Good morning and welcome to this lecture in our course on chemical engineering principles of CVD process. As I mentioned in the last lecture, we are going to discuss how CVD relates to nanotechnology. As you know nanomaterials are increasingly found everywhere. They have certain unique properties that are very advantageous whether you are trying to take, they are trying to leverage their reactivity or their surface area or their hardness characteristics or their melting point differences. Each nanoparticle has a certain specific characteristic that makes it very attractive for certain applications. For example nano sensors are used increasingly to study the presence of trace amounts of materials, parts with trillion amounts of materials in various environments starting from the atmosphere to the human body. Nano drug delivery is another emerging application where time release of medicines is possible by encapsulating them in a nano carrier. For chemical engineers nano catalysts have huge potential in terms of being able to drive up the available area for promoting surface reactions by several orders of magnitude. Of course nano devices in general particularly the MEMS and MEMS devices microelectromechanical devices nanoelectromechanical devices which combine the functionalities both the electrical as well as the mechanical functionalities of nano materials are also finding increasing application everywhere. So given the fact that nano materials are in great demand there is a huge amount of interest on how to actually make nano materials. If you look at nano in general it is still what I would call in the science realm rather than technology realm. I mean it just hasn't the production of nano materials has not scaled to such an extent that it has penetrated deep into our everyday life except you know in occasional products like you know cosmetics or topical creams or things like that. So what is holding it up? Well the fact is nano materials are difficult to make. Now if you look at nano technology overall there are really 3 important steps to it. The first is the synthesis slash assembly of nano materials. The second is the characterization with nano materials you constantly have to characterize the product to make sure that it is coming out the way you want it and so the characterization is the other important technology and the third one is manufacturing and processing particularly the processing aspect you know one of the difficulties with nano materials again is the tendency to agglomerate. Even if you make nano materials and at the time of production you can ensure nano dimensionality you let the particles just stay in suspension for a while they stick back together and they can become larger in dimensions. So the post processing of nano materials after they have been synthesized is another important challenge. So fundamental to tell to all this is again modeling unless you can capture the theory of what is happening how are nano materials being formed? How do you characterize their stability over time? How do you characterize their ability to perform certain operations that they are intended for? Unless you can model all this and develop a predictive ability you are really not going to be able to either control the process or optimize the process. You are kind of going to be at the mercy of you know day to day variabilities in the process or in the purity of the materials or in operating conditions and so on. So the challenges are really two fold one is to develop a manufacturing process that is sufficiently scalable we want to be able to make tons of nano materials per day not a few grams for lab use and the second is to be able to model these manufacturing processes with sufficient rigor where we have some predictive ability over what you are going to see at the end of the process. So given these constraints chemical vapour deposition has actually emerged as an attractive tool to make nano materials because it satisfies both these conditions it is scalable and it is simulatable. Now the other approaches to making nano materials essentially well we can classify them in two ways bottom up and top down the top down methodology you basically take larger particles and break them down into finer particles. So you take micron size particles and by crushing or grinding or sonication or whatever method you reduce their size to nano dimensions so that is only one way to go and it has its pluses and minuses. The other way to go is to build up the nano materials from bottom up which means start with atoms or molecules and keep attaching them to each other until you get the particular product that you are looking for. CVD is obviously a bottom up process but there are other techniques particularly the molecular self assembly techniques using which you can essentially make designer product. You have the ability now with certain nano dimensional tools where you can actually manipulate atoms and place them in certain configurations so that you get exactly the structure that you are looking for. These products are also called Langmuir Blodger films or molecular self assembled films and they have this distinct characteristic that you have absolute control over the structure as well as the morphology of the product. So they work great, problem not scalable. I mean this is wonderful for you know making a few milligrams of material for lab use but it is not a product, it is not a method that is going to give you large amounts of nano dimensional material. The next best thing is CVD where you essentially deposit the film on the surface but what you try to do is do not let the film grow to a size larger than a few nanometers. In other words you should have certain checks and balances in your deposition process or certain features on your surface which will ensure that the product once it is deposited does not become a continuous film over you know many millimeters or many even mining micrometers but somehow it is curtailed after it grows to a few nanometers. Now there are couple of ways in which you can do this. One way is to deposit the material using CVD and essentially provide certain energetic barriers on the film which prevents the surface migration from happening. Make it difficult for the atoms to keep jumping from one space to the other and this can be done by crystalline orientation, it can be done by providing gradations of surface energy on the surface. There are different ways you can do this which is essentially focuses on preventing the surface migration or surface diffusion of the deposited molecules to form a continuous film. The other way is to do something in the gas phase. As we have discussed earlier you can turn a CVD reactor into a aerosol reactor by allowing heterogeneous nucleation to take place. So you try to form nano dimensional particles in the gas phase and again freeze the process so that these particles do not keep growing to larger sizes and then direct these nano dimensional particles to deposit on the surface so that you essentially form these discrete nano particles on the surface. So these are methods essentially using CVD or also what is known as CVS chemical vapor synthesis reactors to make nano dimensional products. Now in terms of again modeling and simulation of such reactors to make nano products, this is something we discussed in one of the earlier lectures. The modeling of any CVD system requires multi scale modeling right. There is the so called macroscopic system which then breaks down into the mesoscopic system which then breaks down into the molecular system. When we talk about nano materials you essentially add another layer of complexity because now you have to have a model essentially at atomic level which will capture how the growth is curtailed to a discrete particles rather than a continuous film. So you add one more element to the model. In fact another way to look at what we have discussed in that class is to plot your let us say your length scale to a time scale on the y axis. So the length scale can start from let us say one angstrom, nanometer, 10 nanometer, 100 nanometer, micrometer and then let us say millimeters and similarly on the time scale you can start with a picosecond time scale, nanosecond, microsecond, millisecond, second and so on. So this is kind of your modeling space. So when you look at a CVD system for making nano materials you can actually subdivide it into 4 regions. The region that is characterized by the longest length scales and the longest time scales is the continuum regime