up by the africans during the africanization period. Yes. Hello We're in the year 2019. Everybody has skills Everybody has skills. Everybody has gone to university. Yes. So the question is What's special about you? What are you doing with what is in your hand? You get. So that is why I I love, you know, being the go-to person for the millennial generation, you know So that's what I do and then another thing now for the business executive CEOs anybody who stands in front of a large audience And is speaking in an area of their expertise What I do is I teach a public speaking masterclass where we just sharpen how you present your Your yourself how you engage your audience And also for those who are making money how to make sure you are top dollar if you're talking To make money. So that's what I do and I'm not writing books And I love it so much because I see the difference, you know, the before and after when someone comes to the class They do a presentation when they are done in the class. I can see the before and after the whole difference In presentation Yes, something sharp something, you know, that even if you're called to to the the white house or to state house, it's something Polished. Yeah, I see. Wow. That's interesting. You have so many things. I think I want in my life Should I sign up for that class? Should I buy a book? Should I just enter your world and do every Join everything that you're doing. There's a lot I can learn from you and I love the fact that you're pushing forward the narrative that Entrepreneurship is really important right now because like you said times have changed Man, I don't know when people are going to understand this It's no longer the same. You cannot rely on employment. Even I can't rely on employment. I have to do something on the side You understand it's it's not That reliable anymore. We're population now approaching 50 million. Yes this 2019 50 m I think it was just last year word 40. I don't know what has happened but but What I'm trying to say is Opportunities when it comes to employment are quite low and creating opportunities example being Starting a business being entrepreneur Even if it means whatever skill you have and it so happens that you are skillful in writing books As well as teaching people when it comes to public speaking and presentation And whatever skill it is that you have it can be honed and you can use that skill somehow to make some money Or to open a business or become an entrepreneur and that's what we're trying to kind of push forward And lastly as we close, maybe we can try and let our readers or our readers and our people who are watching know who are interested in Joining the writing world. Let's say that They're watching entrepreneurship Tuesday today and they've decided that you know, I don't have a lot of things I've gone through maybe or I have a lot of experiences in life and maybe I can put them down in a book How can they go forward in doing it? Do you think it's something someone's born with is something Something someone can go to school for how can this person go forward in in putting their life experiences down on paper? um That's a great question and that is why I became a book coach Okay, because I talked to like so many people during networks and they all tell me I have this idea. I have a book so I call it hashtag manuscript stuck in your head So how do I unstuck that manuscript? I always tell you first of all, you need to print it When you print it look for me and then I take you through the the journey from manuscript stuck in your head to published often So I feel the need because there was so much Oh, I have this idea. I have this idea. So many people have so many manuscripts stuck in their head So how do I stack it talk to me talk to you? You guys you heard her and she said you can find that Gekuinju Joyce. That's right. Yes on every single platform Yeah, and so that manuscript you have in your mind or whatever it is that you have running through your head But not just random things make sure it's something that has some kind of content because people also want to read Good content So make sure that whatever experience it is that you have if you feel like it's going to help someone out Or if you have some bouncing back Experiences whatever it is just kind of reach out to Gekuinju Joyce on every social media handle And yeah, she'll help you out on that particular avenue This interview has to be particularly short because we have to go on to the next one And I have been really honored to have you on set today, madam And I do hope that you can come when you have your next book out I want you here to tell us about it And I also want you um kind of just say yeah, thanks. Thanks for making the time. Thanks. Thanks for making the time Thank you. Yes. Yeah, my name is Jeremochacha once again You have been watching to his entrepreneurship with Joyce Gekuinju Why in the morning do stay tuned in and very most of this is coming in next with With the next interview pardon me Asante Sana That was nice


