That was easy. And the guy tapping on things over there is Tom Calloway. So we both work at Red Hat. I'm on a team called Open Source and Standards, and work largely with Fedora, and he's the Fedora engineering manager, and Raspberry Pi isn't really our job, but it's awesome. More relevantly, I suppose, we are theoretically finished writing a book called Raspberry Pi Hacks that will come out in December. And so the first half of this talk, I'm kind of glad that only like three of you have actually built something, because we're going to walk you through some of the basic Pi stuff. If words like soft float sound like they should involve ice cream, that's OK. Just like glaze over for those parts, and then we'll get to the part of the end where we show you cool things people have built. And that's when the jokes about Captain America are going to come back. This is just a picture of a guy with Pi on his face. And it makes me laugh, so I leave it there. I usually start with some history of the Pi, but how many of you went to Evan's keynote yesterday morning? So we can skip most of that because you heard a much better version from the guy who has the history. But I will show you this. This is the BBC Micro. The little computer he talked about that he based the Raspberry Pi on that inspired the whole idea for the Raspberry Pi. This came out in 1981 with a two megahertz processor, and you had two options. You had a Model A and a Model B, just like with the Raspberry Pi. You could have 16K or 32K of memory. I know. Never, never. Nobody needs that much memory. And this is an ad for it. And you can see it was intended for educational use, just like the Raspberry Pi is designed to. Let's talk about the actual little Pi. Mm-hmm, Pi. I'll let Tom go through some of the basic descriptions. Some of those pins are specific to various use cases. It's an ICC bus. I've done a lot on that. There's a serial control board on it. It also has some other connectors that are extension for the future. The only one that's in use right now is the SI connector for the camera. The reason being, it doesn't take any sort of component that has the standard cable. The employee right here is a Pi because the firmware on Pi has to now have to drive the R. So the only device that actually has a cord in the firmware right now is the Raspberry Pi camera. So you can't go and take apart the phone and start driving the Pi. So you have to be very careful how to write the firmware when it's not available. Unfortunately, it's not called a CSI connector because it gives your camera powers of zoom and enhance. That wouldn't be the case.  One of the things that's nice about that chip is that it has proper support for the chip so that you can actually directly go through that hardware to be able to do a 0.5 or 2.10 ADP. So it's pretty powerful without the card. The first number goes, model 8 has 128 megs, that's model B, the current one has 512 megs around the same original model. If I have a Sharpie, I'll just scratch that out. Picture is a little old and it's worth noting. So most of the things we'll be talking about, things that you should do, can do, a lot of the projects are built on that more recent model B version of the Pi which also has some other cool additions like mounting holes which are super handy. So as you know, the Pi was designed for education which is super awesome. The idea is keep it cheap and then you can get it into the hands of kids. And for all of us, that's still super cheap because you have a monitor and you have a keyboard and all those things. Unfortunately, a lot of people have noticed that there's a lot of other things that you need that aren't always handy and there are ways to overcome these things and we'll talk about some of those. But the best part is, if you don't have a lot of stuff, you get to go shopping. And there are all sorts of places on the internet that will sell you all of these things and all the great toys that you can connect to the Raspberry Pi and all the things that we're going to be talking about. Adafruit is particularly fantastic and we talk about them all the time. And it sounds like we sell for Adafruit, but we don't. We just buy all of their things. Yeah, I want to cut. The biggest difference on Adafruit, the Pi is $39.99 instead of $35.  Element 14 has all the cool stuff too. They're one of the main sellers of the Pi. SparkFun is really only useful for weird electronics parts. I kind of think of it as the internet version of what I would like RadioShack to be. And as for, oh, don't buy Pies on Amazon. That's why that bullet is there. They sell for like $50 on Amazon.  