I start in the name of Allah, the Beneficent and the Merciful, and I seek salvation from Shaitan the Akast. Dearest viewers, my brothers and sisters from all across the globe, may the peace, blessings and protection of Allah SWT be with you all at all times. Welcome to a new episode of the Ramadan Show with me, your host, Dr Shabir Tijani. Once again in today's episode we'll be going through all the different facets of Ramadan to be your one-stop shop for the holy month. I would like to remind you once again to join us on social media on Twitter using the hashtag IHTVRamadan, on Instagram, on Facebook and on YouTube as well. Please also send in your videos from wherever you live across the world so that we may be able to air it. Before proceeding to the show, I wanted to just quote our hadith from Amir al-Mu'mineen alaihi salam, where he says, one hour of contemplation is equivalent to 70 years of worship. Insha'Allah, this should be one of our aims during the holy month, to contemplate, to think, to ponder over our lives and reassess our lives at every step of the way. In this episode, the specific trait that we'll be focusing on, or the specific area that we'll be talking about for spiritual refinement is called spiritual wafering, or the journey through the spiritual life, essentially the journey for attaining spirituality. If we look at life as a whole, our life should be the embodiment or the reflection of all the positive traits of humanity, the traits that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala, the attributes of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. Some of these examples are ar-Rahman, ar-Rahim, latif, ra'oof, and so forth. The first step towards achieving spiritual wafering is to be aware and to acknowledge the being of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala, and to have faith in him and to believe in his messenger and his Ahl al-Bait, because the Ahl al-Bait are the ones who have given us guidance, they're the representatives of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala on this planet, and have been sent down as guides for us to learn from them. So that's why we should look to them in order to give us guidance. One of the greatest scholars of our time who discussed spiritual wafering in much detail is Allah matabatabay, in his book, Lub al-Lubab. He talks about different stages of the process, and these stages have been set out in very specific terms. The first one is called Islam, belief in the religion, iman, faith, tawaqal, putting all your trust in Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala, and jihad and nafs, etc, etc. But the initial stage of achieving spiritual enlightenment, or starting on that journey towards spiritual enlightenment, is yaqadda, which is to awaken the soul. An example of this is Hur alayhi salam, when he on the night of Ashura came to Imam al-Hussain, something in his soul awoke and he realized his mistake, and therefore he began that path towards spiritual enlightenment. And we can all achieve this, because our souls, as long as they have the ability to tell right from wrong and good from evil, have the potential to turn towards Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala, and go upon this spiral towards perfection. Because you see, as human beings we're very complex creatures, not only physically but spiritually as well. We hear that if an individual achieves spiritual enlightenment, is able to tell right from wrong, and does all the good deeds that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala has asked him to do, his status is higher than that of the angels. However, if he becomes the opposite where his soul is so shrunken, where it's so darkened and it is completely overruled by his nafs or their nafs, they become worse than the animals. They succumb to their animalistic desires, their materialistic lusts, and therefore they are even worse than the animals. The first step, as we've said, is the ability to enlighten the soul, and that begins with a belief in Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. Believers are constantly looking at every test and trial as not a test and a trial, not mercy from Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. Because true believers know that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala only tests you or challenges you in order to make you a better human being, in order for you to come closer to him. Because every single thing that happens in our life is planned by Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala in order for us to achieve that enlightenment. Now it is up to us whether we take on that test or that challenge, and it is up to us whether we want to achieve that closest to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. Because by God, everyone is capable of achieving enlightenment. As long as you have faith in Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and put all of your pains and anguishes and all of the burdens of your soul and your heart, and leave it up to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala to ease those burdens, surely that is the first step towards achieving the enlightenment. We look towards the Ahlul Bayt, we look towards the prophets to give us enlightenment or to give us guidance in these specific areas of how to achieve this spiritual enlightenment. We see that Amirul Mu'mineen, despite being faced with so many challenges during his lifetime, even though he knew that he was the representative of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala on this earth, and he was the next in line after the Holy Prophet, we see that his rights were usurped. Yet even those who usurped his rights knew that he was the most knowledgeable person of his time, and he was the human reflection of the Holy Qur'an. Next we go on to another trait that Amirul Mu'mineen shows us during his lifetime and that is to keep steadfast with prayers. We see in so many occasions in the battlefield where Amirul Mu'mineen stops in battle and fulfills his obligations towards prayer, we see that he is the only person in the history of mankind to give zakat during prostration. Imam Ali alaihi salam shows us that this is the first physical thing we can do towards achieving enlightenment, and that is to keep steadfast with our prayers. Taking that forward, how can we take practical steps to achieve this perfection? As always I've mentioned before and I'll mention again, Niyah is the first and most important thing. Niyah is not a stagnant thing though, you have to constantly reassess your Niyah and your intention. It can be something as simple as going to the shops or going out into town, visiting friends. You see, sheytan is around us at all times, and he has promised that he will try and drag us away from the path of Allah SWT. So we have to constantly reassess our intentions, constantly reassess our surroundings, reassess our actions, and our actions should be made on a scaffold. The first part of that scaffold is taqwa. When you have taqwa you realise yourself as what you actually are, and that is nothing except an abd, a servant of Allah SWT. And it is when you think of that, you actually bring yourself down to earth, you become humble, and shed your heart of pride and arrogance. Taqwa begins from inside oneself. You take steps, slow steps towards achieving the spiritual enlightenment that you want to achieve. After all they say that a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step, and it is true even for this spiritual path, that if you want to achieve that ultimate enlightenment, never be afraid to take that first step and always start with taqwa. And you have to ask yourself, how close are you to God? How close do you feel to God in your day to day life? Do you talk to God? When you pray to God, do you actually envision that you are actually in the presence of God? Do you actually feel that you are in the presence of God? And it is only when you get to that stage do you begin on this long path towards enlightenment. Then a lot of people ask me, ask a lot of scholars, if Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala really loves us and he wishes what's best for us, why do we suffer? Why is there so much suffering in this world? Why is there suffering within our own communities or within our households, and why do we have inflections within our own lives? And the answer can be broken down to many facets. The first one obviously is trials and tribulations that you inflict upon yourself due to the consequences of your own actions. And for that, you have no one to blame but yourself. Secondly, Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala has said that your sins are actually a barrier between him and yourself.   And this leads on to my next thing.  He wants you to achieve a higher station within his eyes and also within your own soul. And sometimes we see that the worst experiences can have the most positive impacts on our lives. Because these negative experiences actually take us closer to Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala when we learn from them. And finally, like I've said before, Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala loves when his servant comes towards him. And sometimes Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala tests us just to see if we will thank him for whatever we have. And he wants to see that we actually have one of the most important qualities of spiritual enlightenment within us and that is sub-patience. When we look at our day-to-day practical lives, we see the relationship between a student and a teacher. And it is very similar to that between us and our Lord. Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala doesn't test us because he doesn't like us or he hates us or he's got bad intentions for us. It is because he wants to see how far we are able to come towards his path. Sometimes it takes an event and experience to take you out of your comfort zone where you actually understand the strength of your own character. And it's only when you understand what you're capable of that Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala becomes closer to you and you become closer to him. And finally, I just want to get towards the main reason that we in this day and age need to try and achieve spiritual enlightenment. And that is because we are the generation that are awaiting our 12th Imam, Alayhi Salam, Yaman Mahdi. Why is it so important in this day and age to become one of those who will have closest to Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala? Many reasons. Firstly, in this day and age, this generation that we live in, the influence of shaitan is more than any other time in history. Wherever we look, there is bloodshed. There is attractions towards this worldly desire, these materialistic lusts. Shaitan is around us at every turn. Whether you live in the West or the East, whether you're in a Muslim country or a non-Muslim country, shaitan is around us at all times. Secondly, we're trying to achieve enlightenment, spiritual growth, in preparation for the Imam. Because don't forget that Imam is waiting for us, not only are we waiting for him, but he's waiting for us as well. He's waiting to see if we're prepared for him, whether we'll stand by his side. And part of this preparation is achieving that spiritual refinement and that enlightenment. Finally, I want to just take your minds towards karbala, because you see spiritual enlightenment and this journey isn't a stagnant journey. It isn't just a simple road which you'll go by. There'll be many obstacles along that path. There may be rocks and other forms of obstacles which you must overcome. And when we look to the Ahl al-Bait, we see no greater example than the day of Ashura and the story of Imam al-Hussain in Karbala, where he sacrifices whole family and he sacrifices his own life. And in the end, when we see him being martyred, we see that he's actually prostrating to God, thanking him for his mercies and