Jay, we're back. We're live on Jay Fidel. This is ThinkTech. More specifically, the issue and subject of the day, in many days to come, CoronaWatch. And with us today, we have Sarah Winaker. She's a geneticist, which I think is really important for us in our understanding of what's going on with coronavirus. Hi, Sarah. Thank you for joining ThinkTech this morning. Thank you, Jay. Thank you for having me on your program. So exciting to talk about a geneticist. I remember, for example, when this first started happening, or at least coming to our attention in January, I was kind of surprised to find that the Chinese had already developed, already identified the genome for the virus. That was pretty quick. And I wanted to ask you, how did they do that? And how do they do it so quickly that they have it in their back pocket anyway? And finally, all about that, what good is it to have the genome? Doesn't seem to be doing us much good right now. Yes, a lot of questions there. The genome of this particular virus is actually quite small, as are genomes of just about all viruses. And so they're really quite quick to sequence. We can sequence a human genome in just a few hours. So that part is simple. The reason that it's important to know that is the sequence that is, is that will help to provide a foundation for developing a vaccine. So we need to know what we're dealing with, what kinds of proteins and antigens and so forth that this virus can make, that we can ultimately develop either antibodies or vaccines for. Is it fair to say that we really can't do a vaccine within that year or 18 months that Dr. Fauci talks about without having a genome? Well, certainly having the genome gave us a head start because historically, we've had to not we personally, but scientists have had to actually isolate the virus and figure out what we're working with. But we're one step ahead already knowing the sequence and vaccines normally take a good two to five years to develop. So even this 12 to 18 month turnaround is, I wouldn't say optimistic, but realistic as well. So in terms of, in terms of discovery, a question is very provocative question we talked about for the show began. Is it possible that this is a weaponized virus that say somewhere in Wuhan or near Wuhan that was a laboratory, a Chinese laboratory that was working on this as a weapon? Yeah, I know that that that's been bounced around that sort of it's it's rumor. Some people are calling it a conspiracy theory. I think there's a paper just recently published in Nature Genetics that kind of put that theory to rest that it could not in all likelihood have been genetically engineered. The reason is twofold. First of all, if a scientist were to try to model what aspects of the virus would make it very virulent by using computer modeling, they would not have landed on actually what is making this virus so virulent. And secondly, yes, this virus does have differences in the DNA compared to other types of coronaviruses, but viruses mutate naturally. Their natural evolution is to mutate and avoid surveillance by the immune system. Viruses mutate about a million times faster than human DNA does. One question that came up is we have had like 50 shows about coronavirus. You should look at our website thinktecawaii.com. Anyway, one question came up in connection with earlier epidemics such as the Spanish Flu 1918-19. Without a vaccine, without any significant medicines to cure the flu, it evolved out. It mutated out or it seemed to mutate out. It stopped functioning. Maybe you could say that at some low level it continued from then till now. Viruses come and go and all that and maybe in large part they stay around. But is there the possibility that this virus, that coronavirus will sort of mutate to a less virulent model and then the epidemic goes away mysteriously? I suppose that's the case, but it certainly is to the virus's benefit to not mutate in that direction. Viruses are really outliers in terms of biological entities. They're not living organisms. They're not made of cells. They don't create their own energy. They can't move and they can't replicate on their own. They've got to have a host organism. So it is not to their benefit to become less virulent. In terms of the flu, we have a lot of different strains of influenza. One strain caused the Spanish Flu and there have been multiple different strains. That's why we need to get a vaccine every year for the flu because we're combating different variants. Well it seems traditionally we've never really, maybe with the exception of Ebola, we've never really created a vaccine that will work and I'm wondering what the natural pattern is and also I'm wondering if all this interest in the virus now, scientifically, could result in a medicine or an approach to put it all to bed forever, in order to learn enough about this kind of virus, a corona or something related, so that we never have to worry about it again. Humanity is freed from the chains of this ongoing and sometimes repeating, sometimes very aggressive virus. Right. So yes, there are all sorts of novel types of vaccines that are being developed and coronaviruses, you're right, are a class of virus. So one theory is that we could use a sequence from sort of the backbone that's common to all of these viruses and hopefully develop a vaccine against that. That would be interesting because it, you know, it might change the population of the world. In other words, there wouldn't be these devastating epidemics from time to time and people who would otherwise die would live and so forth. But you know, you said something earlier, Sarah, that I'm really interested in thinking about this.  