or the macroscopic regime. So this describes what is happening in the bulk of the reactor, how the reactants are getting fed into the reactor, how they are getting distributed in the reactor, how the products are flowing out of the reactor, how the velocity gradients are happening, how the temperature gradients are being set up and so on. And this is what again we describe using continuum equations, conservation laws, constitutive relationships and so on. Now the second scale here which essentially starts in the sub micron region and extends till tens or hundreds of a micron is called the mesoscopic region also known as the Monte Carlo regime for simulation. And then there is the next region which is called the molecular dynamics regime and then comes the regime that is unique to nano materials. It is basically the quantum mechanical regime which is characterized by for example the Schrodinger equation. So how do these things again dovetail into each other? When you start talking about nano materials again at its smallest level we are talking about the assembly of a few atoms to make a sensible structure. At that length scale and at that time scale we are really talking about the interaction of electrons with atoms. The atoms are actually responding to a field that is set up by the quantum electronics that are present in the system. Essentially the wave nature of matter comes into play. So you have to go back to your, I guess it was your first semester physics or second semester physics where you are studying quantum mechanics and quantum dynamics to remember how we used to describe the motion of electrons and very, very fine particles such as atoms in the earth's electromagnetic field. And that is really the level of detail that you need to get into at that level. What you really care about is the electron density at each location in the reactor and on the surface. What is the gas phase composition in terms of ions and electrons that are present in the system? How are they interacting with the atoms that are present in the gas phase as well as on the surface? How are they either aiding or inhibiting the motion of these atoms? Again both in the gas phase as well as on the surface. What role are they playing in either promoting the attachment of these atoms to make larger molecules or in preventing the migration and attachment of these atoms to keep them at atomic level? So the focus is really at that level. You know you are really trying to look at how atoms and molecules are interacting with each other and with the electrons and ions that are present in the system. So when you go from here, I mean these three length scales we essentially discussed in the earlier lecture. The molecular dynamics range, again what we assume there is that the kinetics of motion of the molecules is the rate limiting factor. So in this range, in the molecular dynamics range as the name suggests, you start studying the dynamics of individual molecules. You model a molecule as a very small particle. So we essentially apply the Newton's equation of motion. You look at the force on a particle, relate that to the acceleration of the particle for a given mass. The force itself is a result of various potential energies that are present in the system starting with intermolecular potentials and so for example the van der Waals potential plays a role. All the electrostatic forces, the contact potential forces between a particle and a surface, all these molecular as well as electrical forces play a role particularly in this regime. So you essentially characterize the acceleration of that atom or molecule or fine particle I on the basis of all the forces that it experiences and essentially solve the equations of motion for discrete particles. Again what you are doing is modeling molecules as particles and essentially assuming that the motion is deterministically decided by the Newtonian mechanics of the system. So for example if two atoms collide, you look at it as a hard body collision and you use conservation of momentum principles to see how they are going to move in the field and so on. So this is a slightly expanded view. You know here we are trying to look at atom by atom and here it is more of a, well I would call it molecule by molecule. The third regime is what we would say is an aggregate by aggregate model. So in this regime you have now formed films or aggregates that are of the order of a few microns and you start trying to understand how these aggregates behave. So typically this is done using Monte Carlo simulation techniques using probability theory as well because the laws that govern how attachment of individual atoms and molecules to form larger aggregates happens cannot be deterministic in nature and in the Monte Carlo simulation methods you acknowledge the fact that there is a probabilistic element to it and in fact the solution that you come up with for the position of the atom or molecule at any time or the size of the molecule at any time is not based upon deterministic principles but on stochastic principles. So in this regime you are essentially adopting stochastic techniques again with a focus on the substrate or the surface on which these phenomena are happening and finally you link all this. So the first three stages really describe what is happening on the surface or the substrate on which the deposition is happening and then you link it to the reactor through your continuum model or macroscopic model. So in terms of scaling this is how we want to look at it but in terms of actually let us say that you want to predict how a nano sized feature is growing on a substrate. How do you do that? There are really two approaches. The first approach is the hierarchical approach and the second approach is called the concurrent or hybrid approach. In the hierarchical approach what you do is you first solve the system at its highest level. You take the output from your simulation at the macroscopic level, feed it to your mesoscopic model and then again take the output from the mesoscopic model, feed it to the Monte Carlo simulation, take the results from that and feed it down to the nano scale model. That is called the hierarchical approach because we essentially follow a hierarchy of diminishing time scales and length scales. The other approach that can be used is to solve all of them simultaneously so that you essentially set up an iterative loop where you assume that it is not just a, I mean the hierarchical approach basically says it all goes this way that you can solve that system first then solve this, solve this and then solve this but in reality that is not necessarily true because what is happening at this level can influence what is happening at this level and so on. So the concurrent model essentially introduces a two way coupling and makes it into a iterative process where the final closed form solution for the system is obtained after you know setting up an iterative loop and obtaining a self consistent set of parameters for the system. In other words the growth of the nano material at this scale cannot violate what is going on at the continuum level. Now is it possible for such couplings to happen? I mean can this process influence that process? Well as an example you know you can take things like surface roughness. The roughness of the film that you are growing on the surface is very much dependent on what is happening at this level because when we talk about the surface roughness or surface asperities we are typically talking about scales that are of the order of sub nanometers particularly on highly polished semiconductor devices and so on. And the presence of even a few nano sized particles on a substrate can have a significant influence on the measurable roughness of the surface. It also has an effect on the 3D profile of the surface. So if you have a good AFM you can actually see the presence of the nano particles on the surface and you can see how for example flow around the surface is affected even by the presence of these very small nano sized particles. So certainly at the boundary layer level the presence of even atoms can have an effect and so that can feedback up the loop because once the boundary layer gets disturbed then that has an influence on what is happening at the exterior or the mainstream because of the coupling at that level and so this effect can certainly propagate the other way also. Now again the pros and cons obviously the hierarchical model is very simple simplistic you might say. It just basically splits it into 