I was like, yeah, slow motion, jumping on him. And your RadioShack. RadioShack fantastically varies by the side of town. I was going to say by town, but not even. There are three of them near me. And one of them might as well call itself the Arduino store and another is a cell phone store. The one that is by the college with the engineering school, particularly fantastic. So that's some of the places you can get stuff. So let's get started. A few basic steps. Your SD card is your hard drive. That's where all of the important things happen. Well, not all of the important things, but many of them. And so you want to get the right one. And these are the steps we're going to go through. I'm trying to skim through some of this because I feel like you guys probably already know a lot of this and you want to see cool things. Most quality name brand SD cards that you recognize the name of are fine. There was a bug at one time with class 10 cards, which supposedly has been repaired. But Tom ran into like a week ago. On the other hand, there is one hack in our book that actually requires a class 10 card. So your mileage may vary. Yeah, that Elinix site is your source of everything that you ever wanted to know about anything about the pie. It's pretty fantastic. I've only found a couple of things that were a little out of date and it's a wiki. So I suppose the right thing to do would be to go back and update them. It will tell you that micro SD card with an adapter won't work, except it does. And that's mostly all we use. And I think that's what Adafruit ships you. So don't be afraid of the micro SD card. It's cool. You're going to talk about some of the display choices, like the one on your table. Take up on a VGA, what is this VGA? Is this a platform where one of the peers has been connected through a VGA micro SD unit? So that's what it's going to look like to see. So there's a lot that we're going to get help with individually from the line. There are also some fun creative solutions. One of my favorites is this guy who made something he calls the Kindle Berry pie, where he uses the Kindle for a screen.    But here's how you do it over and over again. The other cool thing is there used to be this phone called the Motorola Atrix.  And now that $500 accessory is like $40 on eBay for this old phone, and it works great with the pie. And then you have a battery and a screen and a keyboard all in one. And I just got one for my birthday, and I've been laughing because I say not every guy could get away with giving his wife a three-year-old discontinued piece of cell phone accessory for her birthday. Such a lucky man. And you can play with touch screen. You can play with touch screen directly. It won't work with some of the Linux countries that are out there, because they don't go back. They drive directly to the video core libraries that talk directly to GPUs. So the display link stuff has no idea how to interface in the universe at all. But then you can have touch screen devices like this. We are opening from HDMI, and the accessories over here to get the desktop world list and things like that. There's also overlays you can get for free, or basically just a fly has to be overlaid, or I just screen, and it has to become a luxury. And some of these things are particularly like this, or based on our adventures even a year ago with getting stuff to work. I think Adafruit now sells a little tiny touch screen. It might actually be meant for Arduino. You can make it work. That's what you're here for, right? Well, there was that joke. Talk currently things engineering man. This is a 3.6 kernel. There are new kernel branches in the GitHub repository. There's a rather back on there, but there's not merchants in the link kernel. We hope someday this will be the case. So we will stop having to go back on the separate 4.3. But the new version of it can be maintained in the current. So basically you can get that code, call it, build it, and then you can run the make-mister-proper command. Which is so named. The kernel has the make-mister-proper in addition to the make-clean target because Mr. Propper is the name of Mr. Clean on the other side of the ocean. Now you know. You learn something a day. So now you have your awesome SD card. You got what you want to put on it. You should pick the right distro. We may be slightly biased towards PyDora, what with Red Hat paying our paychecks and stuff. We don't produce PyDora, I should add. It's a project based out of Seneca College. So we're not actually getting paid to work on it. We just like it because it's based on the thing we're getting paid to work on. But that said, we're also fans of using the thing that is best for what you're doing with it. And so if you're going to set up XBMC, for example, you should use RASBMC because that's what it was designed to do. Occidentalus is Adafruit's RASBM-based distro. We're first calling it the distro for education, but if you go read their page, it basically says, what this is really for is hardware hackers. And if none of the following words make sense to you, perhaps this distro is not for you. But you have many, many choices. And this is a small fraction of the number of distros that are available in versions for the Pi. And I originally put Plan 9 on this slide because I thought it was amusing, and I have discovered that it is incredibly popular. But some of them get specific. Qt on Pi is for Qt apps. So whatever you want to use, there is one for it. But we'll tell you things about PyDora because it's awesome. I specifically like when I first read the list of features. Because at some point, Linux is kind of Linux. The one that caught my eye was if you're running Headless, you never have to attach a monitor at all to find out your IP address, because you can put this little file in there, and it will blink out the IP address through the LEDs and then read it over the speakers in this lovely British accent. Which we would