We know what the bacteria wants. It wants to feed, it wants to grow. It's like a person. It has a purpose in attacking you. But the virus, it's not as clear to me that the virus is, you know, it has a purpose in attacking you, that it benefits by attacking you. And I see it as this really dark, wicked thing that just kills for the sake of killing. And yet, you know, there's no grand scheme here. There's no leadership. They just go around the world and they hit so many people. And it's really, it's like it's a statement of evil. It makes the bacteria look innocent somehow. Yeah. Well, they are, they are very, you know, nefarious things, because they can only survive, they can only replicate by infecting a host. And so, you know, their concern is to replicate and reproduce. So I don't think that they're, you know, obviously don't have a thought process, but their, their intent is not to kill. Their intent is to replicate and make copies of themselves. And in so doing, yes, they cause disease and they kill. It also strikes me that they've been around for a long time. I mean, if you know, you think of the creation of the world, the evolution of the world, back when we were swimming in the ocean.  The viruses were there. They were, they're an essential part of the, what I'm going to call it, the biological infrastructure of the world, the ecology of the world. They've always been there with us as we evolved, they evolved. And so am I right? Yeah, it's, it's, in a way, it's hard to determine that because viruses, unlike almost every other life form, don't leave a fossil record. They're too small. They don't exist on their own.  So we can't really determine, you know, which viruses were present and when. Which is an assumption that we make. So what's the, what's the, you know, what's the logical concept on how to, how to deal with them, how to make a vaccine? I mean, they're, you know, they're, you know, back when, back in the, well, in the Spanish flu and before, they were giving the blood of a survivor to someone who's just getting a disease and the thought that there was something in that, and we know now that would have been, if anything, antibodies, and the antibodies of the survivor would help you. Is that always a way of vaccine work?  And then you give the person a very low level of illness and that helps the person develop antibodies. And then, and then he or she can, can resist the disease. I don't know if, is that the current thinking? Is that the modern thing? How do we see vaccines these days? We don't, taking blood from an individual that's been infected with this virus, yes, that individual will have developed antibodies. And, and maybe in the short term, I know Dr. Anthony Fauci has talked about this, that one possibility is to, you know, take plasma and blood from individuals that have been exposed. But that is a very, you know, costly, lengthy process. And we don't know if there's, if it's how effective it's going to be. The, you know, more effective vaccines will be developed, as you say, by identifying which aspects of the virus, which particles will trigger our natural immune system to develop antibodies. And so whether that's, you know, a protein, a fragment of RNA or DNA, or sort of an inactivated virus, that's the more common way of developing. What about the notion of the lipid, the lipid covering of the particle? You know, I mean, people say, that's why you wash your hands, because the soap and water combination will make the lipid inert, rather, it will tear through the lipid. It will, you know, create a fissure in the lipid. And the particle will then be exposed to things that make it inert. So isn't it possible to take some kind of soap on a molecular level, you know, some kind of solvent to an alcohol, whatnot, and get to every particle or sufficient number of particles, you know, to tear through them and make all the viral particles inert? Right. So yeah, virus is really just made of either RNA and DNA, and it's got, in this case, an envelope that consists of proteins and lipids. Soap also contains lipids, and that's why it's so effective, because the lipids in the soap will intermingle with the lipids in the individual area, and essentially destroy it. However, once the virus, and that works great, and everyone should be doing it, it works great on surfaces, on your hands, but once the lipid's inside the cell, we can't access it with soap. That will destroy the, the, the, our cells as well. Okay, so that wouldn't work. Yeah, yeah. You know, another, another, thank you. I'm just thinking, I actually went, I went to the long drug store, and I, and I, I caught a pharmacist, and I, I asked the pharmacist, what does it take to dissolve lipid oil? And she said, as