4 different problems and solves them sequentially whereas the concurrent model introduces a much higher level of complexity by insisting that all these equations must be solved simultaneously. One of the major applications for nanotechnology these days is carbon nanotubes. Nanotubes are being used for various purposes particularly as filler materials. They provide huge property enhancements for things like stiffness, elasticity, hardness of materials, conductivity of materials. So they are very attractive nano substances to try and make. Now when you look at these carbon nanotubes and you try to model how they are formed clearly you know the modeling has to start at the nanotube level because it has a certain very distinct shape to it and you have to really have a model that can predict the shape distribution of the nano materials that you deposit. So that is really getting down into the nano substance level and then you have to link it to you know how do you make it happen? You know what kind of carbon source do you provide? What type of deposition conditions do you provide? Is it even possible to make a carbon nanotube using CVD techniques or do you have to use essentially molecular self assembly type of methods? So to understand that you really need to be able to do this as well. Now people have developed models to simulate deposition of carbon nanotubes using CVD techniques and these models predominantly tend to be hierarchical in nature. They have really not even tried to deal with the complexity of using a concurrent model for that. Now on the other hand if you look at a silicon film formation, silicon deposition you know the first layers of silicon that form are actually of nano dimensions. They can eventually grow to micron dimensions and so on but there are applications increasingly in microelectronics where you know the volumes are shrinking while at the same time the functionality is increasing where you are requiring silicon particularly epitaxial silicon of the order of few nanometers. So when you look at the deposition of epitaxial silicon at the nano scale the modeling tends to be more concurrent in nature and the reason one reason for that is you know the chemistry of how silicon films are formed is quite well understood. It is predominantly an inorganic chemistry, the chemical reaction sequences have been well characterized, well understood and so on. So it is actually possible to try and develop a hybrid model or a concurrent model for linking the growth of nano dimensional silicon films on a surface to the reactor conditions. On the other hand when you are talking about making of carbon you are typically using a precursor that is organo in nature and the number of reactions and the reaction sequences are not as well characterized in that class of materials compared to the inorganic materials. So given the lack of understanding of the gas phase chemistry per se it is just too difficult to try and develop a concurrent model. So what people have tried to do is develop a simulation model that will predict the formation and growth of the carbon nanotubes and then empirically fit the data to the model and have enough tunable parameters in the model so that you can try and match your experimental data as closely as possible. Usually these are trainable models where you as the model will essentially self correct based on the match or mismatch to the actual experimental observation. So it is you know more like a neural network type of a model that people normally use. So it is not as fundamentally based as the models that describe CVD I mean silicon CVD but for practical purposes they do the job. So it is an interesting dichotomy that depending on the nature of the CVD film you can choose either this approach or this approach. I think to some extent it also depends on your computational capabilities and facilities because to do this you need a supercomputer you know high performance computing, cluster computing all of that is needed whereas this can probably do it on your PC these days for a good workstation. So the level of computational details involved is clearly much lower in the hierarchical approach. Now one of the challenges again in trying to make nano materials in a CVD reactor I mean if you look at this nano is a very small size but a typical CVD reactor tends to be quite large in terms of its dimension. So there is automatically a mismatch you know that you are trying to make very very small materials in a space that is quite large. The problem that introduces is that unless your CVD environment is very tightly controlled a perturbation somewhere quite remote from the surface on which you are making the nano film can have a significant impact on the quality of the CVD of the nano product that you are trying to make. So when you are trying to make a nano material the preferred way to do it is to have a reactor that just essentially fits around the substrate. Try to minimize the amount of free space.  You can build a control system just around the substrate where you are trying to grow the film and have very precise control over how the film is being formed or how the nano particles are being laid out. But you really do not have that luxury when you are trying to make you know larger quantities of nano materials. So it is essentially a trade off you know when you are making nano materials can either have extremely well controlled quality or quantity. It is very difficult to design a reactor in which you can do both get to tons per day or more of production while still maintaining the precise control over the structure and morphology and the other characteristics of the nano material. This is where the top down techniques have a certain advantage particularly if you are not requiring highly complex molecules to be produced for your application. For example if you are just doing catalysis let us say you want to use silicon oxide as your catalyst. The main parameter that you are interested in is the surface area. So you can take you know micron sized SiO2 particles and fairly quickly reduce size to the nano dimensions. You would not be affecting the crystal structure too much if you do this carefully but at the same time you are not going to be adding any functionality either. But if your entire purpose is simply to increase a surface area per unit volume of catalyst material or per unit mass of catalyst material then top down methods work very well. The bottom up methods whether it is molecular self assembly or CVD are required when you have to build for example layer by layer functionality. If you want to make a nano dimensional film where at even at sub nano meter levels you require a certain gradation in the composition of the film or in the structure of the film then you cannot do that using top down techniques. So you have to use the bottom up techniques and that is where CVD in particular can come in very useful. I mean you can do the same thing with molecular self assembly but it is going to be much more difficult, much more laborious, time consuming, expensive and so on. Whereas with the CVD process we know how to do this. We know how to control the conditions of the reactor to be able to deposit films of known composition and thickness. So it is very easy to do a layer by layer build up of a nano dimensional film simply by exercising controls over the operating conditions of the reactor. And that is the reason why CVD as a technology is now increasingly finding use in the synthesis of nano materials. It is kind of a good compromise between the manipulation at atomic level and you know simple top down type of techniques. It is a methodology that gives you virtually the same level of control as the molecular assembly techniques provide while at the same time minimizing the cost and complexity of designing and operating such a reactor. So nano technology and its interaction with CVD is a subject that is really emerging now. There are a lot of papers that are being written on this subject and you should try to read up and catch up on some of the new things that are happening. I will forward some papers as well to the class so that you can take a look at them. I think that brings us to the end of CVD applications that I wanted to discuss as part of this course. So we will have one more lecture where I will try to as I said give you an overall picture of what we have covered in this course and get you set up for your final test and so on. So any question on what we have discussed today? Okay so I will see you Monday then.