thanking him for everything that Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala has given him. And this is the level of closeness to Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala we must try and achieve. Like I've said, there are many stages towards the achievement of this enlightenment and many, many miles along this road towards enlightenment. There will be obstacles, there is no doubt. But we must try and get there. I request all of you to read the book that I have talked about in this segment because, insha'Allah, I pray that as a society, as a community, we can also achieve enlightenment. After all, we are from that generation into which the Imam, insha'Allah, will come. And the first step towards preparing for him is awakening our souls, awakening ourselves. And to realize that this awakening isn't just a stagnant process, it's a continuous, refined process and it's an active process in which we must partake. So, insha'Allah, I pray for all of us and our communities, our society that, insha'Allah, we can be amongst the companions of the Awaited Imam, alayhi salam. The Holy Prophet Muhammad, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him in his progeny, has said, Eit Ramadan is the month whose beginning is mercy. Its middle is forgiveness and its end is emancipation or liberation from the Hellfire. For this episode, as we go around the world and visit places across the globe, we want to have an insight into how people run and perform their day-to-day duties and day-to-day lives during the month of Ramadan. Today, we're going to be looking at the country of Sweden. For those of you who don't know where Sweden is, what Sweden is, have never visited that part of the world, Sweden is in northern Europe in an area called Scandinavia. The beauty of this place and the harsh reality of this place is that for a lot of the time of the year, it's extremely cold there and during the summertime, the hours of daylight are very long and during the winter, the hours of nighttime are very long. This in itself raises a unique test, a unique problem for those who live in those countries because their hours of daylight can vary from time to time depending on the time of year that Ramadan is. So for example, this year, they will only get maybe two or three hours of darkness in which they can have their food, they can have their iftar and sohoor. In a non-Muslim country like Sweden, the problem with that is that you cannot alter your day-to-day working hours because they do not allow you to do that, so essentially what individuals have to do is try to adapt the day-to-day lives in order to try and get the most out of the month of Ramadan. From my research and from people who I've spoken to, I have come across some people who live in Stockholm in the capital of Sweden. Stockholm is obviously a very vibrant and multicultural area where there's a lot of Muslims, non-Muslims and people from other religions and denominations. But for the Muslims, there are many different types for the Shia rather, they're from different backgrounds, so you have your Arabs, North Africans, your Indian and subcontinent people from the Indian subcontinent as well. And they're all prepared for the month of Ramadan, for iftar specifically in slightly different ways. The day-to-day life entails work as it is for majority of the countries in the western world and the hours of work don't actually change. The challenge comes after work and during the time of day up to iftar because iftar can be very late at night, it can be as late as 11 o'clock at night. So for these people, they try to make sure that when it's iftar time, they nourish themselves appropriately and they give themselves enough time to eat for the three hours, so they try to eat slow and steady for the full time, for the full allotted three hours or however long they've got for iftar. In the Khurja community or the Indian communities, they tend to have iftar in the mosques, they tend to go for the mosque for specific programs, for Majlis, for dua and then they'd have iftar after Salatul Maghrib. For the Arab communities there, it's slightly different. They have iftar at home, they have it amongst their families and their close communities and after that the men of the family tend to go to the mosque and to partake in special Amal or dua and for sprays as well. So it varies from community to community and from person to person. Obviously at this time of the year where the daylight hours are so long, it's a unique challenge for these individuals, for these people and for them to fast during these times of the year, it can be quite challenging. So for a lot of people, they tend to try and take medical advice and to take the right sort of foods at the right times during the iftar period from iftar to sahur and obviously during the day-to-day lives after work, they try to take some rest, sleep for some time because obviously during the night time they'd be awake until the time of Salat al-Fajr. Other than that, for these individuals, for these Muslims, the winter time is also quite challenging because it gets very, very cold and due to the fasting and the hunger as your body, the metabolic rate in the body drops, the cold tends to affect you more. So during the winter months, when it's fasting, they tend to be very, very cold, but the benefit that they have is that the daylight hours are a lot shorter. And this is the same for many countries across the Scandinavian region and also other parts of the world where it remains cold during the winter and during the summer that daylight hours are very long. As I've said before during these episodes, during these shows, we look forward for you to send in your videos. Please let us see how you prepare for the month of Ramadan, how you prepare your day-to-day lives, how you go about doing your working day-to-day lives and how you prepare iftar in the evenings and how your day-to-day lives vary from country to country, from place to place, across the globe. I hope that this will enable us to come together as a community, to get an insight into each other's lives and inshallah join and make our bond of brotherhood and sisterhood stronger. Dearest Imam Hussein TV viewers, welcome to Imam Hussein TV 3. Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. May peace and blessings of Allah be upon each and every one of you and all your prayers and supplications be accepted in the holy month of Ramadan. Today we came to one of the restaurants in the holy city of Karbala to show you the atmosphere of the holy month of Ramadan in this specific restaurant. This is one of the examples of the restaurants that we have here in the holy city of Karbala. So stay tuned as we go inside and have a word with the brothers inside. Dearest brothers and sisters, welcome. I have one of the brothers here. I will ask him a few questions for him. Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. May peace and blessings of Allah be upon you and all of you. This is Mr. Nazir Abunour, manager of Salat Mata Am Iwan al-Siyahi in Karbala Al-Muqattasi. There is a nice thing about Ramadan is that it differs from the normal days. The normal days, when we open the store for 24 hours, we provide all the dishes, with all the details, with all the time, with all the different types. Ramadan is different from the specific time. You are busy with a specific time to prepare your dishes in the most time. And fasting doesn't take care of you. You have to be faster than him and always in order to prepare the best food for you. During the lockdown and the situation in Ramadan, we open around 6.30 p.m. Of course, we are ready with all the types of food, drinks, drinks, and all things. Around 7 p.m. we close the door and wait for the fasting to take place. We are in this period of fasting, not in it. The fasting is very good, because the fasting doesn't take place. We are doing it to go to fasting, not to be left behind. Everything is possible. It is a great amount of food and it is very good. I ask brother Mander, he is congratulating you and the arrival of the holy month of Ramadan. He is the manager of Iwan restaurant here in the holy city of Karbala. He is saying that the holy month of Ramadan totally differs from the other month of the year. During the year, the normal days, they are open 24 hours a day and they serve three meals like breakfast, dinner, and lunch with different specifications. But in the holy month of Ramadan they open shortly only for Eftah. Because people are fasting here. So he is saying that during the Eftah time, we open usually half an hour before the Eftah time. We try to open the doors and receive our guests. They usually prepare everything about one hour before the time of Eftah. So they make it fast for the visitors to come and take their meals. Are there any remaining places that you would like to visit in this restaurant? After I explained to you about the fatayer and the fatayer part, I have other parts of it. It is an introduction. They prepare the other parts on top of the kitchen. We prepare a large amount of ingredients. 14 to 16 kinds. Syrian and Iraqi ingredients. There is another part, where we prepare the drinks, the fatayer and the ice cream. Everything is prepared from hot and cold drinks. After that, you will have a part of the hot drinks in all forms. I asked brother about the other parts of the restaurant. He is saying that they have a furnace here, they have another hall. They have a specific place where they serve juice for the appetizers. So stay tuned with us as we go inside the restaurant and see the other parts. In this segment of the show, where we talk about health and medical advice, I want to continue with what we have been talking about in the past few shows, where we have been talking about risk factors for heart disease. Today I want to talk about heart attacks themselves. Firstly, we will talk about risk factors that can modify your life and also I want to talk about the symptoms of a heart attack and what things you should look out for before you get concerned. In the previous shows, we have talked about risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, a stressful lifestyle that can be precursors or predispositions to getting heart attacks and heart disease. Another thing that you must look out for is things that you cannot control which are also risk factors for heart disease and those are things like a family history of heart attacks. For this you can't do much other than modify your lifestyle to cut out the risk factors that you can change. As I have said in the previous episodes, that we should try and control our blood sugar levels, our cholesterol levels, whether it is through a healthy lifestyle or if that is not possible through medication. We have also talked about ways to improve our lifestyle to avoid getting stressed because stress is one of the commonest causes over a prolonged period of time that can actually lead to heart disease. Family history obviously is one of the things you cannot control as I have mentioned before and for you as an individual, if you do have a family history of heart disease, it is ever more important to be aware of the symptoms of heart attacks. Before I go on to the symptoms, how heart attacks are caused and why we get the symptoms that we get when we have heart attacks. Essentially what a heart attack is is when the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle is stopped or reduced for whatever reason. People who have many many risk factors for heart disease and some people who don't even have any risk factors for heart disease what happens is they have clogging or blockages of their coronary arteries over a prolonged period of time. This can be due to things such as the risk factors I mentioned people with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can also develop blockages of the coronary arteries and other important blood vessels in the body and after the coronary artery is blocked, the blood which is supposed to go through the coronary artery