Good afternoon. I want you all to welcome Catherine showing us how to do computer art with Python. Thank you for coming. My name is Catherine and for five years I was a graduate student in physics at the University of Waterloo. Now the University of Waterloo in their Faculty of Science offers a computational science degree. It's a cross-departmental degree program that tries to teach people without very much programming experience but a lot of enthusiasm for science. How to use programming to be more efficient at science. And during my time as a grad student I was the teaching assistant for the computational physics classes which used Python to be very basic Python to teach physics concepts such as classical mechanics, integrating differential equations, stuff like that. And today I'm going to tell you about a Python library that I've been writing that was inspired by my time as a teaching assistant. So every great software development project begins with a great user story. So for this presentation let's imagine that our user is the freshman meme guy. So the freshman meme guy is a computational science student. He has no prior programming experience to the computational physics class that he took and he's also a big fan of Quidditch. And the midterm for computational physics came on the day after the intramural Quidditch finals so he flunked his midterm and now he's looking for some extra credit. And his university professor says okay the midterm mark will be ignored if you can make me a nice pretty animated visualization of your Keplerian planet simulation. So the freshman meme guy goes off to Google and he looks for 3D drawing options in Python and the first thing that he finds is processing in Python mode. So has anyone used processing in this audience? It's pretty awesome in my humble opinion. It was created by Ben Fry and Casey Reese in 2001 while they were part of the MIT Media Lab. Processing is the name of the project, the IDE and the programming language and it's targeted at artists and beginners. And in recent years it has a Python programming mode. So the freshman meme guy looks up the sample code to draw a red spinning cube and he finds this and it's all human readable. He doesn't quite understand variable scoping so the global word is kind of magic to him but otherwise it makes sense. There's one method called setup that executes once when the program starts and then there's one method called draw that executes every single time the frame or the window is drawn to. And it produces something sensible that looks like this. So the freshman meme guy is happy. He goes off with processing and implements his planets and goes to try to pull out his simulation and put it in processing. But the first thing he encounters when he tries to import sci-pi is this import error no module named sci-pi. And now this makes our freshman meme guy very upset. Because he is absolutely sure that he has sci-pi installed on his computer and in his Python environment. I mean he's been using it all semester for his classes. So he encounters this problem because the Python mode in processing is kind of a veneer over a Java under belly. So he gives up on that approach and goes back to Google. The next thing he finds is pyopengl. So pyopengl is one of the Python bindings. To opengl it's like how pyqt is to qt. So he looks up the sample draw spinning cube example in pyopengl. So the imports look friendly. He just has to import the graphics library and then the graphics library utility tools. Like with the processing demo there's one method that executes once on setup. It's really confusing to him because he doesn't know what any of these things are doing. But it only happens once so that's fine. He can just ignore it for now. Then he looks at the method that is going to execute every single time. And you should not do this. But the method that comes up the most often in really basic opengl tutorials to draw a cube is to draw six quadrilaterals, one for each side. Now you should not do this if you're going to do any high performance stuff but it's kind of the simple way of drawing a cube. But to do this you have to draw four vertexes, one for each corner of each quadrilateral. And this is what the entire code to draw a cube looks like. And then you can create a window using the utility tools. So our undergrad looks up the example. It's like, okay, well this makes sense. This is what I expected to be drawn. And then he goes off and says, well, I'll just figure out how to draw spheres with this. So he goes to the opengl group and downloads the opengl cheat sheet. Now the problem with that is that the opengl cheat sheet is not actually an opengl cheat sheet. It's not a single sheet. It is actually a 13-page Adobe PDF document. And the first page in nine-point font is everything just about buffers. Now keep in mind that this is a computational science student and not a computer science student. He's only had maybe three months at most of programming and he does not even know what a pointer is. And to be honest, as a Python user, I don't really like to use pointers either, so I can understand his woes. So this makes him upset. He goes back to Google. He looks again. He finds a module called Piglet. So Piglet is also an opengl binding, but it has submodules for windowing in multimedia. And it can produce the same sorts of animations that pyopengl does. So the undergrad looks at the code. It all seems logical. The imports look logical. The code to actually update his animation and draw a window looks really nice. Like he can understand what a window is, he can understand having a clock that he has to schedule to update, and he can understand running his app. So this makes him happy. So then he's like, okay, great. I'm going to continue with this. Let's look at the actual code for drawing a cube. And he sees exactly the same thing that he saw in pyopengl, and now on top of that, there's the scary at symbol because he has not been taught decorators, and he doesn't even want to try to figure out what that is. And again, the actual drawing of the cube is the same. So this makes him unhappy. All right, so the final option he comes across is called vPython. So just from background on vPython, it was created by David Sherer in 2000 to replace CT, which is what they were using to teach computational physics at Carnegie Mellon. It is currently maintained by Bruce Sherwood, who was one of the original developers of CT. And it was designed specifically for helping students learn physics through programming. How it works is that all of the actual OpenGL calls are written in C++, and that gets compiled to a module called Cvisual, and then the actual windowing is based on WX Python and sort of just hooks into this compiled Python module. And just as an example of how this is used in classes that are going on today, this is some vPython for teaching students Newton's second law, f equals ma. If you remember back to your high school physics, you might have had a similar lab to this that involved launching beanbags at your classmates. This is a great innovation because it prevents any beanbag launching related injuries. But basically you create a ball, you add a velocity to it, you apply the force of gravity to it, and then you integrate the force of gravity onto the velocity, and then you can also demonstrate the additivity of forces by subtracting a drag force. So just to give you an example, this is what it would actually look like on your screen, and you can see what the effect of drag is. No beanbags hurt in the process. All right, so the undergrad looks up the code for drawing a red spinning cube, and it is five lines. It's super nice, and it all makes sense to him. And on his Windows laptop, it looks like this. So based on that, he creates his visualization, it all looks good on his laptop, and then he uploads it to the physics marking server, which is running Ubuntu, and a few minutes later, he gets an email from his prof while he's still in this euphoric mood that says, there is no Debian package for WX Python 3. Can you please come to my office and show me your animation? And now this is a problem for the undergrad meme because his physics prof is a nice guy, but he tends to go on about how great physics and programming is, and he really just wants to get back on the soccer field and continue his quidditch practice. So that ultimately makes him upset. So what I'm trying to communicate in this user story is that writing really simple graphics libraries that are kind of platform-independent is really hard. So what if we had an openGL helper? So the idea here is vPython established a really nice API. So what if we extract that from the C++ code, but let some other Python project that has already done a lot of hard work on making openGL cross-platform Python hooks do the heavy lifting. And then the final thing we want to do is obscure the windowing. So this is one advantage that Piglet has over PyOpenGL is that they make the windowing really easy. All right, so the first thing that I have to do if I'm going to build this thing is decide which openGL binding I'm going to use. And PyOpenGL has support for a lot more of openGL, and it also currently has support for 3.5 while as Piglet appears to be kind of a dead project right now. And so this is where I made the first fatal flaw in creating this library because I picked Piglet. And the reasons I did that were just number one, it has much better documentation, something to keep in mind when I'm writing my own stuff. And secondly, I was kind of an openGL noob at the start and the extra app and window libraries make things really easy. All right, so this is the package that I created. It's a helper for Piglet or Piglet Helper. It has a submodule called objects, which contains geometric primitives, and it has a submodule called utils that has mathematical primitives for doing transformations. And I let Piglet.gl interact with OpenGL, and then I use Piglet's window and app things to handle the display. All right, so I'm going to do a few just