demonstrate for you, except that I didn't bring one of those. We brought the little screen, you can play with that. At one point, I'm gonna say back about January, somebody created a bootloader. So that you could have some choices, and it happened literally the day I gave this talk for the first time. And so right before I gave my talk, I'm like, stick it in the slide. But now, there is Noobs, which is short for new out of box software. And what's great about this is you get all of these choices at first boot, and then at some point in the future, when you decide you wanna use something else, or you work something up and you just start over, you hold down Shift at Boot, and you get this screen backing, and you get to make another choice. Then like us, who have 47 SD cards, and we stick them in various machines to try to figure out what's installed on them at any given time. You have a couple choices to install it. Of course, you can DD at your command line, which is probably what a lot of the people here are inclined to do. There's a handy dandy arm installer packaged in Fedora, and if you don't have to use it to install PyDora, you can use it to install all sorts of distros. But it's a one-click handy dandy, and I'm a big fan of that. On a Mac, you can use the Raspberry Pi SD card builder. If you're using Windows, I'm not really sure why you're here, so we'll skip that part. Or you can just buy a card that is preloaded with a distro. There are several vendors that sell several different distros, usually Raspbian, already on a card, ready for you to go. We didn't add, you should probably take into consideration what you're gonna do with that Pi and how much space you need on said SD card, and how big your distro is for that matter. So power, because it's electronics, it needs electricity. Five volts of it. Gonna talk about power. Sorry. So it's about five volts, not five. About a quarter volt of tolerance either way. Yeah. But you do want to have a few reliable, because there's no battery, the Pi is dependent upon your life. Now, you might think, hey, I've got this awesome phone, and this is what my phone charger is in there, and what you will discover, is that you can play with the phone, and that's what most of the phone chargers can do. Well, correct. To find for your phone, you just need to hold the continuous great voltage to your phone. The charger can go all the way down all over the place, and your phone will look at the charger slower. But for the Pi, you need that to be regularly clean. So your phone charger is probably, it's not the best way to want to use it. You want to go out and get it more dedicated, it's a little better to build chargers for that. And the irony is, is that you have to get it back to the phone chargers, so. And then, of course, we have to know why you could use iPhone in case it's the wrong way to pass it. It's not going to be possible. You have an iPhone charger, you have a red connector already, so. We should skip that and see if some conference we can find somebody to try to plug their iPhone connector into a new Pi. Your random behavior that I'm really trying on to do this, I try to only do it. Yeah, that said, we have a guy who wrote a section for our book, and I'll show you that in a little bit, and that's all he does. And he came over to my house to spend two Saturdays tinkering on things, and I was like, what are you doing? He's like, this is all I ever powered off of. I was like, all right, whatever works for you. He also, so I have a cell phone charger brick. It's about like that big, and it powered the Pi for 16 hours when I forgot that it was on there and running. It's kind of amazing. And mine was, I don't know, like $120 or something a year and a half ago. My mother-in-law gave it to me. Now they're like 40 bucks. My friend, however, he's buying them off this site that's dx.com, which is where he finds all of his amazing little electronics, and he gets them for $15 now. So if you would like portable power, $15 cell phone charger, he gets the smaller ones, he gets five hours off of his because he's mostly using them for aerial photography, which we'll get to, but yeah, up to 16 hours, kind of insane. And while we're talking about power, we'll talk about this little guy. This is not where you put your thumb to plug your Pi in. That's how you break it off and that's what you search for when you break it off and want to solder a new one back on. This is cool. So where those two little pins are that are circled, that is not, those pins aren't on your board. You have to add those two little header pins, but then if you do, you sort of have a power switch. You short those out and your Pi will reboot. Or if it's off, it will power on. You have a set of LEDs that can tell you all sorts of things about why your Pi is not coming on when you think that it should be. And what's super cool about the Pi is you have your GPIO. GPIO stands for general purpose in-out if you haven't made friends with it before. This is how most of the super cool projects get made. The pins are slightly different on the older board. So depending on, you want to look up what model you have and where the pins are and so forth. There are three volt, not five volt like Android and there's no overvoltage protection. So try not to