and supply the muscle which helps the heart to pump gets blocked and as a result the oxygen that's in the blood does not get to the muscle of the heart and that piece of muscle dies and when that piece of muscle dies the heart's contractility decreases and the heart cannot pump the blood out because the muscle that's doing the pumping action is now crosed or dead. So what happens to a human being when they're in that situation? Firstly there are people who suffer from angina. Angina is before heart attack so in people who have risk factors for heart disease they can develop minor blockages of their coronary arteries and stop some of the blood from getting through to the heart muscle and in these people even though oxygen is getting through not enough of it is getting through so they find that when they go for a walk they tend to have a lot of problems because the oxygen demands around the rest of the body increase due to the work of the muscles they tend to not be able to supply enough oxygen to the heart muscle to get that pumping action going and as a result they have chest pain because when the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen it releases certain chemicals which cause pain in the chest and that's why they get angina and when they rest angina is very very important that you see a doctor as soon as possible because if you're suffering from those symptoms it can be the first sign that you got an impending catastrophic heart condition coming up it can be a precursor to going on to develop a full blown heart attack and you must control the symptoms that you have by going to see a doctor and getting started on certain medication however in people who develop full blown blockages end up having heart attacks because there is no pumping action or no muscle that is still alive to cause the pumping of the blood around the body what happens is that your body realizes this and it goes into what we call shutdown mode so if the blood pressure isn't adequate enough to supply the body or if your heart's not pumping enough around the body your body actually conserves the blood into your central system and you get a surge of adrenaline around your body and as a result you get very cold peripherally and you also start sweating a lot and you go pale because the blood supply to your skin is diminished as a result the blood is only left for your major organs such as your brain your heart and for your kidneys and often the symptoms are people who have had heart attacks the symptoms they get obviously chest pain they get pain down the left arm because some of the nerves that supply the heart also supply that side of the body so they get what we call referred pain to either the arm, the shoulder or the jaw or even the teeth sometimes other symptoms they get is nausea because with severe pain in the chest and also that surge of adrenaline you can become very nauseous and feel sick also they do get like I've said sweating they get they feel very pale and due to the decreased blood supply to the brain they can sometimes have faints so any of these symptoms should be a very very important sign a very important symptom to get seen immediately go and see go straight to the emergency department if you get any of these symptoms also if you're at home with someone who has got these symptoms and could have a heart attack it's very important to know what to do in that situation as doctors we're told that if we're concerned that anyone has a heart attack with these symptoms we usually give them 300 milligrams of aspirin usually in crushed form and we tell the patient to take that medication because the sooner you give the aspirin studies have shown that the better the prognosis is of the heart attack also in people who suffer from heart attacks it is very important to know what happens next having worked in a cardiology job before I have dealt with people who've had heart attacks so there's many ways of treating them if it's a patient who is not suitable for angioplasty due to many conditions or many problems sometimes we would treat these people with blood thinners and we would try and reduce their risk factors as much as possible just with medication in other people they get taken to a cath lab and with I'm sure a lot of you have heard of stents people having stents put in usually these stents are there and last for many years but the biggest risk with these stents due to their structure is that they can get occluded again and due to that many people are on long term antiplatelet therapy your doctor obviously your cardiologist will tell you exactly how long to take your antiplatelet therapy for and the type of antiplatelet therapy differs from country to country to region even in the country that I work in and it is very important to take heed of the advice that the cardiologist gives you for people who are unable to have stents for whatever reason whether the blockage is too big whether you have several blockages or it's affecting the main root of the coronary artery for them sometimes we they have a coronary artery bypass graft or a cabbage and for that what happens is that you get seen by the cardiovascular thoracic surgeons rather and they sometimes take a vein from your leg and rewire the coronary arteries around your heart in order to get the blood supply around the heart but without actually taking out the coronary arteries that are actually blocked and without compromising the blood circulation system so that all the muscles in the heart can receive the adequate oxygen and blood supply for people who do have this bypass graft is very important to speak to your surgeon before the operation to find out exactly what complications you can have before during the operation immediately after the operation and also the long term because if you do have a bypass graft you will be you'll have to spend a specific amount of time in hospital you won't be able to drive you may not be able to fly for a specific amount of time so it's very important to be aware of all of these things and plan your life around it finally in people who have had heart disease and heart problems it is important to know what happens next if a lot of your heart has been affected sometimes you can end up with something called heart failure heart failure doesn't mean that your heart has completely failed it just means that the efficiency of the pumping mechanism of your heart isn't as effective as it used to be many many years ago before the heart attack because the part of the muscle of the heart is actually dead so it's not giving that contraction mechanism another effect of a heart attack can be that you can have problems with the conduction system of the heart so as well as giving the pumping mechanism of the heart the heart muscle is also part of the conduction system of the heart so if you have a part of the muscle that dies the conduction system of the heart is also cut so you can get conduction problems such as heart blocks or something called atrial fibrillation insha'Allah I hope that this episode or this part of this episode has been useful for you and I hope that if you do have any of these risk factors for heart disease whether it's something you can change such as your lifestyle or whether it's something like your blood sugar levels I would urge you to make those changes and if it's things like your family history which you can't change please try and make changes to those things that you can affect in order to lead a healthy lifestyle insha'Allah with a good healthy heart which will allow you to have a good quality of life and a longevity of life insha'Allah all societies in the past and the present have cultural practices of either benefit or harm the ones of benefit Islam seeks to enhance and the ones of harm seeks to refuse seeks to refute and leave alone however all societies contain cultural customs that may do harm more than good for this reason Islam seeks to change these customs once in the time of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib he was traveling to Kufa and passed through Ambar in Iraq the majority of the residents there were Persian farmers and when they heard about Imam Ali's arrival they went to go visit him however when it was the time for Imam Ali to leave they began running in front of his horse and chanting and it was difficult for Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib and he also knew that it was difficult for them as well because they accorded him a higher regard than he actually deserved because as we know Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib he has always positioned himself as the poorest ate as the poorest and the most oppressed ones of society he dressed the poorest and worked for a living just like anybody else he asked why should others ignore themselves to honor me in this way Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib asked about this behavior he was told that we have practiced this custom for years this is how we show respect to a person of higher status Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib humbly and respectfully told them this action makes you uncomfortable in this world and it brings you humiliation in the next always stay away from humiliating acts anyway how does someone benefit from this action as Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib show us it is our responsibility and it is upon us to always question our culture and societal practices seeking to elevate the best of them and refuting and moving away from the worst of them for today's episode I want to dedicate the poem to Nasheed to the seal of the Prophet Prophet Muhammad peace and blessings be upon him this is a Nasheed called the chosen one it is originally recited by Mahir Zayn so I am sure a lot of you would know it at home if you do please join in Muhammad ya Rasoolallah you were so caring your soul was full of love you were the best of man come Muhammad Habibi al-Mustaf the chosen one the truthful in every word you say Muhammad ya Rasoolallah your face was brighter than the sun beauty equal Muhammad the chosen one as you taught me I pray to be close to you that day and see you smile the chosen one the chosen the holy prophet Muhammad may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny has said it Ramadan is the month whose beginning is mercy its middle is forgiveness and its end is emancipation or liberation from the hellfire as we end this episode of the Ramadan show I wanted to part with the following thoughts the following words a philosophy that you can employ in your everyday lives to try and ascend towards Allah swt those final words are that if things don't go your way don't fret change the plan but never change the objective never change the goal surely if we reassess our lives on a day to day basis we will be able to reassess what we do in our actions we can change our plans accordingly sometimes the plans work but as long as the near is correct then inshallah everything will be accepted by Allah swt with that I bid you farewell please don't forget to join us on social media on twitter on instagram on facebook and on youtube please don't forget to also send in your videos please remember us in your du'az and don't forget most importantly to pray for the reappearance of Imam Mahdi alayhi salam inshallah we will join you again tomorrow for another episode of the Ramadan show until then wa salamu alaykum


And now in sports news, Britain's Duke and Duchess of Cambridge arrived to watch the Wimbledon Ladies final on Saturday. This is a first public appearance since the Duchess ended a period of self-isolation after coming in contact with someone who had tested positive for COVID-19. Kate, the wife of Queen Elizabeth's grandson Prince William, was self-isolating at home and had not been been experiencing any symptoms according to reports. Prince William was not required to self-isolate. The Royal Cobble will watch Australia's Ash Barty go head to head with Czech Carolina Plisková on Wimbledon's centre court for the Grand Slam title.