you suggested, other oils, you know, are away, I mean, solvents are away, but other oils are away, like the soap, the oil and soap, too. The other, the other question that springs out of this, though, is, is that, you know, okay, so I got one particle, somehow it got on me, and somehow I touched my mouth, my nose, my eyes, you know, and it got into my, into my body, one particle, just one. Am I worried about one particle, or is this the kind of thing where up to a certain, you know, trigger point up to a certain critical mess, I'm not at risk. And after that, then I am, is that the way it works? I think it's probably more the latter. You know, we do have two components of our immune system, we have like a natural immune system that, that it is nonspecific. It kicks into gear whenever we encounter any kind of pathogen, like a virus or bacteria or whatever. And that, that's our just nonspecific immune system where we, you know, initially we can develop a fever, which actually helps to kill the virus. We get inflammation, weakness, because it takes a lot of energy to, to ramp up the immune system. So if we, if there are very few viral particles, our innate immune system, you know, will likely be able to, to take care of that. But once, once the system becomes overwhelmed with, you know, a threshold level of viruses, then, then we get sick. What's the point of overwhelmed though? In other words, how do I know I passed the trigger point? Is it that's when I develop symptoms? Is that what happens? In other words, I go through that whole list of symptoms, they start popping up in me. Then I know that I've been overwhelmed. And I'm in another, another chapter, so to speak, of the development of the particles. Yeah.  And then the shortness of breath results from the fact that this virus has mutated to develop a very strong affinity for a particular receptor on the lung cell. And that is when people's, you know, really, the people that have had, you know, either failure or severe illnesses is, is because the virus has attacked the lining of the lung, and we cannot get enough oxygen into our bodies. I'm not sure that answered your question. No, I'm, yeah, I'm, yeah, I'm just, I'm wondering, you know, there's a sequence of symptoms. And I don't know which one, the first one is probably something like sniffles or so throat. The cough and then the fever. And then some difficult breathing. And you know, many, many people, as I'm sure your other guests have said, don't exhibit any symptoms or can exhibit just one or two of these. So it's, it's quite variable. But once, once somebody comes short of breath, that's, that's where it's becoming critical. One point of great interest to me is the sense that these viral particles are like all around us in our world in a, in a city which is having an epidemic. I say city, because somehow I think that cities are more, more, you know, more the target than say rural areas. But so I see, I see them everywhere, little particles jumping up and down all over on every surface and waiting for you to pick up a few.   Is it true?  Do you see little particles all over? Do you see that? I think that we've all parted to, to kind of visualize the world like this. And, you know, I was sort of thinking the other day, gosh, if there's just some way we could tag these, so that they could be visual to the, you know, visualize. It would be in good shape. But, you know, the bulk of transmission is really through coughing and droplets. It does, you know, it does exist on surfaces and that's why we need to wash our hands constantly. And certainly not shake hands or touch, you know, individuals that could have been exposed. But yeah, it's, I think we're all a bit, I don't want to say paranoid, but very wary. It's a very situation. You know, a lot of, a lot of products have popped up. Some of them I'm sure are scams. But one of them is this notion of the, the ultraviolet light. And they say, and I did a little looking through the, you know, the internet on this, they say that this is used in hospitals and they will reel this robotic device into a room and close the door and shines the ultraviolet light all over the room and presto digital, no more virus. Is that real? Oh, and then you see these things for 20, 30, 40 bucks, where you can buy it and you can run it over a surface.  Is this a true phenomenon? Well, I don't know. I hadn't heard this. I don't know how effective it is against viruses, but I do know that UV light does induce DNA breaks and DNA mutations. So, you know, it does have the potential to sort of incapacitate the, the viral genome, and therefore it would not be infectious any longer. I would have to look into that further to see how you know what's interesting. Let's assume just assume with me now. I mean, this is not science. This is speculation that if you can get an ultraviolet light to kill the particles or, you know, make them inert somehow by virtue of light, then you're really talking about light now. And if you're talking about light, you could, you know, do do variation on that theme and shine the light on a given surface. And now you would see the particles colored, oh, let's say orange. And so where something appears to have little specks of orange or little patches of orange, then the light would have identified them. And you know that surface is contaminated. That's logic. What do you think? Well, again, another good idea, although viruses are so small that it's sub microscopic. So even so, unless you had a huge, you know, conglomeration of these viruses on the surface, you still wouldn't be able to see a single virus or 10 or 1000 viruses. So you're better off using the old soap. Well, our lives are certainly going to change here.  