comments on implementation before I just go off and show the animated GIFs. So converting from C++ to Python is not... Unfortunately, it's not as easy as just doing a search replace on curly braces. There are several things you can do in C++ that you cannot do in Python, for example, having multiple method declarations. And the way that I chose to do this and still have the same functionality is to use the getItemSetItem and length operators on classes. So just as in the previous slide, I would initialize a vector by passing it three numbers, passing it nothing, which would initialize it to zero, or passing it another pointer to an array. I can pass it any object which has length greater than two or three, and then assign the first element to x, second element to y, third element to z. Now, the second fatal flaw that I did was decide to go with pep styling on this project, and so this project was built back in 2001, where I don't even think Pepe was written back then. So that meant that I changed everything slightly, so it doesn't like lowercase object names. It also doesn't like single character properties. So these are the types of changes I made. And now, given that I'm making all these changes to the API, how do I make sure things don't break? And since this is a beginner talk, I'm just going to explain how to use continuous integration. So I use Travis CI, which is free as in beer, but not free as in speech. So every time I commit a new change to GitHub, it runs set up Py for Python 2.7 through 3.4. It pilots, and then it runs the unit tests. Now, this provides a unique challenge in this situation, which is that Travis CI runs on a headless server, but OpenGL requires a display to draw to, even if you just want to load the modules. And this is something that I had trouble with, because my naive solution is just, well, let's render to a still image, and then we'll just compare the images from previous builds to this current build. However, I'm having trouble with that because it seems like I should be able to use Xdummy, but that requires the NVIDIA X driver, and then the NVIDIA X driver doesn't seem to work correctly on headless systems, but I know this should be theoretically possible because other projects have done these things, and if you have done this before, please talk to me afterwards. So my alternative right now is just to mock GL. So in the mock module in Python, there is a useful decorator called patch, and what that allows you to do is that in your unit test, you can just replace any time that an object is called, you replace it with another object. So in box, box will import piglet.gl as GL, and then in my patch, I'm just going to replace GL with my own fake GL, and then my own fake GL module has all the function primitives, but it does essentially nothing. Now, this is kind of cheating in a way, but I'm not really testing OpenGL. I'm really just testing that my modules all work when they call each other and that everything imports correctly. All right, so now that I've talked about some boring implementation details, I'm just going to go over some functionality. So these are the geometric primitives implemented. There's an arrow, sphere, cube, cone, cylinder, ellipsoid ring, and pyramid. And then there's also things called lights and scenes. So a scene object contains information about the camera position and some details about the default lights. The lights are non-renderable objects that you can stick in the scene. And then the objects can either be drawn into the scene by passing them to the scene as an... or sorry, the scene has a list of objects. You can either add the object to that list or you can pass the scene to the object's draw method.  I can either render the box in the scene by passing scene as an argument to render or by appending the box to the scene and then setting up the scene. All right, so just to finalize, this is what the freshman's code would look like in Piglet Helper. So I've, in addition to everything else, just created a default scene with a default camera position and some default lights. And you can just create that using vSetup and it will automatically add any objects you call after that to that scene. You define an update function just as you would with any of the other ones and then you can run the scene. And I've also added a really useful utility for generating objects. And this is really great if you want to spam your Twitter profile with animated GIFs. And that is what it looks like. All right, so I started this project last year after getting really frustrated about getting visual working with Python 3. The original developers of vPython had the same problem, but they decided to take a different approach, which was, since they do mostly teaching stuff, to switch to a Jupyter Notebooks-type environment. So they switched from OpenGL to WebGL. And they created this JavaScript library called Glowscript, which allows you to use vPython syntax in WebGL. And then they created this website called Glowscript.org, where you can type in Python code and have it render on the web. However, just like processing in Python mode, this doesn't give you access to everything else in Python. And then the other module they created was called vPython Jupyter. So they use 0mq to actually do the communication and to feed some JSON back into Jupyter to render in the Jupyter Notebook. And they're using the actual Glowscript JavaScript library that they've hosted on Glowscript.org to actually render this. And this is what it looks like. It's not quite the same because you have to define these scene variables. But again, it looks very, very similar to vPython Classic Edition. All right, so for future work on Piglet Helper, so I made two fatal flaws, as I said. The first one is that I made styling changes to match modern styling. And I think this was a really bad idea because the people who used this library all operate out of textbooks, and textbooks don't update as fast as the Internet. So it doesn't make sense to make a library that doesn't match the old API. So I think my first step is going to be to undo that. I also haven't implemented 3D Text, which is something that is available in vPython. And then finally, I think I need to switch off of Piglet because it does not have support for Python 3.5. And now, a few days before the conference, it came to my attention that vizpy probably could do a very similar thing. And a year ago, when I started this, I looked into vizpy, and they had not yet implemented some objects trying, but now they have. So if you're looking for something that is more fully featured, that is probably a lot more stable, and another benefit is that it implements... It works with several different backgrounds. So it works with PyQt4, PyQt5, and Piglet and PyOpenGL with a little bit of work. You should really check out vizpy. So this is the sample rotating cube code that I have found that is the simplest, I think, for vizpy. And as you can see, it's not quite as dead easy as you might want it to be, but it's still very, very nice. So that's what I would suggest you use instead of my library. But just as a final experiment, I really want to try to communicate what sort of wonderful things can happen when you lower the barriers of entry to 3D drawing, just like what processing has been able to do. Because a lot of us here in the audience are experts in a certain domain, but we probably aren't experts in OpenGL, but we are still humans, and humans have eyeballs, and humans like looking at things. So just as a crazy experiment, a few days before the conference, I decided what if I feed a Piglet helper into the distributed evolutionary algorithms project and use a scikit image to judge the similarity of images generated. So the idea is I'm going to try to generate the Python logo using a Piglet helper attached to an evolutionary algorithm. And so this is what you see. It's not the greatest because of the artificial limitations I put onto the search space for the evolutionary algorithm, but you can see that it eventually learns from just a mix of chaos to put yellow spheres in the bottom half and blue spheres in the top half. Anyway, thank you. Any questions? So you said Piglet is kind of a dead project. Have you got in touch with the developers or saw the mailing list because there's appearing to be some activity, some renewed activity around Piglet now? Oh, no, I hadn't. But that's very exciting to hear. Did you also have a look at game engines because they might provide similar functionalities to maybe sometimes an easier package? Can you repeat what that... Did you have a look at game engines? There are some game engines available for Python? Oh, game engines. Yeah, I looked into Pygame and it had a lot of cruft that I wasn't particularly interested in for game development, but perhaps I should look at it again. Anymore? Oh. Hi, thanks for the talk. It's really interesting. You've used the kind of college university student as the target. I wonder what are your thoughts for creating 3D graphics for somebody who might be seven years old? So the reason that I use a university undergraduate student is that in Canada, where I'm from, we have really terrible computer science education. So even though students... I believe personally that students who are seven who can read English would totally be able to use V-Python, typically students don't encounter their first programming class until their first year of university. One more question to you, Hasbither. What do you think about processing Python mode? So... I really should have just pressed the home button, but whatever, my finger will get a workout. Okay, so the first one that I went over was processing in Python mode. And as I said, this didn't really work for the application because you aren't able to access the full Python stack. And I've looked into trying to incorporate the Python stack into processing in Python mode, and the thing is that I hate Java way too much to invest any more time in that. Thank you, Catherine. Thank you all. Thank you.