Welcome to our video on assessing students' needs for learning in an EMI course. In this video, we'll discuss how you can gather the information you need about your student's English level in order to plan your EMI course. There are four main things we can do to assess students' needs. The first is to educate yourself about common difficulties that students have when learning content in a second language. You've already begun to talk to other lecturers or read up on the topic or ask students about their experiences. If not, that's fine. You're beginning to learn about students' needs in this online course, so in fact, you've started on this step. The next thing you can do is to give students a questionnaire about their experiences learning in EMI courses. You can give them just one questionnaire after they have had at least one EMI course, or you could give them two questionnaires, one at the beginning of the course with questions about what they think the EMI course will be like, or challenges they think they will encounter, support they think they will try to find. And then you can ask the same questions at the end of the course, but putting the questions in the past tense. And you can add open-ended questions asking for students' advice on what helped them the most or what recommendations they have. In this way, you can discover students' experiences throughout their learning process. A third way to identify students' needs is to use a language assessment. You can give them one at the beginning of your course, or you can use the results of a test they took in the recent past. But remember that language tests only show a partial picture of how well someone can actually use the language for communication or learning. In other words, don't rely too heavily on the language test scores, but you can use them as part of the information package that you put together. The fourth and final way to identify students' needs is to have students complete an anonymous self-assessment. For example, after a lecture, you can ask them questions such as, overall, how well did you understand this lecture? You can give them options such as, I understood very well, I understood fairly well, but not everything, or I did not understand much at all. Students will be more likely to give you accurate information if you tell them they don't have to include their name. For reading, you could do something similar and ask students to answer questions about how well they understood a reading they did for homework or during class time. Check the self-assessments and use that information for future classes on what to help students with. By giving students these self-assessments periodically during the course, that helps you check how well they are doing over time. If you want to identify needs with their speaking, remember the goal of an EMI course is not to produce error-free communication or native-like communication. The focus is that the student can communicate in a way that others can understand in English. So don't worry about perfect pronunciation or about errors in speaking. Focus on the overall comprehensibility of the student. Once you've collected information about student needs, you can use this information to plan your courses or to revise them once you start teaching. For instance, by deciding to add more vocabulary support or to distribute reading outlines to your students. You can also use the information to look around your university to see if any support services already exist. If so, you can tell your students about those services and get them in the habit of finding the help they need. For example, if you have a tutoring center, you can send students to that. In addition to giving them the in-class support that they need and also meeting with them during your office hours. Or maybe your library has extra support available. Some institutions are creating extra support services for students specifically in EMI courses. Using the extra money that EMI courses often bring in, such as through increased tuition or larger enrollments. You can also create tips sheets for students, giving them suggestions for how to learn in English. All of these strategies work together to create a student-centered learning approach in our course. With student-centered learning, students are very active in their own learning process. They don't just listen passively to lectures during class or only do the homework problem sets that are assigned to them. Instead they participate during class, such as through group discussions or work or presentations, and they explore ideas together, using critical thinking and applying knowledge to their own situations. Having a student-centered learning classroom will help you motivate and educate your students in your EMI course. Okay, that concludes this video. We talked about four main ways that you can gather specific information on student needs that you can use in your own teaching. This online course will discuss and give many examples of strategies you can utilize to use the information you gather about student needs. Thanks for watching.


Today we're opening an entire case of Speed Duel GX. What's up guys, we're back with another epic video. Today, as I said, we're opening 12, well technically 11, because this one right here will be given away to you guys.  Let me know what you think about Speed Duel in general and the Speed Duel Academy Box, aka the newest Speed Duel product, which they do once per year. Yeah, it's a weird product. They only update Speed Duel once per year. It's insane. So inside you get a bunch of different decks, which is going to like completely change the format that they've been playing for like a year, I guess, since the last one. Here is the original, the Speed Duel Battle City box. So I think this was the last release for Speed Duel a year ago, which if you think about it is insane. So like this format's got to be getting kind of stale. So now that this one is, you know, old news, there is the GX Speed Duel, which comes with not only structured decks and like, you know, known cards. It also has a randomized feature where you can pull some secret rare cards like Destiny Hero Dasher, which is his first high rarity besides the Ultimate Rare. So there's a lot of cool randomized stuff that we're going to be searching for today and checking out those decks inside. Okay, let's open this thing up and see what's inside. So actually those other ones that I showed you, the Battle City box are up to like $70 each. So these tend to be kind of decent to hold on to because if they're the only product you can really get for Speed Duel, eventually, you know, they sell out and then people are like, okay, I kind of need these. So inside you get, here are our promos. We're going to open that up soon. They're really cool because you can actually use these in regular Yu-Gi-Oh. It doesn't have to be Speed Duel. They're just really nice secret upgrades and stuff like that. In here is a bunch of play mats, it seems like. I've never actually opened one of these. I didn't open the Battle City one. And then all the decks. So how many is it? Is it, it's only four decks? No, it's eight decks, I think. So I think there may be two each inside of these. Okay, so let's check these out before we get into the randomized cards. We're only going to check out the decks once and then we're going to get through all the randomized cards for 11 different boxes because I think that's the most exciting part. Okay, the first two decks, I believe this looks like a Cyber Dragon deck, which makes sense with Zane. So I guess this might be a Zane deck, Proto Cyber Dragon, Cyber Phoenix, Cyber Dark. Yeah, definitely Zane, Exploder Dragon, Polymerization. So whatever this is called, Speed Dual, not Dual Links. It's basically Dual Links, but for the TCG versions, like not TCG though, it's its own thing. It's called Speed Dual. So everything is way behind like current, like it's more like old school. It's definitely not as, you know, it's crazy. So if you're more of like an old school player, this might appeal to you and might be something that you want to try because it does the three whole zones things and it doesn't get crazy. You're not synchro summoning and all this crazy stuff. I don't think, I don't think they have synchros yet. And then you have these cool. This is one of the coolest parts is like the skills that you get and it gives you an ability to do something like this one says, once Proto you can activate this skill at the start of your battle phase while you're controlling exactly one element.  That monster gains one under attack while battling an opponent's monster and can attack all monsters your opponent controls. So that is something that doesn't exist. It's basically like a free equip card or something like that that you get as a skill. So it's always really cool. Look at tons of skills right away. Is this all the skills? This must be all the skills for all the decks. So there's all the different skills that you can use. They're always really like fun and just change up how a deck even works in general. Okay, next we have the Jaden deck which is Flame Wingman, Thunder Giant, Rampart Blaster, Steam Healer, Dark Bright, Plasma Vice, Dragoon. So yeah, obviously a hero Jaden deck which is really cool. Ojamas are in here, which is fun. So wait, I'm confused cause like here's Cyberdarks again. So I don't know how are these mixed up? I don't understand. Dawn's the Lug, Gyroid. Are these supposed to be like straight up decks or are these? Cause like some of this is for like Crowler stuff and some of it's for Jaden. I don't understand. This is really weird. So okay. So on the back it says there is a character and then there's all these different character decks. But for some reason they're not like grouped together. I don't understand this. If you're a speed duel enthusiast and you open the last one, you understand why it's like this. Let me know. Okay. So it's taking forever to open these things. These are very difficult. So we've got more Jaden stuff. Okay. See, it just seems like they're mixed up. Winged Caribou. That's Jaden for sure. Okay. These are all definitely Jaden. Maybe the other one was not Jaden. I don't know, but why were all those fusions in there? I don't understand. There's Destiny Heroes. This is Astrophenix. There's a Dash or Common, which is nice. I think there's a secret version in those special packs. Potentially Malicious is good in here as a common. Okay. That's not bad. Some pretty good options in here. The arm dragon stuff. Okay. Arm dragons. Yeah. Oujamas. Okay. Very cool. There's more. See, there's Chad stuff in here. So I don't know. There's three different people in there. I don't understand like what the order is. Okay. So there's those. And then the final one here. Okay.  