Hey everyone, welcome to the podcast today I did a super cool podcast from the top of the Leidenhall building on Leidenhall Street, which is one of the Prime pieces of real estate in London big office block and it's owned by Chinese investor called CC land who had called in Hong Kong listed on the stock exchange there and I had a great chat with Adam Golden who heads up the UK office and So yeah CC land invest in and develop like premium properties in major cities like London Adam Has probably got one of the top property jobs in London Previously worked for a couple of other big firms high-profile firms and did some really interesting developments He did the East Village former athletics village in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park The he did the elephant castle shopping center redevelopment Which is one of the London's largest regeneration projects and Thomas Mall Square a Five hundred and sixty thousand square foot office campus in whopping So he's done some really cool stuff and we had a really great chat. We talked about Chinese investment into the UK Where London properties going next? Co-working co-living and the rental sector in London, so I hope you enjoy it Awesome and my life So I'm with Adam Golding and we're at the top of a Leidenhall building on a rather gray day It's wet raining Yeah, I'd like to arrange things for you Lewis, but today I failed. I'm afraid sorry the views are still pretty good No, it's awesome. It's awesome. It's been like a little like a 42nd floor event space. She's pretty cool Yeah, so yeah in the Leidenhall building. We've got some amazing tenants, but we've also got a Large 7,000 square foot space up here. So I thought was a good setting for us to have a chat. Nice on top of the world kind of but we can see the shard and the walkie-talkie and elephant and castle and and Pretty much a 360 of London. So things we're talking about property. I thought this was the right spot. No, perfect So what do you guys do? so CC land are a Hong Kong listed company and They've got a series of investments across the world but the majority of them are in London and Last year Sort of marked a very significant year in terms of acquisitions buying the cheese grater was Which is the Leidenhall building was probably the one that made the headlines because it was just over a billion pounds Yeah, and so So we buy you bought it rather than developed it No, we bought it was developed by British land and Oxford properties, right? Yeah, obviously two very big developers in London But actually we are now moving into looking at development opportunities as well. So we've got six assets in London now Which all what central London prime all all Zane one so you kind of Paddington in the west is the furthest west we have and then this building and and Another site across the road In in the east and then we have a big site nine alms for residential development. Okay And then we we don't go very far north. We've got We've got north being what is a tee north being north of Oxford Street So So, you know that from a from a Hong Kong East perspective from Chinese perspective You know London is the focal point. So I think quality Is very much the focus of of CC land and and and obviously is a relatively new comes to the UK The city and sub markets like Paddington are very significant and why is London so attractive? Well, I think I think London Is attractive for for a number of reasons Which I'm sure lots of the listeners already know But obviously huge population size big center for business amazing infrastructure pioneers in terms of in terms of innovation and Thinking about the next thing In terms be it from the tech sector or the well-being sector or Financial sector, so I think I think that definitely plays a part. I think Brexit has actually helped some of the Asian investment into the UK Well, I think the the pound the compression of the pound so yeah, which means that obviously they get more for their Hong Kong dollars And And actually in Hong Kong in Asia you look at the market there is actually incredible You're out there in February and the the cap rates the capitalization rates, which is the method upon which you Value property are very very low. So So they can range from one to two percent yields And so actually looking at London and being able to buy the very best at the walkie-talkie or the cheese grater or you know Big town canary Wharf Three or four percent looks like excellent value. Yeah gates something in Hong Kong, right? So So I think there's I think there's a number of factors I also think there's just a general and long-standing affinity between Not only the Hong Kong ease which is obvious because of the British connection. Yeah, but also, you know China generally And obviously the historic trading links between between the two countries. So I think there's very much a focus I think going back to your question around Around why London I think education also plays a massive part. Yeah, so you look at the universities here and especially in London super high-quality universities and so, you know a lot of the affluent and Frankly not an affluent middle-class up and middle-class people in Hong Kong Have a desire for their children to be educated into a British education system. Yeah, so, you know, you'll get a lot of Students from China come to university here parents might buy an apartment here and say there's a constant sort of stream of Of of contact and communication between the UK and a lot of the new build residential stuffs marketed in Asia first for that reason No, so actually It's not anymore. So You're right sort of five or six up to five or six years ago a lot of the schemes were very much marketed in quite a limper and Malaysia and in Hong Kong and Singapore but actually now there's a As of the rule, I don't know whether it's a legislation, but I think it's a understanding that all of The property in London has to be marketed in the UK first. Oh interesting. So it's a recent change. Yeah, I think it's I think it's Probably five years So actually all of the schemes marked in the UK first and then there's the freedom to go market Right, so how much are the Chinese actually investing in the UK at the moment? Well, I think I think you're seeing the tip of the iceberg in the answers a lot Yeah, but I think you're really seeing the tip of the iceberg. I think that What we've sort of seen is that the Chinese pioneers so to speak and maybe I'm talking more about mainland China than Hong Kong Right, right, and obviously there's other issues with capital restrictions in China in terms of investing abroad And we can maybe touch on that a little bit later, but but actually You know the wealth that you've seen coming across From you know historically a very much, you know, the workhouse the manufacturing house of the world. Yeah Is now coming to the fore and that capital? is is looking for a home that's generational and and and preservation also so effectively looking to find a safe place for For for for their investments and say you've seen, you know Interesting the walkie-talkie was bought by a Hong Kong company who make oyster sauce. I really right. So