Oh team keep it clean. What's going on? It's engraving here with another video. Happy Thursday. Happy NFL kickoff day I love y'all team. Keep it clean. I appreciate you all for supporting in like a million different ways Shout out to all the team keep it clean patrons I'm shout out to every single subscriber here whether you watch every video or you only watch a few or you get Tired of me like no, I gotta take a little break and then you go on a hiatus and you come back later It's all good man. I love y'all and I really do appreciate y'all Make sure you lift people up don't tear them down because this world does enough tearing down the people as it is So people don't need you tearing them down to and another thing. It's okay to disagree There's nothing wrong with disagreeing with what somebody has to say But do it respectfully, please because that just makes the conversation that much better When two people can have a conversation and even though they don't agree on stuff the fact that they still respect each other Man, yeah, like for real me. I don't know how long that goes man another thing Shout out to Raven's media team a raid Raven's media team. There's social media team and media team and video production team They absolutely kill it Now with hardball that clip that's been going around with when JK Dobbins first went down that thing hit me straight up that that that hit me man because it was just It was a different side of hardball y'all know like with hardball I got some things that I feel like he could improve on overall He's not a bad coach at all But I got I do have some things I feel like he could do better in certain situations and whatnot But no matter how you feel about hardball That that when you watch that clip. It's like whoa, okay now It just it was powerful man, and I really appreciated it just how he Empathize we're in sympathized with the players about JK Dobbins and they they empathize with him too Lamar Jackson and Anthony Levine sitting there talking to him say it's football It would have happened whether it happened now or happened the first driving Vegas or whatnot If it was gonna happen it was gonna happen. That's the unfortunate part of football that we always talk about man but anyway Speaking of the Ravens the media team They brought us this presser that we getting ready to talk about that happened Yesterday we were gonna talk about it yesterday, but obviously some things kind of came up, but it's all good So it started off with Bradley Bozeman Bozeman he talked about he was asked about how good the Ravens have been in week ones and he said no That's cool.  Oh, yeah, you'll learn your lesson quick Right now, Tyree Phillips is listed as a starter at left guard Will he be the starter will it be him or Ben Powers? I would think it would be the Ben Powers because they started Ben Powers that last preseason game But sometimes you just never know what the Ravens they like throwing curveballs and whatnot So I will see but he said that he's been helping Tyree Phillips Especially in that left guard role been trying to give him like tips and stuff and help him out Just to look out for him and he said he's been growing as a player So will we see that growth on Monday night football? We'll see He also talked about Levy on bail they asked him how does it feel to get Levy on bail? He said straight up it doesn't matter who's back there We're gonna be blocking for whoever is back there in the backfield and I was okay That's a nice little answer right there. Oh You got asked about his contract situation and also it was a two-part question He got asked about the status of his contract situation Then he got asked about how he felt about Mark Andrews contract situation and he said what he is He said he just hit a play football in the Super Bowl straight up. That's it. Is it and he said mark Andrews I'm happy for mark Andrews happy for him And that sort of transition to mark Andrews coming to the podium Mark Andrews when he spoke like you could just tell there was that genuine happiness and I'm Understand the guy just got what a fifty six million dollar So I will be happy too, but I'm gonna walk around smiling you gonna see all 32 of my teeth If I got extra ones in there if I got something missing you gonna see it all because I just signed a fifty six million dollar contract Oh, yeah, yeah, you gonna definitely see it. Um, but anyway Mark Andrews, he just thanked the whole Ravens Organization staff coaches players everybody from top to bottom Everybody he mentioned him by name And he just he showed his respect to him because they are all obviously part of the process man He said that he wants everybody to know that he's still gonna give it his all Because you know it's been said and it's been seen that some players when when they get paid They like, okay, I got I got my I got my bread. I'm good now. Let me just chill. Let me just relax Mark Andrews said no, I'm still giving my all He said going into this season whether the deal happened or not. He said he was gonna be fine either way Now I know a lot of players they do say that After they get their deals, but um, so hey, we'll never know a lot of players say that before they get the deals But they just saying that so they don't want to put it on blast Nobody's gonna be like man, I wanted this deal Well, some people actually would but a lot of people won't be like man I wanted this deal to happen before the season I wanted to just get it over with get it out the way well TJ White. He's going through that right now So we'll see what happens with him But Mark Andrews said he would have been good either way, but I'm sure he's better now that it's done And he said that he didn't know when the deal was gonna happen But over the past couple of weeks stuff just started like ramping up So obviously his agent and Eric the cost and him they were in talks and whatnot and they were able to make it happen So if you want something to go down if you want something to happen, you'll find a way He said the job is not done. He talked about his family how They were just ecstatic for him. I mean you could understand why somebody in your family, especially immediate family Especially close family. They get paid all that money. Yeah, your family definitely gonna be happy man And he also talked about that he didn't play football for the money He said he loves the competition of the sport, but I'm sure the money aspect that helps you love it even more So I'm out of that. I'm mad at that even if he would have said he played it for money. I wouldn't be mad at that Okay, what do you go to work? You don't go to work just because you love your job. You also want to make money from it I'm mad at that but anyway He also talked about that he said he's not where he needs to be right now he said that um, it's definitely more room for him to grow and I could definitely see that we can all see that Mark Andrews is a very very good titan He's a he is a very productive titan that do puts in work. He gets numbers Mark Andrews does this thing He could use some improvements, but like he he said himself He's everybody we could all use improvements and that's true. You never stop I think it was Keith Williams that said it in the presser before never stop trying to improve yourself, man There's all always something that you can get better at always Every time so shout out to Mark Andrews for that Somebody asked him I forgot who it was. They said what do you want?  He said this is really not anything that I want to buy I He said that I just want to invest and watch my money grow Okay, man at that either man. All right, and he said that uh With with Lamar's contract because you know, you know that they gotta ask about Lamar's contract I think and so for some of the media guys I think it's like written on a paper some a acts about Lamar Jackson's contract Even though you're not talking about Lamar, you got to ask somebody else about it He said that the goal is to win a Super Bowl. That's it That's it the goal is to win a Super Bowl He said they got a special connection. He said Lamar been he said that the Lamar throws a great ball And I would agree that uh Mark Andrews would feel that way because he caught a lot of them from Lamar ever since their rookie year Ever since that man Real quick man. Shout out to Ozzie Newsom, man because in 2018 man He said these boys up man. He said these boys up for a long time, man That 2018 draft man. That thing was crazy, man. It's crazy Like oh man, just a bunch of bangers in that draft, man Anyway, he said something that I really like he said the game has gotten really slow for Lamar Jackson And he said and this was something that I really really appreciated and it's not something that I think about too often But when you think about it's like, okay, wow that that's true He said that Lamar Jackson always protects his wide receivers and that he is very conscious over where he places the football and I was like, oh well, um That's true. I And I was like I just I Couldn't believe that I couldn't believe it. I couldn't believe it because we see Lamar's game But I was just it's just something that I never really thought of like that before And it was like, okay All right, that's that's a really good point So I appreciated Mark Andrews for bringing that out now after Mark Andrews The guy with the deepest voice in the NFL He came to the podium to speak and that was Kaleas Campbell and again I try to do Kaleas Campbell voice, but my voice ain't even close to his man He said they ready for week one. It's finally here. It's time. Let's get it He talked about their car said their car can make every throw He's got great ability and the play-action game I said he's a quick quarterback and it's gonna be a challenge and that's true. That's true Their car very streaky guy man streaky type of quarterback man when he's hot with he's hot when he's not he's not I feel like he can get hot quick, but he can get cold quick too, but their cars cool man with Kaleas Campbell with the fans not being in the stadium last year and then returning this year He said that they didn't realize how much they appreciated fans until the fans were going And he said it's gonna be an intense game, especially since it matters He even talked about how in the preseason He could just feel the energy there and the games didn't even count yet, but now that is regular season Oh, yeah, you already know what time it is man He talked about Madi BK How Madi BK has been getting so much praise from all these reporters and stuff and listen da da da da But he said you can't read the noise man Because you don't want to get too relaxed like you don't want to feel like all right. Yeah, I made it. I'm good I ain't I ain't got to really work on stuff now because I'm good. Everybody says I'm good. So I'm good I said no you can't you can't listen to it like that man And you got to always continue to work and he said he appreciates Madi BK's work ethic and what he brings to the table He also talked about how he has a lot of experiences that he can Share to help teach and help the young guys grow And he said he got that opportunity from Donnell docket who we all remember From the Cardinals he said he really pushed them and said that it's nice when you when guys see a potential And they push you and they try to help you reach it. Um, and with Kalaeus Campbell Like we were just saying he he said that he has a lot of experience That he can share with the younger guys and help teach the younger guys and help push the younger guys He doesn't have to do that He he does not have to do that His job title is defensive in a defensive lineman for the Ravens His job title does not say coach. His job title does not say mentor His job title does not say I need to give advice to xx and x player It's not his job He don't got to do that But the fact that he's willing to do that and the fact that he likes to do that That