See, look, we've seen crawler stuff already. There's no way that we haven't. I'm so confused. Double psych. A lot of like really cool stuff that was good in dual links. So it makes sense that this stuff is coming out into speed dual cyber gymnast. These are for what's her name? Um, what's, what's that? What's the chick's name with cyber angels? I don't remember. I don't remember what her name is. I forgot to be honest. Hey, it's like a alexis alexis. There we go. I got it. Okay. Crystal tree. Those are all for Jesse Anderson. So those are all like the different cards you can get out of there. Now let's get into the actual exciting part, which is these. I'm going to open up all the packs. So we've got 11 different like foiley packs of secret rears and let's get into it. Okay. I opened them all up. We have 11 different foil packs. They're all secret rears. A lot of cool promos in here. I don't know everything that you can get. It shows the first card, but I think there's like five ish per pack. This is the part I was really excited about. So first we have a floodgate, which is probably very good in speed dual because it was very good in dual links and still kind of is not that anyone plays dual links anymore. Back when they did. So here we go. We have a floodgate trap hole. Nice elemental hero flame wingman man. These secret rears look really good. If you guys can check out that secret or foiling. That's awesome. Volcanic rocket. I know those volcanic people are going to be super happy about this because there's been no new support and no real upgrades. So that's a nice secret rare version. Sphere. Caribo. This is a nice upgrade of the original. I think ultra rare in the first pack ever of speed dual. So that's a cool version. There's more than five cards in here. Wing. Caribo. This is a nice card. Cyber dragon. Whoa. That looks good. Whoa. That almost was that that almost as good as that tin version. That is a really amazing. Okay. Don Zulu. That's a cool upgrade for like people playing and maybe go format and stuff like that and a destiny hero plasma.  There's a secret rare version even though it already had a secret rare, but that's a cheaper version. So here we go to the next one. DD warrior lady. This is another nice upgrade because I think the high rarity version is like a super or something or maybe it's the hobby league version. So yeah, this is definitely a good one. We got a cyber dragon again. That's beautiful. Beautiful arm dragon level seven. Whoa. That is awesome. Okay. So some of these are not very useful like overall, but they're just really pretty versions of old cards. Ancient kid golem rainbow dragon. So this does have a secret rare from tactical evolution, but this is just a much cheaper version. So that's always nice hydro get on probably actually decent and speed dual because, you know, he just gets a recruit from the deck polymerization. I didn't realize how expensive secret rare polymerizations were. So this is definitely going to help that price because it was like 15 bucks for the legendary collection. You these world, I think and then cyber blade or what a weird, weird card. Okay. It's cool to open all these secret rears in the same pack. There's a polymerization. Okay. Another one. I think there's like, what is it? Seven cards or so? Maybe nine polymerization. That's beautiful. Da koichi the battle enchanted locomotive. Don't forget if you guys want to win a sealed one of these, make sure to like the video, subscribe and let me know what you think about them. Don's aloof. Da koichi secret is actually super nice. DD warrior lady again. I wonder how many different ones are cyber in dragon. Oh boy. That's nice. Destiny hero dash or here we go. This is a huge upgrade because the rare version before this came out in the super rare from OTS pack was $20 from POTD. That's insane. The crystal be sapphire pegasus and the flood gate travel. So you did see a couple of new cards at that time. I think by the time we open all these will probably have seen all the versions book of moon book of moon has a hundred prints, which I guess it needed one and it already had one in speed tool, but it was like really expensive. It was like a prize version ultimate ancient gear goal. Do people use that in speed tool? I guess they do floodgate. We got a place out of those the sphere. Corriba crystal beast sapphire pegasus ancient gigolum destiny hero plasma and the ojama king. There he is. The ojama king. These were actually really annoying and do links because if you get this guy out, there's only three spaces. He covers all the spaces if they have no monsters on the field and they can no longer summon. So it's very difficult to deal with if you just don't have straight up removal. Okay. Ojama king. Let's see what we got next. These these little things just stick to your hand. It's crazy. Okay. That's how it didn't. So I kind of ruined there. I'm dragging level seven ojama king back at it again. The winged Corribo rainbow dragon hydro get on elemental hero flame wingman with a volcanic Doomfire. There it is. Another volcanic card, which is nice and another dash or so. Man, that's a pretty version too. So that's looking good. Okay. We've still got like six more. Okay. Very nice. Here we've got the ancient of the ultimate pound of the ultimate ancient gear goal and there's an ultimate pound. So that's a different card. These are the kind of wrapping that like so easy to rip that it's hard to open. All right. We have another ancient gear goal and we got a Doomfire another regular ancient gear goal destiny hero plasma volcanic rocket polymerization very nice rainbow dragon destiny hero dash or nice. That's a play set of those. Not that you'd be using three because you only use one per deck basically because of the Stura Phoenix enforcer, but still cool to have three of those. Next up, we have the cyber and dragon. It seems like we might have pulled all the cards already book of Moonduck at the crystal beast hydro get on. We'll see if there's a special one. Don Zalu got sphere Corribo ultimate ancient gear golem and the winged Corribo. I think well you're not really supposed to open up case of these probably because you really only need like three at the max. I guess because I there's multiple copies of some cards, but maybe if you want a play set of every card you would buy three. I don't know. The secret rears on the randomized part, but the rest of it is consistent apprentice magician might only be our second one cyber blader to Koichi. I think is our second one cyber and dragon polymerization. We have a lot of those ancient year goal. We have a lot of those to Sapphire pegasus and the destiny hero plasma. All right. Now the plastic is sticking to my arm right now. It is literally sticking to my arm while I'm opening these. Okay. All right. It's just going to hang out over there. That's fine. That's fine. We got a plasma. We got an arm dragon level seven a winged Corribo the DD warrior lady ancient year golem. Let me know in the comments. What do you think about a format that updates once a year? I think it's really weird polymerization and cyber and dragon. It feels wrong. Like I can't believe that people are still playing it to be honest. Like imagine playing something and then it never having a new update for an entire year. I don't know. It just seems odd to me.  And they these are really cool products. I just think they need something else throughout the year. Volcanic rocket cyber blader Elmator fling wingman and maybe actually talk about it every once in a while. I have no idea that it's going on most of the time. Prentice magician cyber dragon cyber and dragon and ultimate ancient Google and we keep pulling that guy. Final pack. This is a strange product. I think it's a very cool product. It's just strange. No speed duel of strange. Let's just how about that? Yeah. Cause this is not a it's not a weird product. It's a very cool product because one it gives you some guaranteed cards and then it has some randomized nice upgrades for TCG or speed duel. But then there's the weird part that it doesn't I just say weird fart the weird part that it doesn't update all year. So we've got the arm dragon level 7 volcanic rocket Elmator fling wingman sphere. Caribo apprentice magician and finally another Dasher will take that. Okay. So we ended up with a this is how many secretaries I just got. That's a lot of secretaries. So a pretty cool opening. Just a weird situation with speed duel. I don't know how you guys feel about it. Let me know. I don't know a lot of people's playing speed duel. I personally would be interested in playing it. Problem is I just don't know anybody playing it. I think maybe if it got a few more updates, people would get more interested in stuff like that. If you guys enjoyed the video, make sure to subscribe to the channel for more epic videos. Shout out to TCG trust cards don't for show. Tomato juice, Stanley, Mike, Nance, Meme, Gekko, Daxer, Emoosa, Junior Barting, Anantai show, JT Joe, and Anima the HELLO. Thank you guys for supporting the channel and I'll see you guys next time. Peace.