yes, you're looking at this That's what they're known for So they're fighting this thing missing London as a safe haven for their cash as opposed to any other country or China or I don't think it's just London. I think sort of major gateway cities in Europe But London's an obvious attraction For all the reasons that we set out before and actually there are difficulties in European markets in terms of barriers to entry Okay, so we're still like open for business Tracting investment Yeah, also we have it. I think employment laws, I think I think the leasing system here the ability to buy free holds are all very attractive Propositions for Asian investors And actually, you know, you're not just talking about Asian investors. I think, you know, we've seen Middle East We've seen German investors in London seen the whole of the world coming it coming in and buying it and actually I Think the Brits are much more open to foreign investment Then say New York is if you look at the statistics between New York and London in terms of how many assets are held overseas actually London has a much more open mind to to selling its assets to Asian investors or overseas investors and in the face of Brexit, I think this might get more more important and more interesting Yeah, you know, Brexit's a whole another podcast isn't it? Look, I think You know our view on Brexit or you mean speaking for myself rather than necessarily for CC land is that It's in no one's interest for a bad deal And I think if you look at the European leaders across the world And how they're influenced potentially, you know from a whole series of political geopolitical factors But also from business factors as well. If you think about the major Businessmen in Europe will have businesses in the UK, right Which and they own You know for the reasons that we just discussed the Britain being open They own businesses that are reliant on the UK being successful So I think there'll be pressure amongst the European leaders as well as amongst obviously the British leaders to make sure that the deal Is good or fair and make sure that no deals off the table And that that it's an one of a better word equitable split, right? Absolutely, and so I think that's a very high level way of looking at it And maybe maybe a bit of a leap of faith because yeah politicians allowed us down before but but I'm sort of hopeful that That the significance of this will all be limited. Yeah, do you feel there's still Feeling in the public that's quite cautious around foreign investment or too much too many foreign companies owning assets in London the UK I Think probably from where that really stems is from the housing market, so I think you know given the sort of much maligned Construction figures that we have in the UK and this sort of desire to build more. I think when you see The amount of foreign investment coming into new homes. I think that's what sticks in people's guts rather than rather than Commercial property per se, so I think you know when you see swathes of new developments being sold overseas That's almost makes the headlines because it's tangible for individual thinking about a home rather than necessarily thinking about an office block Yeah So but I don't I don't necessarily think that sits within the business world Okay, fine. How have you seen the city in the West End change for the last few years? Well, I think where we're sitting now EC3, right? Sort of you've worked here. Yeah, most of your career And of course, it's always been known as the insurance district And of course going back, you know, not so long ago possibly, you know, 30 years. It would have been Pinstripe, you know chalk pinstripe suits. Yeah, probably the bowler hats were just about phased out by the end They were gone you can bring them back And I'm very male dominated right probably an older generation And I think you know as we've seen these amazing buildings constructed in EC3 and you know credit to the city of London Corporation for Consenting them and making them happen This area has needed to expand beyond the insurance district, I don't think it's all the way there now I think the city's got the EC3 in particular has got a long way to go In terms of what? In terms of breaking the perception as being the insurance district And I think you know London if you look at it Kings Cross is a great example Yeah, you know an area that when I was growing up was basically known as the red light district. Yeah Not that it was frequented But the way Argent have transformed that area and this sort of idea of it being the tech hub for Facebook and Google Yeah, and the rents. They're actually surpassing the city core rent So you've got yeah, so you've got rents in Kings Cross which are approaching a hundred pounds of square foot And there's probably a 30% discount maybe even more crazy these buildings that you see around you So so the city is cheaper than the West End and Kings Cross rent wise 100. Yeah, absolutely So the city is it and in some respects is even cheaper than the city fringe So areas like shoreditch and Clarkinwell and Farrington where you've got these really interesting warehouse buildings And you've got this whole sort of cool vibe cool vibe and also, you know, I Think I think it brings on a bigger point Which is which is why you know why are these areas more interesting and getting better rents from a commercial perspective? And I think it's about Community and about the way London's involved and the fact that we've got younger More of a mix of guys and girls working and and actually what they want but what they what their issues are is that they they can't own their properties, so they're You know invariably living in a maybe bedshare between sort of leaving University and their mid 30s all striving to buy somewhere Yeah And so they don't socialize around their homes anymore. Actually, they socialize around their offices very tree And what you see is areas like King's Cross and shoreditch being so popular because the buildings and the areas can deliver that social life for them Absolutely and and and occupies are being much are much more concerned about Get it at getting quality so quality employees and staff retention and capturing talent and say they're much more cognizant now about What their space that they buy into is going to deliver for their employees whereas before it was more like You know, where does it sit relative to the CEO where the CEO lives in the car parking space for his roles and actually, you know So so I think from our perspective as a landlord We're looking away, you know where we're sitting these three big towers, you know Kind of the streetscape doesn't really lend itself the culture and community although there are a lot of that We're trying and we're you know sitting on Roman historic History is crazy. Exactly. So but I think from a cultural perspective, you know It's these sort of big big tower blocks. It's very difficult to create that community without central hub Yeah So what we're looking at doing is innovating and saying well, how do we break down that? How can we provide event spaces within our buildings? How can we challenge the we works and the office groups and these great amazing? concepts of Working creating communities, but how do we do that as a traditional landlord who's leasing their space on a floor-by-floor basis? Yeah, you know, we're not going to do beer on tap at the reception But can we do? Can we do well-being talks? Can we do Ted talks? Can we give up space for? For helping at the occupiers within the building And how do we do that? Do we do it through tech? You know, do we create an app?  