speaks volumes. That's why so many of us Um, again, y'all know, I I didn't think it was gonna happen After they didn't sign him before with Justin Houston. I was like, okay. Well, I guess that ship seal That's that even though he was still a free agent. I was like, I don't think it's gonna happen But it happened and we appreciated it It gave us another level of excitement for this Ravens team and this Ravens defense But we appreciated that move even more when we would see the pictures and hear the stories Oh, Justin Houston, he's staying after practice with a daffy away with dylan haze. He's talking to tyus bowser and again Justin Houston, he was signed to the Ravens. His job title is outside linebacker not outside a practice coach No, that's not his job. He doesn't have to do that But the fact when when players do that you appreciate it that much more when people do that In your life You appreciated that much more somebody pull you to the side or somebody who you may work with or make one of your friends Somebody in some way form fashion They really try to go that extra mile to help you You appreciated that much more, especially when they don't have to and it's not their job title It'd be one thing if you hire like a coach or you hire the mentor or something and their job title is coach mentor life Coach all that. All right, cool Yeah, but if that's not their job and they don't have to do that for you. They're not getting paid to do that for you That goes a long way and you definitely appreciate it that much more The team keep it clean. I appreciate y'all that much more Let's see if today is another crazy day with the Ravens because they just keep making stuff Anyway, um, I love y'all. I appreciate y'all so much. Thank you for always watching. Hope y'all have a great thursday Or really whenever you watching this man whenever you watching this shout out to you. Appreciate y'all. We are out


Weenie is is drunk. I have a very strict rule and I had to establish this in whenever I was guild leading in 2017 And it was when I am running raids. Nobody is allowed to drink or smoke or be under the influence Okay, because you're gonna get everybody else killed. No smoking boys. I Literally need you to send me a picture your driver's license send it to me on discourse. I can make sure you're 21 I'm checking Just for my own like legal purposes. I'm gonna show chat the driver's license as well to make sure It's a done deal Okay, so There you go. All right. Let's do this I'm gonna pull both these what level are we I'm 44 year 45 Ren shod is 49 so he's probably gonna hard carry then we got 47 healer and 45 Frick this guy asked if he could run ZF with me later, and I forgot I added him as a friend I forgot to invite him right. Oh Do you know weenie? I Don't know weenie You invited weenie. I didn't invite me. Oh my god Do we have to kick weenie out? Okay, if you're gonna do this as fan because it's your friend That's coming in you're gonna have to RP this out with weenie. I'm sorry Here's what we're gonna do we I'm just over here in the shadows brown Weenie listen.  No, he's really good. He has my endorsement. He's super good Are we mounting up is this ours is a mount pole? Oh as a mount pole Are we skipping mobs? No, he's just big pulling Well, we have zero a we Welcome to the game. All right. It's pumped. Winky. You're 60. We're like a still library. Yeah, it is. Yeah It's not to be my only tune alive at this room Should we bring him in and and she teach these guys how to do some in-game? Yeah, you can't bring 60s in right? Sequoia did I Thought you couldn't bring 60s into a lower level dungeon We're fine about dubbing it something just lay we're fine Just believe just believe I think a lot of people itemize like spell power too much castors at least Stamina enter Okay, that was good, I think we can do better Yeah, we can pull a bit more actually I didn't have to use badass or anything like we were fine Yeah, maybe we shouldn't do that if we don't image. I won't do big pulls as much Hey, this this this pet keeps pet taunting.   Dude.  We did also have a mage Kill this guy. Oh marks and everything we need the other one too.  I actually know it was because it was DR with a grenade Was it? Yeah, I'm sorry. We need a snap at you like that. Yeah, we need get it together Okay power chill me and you guys wait here. I'll pull up.    We need real quick. I said just taunt it Kevin target dummy for we need we need run back with it while the dummies up Okay, Orson. They're making life Damn it. We need this is no scope compared last night. Yeah. Well last night like We didn't have a major in the group last night there must have been a major in the group last night Yeah, but a major is more damage.   We need the time has come execute order 69 Just like I taught you I am this is not. This is not I'm specifically like I literally specifically. I'm like you guys are range you guys need to stand between me and the mine Right here right instead of you stands all the way like in in like Bangladesh or whatever So it's like okay. Well now they're not in my consecrate if they spawn them insta run out of it So then I can't like it's just blows my mind dude And it cleans and it cleans and it cleans and it cleans and it cleans and it cleans and it cleans. Oh, okay I'm bubble cancel Bubble out of Polly.  We might need to have a pep talk with the team here. Okay, so I need to get cleansed insta. We need is is drunk I I have a very strict rule and I had to establish this in whenever I was yield leading in 2017 And it was when I am running raids. Nobody is allowed to drink or smoke or be under the influence Okay, because you're gonna get everybody else killed. I literally need you to send me a picture your driver's license Send me a discourse. I can make sure you're 21. Okay, so just for my own like legal purposes I'm gonna show chat the driver's license as well to make sure it's a done deal Okay, so There you go. All right. Let's do this. All right. We're good What what does he have a friend? Oh Yeah, we need has it Weenie is doing some work. Thank you. I Got it back, but we need to do this. I'm we need like pissing me off because he's yeah, I agree.  Oh, is it? Oh Very high threat.  Also.  He's actually scuffing our stand buff by not using him Also, I should I should get imp for the fire shield. Oh, you're right.   Yeah, we need you gotta come back.  We We come back now. Give him the palette and police treatment. Just shut just put it okay. He stops he stops look Did you just whip the cat out? Yes. Look at this cat. You need to wait to do damage Okay, and I just go full ham in search rash.  Is that right? I'm googling this this can't be right. It says I didn't train anything but my himbo your fire shield was a himbo Kolindus I spit on Kolindus.  Weenie you're not training your warlock abilities. We only bring people with fully trained abilities to these dungeon Yeah, what do you think this is hardcore?   No, I'm poor open trade right now You have 12 gold He has 12 gold what but he's got full dream weave and shadow power legs 21 Wait made by sug knight. I thought that I was in jail. This cost one gold eight silver. Is that true weenie? What do you have to say for yourself? My himbo has needs. What is it? What needs he's not even wearing clothes.  I don't even know what a himbo is. Do you know what a himbo is? I just found out all right. I'm gonna pull yeah. I think we should keep going. Let's go. Let's pull.  Yeah, close comes on all right, which doctor's first there. He went out here Okay, we need has mad threat. Yeah, we need this is actually really bad we We need we need to cleanse again. Can we get a runner? I need to cleanse, please I'm targeted. I mean we might I need to actually do something about this. We might need to run. Okay, we're gonna run Yeah, everyone run everyone run.  Are you safe? Are you safe? Do you need help? No good call good call? Okay, I'm gonna escort you out here.  So just keep running I'm taking damage.  I might actually have to vanish this nice grenade nice grenade if I take like one more shot Okay, we're good. That grenade was actually clutches.  You're good. You might have your vibing. You're vibing. I don't think we're never responds I think we're good. Yeah, I'll let us around these like little micro corners. I Think we just need to go straight as possible. Yeah, I agree. Yo, I just dodged that Should have left her alone. Okay.  Okay. We're good. Do you have a trolls blood?  We're fine. This is good. I have a seven seconds on target dummy Can you get a heal on here Bobby Bob me Bobby Bobby? I can't I can't I can't okay. That's perfect. All I needed was a flash We're good. We're good. We're good Three seconds one second John are they on you? No, I'm actually Yeah, you're good. You're good. I'm safe. I I can tell me if I need to I used my last grenade there Holy shit, we're okay. Should I drop group and just like we're out or what? I'm afraid to keep walking towards them Damn it. All right. I gosh Holy are you out? Are you out? Are you out? Yeah, I'm out.  We need God damn it. We need Bro drop. I got a drop group. I got a drop group. I'm still in the dungeon.  I'm so sorry waffle Broke he healed us as fan like he was I dude I He took it for the team When I am I'm sheaped. I'm screaming that I'm sheep. Yes waffle should have cleansed me That's fine. Just wait.  I don't know what to do it's Waffle was one of the good ones, you know, I know that's why I'm so mad, dude Like waffle has helped me out a ton.  Yeah waffle did great That's that's why I'm so upset. He gets to live and waffle is the one that goes down You come to the dungeon drunk, right? And it's and look it's funny. We're playing along But it's He could have cleansed me But he also had to heal other people because they start going they start going crazy That was a solid grenade what you did that grenade was actually so it saved my life Yeah It just sucks to see waffle go down in a way What even happened? Is there a clip? Can we go back and watch that or do we even want to? Okay, I want to watch this from your POV and hold on any second the thing is At the end of the day, you never really know like What people are going through man. Yeah, you never really know what people are going through. You never really know What everybody's doing and like there is there's There's like real people behind the screen, right with with real problems real lives And the game's a lot of fun, right? But uh and it is just a game, but it's also an opportunity to connect with people and to get to do More I agree. Yeah, I agree and get to take your mind off of things sometimes and things aren't bad too Like sometimes people make mistakes. You don't really realize things are going to be a problem, right? I'll take it a step further I tanked him up higher And I mean I don't I actually think we might have died regardless because we were we were so far behind But I mean I pull I we had extra packs because of where I was tanking them Right the pack came in. I wouldn't blame yourself for this though. Honestly that this situation It's just one of those things that happens. You know what I mean? I don't think there's really much we could have done We we did the best we could with just getting out alive Look wobble's gonna go again. He messes me and says gonna he's gonna Hit again and uh, well, luckily he's in the guild of of absolute giga chad bob tigers, right? So like he maybe he can get a little mob tagging action going on from his own guild. Yeah, true You know it goes again gets a little boosty boost going on. I was upset. I was mad at the death but I got emotional because of The other stuff hearts that chat for wobble chat hearts for wobble Yeah, hearts for wobble He'll get it back And look that's that's the thing with hardcore, right? Like sometimes things happen I mean people are trying to trying to be funny and they're trying to have fun and and I mean I was I was mad. I mean, I'll tell you why I was mad I feel like I felt bad because wobble has spent a lot of time like helping me out Right helping heal me through stuff and I don't want to feel like somebody had their time wasted That's what made me so bad But then okay, I can tell you as someone and I'm being 100% like 100% serious with with this statement As someone who's done hardcore for four years straight Um, I can confirm hardcore is about the journey not the destination So time wasted is only Like you've wasted the time to be honest This is something that you you'll look back on and you'll be like damn remember that time I died in zf Right a couple years from now And it'll be actually super sick. It'll be super good. It'll be a dope memory.  