Evaluating the credibility of a resource has many facets, and these facets change depending upon your discipline and what you're seeking to learn. With that in mind, I will be taking a general health disciplinary approach and describing credibility and different types of information. Most likely you have been told not to trust.com websites or only use resources that are current. There is some validity to these statements, but today I'm going to break down why those statements are not hard and fast rules. Let's start talking about these in relation to the Crap Model, which can be helpful, but are more like guidelines than rules, and can be used for most types of resources. When you are unsure of a resource, these are some questions you can ask yourself to decide if the resource is something you want to use for your work. First is currency. If you are writing about a current problem or wanting a current solution, it makes sense to have work published recently. But remember that it can take several years for work to be done and published, so you may need to be a little flexible or lenient of your publication dates. Second is relevance. Who is the resource meant for? Health professionals or consumers? Also, does this resource really cover your topic? Or does it just mention it in passing? If it is in passing, consider another source. Third, authority. Who is the author and does it make sense for that person to be studying this topic, meaning do they have a background, degrees, experience, etc., that lend their expertise? Fourth is accuracy. Where does the information come from? And even if it is a .com website, that could very possibly be a scholarly publisher. So pay attention to the content and what you are actually looking at and look for evidence. And finally, the purpose. Why does this source exist? To sell you an idea or product? Or for education or scientific purposes? Be wary of bias. Let's move on to something more specific. Scholarly versus peer-reviewed resources. It's possible that you have been asked to find a scholarly or peer-reviewed resource on your topic, but what are those and how do you identify the two types? Scholarly or peer-reviewed resources are often journal articles or books. A scholarly resource is written by an expert and is reviewed by an editor or editing panel before it is published. A peer-reviewed resource is the next step as it is an extra-review process. This leads to us trusting the resource and its conclusions more because other experts in the field have reviewed it and agreed with it. So all peer-reviewed resources are scholarly but not all scholarly resources are peer-reviewed. Common characteristics of a scholarly or peer-reviewed journal article is a DOI number which stands for Digital Object Identification Number. It's basically like a social security number for scholarly resources. Author affiliations and degrees noted, of course a reference list, and a formal format of abstract, introduction, methodology, etc. If you want to be super sure that a journal is indeed peer-reviewed, you have to check the journal's website to see if they are peer-reviewed or refereed. You can often find this information on the front page in the about the journal or even in the information for the author. These characteristics speak to credibility overall, but what about relevance to your topic? I have created a tool for evaluating and reading journal articles quickly. Evaluating not only for credibility but also relevance to your topic, so be sure to check it out.


This study investigated the effects of adding a cognitive task to high-intensity interval training hit on mental and physical fatigue in tennis players. The results showed that the addition of the cognitive task resulted in higher levels of mental fatigue and a greater increase in perceived exertion compared to hit alone. Despite this, there was no significant difference in physical workload between the two protocols. This suggests that the cognitive task may have been able to increase mental fatigue without decreasing physical workload. This article was authored by Jesus Diaz Garcia, Vicente Javier Clemente Suarez, Juan Pedro Fuentes Garcia, and others.


Promote my platform. A lot of the people here presenting promote something. Mine is a conceptual talk. So it's not tech talk where they go into source code, nor is it promotion of my own platform. It's a conceptual talk. So maybe before I start, quick question, who knows what governance in general? Oh, there's someone almost asleep over there says, you know, it's okay. There's two people. Okay, sounds good. So governance in one sentence is basically a way of governing a system or platform or something, which means analogy, a good analogy probably would be like a business model. Think of it as a business model or a big picture of how things connect, how things interact, how things exist in whatever ecosystem or platform. Okay, just a few logos. Some people show logos. I mean, the most relevant from these logos here is this one, Prism. It's already considered one of the top blockchain economics and governance companies in North America and Europe. We have people with PhDs from Harvard whose supervisors got Nobel prices about market design, contract theory, and other aspects of governance. So this is probably the best you can have in terms of governance. So I'm basically representing them in this region. Yeah, and, well, I've been a startup. I've been a coder. I've been a startup twice failed, once exited. I advise in AI and blockchain, basically, among other things. And I help some ICOs. So a bit of an agenda. So we'll go with basics. I think there are some people here from Ethereum. They can always chip in at comments because I'm going to touch on Ethereum. So current state, I'm going to do comparison of Ethereum and Bitcoin because both are very famous. Everyone knows them. I'm going to touch on some contenders and theories, and then I'm going to propose two potential sort of futures, intelligent futures, which as of right now, none of them shows. And this is based on the fact that I also consult and advise in AI. Okay, so, yeah, by the way, if and when, I want to make it more interactive. So that audience doesn't fall asleep, actually tries to participate. So if you have a question, don't wait till the end. It's a long question, wait till the end. But if it's something quick comment or something, yeah? Yeah, so if you have something quick to say, say, don't wait till the end, till it's really late and everyone is asleep. Okay, so I'm going to break down governance into three main things. Incentives, coordinates. So incentives is basically in blockchain, you guys call it bounty, et cetera. But let's just call it incentive, a bigger picture name. Coordination includes communication and decisions. This is consensus, consensus forming basically. So in simple terms, this is what governance is about, right? Okay, so this slide I'm going to spend quite some time on. So here's the original. So let's take Bitcoin and Ethereum as of right now. Both are working on proof of work. How many of you know what's proof of work? Oh my God, I'm dealing with a lot of technical people, very good. So if you know what's proof of work, this visual is going to be a lot more interesting for you. And here's the source, right? So he compares how proof of work works and how Bitcoin and Ethereum work with, guess what, any Americans here? I'm not an American, there's two Americans here as well. Three, this is comparing with your U.S. Senate. So we have few stakeholders, right? So governance talks a lot about stakeholders because it implies there's a platform or marketplace, which implies there's more than one side, which implies how they deal with each other, how they communicate with each other, what are their respective incentives, and how the decision making and consensus happens on the systems, right? So have a look. Very good comparison. Developers are the Senate. They develop stuff, right? This is the Senate part. Now minors, minors are the judiciary because developers can develop stuff, but minors, they might decide to approve or not approve, right? And then you have the community that has some voting power, and you have the House of Representatives. This is basically the infrastructure, et cetera. So do you think this is an optimal system of governance? I know we have a few Americans here, but do you really think your system is actually optimal? Yours is a representative democracy that made sense in 18th century at that time. Say again. Yes, correct. Yeah, it's a very good point. It's supposed to be, but now everyone says it's supposed to be. That's originally how you got incorporated, so to speak. That's right. But so what's wrong with this picture? Any idea if something is wrong? Or even if you don't necessarily want to talk about your Senate, what's wrong with Bitcoin system? I mean, there's a few things that I'll comment on, but what do you think could be improved on? Say again. Yeah, that's one. Prove of work is expensive. And also scaling is difficult. Okay, let me ask a question from a different point. Do Bitcoin developers have an incentive to develop or improve the system? Yes. Why? Not always, but so their incentive is to make the overall Bitcoin value to go up. Right? There is no direct incentive for them. This is an overall ecosystems value going up. Right? Hence the reason Bitcoin is where it is, hence the reason that the room even exists, because it was supposed to be or is supposed to be an improvement on Bitcoin. Right? Developers have very little specific to them incentive to improve. Miners. What's the incentive for miners in Bitcoin system? Who knows? Miners get, what do they get when they mine? They get rewards, right? They get block rewards, which is 12 and a half Bitcoins right now. What else do they get? Huh? They get some transaction fees. That's right. And they also need the whole thing to go up, right? The Bitcoin value, because that's also in their thing. But like the gentlemen here are mentioning, proof of work is based on the fact that it works on electricity consumption, right? And people buy hardware. Someone from previous speakers was showing the hardware like that. So do you think, and this is a leading question, do you think miners have an incentive to move to proof of stake, at least in Bitcoin? Huh? Why not? That's right. Exactly. They have a lot of rigs. They spend tens of thousands of dollars on the rigs. Why would they do anything else? They bought this. It works well for them. They go into mining pools and that's great. Why would they move to... Proof of stake is better. But do they have an incentive to move? They don't. Hence the reason you have all these forkings, hence the reason everything else is there, right? Hence the reason that the room is there, right? So again, why am I saying all of this? Is because if you think about it, every... This sort of a big system has different stakeholders. Each stakeholder has a specific incentive of doing or not doing something. How does Bitcoin improve? Bitcoin has Bitcoin-improven groups, some emails, but