Metrics as a landlord to then start talking to your tenants and say hey, you know your guys You know, they've they've they're talking about Well-being and they're they're really taking up the yoga classes and the plateau classes on the top floor You know and providing more meaningful feedback to To our tenants and you know that can Potentially drive their desirability to stay in our building to expand our building So it's a two-way thing right us providing things for them and then doing things for us. It's really interesting because then Compare that to a lot of big firms and I think there's one big firm here that do that They don't have enough desks for their employees. Yeah, so you're finding that and that's probably just cost driven, right? Yeah, all project-driven, you know, they might have yeah projects elsewhere where they don't think they're happy to hop there Yeah, so it's an interesting like interesting contrast between wanting to build a community offer stuff for employees and so forth and then the other side Not having enough desks people working from home more and and just trying to you know Not have as much interaction with their colleagues Well, you're never gonna force people to do things that they don't want to do and some people You know, it probably might suit their lifestyle to you to work from home or to a hot desk But actually I think as a land we have a responsibility to provide the canvas for them Yeah, right activities. So, you know here for example the 11 more building where We're just about to launch a series of events with, you know, we're thinking about boot camps and Palate classes and sushi-making classes collaborating with our retailers downstairs to To look at ways in which we can work together Yeah, even something as simple as a on for example on the on the lower floors of the building who Who work in the Lenin Hall building every day, but actually have that all their staff been up to the 42nd floor They've seen the views from the top. They probably haven't so they don't even know their experiences They don't really have a full experience of working in this building They know just know the day-to-day reality of sitting at their desks, you know, yeah Every day, so I think it's I think as landlords who've got a responsibility to start innovating more and that You know is the main reason why CC land in Hong Kong wanted to establish a UK office So we could start doing these things directly You know rather than a remote land or collecting four checks a year being actually in the thick of it becoming not only part of the London establishment, but also Innovating and thinking about different ways and to deliver services to our occupiers and to To innovate I think it's great to build in communities Which is not too dissimilar from what the co-working spaces are trying to do. Yeah Yeah seems to have really taken off the last what five six years Yeah, I mean they call it sort of the great space race because there's so many occupier there's so many A lot of the space coming out the ground in fact just around the corner from here number one poultry Is rumored to be under offering its entirety to we work. Oh, you know run into problems recently, I think Some announcement about their well, I think they're doing a bond issue are they okay fine, so Look who knows about the future that certainly they've made I Wouldn't go as far as an earthquake, but they've made a significant rumble in the market absolutely What's been the what's been the driver do you think?  Yeah, and the community. Yeah, yeah these Co-working spaces offer is you know, it's first-class and I think the other issue is Even if you look at the big corporates, so not just looking at small businesses the big corporates you have project-based At work where say for two years they win a contract where they need to hire 50 people They don't want to turn around and take another floor in their office for 10 years They want to be able to say, okay, you know what we've got a co-working space So we've got a serviced office space in our building. We'll take a shorter term lease with you guys For the period of our contract and then we know we can walk away if it gets renewed We roll it on or we consider taking longer longer term space. I think it's from both sides. Yeah big corporates demanding Additional overflow space and the smaller companies you develop demand more flexibility and you're focusing on the big corporates Or is there some aspect of well, I mean, I think for me isn't what I know from our perspective We obviously own large buildings and so invariably There are large corporate occupiers within these buildings. I think they You know, we've got serve corporate service in this building. I think whereas before Serviced offices were almost a backfiller say you'd lose you'd lease six floors and the seventh floor You can't let so what do you do you call up the service company? And you let the seventh floor to them on you know, a softer deal than you ordinarily would do Yeah, whereas now they're almost the first one in because landlords are saying I want to have that offer Yeah, because that's gonna be a drag for the corporates to come to my building. So it's completely flipped over Yeah, and you see that getting more and more prominent over time Well, I think I Think I'm more co-working space Yeah, and we've got like you know the gig economies growing People like to work from SMEs. I think Matt stats were I mean, it's about 50% or more people in the UK work for an SME well, I think the answer to that is is We're cautiously optimistic because There's a flaky answer we but I think I think the danger is that everyone gets Gets taken away by the whole co-working Bars and there's too many companies. Yeah built up and there's and and there's that the invariably will need to be some consolidation in the market So I think it remains to be seen what I do see is more of a collaboration style Sort of incubator concept happening So where and what we can already see it where these larger tech or even going into property or architecture businesses Where they're actually Taking additional space potentially with the landlord become incubators for related companies to their industry Oh, interesting and they support and seed and back Other other Ventures, yeah That are related to their business and you know, we're starting to have a few companies Conversation with a few companies about about that concept. I think that's where it might be interesting from a landlord's perspective I think so. Yeah, there's a lot of startup incubators around. Yeah, and I know it's given me an EC3 a lot of the big insurers Funds and provide space and stuff for inshore techs and fintechs and stuff will look at