It hurts right now I promise you I've been there. It hurts. We go again as always.  Yeah Yeah Yeah, we'll uh, we're on it back Yeah, and and uh Waffle said the guy the guy said he was drunk and I I when he said he was drunk I shouldn't have I shouldn't I should have kicked him. I want to watch this back again. So like Okay, so like I go in and I'm like low. I'm like I'm like 20 whatever Big pull like I go in. I'm like, okay, just pop a mana pot. I'll be good with like half mana I sapper pull. You were not kidding. Then I get hex, right Whenever I get hex which doctors first there he went out here. We're doing okay with the hex, right? Problem is right here. I I should not have been tanking him here in the first place So whenever I was tanking him here, we ended up getting a patrol And I should have I I just should have known better And I should have been safer and I should have pulled them back like one more pillar Even then if I if I had thread on them, it would have been okay But what ends up happening here is I get poly in Weenie has mad threat Yeah, weenie the warlock is full sending the damage, right? The warlock is full sending the damage like he had been the whole time which is annoying But that's and that's that's another problem to have his threat go so high But that's that's another like one small problem. Weenie. This is actually really bad.  Wait, we're we're it was waffle. LOS. Yeah, you're on the edge of the wall. Um So that's why it took so long to cleanse because you got stuck behind the pillar Because because I got sent I got sheep behind the pillar Oh damn So you went line of sight so the casters couldn't target you and then when you went line of sight I got sheaped and it walked me behind the pillar Damn That's even more unlucky. Oh my gosh Because when you go line of sight and they start if they start casting a spell and they're in They're close to me then they can get them they can get hit by my consecrate I can hit them because they stand in place until the cast is over and then they go follow Dude that dude this hurts so bad Oh, I was so mad about the days wrench. I'll apologize afterwards, too He said he said he didn't he didn't see the shadow under there and he was trying to He was trying to push the advantage here I might actually have to vanish this nice grenade nice grenade It wasn't as much weenies fault as I thought it was I was just mad because of the whole run It would not have been a problem And I not gotten hexed had I had enough probably honestly if I had enough mana for one more consecrate Maybe that would have even been enough The thing is I was bonus mad at weenie because it was like the whole run He was doing stuff some of the fangs leave guys They they hit me up and they said they uh, they hooked him up They hooked waffle boy up with like bags and and gear and stuff and they're like gonna help boost him and And get him back up because he was super helpful to everybody else at the same time You know what I mean was a comp no mage. Yeah, if we had a mage it would have been good It's okay. We go again. We'll get it back and uh, like I said, I'm gonna help out I'm gonna help out waffles much as I can too so


Hi everyone, happy Sunday. I'm Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with a quick little pack break right here to give away the final 10 Update double header spots. That should be a pretty fun break. That's coming up right after this Very big. Thanks to everybody here for giving this a shot There's all the teams right there. So we're new the pack break first Think of the right pack Yeah, well, so we'll do the pack break first and then with the first dice roll and the second dice roll will be For the giveaway part at the end six and a one seven times for names and teams one two three four five six and a one yes six and seven and final time seven times for the teams one two three four five six and seven and final time Braves down to Orioles Or at the end of the month. So now my Serif font we're probably in November. We're gonna use a sans serif font for you font fans out there Here's the first half of the list. Here's the second half of the list blah blah blah blah No trade windows. We just want to be able to Dive right into the pack and then see who's gonna get See who's gonna win those spots Sunday ticket sports mix on in the background got four games here. The audio is on the Tampa Bay game I think James Winston got knocked out of this game. All right There's the final print out right here. Thanks everybody once again for getting in on it. Appreciate it. So this is the Think this is this is the pack where we're doing the break itself, right? I also have a Also have a list your men Mercedes John's in India Andrew Vaughn Kalanik Achille Badoo short prints numbered cards and inserts Are the ones that are gonna be top-loaded in updates. That's what we have decided Sorry, I'm gonna move the mic around a little bit here, and we've got a gold foil here Blake Snell Um, how obvious are the short prints that obviously will ship? I guess we'll find out. All right, so the Blake Snell Padres that'll go to Matt the Achille Badoo for the Tigers that's gonna go to Travis and the Andrew Vaughn will go to The White Sox that'll be for Paul. I thought that this was just like little bits of dust right here But no that's actually part of the design. Just keep that in mind Kind of tricked me there for a second. All right Let's flip back to this list Let's grab everybody's names from Travis down to Jeff and everyone in between new dice new list and the top ten We'll get into the next break in the next video after lucky seven times one and a six. Good luck one two three four five six and Seventh and final time after seven so from eleven on down Sad times, but I appreciate you giving this a shot. Thank you Much happier time for the top ten. You're in the break Eric, Darren, Kevin, Travis, Chad, Jaehoon, Matt, Eric, Kyle and Mark You're in. We'll see you in the next video for the break. Bye. Bye


Jerry at Faroaks. Hey, what's this all about? I'm still the newest cadet here at this table. Yeah, sure, you're the newest cadet. But you're not going to serve water to the rest of these punks. Not while Lauren Sylvester Young is around. No, sir. Lauren Sylvester. Hey, is that your name, Tubby? Yes, sir. That's the old Cognomans. Want to make something out of it? No, of course not. But that has never heard it before, that's all. Lauren Sylvester, that's good. Hey, Lee, what's this all about? I thought I was water corporal at this table. Don't you get it, Jerry? The fellas are just trying to show you what they think of you're winning the riding meet with Epps in today. Me? Yeah, I know what you're going to say, but after all, you were leading the team today, and you were the one who led that last jump, the one event that finally cinched the whole meet for Faroaks. Oh, yeah, I get it, huh? Me, huh? Sure. Hey, Cadet Young. Yes, sir, Cadet Dugan. I'll have some more water, too, if you please. OK, OK, I'm not you, sir, Cadet Dugan. Hey, quiet down, everybody. Quiet down, come on. Sergeant Alden's going to speak now. All right, come on. Hey, come on. Quiet, quiet, quiet. All right, quiet, please. Well, this is a great day for Faroaks, isn't it? You bet, yeah, yes, sir. Yes, sir, I know that this is the day that most of you have been waiting to see. The day with the name of Faroaks Military Academy finally will be inscribed on the fifth and last gold plate on the Hunter Craig Trophy for the riding meet between Epps and Military Institute and our own Alma Mater. I know that we're all very sorry that the Edson team couldn't be with us this evening to celebrate. Quiet, man, quiet, please. But we are glad to have at least one representative of the Edson team with us. And Edson Cadet, who was able to stay over just tonight, the captain of the Edson team, Cadet Major Patterson. Thank you, fellas. Well, I guess we kind of took a beating today, didn't we? You bet we did. Good job, you cut it out. Well, you certainly earned your victory. And on behalf of my team and on behalf of all the Edson riding teams who have written to win that trophy before this, I congratulate you. There will certainly be another award waiting for us next year. And let me tell you right now, although Faroaks has won the Hunter Craig Trophy as a permanent possession, Edson will be ready to fight for whatever trophy is up next year. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Major Patterson. I know that the entire student body of Faroaks is happy that you've been able to stay over and be with us this evening.  All right, men.  Some of you have never seen him before. But when I introduce him to you, well, men, I know you're going to realize why he's come more than 1,000 miles to be here this evening with us and why he came all that distance to be here at Faroaks at the riding meet this afternoon. Cadets of Faroaks Military Academy, I take the greatest of pleasure in introducing to you a former Faroaks cadet, a former fellow student, coach Donald Craig. Fellow cadets, thank you, fellas. Well, I must say it's a greater honor for me to have been here today and to be here tonight than it is for you to have to feed me at this wonderful dinner. Well, it's been a long time since I've had my name mentioned in this hall. It's been a long time since I've even been here. We who have been graduated from FMA don't have the opportunity to return to our alma matter very often. But when we do, believe me, we do enjoy it. Well, fellas, I don't want to go into a lot of ancient history. But as you know, Captain Hunter left us a few years ago to obey greater commands than he could know here on Earth. Before he died, though, Howard and I decided we'd like to make a contribution toward the good-spirited rivalry between Edson and Faroaks by offering a trophy to be placed into competition between the two schools. As you also know, up to this year, Faroaks has won the trophy twice, and Edson has won it twice. Now, just this afternoon, the writing team of Faroaks Military Academy has won the Hunter Craig trophy for the third time, placing this plaque forever within the trophy cabinet in Custis Hall. My congratulations to the Faroaks writing team. And may I add, the congratulations of him who cannot be here tonight, Captain Howard Hunter. All right, fellas. In honor of Coach Don Craig and Captain Hunter, the Faroaks, I'm a martyr. We blue, we sing thy praise. We proclaim our loyalty and all our love to thee. We are voices raised. And now, I know that if Howard Hunter is listening tonight, he'll appreciate your singing of our alma mater and also the fact that I'm able to be here tonight to present to your honorary captain, Paul Warren, the Hunter Craig trophy. All right, fellas. Thank you, Coach Craig. And on behalf of Faroaks, I accept the Permanent Award of the Hunter Craig trophy. But there's a cadet here tonight who I think ought to really accept this plaque for us, because it was he who led our team to victory today. He wasn't able to ride the horse he trained on, and he had to ride a horse he'd only had a half day to practice on. But still, he went out today and led Faroaks to win the Hunter Craig trophy. Although he's just a plebe here at FMA, I know we're glad to honor him tonight. Cadets, here's to Jerry Duggan. All right, Duggan, you want to make a reply? Well, I think it might be a better idea. I mean, well, after all, it was a horse that carried me over that last year. All right, Duggan, all right. Thanks. And I think we all know exactly how you feel. Now, cadets of Faroaks, I know that some of you have met a gentleman who was a visitor here at Faroaks for the first time and who has shown such an interest in this particular athletic event on our campus. It isn't very peculiar to me that he has shown this interest, because after all, he's been a friend of one of the stellar members of our riding team for quite some time. Of course, I think you know who I mean. He's been beaming and smiling up here at this table all through dinner. And I know you're going to be very, very interested in what he has to say. I mean, of course, Jerry Duggan's former employer and guardian, the owner of Randall Brothers Greater Circus, Mr. Sam Randall. Thank you, Sergeant. Well, boys, this is kind of new to me, but I'll do my best to tell you what I have in mind. Faroaks has won the Hunter Craig trophy for the last time. You're going to keep it here at Faroaks for all time to come. But, well, you're going to have to fight for something in the future. And, well, I'd like the privilege of offering a trophy for a competition between Faroaks Military Academy and Edson Military Institute in future riding meets. It will be a facsimile of the Hunter Craig trophy.  