does community get to vote on things that Bitcoin can improve on? Yeah? Only buy? Correct. Correct. Is there any direct way for this community to vote on Bitcoin improvements? No, not really. Do miners get to vote? So to speak, no. Miners get to hire or to decide whether to get some of the developers to do their version of it or no, right? Again, why I'm dwelling on this is because for you to understand that incentives are very, very important in any system. Bitcoin is extremely important about really improving the system. Miners don't care about improving the system at all, at all. Users don't get to have a say anywhere. The best part is users are the biggest chunk of the community. They can't really push this or that or that, right? They cannot. So the reason, again, I'm dwelling on this is because you probably know some of these names. Anyone who knows Tezos and disclaimer, I don't support, invest or otherwise endorse them. I'm just approaching them from purely conceptual, objective perspective. Anyone knows Tezos? No one knows Tezos. Go Google Tezos. Tezos is basically, think like Bitcoin or Ethereum or whatever current system you take, except everyone in the system gets to vote. On changes they think would make sense. If those changes, like any of you can suggest a change, a lot of the people can vote on it. If it passes, it goes into their test net for a while. Then if that works out, then becomes integral part of Tezos moving forward. That's one, right? One system at least users actually get to say in how the community, in how the system works and potentially propose solution. Definity is the same thing, but rolling back. So if you vote on a change that overall a lot of people like, you roll back and it becomes effective as a retrospective time, not now, including. So from some time till now on to the future. There are a few other systems. I don't know if you know Futurekey again. Encourage you to check. Anyone knows Futurekey? Okay, Futurekey is basically a system without going into history of how this was created. It's a system whereby voters or people or community get to come up with values. Transparency, accountability, I don't know, trust. And then markets decide whether these values increase the overall well-being of that community. So there is basically value creation by people and then there is predictive predicting markets, which are basically deciding which ones are being maximized and whether the overall makes sense for those values. Encourage you to check. Liquid democracy, who knows what's a liquid democracy? Oh, great. What is a liquid democracy? Politics, fear. Okay, that's one way of putting it. It's a good way. So everyone knows direct democracy. Direct democracy means you vote, everyone votes on everything on all decisions, everyone. There is no such a system, current modern system, probably accepting some places where they still have tribes or whatever. Then there is a representative democracy. I'm not going to point to the U.S. But representative democracy, you elect the representative who represents you. Whether that representative knows anything about what you care or your interest, that's beyond the point. Representative democracy has a lot of problems. So liquid democracy is what? It's something that's not black and white like either. The idea is that, number one, you can either directly participate in whatever decisions you want or you can elect the representative according to their competence, their interests, their values, whatever, whatever. So it's like a hybrid. And you get to choose. On these decisions, I want to take my own vote. On the others, I want to delegate it to someone who knows better. This is called liquid democracy. And then there is quadratic voting. Anyone knows what's quadratic voting? So Vitalik Buterin came up with one. I mean, this is not his invention, but he has a system that he's thinking of also somehow introducing on top of Ethereum at one point. The idea here is that because one-on-one voting, one person, one vote has a big issue. And I don't know who knows that issue. What's the issue of one person, one vote? Pulls and a sheet voting for lunch. The minority always loses. Yeah, so correct. So one vote, one person, one vote always has a majority or supermajority problem, tyranny of majority, if you like. This idea is very, oh no, no. This idea is very simple. Instead of, so because in one person, one vote systems, what you do is you're voting either I like or dislike. Right? It's very black and white. It's zero, one.  It's a great, it's from zero to one. You buy votes, you literally buy votes. Let's say you care about whatever issue it is, about Cambridge Analytica issue so much, then you pay with whatever the token or the thing is in your system. And then eventually that gets paid back to you with time. So the idea is basically, depending on how much, how strong you feel about a certain issue, you get to vote with your wallet, so to speak. Right? Exactly. So some of this are alternatives. I encourage you to know about them because a lot of this quadratic voting is already, I don't know if you know Exim Chain. Exim Chain, Exim Chain is a supply chain system based on Ethereum, I think. And I think they're already using this. So some of the other systems are being used as well, but they are not widely known just yet. Okay, so my suggestion is, again, keep in mind, I've been consulting and advising in AI since 2011. And I'm quite new to blockchain, like I guess a lot of you. I mean, maybe like seven, eight months into this. So my thinking was that, because I know a lot more about AI, my thinking was that in every big system, where you have multiple stakeholders, complex incentive systems and communication flows, and you can see from industrial age, and I know some of the speakers talked about internet history, but if you look even further down, from industrial age, we have been trying to automate and optimize things. Right? I don't know if you realize, but there is a lot of AI in your daily lives, and I'm not talking about Siri. I'm talking about everything from algorithmic stock exchange trades, all the way to how airplanes land, all the way to Google, whatever you do on Google. And I'm not even going to talk about self-driving cars, but there is a lot of AI that's there that does stuff that humans cannot necessarily do at scale and at speed and at reliability that it's being done right now. Now, problem, and to me, it's a problem, and it's not actually, it's like almost by design. It's a new thing, and we're still having a very human way of doing things, right? Bitcoin, how many of you have read the original Satoshi paper? Okay, well, a lot of you, right? So if you read it, if you read it carefully, you probably realize, and again, there were a number of other competing, sorry, papers, not at that time, but a few years before, a few years after, the guy didn't realize it's going to go so beat, right? So this was an experiment that got mainstream for a number of reasons that a lot of other previous speakers highlighted. Now, it wasn't made to be, it wasn't optimized, so to speak. Now my point here and what I'm trying to propose is that we optimize it. Humans have optimized it as much as they can, but then we all have our own vested interest and our greed and whatever, and hence we are here with Bitcoin. Ethereum has a lot of improvisation improvement to do as well, at least in my view. So my suggestion was not having something like SingularityNet or whatever, you know? People use AI on blockchain interchangeably, but have these three things that I highlighted. So incentives, decision-making, and coordination to be done using AI. Why? Because AI can change, depending on what's the overall goal or the overall vision for that platform, can change without any bias or any agenda or any greed or anything else that humans have in a way that everyone benefits. This is what's done in a lot more complex systems than blockchain. It's just you don't know about it because you're not interested and it's done so well you think humans do it because you think humans do so well. So my suggestion was, and I mean, I even put some generic terms, right? Reinforcement, learning, generative adversarial networks and stuff because you can optimize and change incentive systems of different stakeholders in a system like Bitcoin or Ethereum. You can have optimal market design because it's a market or marketplace. Any of the systems are marketplaces because there's a lot of different stakeholders. They transact with each other, interact with each other. It's a marketplace. You can optimize it, make it efficient, make it scalable, make it really work well. And I think a previous speaker was talking about likes, right? So one of the things I've been consulting is gamification. Gamification is rooted in human psyche. It's rooted on a fact and there is behavioral economics and what not to bake it. So if we can incentivize different stakeholders in a way that everyone overall wins, why don't we do that? We should, right? So my suggestion was that the current systems already start thinking in terms of how we can introduce some automation and some optimization and take human sort of human side of it outside. I mean, Buterin has a blog post. You can Google it. Buterin governance, you'll see. He has a blog post at the end of which he says, we think the best is that we involve all stakeholders. He says that that's the end of his long article. And that's right. Let's involve all the stakeholders, but he doesn't have a solution for it. So that's where you have some people, some experts who do this, get a Nobel Prize on this, come and tell you what to do, right? So again, like think of how we can really optimize and really make it scalable. And that's one, right? This is governance too, at least in how I see things. Now, governance three. Anyone knows CAPTCHA? CAPTCHA. Now, this side doesn't know CAPTCHA. You guys don't log in in any systems, like Gmail, Facebook. You know, it's that image under username and password. Anyone knows the story of CAPTCHA? Great, one person. How many of you are Canadians here? No Canadians? Only one American guy knows about the CAPTCHA story. Okay. Okay, CAPTCHA story, if I recall correctly, and there is a link you can, or you can Google. Started with a guy, Louis von Anh, who he was part of one, I think University of Washington, I think, or it doesn't matter which university, he was part of a project that was digitizing medieval texts. And medieval texts are not exactly well-known. They're not exactly well-written. And there is a problem of someone needs to eyeball. You know, you can have all the optical character recognition, but the digital text is not going to be recognized properly. So he needed people to eyeball. So he said, it's either I hire thousands of people to eyeball, copywriters, pay them millions of dollars over infinite amount of time, because we have so much text. Or why don't we have this? This is beginning of 2000s when he came up with them. Internet is still new. Email authentication, we're still fresh. You didn't have neural nets