short things out because that's not cool. Anything else that we should say about the GPIO in general? And you should buy yourself some male female jumpers and I'll show you why when we get to that picture. It's the horrible, horrible things I've done. This is super handy. This guy created this little thing called the Raspberry Leaf to lay on there so that you don't have to go crazy trying to figure out which pin is which. And at Open Hardware Summit last week, we got little metal versions of this, which best give away ever. That's okay, you're on it. That's a Pi. If you're going to want to cross the one G, that's very well, you can set that up and very quickly have a functioning on our own, either free out of the mod or free out of the mod. So now that we've set a lot of words that you're going to forget and have to look up again later, let's talk about the cool things people are making with Raspberry Pis because it's for education or grownups who want to make fun toys. We did not talk about cases. You should probably get or make one in some fashion. Leaving them laying all over your dining room table is a good way to get your four-year-old to wander off with one, not that I know anything like that might happen. You can 3D print one. In fact, one of the better cases we have came out of the 3D printer or you can sell them out of Legos, which is my favorite approach. Unfortunately, I do not have any dimensionally transcendental Legos unless you can't actually travel in that one. Alas. This is in the book. This is a good reason. If you like Legos, you should check out the book. This is my diagram of how to take two layers of the little half-height Legos and make a base plate because a Lego pip, the little round nubbins on top are eight millimeters if you do one of the little squares around that. And if you do that by the math of the pie, you need a nine-by-thirteen base plate to make a case. There is no nine-by-thirteen base plate. You can make them on like a 15-by-15 or something, but then you don't have a tiny case to go with your tiny pie. There is also a place that you can buy this handy kit that is already made, but I'm a little Lego obsessive a lot.  I'm like, I'm pretty sure my parents were buying me $500 Lego kits. When did Legos get so expensive? And so I actually went back through to the beginning of Legos and priced out price per brick of a bunch of sets since the beginning of time. It turns out Legos are not getting more expensive. They're just cramming a lot more bricks into that box. And so I figured out that 10 cents per brick at the end of this story is a good price. Below 10 cents per brick you're doing pretty good. This kit, while awesome, is 24 cents per brick. So it's open source, the directions are online. You can have other colors, you can go make your set. You can, Lego Digital Designer is a thing you can download, so you can design it before you build it. You can get little hinged doors so that you can get to the ports, you can get little transparent bricks, you can get to the LEDs, and now I'll stop talking about Legos. We get, I should submit a whole talk about Legos one day. This is the long-awaited, fantastic little camera module. If you haven't seen it, that little green board part of the camera, it's about that big. It is the tiniest, most amazing little, you can dazzle the neighbors. We were in the cul-de-sac with the kids playing the other day and my neighbors were all like, that's a camera? Like it takes pictures, like for real. Really? Yeah, it's awesome. And the coolest thing that I've seen it used for, I'm sorry, Evan, I like your aerial photography picture, but this one's cooler. This is the guy I was talking about that's been so super helpful and plugs all of his pies into his laptop. Is with a group called NC Nearspace and they've done seven or eight launches now, I think as high as 80,000 feet. And so he's helped us write about 11 pages worth, I think, about the details of how you do this and it's pretty spectacular. This is how you should not connect things to the GPIO. Unless, in a pinch, you really, really want to and all you have is some alligator clips. And so what you do, you look very carefully and make sure that nothing's, no metal-touching metal. This is the first thing, one of the first things we came up with and we were like, what can we do with this thing? We can rip a Game Boy apart and shove a pie back in there. That sounds like a good idea. It doesn't really fit that well, as it turns out. It comes pretty close. You gotta start, you gotta trim it out some plastic. It'll get in there, but it's hard work. Also, you need a tri-tip screwdriver to get that thing apart and I do not have a tri-tip screwdriver. It took us like an afternoon in the Red Hat Engineering Office to find somebody with a tri-tip screwdriver, but it was worth it. So this is a little screen that Adafruit sells. The other thing that I think is fun about being a little pie tinker is that you don't have to read the directions and sometimes things work anyway. Those wires that are so cleverly attached to the pie actually require between six and 12 volts and that's not supposed to work. But it does, like you can place hatchers all afternoon and we might have. So if you add an extra letter to Pie Boy, what you get is a Pip