Lloyd's London You know, that's one of the That's one of the first hubs, right? Yeah. Yeah, the Lloyd's market. Yeah. Yeah And so with the so you've got the co-working stuff. You've also got co-living. Yeah, so you touched on it earlier Obviously residential properties gone up a lot of people can't afford to live in London. Yeah, but yet still the jobs are here Are you seeing like how people live or are living change? Well, I mean we we've got Sort of my experience Goes back to just before the Olympics of 2010 in the residential sector Where we looked at it wasn't called PRS then private rented sector as it's sort of coin now, but it was just Effectively a rental village. Right. It's just the Olympic. This is the Olympic Village. Yeah. Yeah, so So there we we took a decision to to let the 1500 flats At the Olympic Park rather than sell them And that was part of delivering the Olympic legacy So having it being one landlord in control of the whole area controlling the environment preserving that legacy which of course is Sort of spectacularly failed in previous games Like so So I think the the the main The main driver there was was commercial legacy But actually, you know since that time you've seen a huge wave of private rental sector Investment and I think that's a function of people not being able to afford their homes Maybe a mindset change amongst Londoners saying well, actually, do I need to own home? I mean Germany you look at the statistics their home energy France as well so and then that's kind of taken a next step which is well For these sort of first few years post coming out of university Do I what my options I could either take a shared room in the palm and pay quite a lot of money? Not really get very much out of them or I could live in part of a community sort of a step up from my student digs Yeah, and so there's been this advent of co-living which hasn't really Taken off massively because it's a difficult Planning just like sharing a student flat with someone. No, no, no, so this is this is effectively like a student accommodation Okay, a profession dumb profession right effectively. I mean the best examples probably the collective You've got a big scheme out an older common where I've got something like 500 rooms and then on every floor which are tiny so under 200 square feet each right But then they supplement that with really amazing Community space so shared kitchens and each floor's got a different theme. So one's like a Disco laundry the next one's a library the next one's a Cinema room and so I think you know it goes back to what we were talking about before in terms of community And sort of craving that and it won't be for everyone You know not everyone will want to live in a co-living space. Some people will you know I want to share share a digs or take a studio or whatever. Yeah, but but actually You know looking at London and the finite amount of space that we have in the cost of living space I think there'll be a Lot of different living options that come forward and I think actually you know one other thing is that as Infrastructure improves so Crossrail one being the you know the main piece of infrastructure that's coming at the moment that I think people will spill out into the suburbs more and I think if you look at the new London plan Yeah, actually there's a big push towards density So I building bigger and more in the same spaces and higher building higher more massing in these Suburban locations close to transport and so I think you know you'll see that Infrastructure really playing a playing a big part in in how London gets to work Yeah, I think that's also good for everyone's mindset because the thing with the big cities you can go for days without speaking to anyone Yeah, you can live in a flat.  So you might not actually have any human contact Yeah with the stuff you're doing with that development. It's interesting It's just trying to get people to communicate and interact with things great. Yeah, I mean, I think that's not making any mistake about this I think you know that wider people wider developers do it They do it because they think they can make commercial sense. Absolutely. Yeah, but actually It's interesting to see how London is changing and no longer do you come out of university and necessarily think the first thing I need to do is save To go and get my enough money to go and buy my first flat and get on the housing ladder You think I've come out of university. I want experiences. I want to I want to learn as much as possible from my employer and I want to do lots of different things whilst I'm young So but you not think though that young people still do want to buy a flat It just can't buy the flat Because price have gone up. So I think what is it like half a million quid for a one bed or something in London, right? I mean most most people and then the average salary is like 28 29 grand in London or something. Yeah, I mean, it's just unaffordable for most of these young people Yeah, I I think It's a I think effectively what you're asking is is this out of Need yeah, or is it out of? Effectively a change in mindset and I think that's just probably a bit of both, right? I think yeah people can no longer Afford these spaces so, you know, they look at alternative. Yeah, that's and defer the problem And that's potentially why suburban London. Yeah, we'll become more popular And you know that could expand out even further because people don't necessarily accrue the capital in their first homes and so they don't necessarily they're not able to then by Use the capital from that to then buy their house in London. They have to look at their first home being further and further out Yeah, so have the experience all the experiences you want and then when you want to settle down you go out into the suburbs and you know Or you know even beyond London to then commute in and she's seeing a trend now of like developers building to lease. Oh Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's that's the PR sector. Yeah, so there is a huge market and it's becoming sort of an Institutionally acceptable market as well because of course part of the reason why we haven't seen it for 30 odd years in any great swathes because The perception was that reset residential Properties weren't an institutional product, right? And so But now with high-class management A lot of the institutional investors are coming back in and saying well if we can run this right and we do believe in the platform That's managing it. It's a sector that we want to give it all we want to have some exposure to you So so what overall what's the current state of play with London property market? Our markets a funny old place and You know, I think there's very few transactions going on in central London. Is this commercial and residential? I'm talking particularly about commercial. Yeah, and so there's no a couple of years ago You know, I think even last year there were a huge amount of transactions And obviously slightly distorted by The cheese grater and the walkie-talkie both trading into in 2017 But I think for the very best there are still buyers. I think where where assets are struggling is If there's a sort of secondary product out of there, which isn't quite cheap enough for the domestic market So the UK traditional buyers. Yeah But isn't the sort of assets that the overseas buyers want to You know want want want to invest it and say I think that will level out over the next over the next year or so And you'll see the domestic market coming back in You know a lot a lot has to do with sentiment and confidence and belief that You know, we're not going to have a seismic shift in rents one way or the other So, you know from our perspective, we think we think London's a great place to invest and we're going to continue doing so and You know, we're we're very much You know, we're very keen to sort of continue to be a long term established here awesome We've done half an hour. It's great. Okay. Thank you very much for joining me. No worries and Keep building those communities And invite me to a TED talk or something will do cool. Thank you very much. Thanks. Yeah. Hey folks Thanks for listening. Don't forget to subscribe in all the usual places