OK, boys? Yeah! Well, fellows, fellows, I know that we all feel the same way toward thanking Mr. Randall. And I know you'll all agree with me that this has been a great day for Faroaks. Now, to end our celebration, I'm going to ask Ed Dixon to lead us in a Faroaks yell. All right, Ed. All right, gang, let's have a locomotive. M-A-K-N-R-O-A-K-M, fellows, fellows! Well, hello, Mark Anthony. What do you mean, Mark Anthony?  Oh, cut it out, Leigh. I couldn't think of anything to say. You're telling me. Yeah, I should think a swell horseman like you could have thought of something to say. Oh, yeah? Say, it's a good thing I thought of something. Is that dumb horse of mine almost didn't go over that last jump? Didn't go over the last jump? Hey, what do you mean? That's what I mean. Leigh, Tubby, when Blue Comet. That's the name of the horse. Yeah. When Blue Comet almost didn't go over that last hurdle, I pretended I was pulling him in. You mean that you didn't really pull him in? Of course not. I just pretended. And then I had them raise the hurdle a foot higher, because I knew if we lost on that last hurdle, we'd have only tied anyway. And, well, if we won, well, we'd win the whole meet. Well, that was logical, wasn't it? Yeah. Yeah, that was logic. Yeah, the same kind of logic Max says you've got. What do you mean? Irish logic, my friend. Irish logic.


Welcome to the Greatest Philosophers in History series, where we explore the most fundamental ideas of the greatest philosophers in human history. In this episode we'll be exploring the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Martin Heidegger is known as one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. Born in Germany in 1889, he's best known for his work in existentialism and phenomenology. Heidegger was influenced at an early age by the Greeks, Aristotle's metaphysics, which talks about what it is that unites all possible modes of being, is in many ways the question that ignites and drives Heidegger's philosophy. The most fundamental philosophical question is, why does anything exist at all or is Heidegger put it? What does it mean to be? He was fascinated by the Greeks and spent considerable time reflecting on ancient Greek thought. Heidegger's thought is a sort of authentic retrieval of the past. He revived the question of being, which had been largely forgotten by the metaphysical tradition, existing from Plato to Descartes. This is why he's also considered as a hermeneut, as he played around with language whilst reinterpreting various philosophical texts. William Tiltay, who stressed the role of interpretation and history in the study of human activity, profoundly influenced Heidegger. Heidegger also studied the giants of existentialism, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, and most importantly, had been a student of Edmund Husser, the founder of phenomenology. Phenomenology is the philosophical study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first person point of view. In other words, phenomenologists try to understand the phenomena that surrounds our lives, knowing that we live in a self-defined perceptual world. Husserlian phenomenology proposes intentionality, which is the characteristic of consciousness, whereby it is conscious of something. In other words, it's directedness toward an object, seeing man's situation as that of a subject confronted by objects.  I think thought cannot be separated from me, therefore I exist. This makes up his famous philosophical statement, I think therefore I am, separating subject from object, mind from body. However, this self-conscious reflection does not exhaust our being. Heidegger says that before you think you have to be, in fact most of the time, we are busy getting stuff done. It's this feature of us that Heidegger pays special attention to, the every-dayness of human existence. Prior to being a rational animal or a brain, we are firstly just being. Heidegger tries to capture this being before it is humanly defined. His early work as a phenomenologist and university professor, culminated in his masterpiece, and one of the most significant works of contemporary European philosophy, Sein und Zeit, Being and Time. It is a long and complex book, many readers initially encounter it strange and peculiar vocabulary. However, he does use it rigorously and economically, so one gets used to his language. Heidegger's intention is to reveal the hidden meanings of ordinary talk. The depth of this work intended a profound change of direction for philosophy. Such was the depth of change that Heidegger found it necessary to introduce a large number of neologisms, often connected to idiomatic words and phrases in the German language. The fundamental concept of being and time is the idea of Dasein, or being there, which simply means existence. It is the experience of the human being. The world is full of beings, but human beings are the only ones who care about what it means to be themselves. A human being is the entity which in its being has this very being as an issue. Dasein and human beings are interrelated. Without one another, there is no being and no meaning. Existence only exists within our being, and the reality without our being is irrelevant. If a volcano were to erupt without us being there, would it actually have happened? Heidegger would tell us that it would simply be irrelevant. We are ourselves the entities to be analyzed. Dasein is what is common to all of us, and it is what makes us entities. Dasein is then not a disembodied transcendent being, but rather the experience of being that is peculiar to human beings, an inherently social being that already operates with a pre-theoretical grasp of the a priori structures that make possible particular modes of being. Heidegger stresses it to be pre-theoretical because a theoretical structure would prevent us from seeing things as they are in themselves. This perspective can then allow things to show as they are in themselves, and not through some kind of lens. He associates Dasein as being in the world. They are often used hand in hand. Being in the world is an existential concept that emphasizes human existence as a state of living with a highly meaningful orientation. Each individual has a unique destiny to fulfill in this world. This is an essential characteristic of Dasein. It is defined as an a priori structure being grounded in the state of being. Being in the world is Heidegger's replacement for terms such as object, subject, consciousness, and world. As mentioned before, Dasein is not a being that can be observed. How can we then understand it? Heidegger would tell us to study beings, and especially what it is like to be a human being. We need to look at what is unique about our situation as human beings. But what makes Dasein different from all other beings, rocks, plants, and animals? To answer this, we must look into the various features of Dasein. These features always remain the same regardless of what time period it is in the world, whether it's 1000 BC or the 21st century. The first feature of Dasein is that it is a being as an issue for it. It takes its own being as an issue, for it is an ontological being. In other words, it asks questions about its own existence. It is always confronted with the question, what shall I be today, tomorrow, or next year? And these questions are to be answered by oneself. He calls it mindness. We have no other way of experiencing ourselves or the world as being in any other mode than our own existence. The second feature is care or concern. We not only find ourselves in the world, but we care about it as being in the world. Heidegger uses the word care as a technical term, which has to do with our engagement with the world for various purposes. Things are meaningful by themselves, meaning is not an add-on to existence, but rather the definition of existence. In other words, we are embedded in meaning, and there is no exit from making sense of one's life. To be a Dasein is to always be doing something and pointing towards something. To be a being that is constantly engaged in doing tasks that we care about. Therefore, the essence of Dasein is its existence. We are instantly turned into the structures of everydayness and being in the world. What is important is that Dasein is its possibilities. It needs some context within which to work these out. In our case, as the beings that are being analysed, that context is the kind of world we find ourselves in. Heidegger concludes that care is the primordial state of being as Dasein strives towards authenticity. Two of his most basic neologisms, present at hand and ready to hand, are used to describe various attitudes towards things in the world. We are constantly surrounded by equipment as stuff we can work with in a context of significance. For Heidegger, most of the time we are involved in the world in an ordinary way, all ready to hand. We are usually doing things with a view to achieving something. The being of the ready to hand announces itself as a field of equipment to be put to use. Heidegger gives the example of a hammer. When we look at a hammer, our initial reaction is not to deconstruct it and break it down into what it is made of. We simply look at it as equipment to carry out tasks. Let's say an expert carpenter is hammering nails. After some time, he'll eventually start to forget about the systems of the hammer and can talk to his fellow carpenters or have his thoughts wander elsewhere, without necessarily being his subject contemplating the hammer, an object. The activity becomes a blur and reveals his surroundings and by revealing one thing, one necessarily conceals and devalues another. This is Heidegger's crucial discovery. When we look at our ready to hand relation to things, we just don't find subjects contemplating objects. However, what if the head flies off the hammer? It would immediately lose its usefulness and appears merely there. Heidegger calls its being of an object, present at hand. It happens when we regard an object in isolation and study it with an attitude like that of a scientist, of merely looking at the object's bare facts as they are present. This is not usually the way we see things in the world as. When a hammer breaks, it loses its usefulness and becomes present at hand. However, it also soon loses its mode of being present