Boy if anyone was a fallout fan and a lot of people immediately looked at the size of the pie and the size of their arm, not my arm, I have little child-sized wrists, but other people thought, hey, I could put that on my arm. And so one guy did. He used those, if you're familiar with Instamorf or some of the products like that, it's little plastic pellets about the size of very small pearls and you put them in hot water and what you get is a clay and you can mold it to anything you want and then it hardens and you have plastic thing that you made. There's something similar now called Sugru, but Sugru comes already as a clay, you don't have to do the heated up part. And so he built this for Halloween last year and shorted it out two hours before the party and then was like, I'm wearing it anyway. Still pretty cool. This is Tom's favorite project, so let's talk about it. Yeah, the other thing to do is to put the pie into a reservoir. It was pretty much what I wanted to do. This thing called reservoir pie, that has pretty much every emulator known as man off the side of it and there's a helper strip that will automate the entire process. You basically just pick it in and let it go and it builds all the emulators ever and runs them all like a pie and most of that works really well. And you can get a lot of the joy that you can have an authentic experience of playing the same console you were about to put about the original connector and the person over at the USB they actually show up at the USB USB or if you want that real authentic experience you can get USB to actual weird providers and connectors and connectors and often use your actual controllers if you're weird like being in a stage over a game or whatever. But for a while there, the sound was pretty awful in there because the also driver was not so good but the also driver has gotten a lot better with him and now the sound is pretty much perfect. It can emulate everything. Some of the specific tips in the old devices was to pretend though that people are not rendering that's not gonna work in the emulator very well but SuperMemory's demonstrated here was great. I've heard reports, although I forget to try it, that everything all the way to play stages one and even some of the stages two games will actually play in the final. We also learned at Maker Faire that 11 year olds of 2013 are not amused by actual Super Mario 2. Not at all. Child after child came by and we go, can I play Mario? And be like, yeah, you can play Mario, give him the controller.  Throw down the controller and walk away. Every one of them. Like this wasn't one kid, it was every kid who walked by. Speaking of kids, let's talk about kids. Since this little thing was made for education, kids are a great creature to educate, I suppose. I think that's what we're supposed to do as parents. Yours are still small. There's a chance to recover. This is spread from one of my favorite nerd books for kids. It's called Super Scratch Programming Adventure. And if you're not familiar with Scratch, that little cat helps you learn programming skills by those little puzzle pieces at the bottom right. They lock together, the pieces of code lock together so that you can actually see how things work. It's pretty cool. And so the way this book works is on the left you have a comic book story that goes through the book and something happens at the end of the page and then what you do on the right side and Scratch solves the problem. And at the end of the book you have a video game you can play. And so the first time I gave this to my daughter, she was, I don't know, five or six. And she poked around and scratched for a while and I gave her the book and I thought she was doing stuff and this is the part where you should be an attentive parent. And then, I don't know, a year later, six months a year later, she's like, I'm bored.  And she goes, I don't know how to play that game. And I'm like, it's like a game. Like you make a game with it, you're just like, what? So when you give this book to your kid, you should perhaps help them with it. They also have little fingers when you need to plug tiny things into places. Another fun, oh, I should add, if you want that book or Python for kids is awesome, NoStarch loves kids and there is a 30% off coupon in your Linux Con bag for NoStarch. They have a whole series of kid books and we met the founder of the company at Open Hardware Summit last weekend and he said they're trying to really expand the kid line and focus on kids. He's doing some cool stuff in New York with like a sort of temporary weekend hacker space for kids. So sync description. This is one of the things that I wanted to do because back in the day, I was constantly running SETI at home and if you don't remember SETI at home, it basically ran as a screensaver when people use such things and searched for alien intelligence. Because why not? It was the first really big distributed computing project like that and it has grown up and there's a new program called Boink, Berkeley open infrastructure network computing, I think. And that's what SETI at home runs on now and so you can set up a pie to search for aliens or you could make a whole pie farm to search for lots of aliens. And if you did that, you could use a 50 by 50 Lego board