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question which says, the length, breadth and height of a box are respectively 8 meters, 4 meters and 2 meters. Find the length of the greatest rod that can be put in it. Before we move on to the solution, let's recall the formula to calculate the length of the diagonal of the cuboid and this is equal to square root of a square plus b square plus c square where this a is the length of the cuboid, b is the breadth of the cuboid and c is the height of the cuboid. This is the key idea that we use in this question. Let's proceed with the solution now. In the question we are given the length, breadth and height of a box and we need to find the length of the greatest rod that can be put in it. Length of the greatest rod that can be put in it can be found out by finding the length of the diagonal of this box. Now here we have the length of the box is 8 meters so we take length of the box say a be equal to 8 meters then breadth of the box say b is given as 4 meters so this is equal to 4 meters then height of the box say c is given as 2 meters so this is equal to 2 meters now length of the greatest rod which can be put in the box is equal to the length of the diagonal now as this box is cuboid so the length of its diagonal is given by square root of a square that is t length square plus the breadth square which is b square plus the height square that is c square now putting the values for a b and c we get this is equal to square root of 8 square plus 4 square plus 2 square further we get this is equal to square root of 64 plus 16 plus 4 or you can say this is equal to square root of 80 plus 4 that is we get this is the square root of 84 now square root of 84 is equal to 2 root 21 then we have found out the square root of 21 as 4.58 till two decimal places so this is equal to 4.58 meters so we get the length of the diagonal of the box as 4.58 meters which means that the length of the greatest rod which can be put in the box is 4.58 meters thus our final answer is length of the greatest rod which can be put in the box is equal to 4.58 meters this is our final answer this completes the session hope you have understood the solution of this question


Good afternoon, I'm Sandra Bass and I do want to extend my thanks to Shizue too, so you know to be able to share a stage with artists I am an academic So I'm kind of like, you know sliding in trying something new and I was when I was speaking to Shizue. She's been so wonderful about Helping me think about new voices. So Really a pleasure to be here So I grew up in suburbs of San Jose I've spent the last decade living in San Francisco and I work at UC Berkeley and my job is Really, it's an amazing blessing to have this job as I work with our next generation of social justice leaders and So this last year as you can imagine it's been interesting over in Berkeley I have physically been in the middle a lot of the things that have happened both our building, but also my physical body and So the piece that I wrote I'm going to do read a condensed version is called what grows in our garden Barrier black folks are all too familiar with a type of nimbyism that lives in progressive places This parochialism rests in the dogged belief that our region has somehow escaped the isms that plague the rest of the country Over the years friends colleagues even random strangers have assured me that discrimination does not exist in fill in the city The organization or the industry That my experiences of bias or disrespect were isolated events or misunderstandings on my part and That we really me We're fortunate to live in a place that embraced difference and where moving up in life came to those who had earned it Racism not here not in our backyard Then the 2016 presidential race took us all down the rabbit hole into this country country's foundational hatreds and Landed squarely in the Bay Area That the Bay Area is not in fact a post-racial paradise Came to light when Trump's campaign stopped in San Jose inciting a street Malay between his supporters and opponents Then within weeks of the election Student Republicans at UC Berkeley decided to test the university's free speech policy by inviting hard-right pundits to speak on campus So here's what's true Despite the extensive media coverage the motley mix of white supremacists neo-nazis and proud boys in Berkeley and other Extremist rallies around the country were vastly outnumbered by opposing protesters at every turn What is also true? Many of the right extremists were homegrown Californians White nationalism is on the rise throughout the state and hate crimes just one measure of the growth of this movement We're up in several major cities last year In this beautiful place with its beautiful people a Strange and bitter crop is unfurling its twisted leaves under the welcoming heat emanating from the White House Yet despite this extremism My hope is not waned What looks like new growth is more likely the last desperate attempts of an old and dying order and Besides authentic hope is not untempered optimism or a belief in a preordained happy ending But a practice that grows in strength as we rise up together to right wrongs and cultivate new realities. I See this in my work every day with Cal students Planted in their hearts are the possibilities for co-creating a society centered on radical inclusiveness systemic transformation and communal responsibility and So we are faced with a choice Will we continue to deny the existence of old yet persistent injustices? We will allow will we allow this current fury to sustain itself on alienation and fear or Will we act to ensure that what grows in our garden is what we love Let's till the soil with our collective imaginations nurse seeds of change and bolster fledgling shoots with ageless wisdoms compassion and courage Not because we're certain of a quick harvest But because it's through daily acts of loving and serving with and for each other that we grow into our boundless sacred humanity Constant gardeners. We must be ever preparing the earth and ourselves for rich and abundant life. Thank you