And most of the grain is burned. Some may survive, but most is burned. And I see the world as a target for this kind of thing. It's magic, if you will, is that it can spread so quickly. And you know, you can't even see it happening, but it happens everywhere. And it's more contagious than any, am I right? Anything we've seen in the past in terms of a global phenomena. But you know what strikes me is that this burns through the wheat field and it kills or rather it infects X percentage of the people predictably around the world. It also kills X percent and it spares X percent. And once we know more about it, we'll know how this, you know, this global, you know, fire in the wheat field thing works. How do you see that? How do you see the wheat field in this kind of context? Yeah, I think, you know, now that we are so interrelated globally that this, I don't want to sound like a doomsayer, but I think that this will continue to be an issue because of, you know, densely populated cities and global travel. Yeah, we are going to have waves of this sort of thing. And this virus itself could even mutate once we develop a vaccine. It could, it may well mutate so that this particular vaccine would no longer be effective. The good news is that at least thus far, since we've been able to identify the virus since December, we haven't seen mutations in the virus. So it seems to be at least thus far pretty stable. But I think that's an interesting analogy. Yeah, so you can make it more virulent. You can make it less virulent. I mean, it could become by its own, which I find interesting because say one particle of this virus, okay, is in deep Siberia and the other is right outside Rome, just for example. Yeah. So if we say, if we say that the one in Siberia has mutated to be more or less virulent, but the one in Italy doesn't know, it has no communication, it's so far away, it's never going to be able to pick up the change by itself. So are you saying that the mutations can happen on a geographical level and not spread the same way that the virus itself is spreading? Yes, it certainly would happen on a geographical level because it's not like a population wide change in the DNA. These mutations just crop up in individual viruses. And that's precisely what happened with this current virus is that the sort of hook on the outside of the envelope that connects to the receptor in the lung cell, that is the portion of the virus that mutated. So that occurred somewhere close to Wuhan, which is a geographical area. So yeah, it's geographic dependent. By the way, is that great? Go ahead. I was just going to say is to the virus's benefit to become less virulent so that the virus itself, because if the virus is quite virulent, infects the cell, makes thousands and thousands of copies, then it bursts the cells and destroys the very host that it needs. So it's to the virus's benefit to sort of lie low and create a less virulent kind of process. So what we have now is a kind of irrational, mean kind of virus. But on the other hand, it's in terms of the way it interfaces with humanity, it's brilliant because it can travel so fast and hit so many people. Would you compare that to the process of evolution itself? You know, once in a while, you have a phenomenon that is so virulent that it can hit many more people. And there's a mistake there. It's kind of psychopathic. It's a psychopathic brilliant virus. And you know, that's kind of scary because at the end of the day, humanity will still exist. And so will the virus. So if you were going to do trials on this, you know, with a likely candidate or a series of candidates for a vaccine, how do you do that? How do you do the trials without hurting anybody? But at the same time, you know, trying to find a successful candidate that will work. Right. So that's one of the reasons why it does take so long. You don't go from developing potential vaccine that you don't go immediately into humans. It's got to be tested first in what we call tissue culture in the laboratory. So like on human cells in tissue in the laboratory and then moved into animals, animal models, and then to very low doses in human beings to see, first of all, is it safe? Is it doing, you know, we don't want to cause more harm than good. So that takes quite a long time to, you know, just, you know, to evaluate the safety of any particular vaccine. And then the doses are incrementally increased. And then we start looking at a frequency. Is it triggering the immune system to attack the virus or not? So we've got to determine that it's safe. Secondly, we