that can crack captures, which you do now. So his idea was if we put an image of what looks otherwise illegible, three, four letters to people who are authenticating at once, adding another layer of security to an otherwise breakable, brute force breakable user password authentication. And at the same time, we make sure with an algorithm that whatever that's input by the user is actually 99% certainty correct. You basically crowdsourced eyeballing for free. Now why I'm saying this? Now think of it. Proof of work, like gentlemen there was mentioning, you were mentioning. Proof of work is what? What is proof of work in one sentence? It's calculation of hash function. Does it do anything useful? No. It's completely wasting time, energy and everything else. And hence the reason we're talking about electricity, etc. Now imagine if instead of churning your CPU or your rig for nothing, wasting it, I always give an analogy. I say you go 10 floors up, come 10 floors down, show me you sweat it. That's called Bitcoin mining. That's literally it. People get Bitcoin not because they solve problems in the world, they help, but because they buy rigs and because they churn their CPU. It's completely waste. It's waste of everything. My point here, imagine to have CAPTCHA type of an approach and I can help formulate how that can happen for proof of work. Proof of work is nothing wrong with it or proof of stake. Nothing is wrong with those. It's just what you're spending your effort, that's what's wrong. When Satoshi wrote the paper or when the paper came out, do you know how he got the idea of proof of work? Who knows where he got the idea from? No one knows where he got the idea. Okay, one person. Anyone has heard of hash cash? Hash cash. Can you tell us about hash cash? What is it supposed to do? Okay, never mind. Hash cash is this thing, came out beginning of 2000. I think 2001. The idea was very simple. There was a lot of email. This is dot com boom, right? A lot of email was being used as spam. So email spam was on the rise. This guy comes up with an idea saying, how can we make, how can we desensitize, if you like, the spammers?  This is hash cash. And if you read the first paper of Satoshi, like a lot of you did, it says, it says similar to hash cash. It's not similar. This is exactly that idea. His idea was, okay, every time I send an email, in email servers, you have a little function that generates a hash with identity of the sender and it's tiny little, I think it was like 10 bytes or whatever, on top of your email. And verification of that, just exactly in your Bitcoin, it's very simple, much faster. This was hash cash. It became quite well known and still, I think it's being used by a lot of systems, but it's not mainstream. Like, not everyone uses it. And again, so proof of work came from that. This is the inspiration. Now, you take that which at the time made a lot of sense. You put it in terms of churning CPU, but on this kind of a scale. That doesn't make a lot of sense because you're just churning CPU, you have rigs, and then you get Bitcoin and there's no incentive for you to change. So, yeah, you just become more and more, you have more Bitcoin, but no one else benefits from that, right? So, if you had a system whereby your CPU is actually using, is being used to solve a lot of problems in the world. Everything from health to education to poverty. If you could derive a system like that, where proof of work is actually making your CPU use, I mean, this is all, I mean, full session is about open and community and stuff. And there are a lot of big problems that need to be solved, but you don't have CPUs. Imagine crowdsourcing your CPUs and you can use proof of work or proof of stake or whatever, but actually solving real problems. Wouldn't that be great? That would be great, right? Anyone thinks that won't be great? Yeah? No? Some people are smiling. Yeah, here. Please tell us your argument. I think you guys with Folding Coin is something like that. With which one? Folding Protein is a good basis for that. You're talking about Fold it? Fold.it? Finding primary bomb or something like that. Yeah, so I think you're talking about Fold it where they found the AIDS enzymes three dimensions. Is it that one you're mentioning? Something like that. Yeah. I mean, that's one point. So, okay, what he's mentioning. Anyone knows Fold it? Great. Do you want to talk about Fold it? Computations for programming, proteins can fold in different ways. Yep. And it's a incredibly complex computational task, so it's a primary route source. Yeah, so how did they crowdsource it? They had a bunch of people who are not specialists in this. They gamified it, basically. They put it out there. They crowdsourced it. Whoever who solves it, they made it look like a game. And in, I think, two weeks if I recall correctly, it was solved. Whereas previously it took 20 years, a lot of experts, and they couldn't solve it. So they found a three-dimensional structure of that enzyme that was escaping the experts for a long time. So they gamified it. So this, yeah, it's that sort of approach, right? You can crowdsource or gamify something for free to you. Otherwise, for free. A lot of people do it because for them it's minimal effort and not much of other resource. Spank change. It's called what? Spank change. Spank change. In yourself, you spank. I mean, I'm aware of your book. No, really? Spanks herself an appropriate number of times live. And this is part of the program. Is it imaginary? Yeah. So I mean, yeah. So it's very normal, right? You all should go and now check the spank chain one.  No, I mean, but fair point, right? So imagine if you could have approval work designed in a way. And again, there are a lot of people who can help or who can design this in a way that actually solves problems. So you're renting your CPU to do something useful, actually, whether that's for you. That's for a community for the world, whatever, whatever. And I had this discussions from with number of people, including some people for material from cyber networks. Everyone agrees. And they're like, so why do we do this? There's an incentive issue there as well, right? You have to incentivize them to do this. So anyway, this is basically my last slide. So I wanted to leave you with that. And yeah, and here is some context in case anyone wants to follow up with discussion and whatnot. So think of it this way. Governance is AI on current systems. And governance three is even more fundamentally changing the way proof of work or proof of whatever works, whereby that proof of whatever actually does something useful. That's what I want you to take away from this. Thanks a lot. Yeah, you have a question. Is that governance is really the mechanism for achieving consensus, right? Consensus achievement is one part of governance. Governance is the overall how everything works with everything else. Consensus obviously plays a big role in that. Sure, sure. The other aspect, the thing that I think is actually the most important is determining what the scope is that we have any business making a decision about. Yeah, that's also part of what you're supposed to define as part of the governance. You are defining that. You're also going to define what's the overall vision for that, let's say Ethereum or Bitcoin. What is that you want to achieve? You define that. From that, you can already see what kind of incentives you should have for different stakeholders to work together collaboratively to reach that. So you have to define that. You have a very strong point on that. One of the challenges that the democracies have, the reason why they inevitably fail, is that their scope grows too big. That's right. And governance schemes, consensus schemes, do not scale. That's right. They absolutely don't. And so the more you can restrict what it is that they are governing, the more efficient they can be in scale in that respect. So you may have a problem that everyone agrees this is a set of rules that which we want to apply and we're going to govern these for this. And it might have one consensus set or the different problem might have another different consensus set. Yeah, so good point. So what you're saying, if I understand correctly, is how do you basically ensure that everyone at the same time somehow is winning? Because everyone has their specific consensus based on their own specific incentives, right? Somehow. So I mean, that's the goal of governance. It's not necessarily just looking at one. It's looking at the overall picture and trying to optimize that. And no one says it's going to be the most optimal since the beginning, but that's a fair shot of trying because, again, everything. So one of my teammates, her supervisor, got a Nobel Prize in 2012. I don't know if you read the book called Who Gets What and Why? All-Rose. All-Rose got a Nobel Prize in 2012 on market design. This is the book on the marketplace design. Anyone who wants to know how to design a marketplace that has a fair shot of winning, you should read that book. It's about kidney markets. The guy designed analog. It's not like he has a platform. He designed kidney markets, which are very, it's... I mean, if you read that book, you can see everyone has very specific incentives. A lot of them are completely contradictory to each other. No one has any steady, I mean, they have communication flaws, but it's also broken. And he designed what became a very optimal system, got a Nobel Prize for that. So again, what I'm saying is because, like, there are ways of designing markets. There's a lot of system theory thinking about this, right? So you can look at a big picture and design something that's optimal for everyone, not just for one. Everyone has their own respective incentives and relevant consensus on decision-making system. But how do you make everything work together is what governance is supposed to do. Otherwise, it's this, right? Because right now, we are at the very beginning stages, both for the real man Bitcoin and everyone has this very narrow picture of their own incentive, their own thing, right? That's why... And I mean, that's normal. It's still new, right? So what I'm suggesting is the next and the next step on top of that. I think as it grows, we get very real ethical changes. Correct. As to what are valid and invalid governance things. And you kind of alluded to it, but I think one of the critical properties for anything that's going to be successful and when the last is the concept, Nicholas Tellev likes to call it skin and the game. Yeah, correct. How do you find... The skin and the game. Yes, correct. You have to have the skin and the game, correct. And so like, I think if you don't, if you find a governance model that does not have that aspect, I think it's quickly going to come into the world. Yeah, correct. And they, but almost by definition, you have to have all of them have the skin and the game of the bigger picture. Otherwise, they are not going to work together. Yeah, but that's what we help for. That's what we help with. Thanks a lot. I'm here in case anyone has any other questions.