at hand and becomes something that must be replaced or repaired. In this case, its being may be seen as unreadiness to hand. The ready to hand and present at hand levels represent the fundamental structure of designs being in the world. With the more fundamental of the two, readiness to hand, being organised and ranged through Dasein's care, Heidegger wants us to discover the blurry areas of existence without the layers of perception that hinders experiencing the world fully. The things we care about is the central focus in Heidegger's philosophy. There are three fundamental terms for the care structure of Dasein, facticity, existentiality and fallenness. Facticity is a part of what he calls gevorgenheit or thrownness. We are all thrown or projected into the world, arbitrarily born into a given family within a given culture and at a given moment in human history. These givens are factities. The tasks we decide to be constantly engaged in and care about have very little to do with us. They are sort of decided for us by the particular facticity that we were born into. We are thrown with neither prior knowledge nor individual opinion into a world that was there before and will remain there after we're gone. The second term is existentiality, the possibilities that we have at our disposal. The reality of being a Dasein is to be a being that has possibilities and that is what distinguishes us from every other being. That is why we are part of Dasein. To describe existentiality, we must distinguish between two key terms, existential and existential. These sound almost identical but are written differently and mean very different things for Heidegger. The first one, existential, refers to the aspects of the world which are identifiable as particular delimited questions or issues whereas existential refers to being as such which permeates all things and cannot be delimited in such a way as to be susceptible to factual knowledge. In general it can be said that existential refers to a what, a materially describable reality whereas existential refers to structures inherent in any possible world. In other words the term existential refers to an ontic determination, physical, real or factual existence whereas existential refers to an ontological determination dealing with the nature of being. These two are related as an ontic determination is inherently ontological. The final term Heidegger uses is fallenness. It refers to the inauthentic existence of Dasein as human beings we fall into certain tasks by default because of social expectations and people telling us how we should be behaving, making us fall into a heard mentality. We have fallen into tasks as it is part of our nature. Heidegger calls the behavior of mindlessly following other people the Das Mann translated as they-self or the they which is the opposite of the authenticity of Dasein and being in the world. It is a mode of existence of being with one another. We surrender our existence to a formless density instead of truly choosing to do something that we want. We do it because that is what one does or that is what they do. We become mere numbers in the crowd and live inauthentic lives. Heidegger contrasts this inauthentic Das Mann with the authentic Dasein or owned self. When we realize how this care structure affects our behavior, the relationship of meaningfulness with respect to things, people and to ourselves create the possibility for two modes of being authenticity or inauthenticity. Inauthenticity occurs when a person embodies only their facticity, the reality they have been thrown into and their fallenness falling into tasks that other people tell them to do. They live as Das Mann without ever considering the possibilities at their disposal about other ways of living life, their existentiality. The experience of inauthenticity creates dread and anxiety. One moves right to the frontier between nothingness, absurdity, death and making sense. For Heidegger, the experience of this thin line that separates us from nothingness throws us back into the sense-making world. Now with the awareness that there's no ground under our feet that we're doing this alone, Heidegger walks us through a phenomenological analysis of our whole world, everything that gives meaning to us, fall apart. We need to develop authenticity, a lifelong process of radically considering the possibilities at our disposal, to understand our facticity and be immersed in it, embracing it, including what Heidegger calls our historicity, the cultural and historical context with the rituals and traditions, to be introspective about our fallenness and to avoid the trap of Das Mann and become Das Mann. It is to be responsible to one's whole human nature to have accepted oneself as throne, finite and mortal. Authenticity can come into existence when we arrive at the realization of who we are and grasp the fact that each human being is a distinctive entity. Out of this authenticity comes the idea of being toward death. The ultimate possibility and inevitability that we all have to deal with is death. This is not a fatalistic orientation that brings Das Mann closer to his end in terms of clinical death but is rather a way of being. It is too easy to get lost in the everyday until we face death and start thinking about who we truly were, ironically for the first time we actually live for ourselves, without spending time thinking about the approval of other people on who we are. When asked how we might recover authenticity, Heidegger replied that we should simply spend more time in graveyards. To live authentically is to recognize the inevitability of death in the context of our everyday living so as to live life to the fullest. This is being toward death. The second most important feature of the book apart from being is time. He calls it temporality. Das Mann is time. We are embodied time. We go from being in the world to care to temporality. Temporality is the ultimate meaning of being in the world and care. The anticipation of death is the ultimate source of meaning of temporality. Heidegger describes time as openness or uncloseness. It is being present to things not passively but actively making sense of them. One of the features of inauthenticity is failing to actualize one's being. Heidegger stresses a form of being that is ecstatically rather than passively oriented toward its own possibilities. With the concept of historicity, Heidegger indicates that Dasein always temporalizes or acts in time as part of a larger social and historical collectivity as part of a people. Dasein possesses a heritage on which it must act. Historicity means making a decision about how to actualize important elements of a collective past. In other words, history is not a passive force devoid of intentionality, but rather a project that humans consciously and authentically undertake in order to respond to the collective past for the sake of the future. Being needs to be understood as fundamentally a time-bound historical process. Thus we are not just temple beings but authentically historical beings, belonging not only to ourselves but also to our ancestors, community and species. After being in time, there is a reorienting shift in Heidegger's philosophy known as the Kier or the turn. He links this to his own failure to produce the missing divisions of being and time as the book remained unfinished. He also distances his view from John Paul Sartre's existentialism, particularly his being and nothingness, which retakes the Husserlian and Cartesian point of view of objects and subjects. And he starts to shift his focus to poetry, language and technology. His later thinking is encapsulated in his contributions to philosophy. Written in a very poetic style, he famously said that language speaks. Heidegger's writing shifts to understanding being historically and being in language. He had been talking about the modern epoch without realizing that each epoch has a different way of understanding what it is to be. This forges a pathway to a new kind of thinking. He moves from temporality as Dasein's distinctive mode of being to being consisting most fundamentally in what he calls dwelling. Human beings dwell in that they stay on earth, under the sky, before the divinities and among one another's mortals. The underlying unity of these are known as the simple oneness of the full. He calls it the full fold. In dwelling then, Dasein is located within a set of sense-making practices and structures with which it is familiar. It is a rethinking of being in terms of the notion of her igneous, translated as event or appropriation. The question now becomes not what is the meaning of being, but rather how does being essentially unfold? We're now asking the question of being not from the perspective of Dasein, but from the perspective of being. Dasein is now appropriated by being and man owned by being. The later Heidegger was concerned that in our modern society we're so immersed in technology that we disconnect ourselves from being, from the world and nature. Technology was a topic that highly interested Heidegger. In the question concerning technology, he tries to explore the essence of technology. Heidegger's main interest is his fundamental impact on being. He describes a technological mode of being. Technology has thoroughly molded society as a whole. Not as a neutral force, but as a way of understanding Dasein. He thinks a large part of modern society's anxiety is because of a technological and nihilistic understanding of being. It was not against technology, he simply tried to understand the nature of it and warns us against the potential danger it can have through human existence. The focal point of our being in the world is going unnoticed because of the repetitive and tried daily realities of our existence, with resources being exploited as a means to an end. The circularity of consumption for the sake of consumption is the sole procedure which distinctively characterizes the history of a world which has become an unworld. The later Heidegger also introduces the concept of the last god and famously announces that only a god can save us. The last god is not the end, but the other beginning of immeasurable possibilities for our history. Heidegger has in mind not a religious intervention in an ordinary sense of the divine but rather a transformational event in which a secularized sense of the sacred is restored. It is a sort of transformational cultural event that is seen as divinity. He argues that we are waiting for a god who will reawaken us to the poetic and thereby enable us to dwell in the forethought. This task certainly seems to be a noble one. Unfortunately it plunges us into the most controversial region of Heideggerian philosophy, his infamous involvement with Nazism. It is quite strange how someone who could author being in time and become one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century could also be into Nazism. Heidegger's understanding of traditional German rural life as realizing values and meanings that may counteract the insidious effects of contemporary technology is tied with the national socialistic image of rustic German communities rooted in German soil proving a bulwark against foreign influence. Commentators describe Heidegger wandering into national socialism because he believed that the German people were destined to carry out a monumental spiritual mission and that his philosophy could contribute to the whole nation. After the war he had stated that his participation in the movement had been the biggest stupidity of his life and yet Heidegger never really took responsibility and apologized for his past actions. Despite this what we really need to focus on are his ideas. It is through these ideas that we can be critically engaged with his sustained investigation into being to think deeply about human life and appreciate his massive contribution to human thought.