have to make sure it's efficient. Okay, then once we've checked all those doctors, then we've got the issue of ramping up the manufacturer of the vaccine to, you know, worldwide availability. So it's a long process. Yeah, I just, I wonder, you know, if you take the national conversation on this, there's some people who say, okay, let's speed it up this time. Let's take some chances. But what are the risks in moving too early? What could happen if we don't go through the whole trial sequence? Are you asking what is the risk of going into humans too early? Yes. Yeah. Well, one thing is it could overwhelm the immune system to the extent that our response to the vaccine is worse than the virus itself. So if, say, we, you know, generate a fevers of, you know, astronomical levels that could cause a lot more harm than good. So we've got to take it one step at a time. I know that it will be expedited. And the hope is that, you know, we can identify some antiviral medications to at least, you know, treat or tamp down the symptoms of the viral disease before this vaccine is available. Yeah. You know, one possibility, logical possibility that hits me is if you go too early, is it possible that the punitive vaccine would encourage, would stimulate the virus to mutate? That is precisely why viruses mutate because they do want to avoid the immune system. You know, this is not a thought process on the part of the virus, but just in natural evolution, if they do then develop a mutation that allows it to kind of evade attack by antibodies, then, you know, then we've got a new disease that we're dealing with. Yeah. That would be scary. Well, more scary. It's scary enough already. The other thing is, I wanted to ask you, what about these drugs that have been talked about, you know, the ones that go from malaria and so forth? Is there any value there? Just, it seems, it seems really disconnect. You take a drug that has something to do with malaria and say, oh, this, this will help you.  Daniel Day Kim, one of the actors in Hawaii 5.0, said he recovered using those. He recommends that, or at least he says consider it. And I wonder if that's just pie in the sky, or is this real medical genetic reason to use those drugs? Yeah. Well, there's certainly, I mean, I think there is reason to use them, but we, we, you know, we need to establish, you know, the efficiency, the effectivity of these, of these medications.  There is another one that's already been through clinical trials and safety, safety trials for, for the flu. And then, and then another one. Tamiflu. Yeah. Another, no, Tamiflu won't work for this virus. Okay. But another drug called Remdesivar will hopefully work for this virus. And another one I just read about today involves inserting a different type of nucleotide. So it basically inserting into like getting a different nucleotide into the viral genome so that it can't replicate. So they're, they're not, they're quite a number like of different antivirals that could potentially help treat this disease until we do have a vaccine. I have a feeling that, you know, although we talk about it in the United States, the research may be going on elsewhere, like in Germany, for example, or in, or in Asia. And, you know, it may, it may pop up there as a success there. Maybe we don't have the same kind of FDA requirements to know it's easier to do it. The other thought is that most of, most of the drugs on the market today are made outside the US. So when you get to the manufacturing stage, we may have to rely on other countries to manufacture for us. Yeah. That's, that's right. They're people working worldwide, certainly, certainly in Europe and in China and, you know, throughout the world, different laboratories and companies and scientists, you know, attacking this from a multi-pronged approach. Are you working on it actually, Sarah? No, I am not working on it. I work on a number of human genetic diseases, not viral diseases, helped identify the genes for dwarfism and Huntington's disease and muscular dystrophy. And so my focus really has been on human genetic diseases, so hereditary diseases. I certainly know a lot about genetics, of course. Of course. Can you tell, before we go, can you tell us about your book? Yeah. I wrote a work of fiction. I've written lots and lots of scientific articles, but a number of years ago I actually was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. I'm completely fine now, but at the time I thought, okay, I'm going to take on a new challenge and write a mystery novel. So it's a mystery thriller about a forensic geneticist in Iceland that uses the national DNA database to solve crimes, including that of her young brother that disappeared and she ends up in a world of trouble. And it's called double-blind, which is scientific term, double-blind the Icelandic manuscript murders. I've got to see it. I visited Iceland last year and I've got to see it. Yeah. There's not any about Iceland. Sarah Winiker, a geneticist who has helped us understand so many aspects of coronavirus. Thank you so much for appearing on Sync Tech, Sarah. Thank you, Jay. It was a pleasure. Aloha.