This study investigated the effects of turkey tail, TT, mushroom extract on the growth of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoids in vitro. The results showed that the extract had a significant inhibitory effect on the parasite's growth, with an IC50 value of 5.98 GML. Additionally, the extract caused morphological changes in the parasite, such as disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and production of superoxide and reactive oxygen species. These findings suggest that TT mushroom extract may have potential as a novel therapeutic agent for treating toxoplasmosis. This article was authored by Homer Nath Sharma, Jonathan Catrett, the Gitchie Destiny Noir Co-Otcher, and others.


Welcome back to the final part of lecture 44 from math 1210 here Then we we finished section 5.1 and now we're gonna move on and start in this lecture part 5.2 Which will also be the entirety of the next lecture 45 about 5.2 here we want to talk about the definite integral We talked about previously about indefinite integrals, which is just a different name for anti derivatives What is a definite integral? Well when we have a function f in an interval a to b We define the definite integral to be the area under the function f As yes you go on the interval from a to b. So what do we mean by that? So we've seen this object before We saw this in some of the previous slides in section 5.1 here So take the sum so remember the sigma there means a sum take the sum or I goes from 1 to n of f of x i star times delta x now this f of x i star and this delta x This is the length and width of a rectangle the f of x i star is the length of the rectangle The delta x is the width of the rectangle So this f of x i star delta x is the area of the ith rectangle under the curve if you add up together all the rectangles This thing gives us an approximate area under the curve and this sum right here is called a Riemann sum Okay, and so in the previous in the previous lecture parts, especially in 5.1 We were calculating Riemann sums these areas and the curves now Those were just approximations of the area under the curve as we had these functions and we look at these rectangles, right? the rectangles do an okay job at Estimating the air into the curve, but there's always a little bit of error associated to them sometimes they overestimate sometimes underestimate Etc. Etc. Now the idea we also saw is that the more and more rectangles we use The better and better they fit under the curve the error gets smaller and smaller the skinnier the rectangles get So we want to use more and more rectangles to get better better estimates So, you know instead of using three rectangles use ten instead of ten use 17 instead of 17 use three trillion right you can keep on doing better and better than more rectangles You use well, what's the best number of rectangles to use? well That's where calculus comes into play here that we can increase the the accuracy by taking arbitrary large number of rectangles so if we were to take the limit as n goes to infinity as Each of these Riemann sums approximates there in the curve if we were to use an infinite number of rectangles We could capture the true area not an approximation But we could capture the true area under the curve So we take the limit as the number of rectangles goes to infinity and so the limit of the Riemann sum is what we define to be this Definite integral we use the same notation we use for for indefinite integrals with one small Exception here. We're still going to have the integral symbol which is this elongated s We have our function f of x. This is what we're integrating the integrand We have this differential dx, which tells us what we're trying to integrate here the variable But you'll see these numbers a and b that tell you the start and stop of the interval there So f is the function. We're trying to find the area under And that this here tells us the lower the left bound This tells us the right bound and you'll notice that this right here mimics the notation we saw in the Riemann sum Right, so we take f of x dx F f of x there is the height of the rectangle the rectangles heights are determined by the function f and the width of the rectangle Is this dx here? The idea is this dx is this infinitesimally thin number, right? It's not zero because if you take f of x times zero then The area of a rectangle be zero add a bunch of zeros together just get zero But dx is supposed to represent this really wafer thin Rectangle, right? It's so thin that we can't even measure it. It's that thin, right? It's like a piece of paper, but even thinner than that And so the area of a rectangle is going to be f of x times dx f of x is the height of the function dx This is infinitesimal number You add you get that product that's going to be a really small value But it has some positive area and then we add them together This is why the integral symbol is a long s because s stands for some Much in the same way that the sigma stands for a sum as well And so this gives us what we call a definite integral Why do we call it a definite integral the other ones the integers Indefinite integrals And we will see in the next section that definite integrals which calculate the area under the curve are related to the indefinite integrals aka antiderivatives and the previous Part of this lecture actually gives us a hint on what that connection is And i'll elaborate that a little bit more in the future And so this we say that a function is integrable If this limit exists because a definite integral is the limit of a Riemann sum limits might not exist It depends on the function f Now if this limit exists we say the function is integrable and it doesn't matter how you choose xi star In terms of approximation the xi star makes a big difference when we were approximating pi We saw that the midpoint rule was actually more accurately Proximating pi than all the other approaches we had tried and the midpoint rule does pretty good in practice But when it comes to the limit as you have infinitely many rectangles, it doesn't matter how you choose xi star So in that case we're typically going to choose xi star For the sake of simplicity, we're going to choose it to just be a plus i delta x That is we're going to be basically using r n the right endpoint rule When we do these things But in the meanwhile, what I want you to understand just just for this lecture part right now Is that the definite integral represents the true area into the curve And so let's look at some examples of that if we have the if we want to compute the integral From zero to four of the function 2x dx Well, let's take a look at that function from them geometrically. What are we trying to do? So here's our x and y axis. We want to go from zero to four Over here and our function y equals 2x That's actually the that's the that function is a linear function y equals 2x It's a it's a function which goes to the origin. That's its y intercept and its slope Would be 2 let me try that again. This is not going to be perfectly drawn to scale But hey, I didn't give a really good scale down here. So who can tell right? I don't label the y axis. No one will ever know But if this is our function y equals 2x I want you to notice that the area under the curve Of this linear function is a triangle And so we can and it's actually a right triangle. Is it not? And so we can find the area under this curve by the traditional formula That is to say this integral From zero to four of 2x dx. It is an area. It's the area of this triangle Which we could compute using the usual one half base times height formula Now the base of this triangle is going to be this distance right here It's the length of this side, which is from zero to four. So that length Is itself going to be four. So we get one half times four Well, how about the height then the height of the triangle is going to be this distance right here So how far above the x-axis do we go? Well depends on this point right here This is the point whose x-coordinate is four and whose y-coordinate will then be eight two times four And so then the height of the rectangle is going to be eight units We'll put the we'll put the base there as well. We have four units And so then we end up with a eight right here well One half of four is two and two times eight is 16 And so the area Of this triangle is going to be 16 square units That's the area under the curve and that is what this integral is calculating This integral is equal to 16 because the integral calculates the area under the curve Uh, here's another example. Let's evaluate the integral from zero to one of the function square root of one minus x squared dx And so this is trying to calculate the area under the curve. This is the area area under the curve And so it can be helpful to understand what does this curve look like And our curve is actually going to look something like the following So this right here is a function, which is it's a semi circle right To kind of see this If you take the unit circle x square plus y squared equals one If you solve for y squared you get y squared equals one minus x squared If you then solve for y you'll get plus or minus the square root of one minus x squared Choosing the plus gives you the upper semi circle and choosing the minus gives you the lower semi circle So let us make that choice right there And actually I don't even I don't need the plus then either I suppose So we're going to choose the upper semi circle, which you now see on the screen And if we want to go from zero to one X equals zero is right here x equals one is right there We're trying to calculate the area of this region right here Which this is just a quarter circle the area is going to equal one fourth Pi r squared pi r squared is there the whole circle. We're taking a quarter circle right here So we get one fourth times pi times the radius, which is one The area Under this curve is going to be pi fourths And so that is the area that's what the integral is equal to So the integral from zero to one Of the square root of one minus x squared dx. This will equal pi fourths and so this gives us some examples of integral calculations where the function coincides to a nice geometric region, which we already have a formula for Stay tuned for the next lecture Lecture 45 where we're going to talk about what do you do when the curve doesn't have a cute little Geometric formula that we've seen in the previous class. How do you find the area of the curve there? And so As always, please subscribe if you want to see more updates or you want to see more content like this one right here Leave a comment below if you have any questions like this video and I will see you next time. Have a great day everyone Keep on calculating


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