and fit like four by. This is another interesting project. This is like the dedication thing and you can actually help this guy. So this guy really, really liked Stargate and decided that he wanted a functioning Stargate. Not like functioning, functioning, but functioning. Not like functioning, functioning. And so they're making some good progress. This is not theirs, this is the screenshot but they're making good progress on making the ring and he wants to use a Raspberry Pi to make things flash and spin and whatnot and so they're asking for help. So if you wanna help him make a Stargate, you should go check that out. He just updated the blog. They've been taking it to like Japan, Comic-Con and some assorted other events like that to show off where they are. Pi FM is a fun project that turns your pie into a radio, so FM stands for frequency modulation. All that means is changing the positive to negative signal like 10 million times a second and your pie's clock manager can produce any frequency you want by doing math and dividing the system process or clock down to any rate you want and so these guys took that and basically turned their pie into a radio. They'll play any sound file you want and if you want to slightly illegally depending on your jurisdiction boost that signal you can attach a little wire. Antenna, as we call it. Anything else cool about that? It's a cool project. You should Google Pi FM and check that out.  Yeah, the other thing you could do, they've, did you do that? Not for them. Oh, okay. He just sold his house and I was like, wait, did you do that? The other cool thing that you could use this for if you were willing to do the whole slightly illegal boosting the signal thing is that we have another hack in the book that I didn't put in here for doing controlling your Christmas lights with the pie. You attach a little relay controller and you can control about up to 17 strands if you get enough relays on there. And so then you could, you've seen the Wizards in Winter video where the guy like animated his whole house in lights and all you could pretty much do that and broadcast it over the radio for people driving by so that you don't torture your neighbors with speakers. One of the first things, this may be the very first thing we did with the pie. We set up a photo booth at South by Southwest a long time ago. I don't know, I'm starting to lose track of conferences. And so that's Tom in the Penguin suit and me at the monitor.   I wore the penguin suit for a while at a, where was I, like Lord of the Flies children swarmed me and started beating me. It was ridiculous. The most recent thing that I started working on is this project. I'm a costuming kind of nerd. And so on the right, that's my Mass Effect Captain Ashley armor. And the guy, if you don't know this game, he probably looks, I realized that at that size he looks freakishly deformed and not okay. That's the guy who's the voice of the character in the video game and somebody made him this armor that's half paragon, half renegade. And so that's why he looks weird and has yellow contact. And so I realized it would be super cool to wire up the camera and a battery pack and put it through a little hole. These costumes were made out of floor mat foam. That's about this thick. That's what that is. And so you just cut a hole in the foam. This is my prototype where I was not so good at the exacto.  This is just a brief blurb about XBMC which we've joked about a couple of times and Evan joked in his talk too. I think I said something in the preface to the book that all but one pie has been used for XBMC because it's all anybody talks about on the internet. But the reason it's a good example is because of this guy I found down in the comments on a post, I think on the Raspberry Pi blog about XBMC and he's like, I've pretty much just opened this box and did it. And I was like, that's the open source dream. It finally worked. And I had my seven year old install it the other day. She got impatient at the end because it was not being speedy and we got down to let's go ride bikes but basically a seven year old installed XBMC. That's pretty cool. What is not as easy is putting Android on your pie. This is a really bad idea and yet a lot of people wanna do it. There's a wiki, they have an IRC channel, there's some people working on it and it will boot and you can use it and that's the slowest Android you've ever seen in your life. You have to use Cyanogen Mod 7 to 9 doesn't really work. And if that is in your aspirations you just go to the wiki and you do it. Good luck with that. I wasn't gonna do that, but man. Let's talk about arduinos. Other words that start with A. This is a little board called the a la mode because there's ice cream on your raspberry pie. But what it lets you do is attach arduino shields to the pie. And so if you have a collection of arduino shields sitting around you're going, sure wish there was an easy way to connect those. Done. This one's made by Weilum. There's also cooking hacks. It's another site that makes a bunch of stuff for the pie and they have a version too that's slightly different. This, if you're the sort of person who has a spouse who would buy you ancient electronics for your birthday and not get killed, then this would be an excellent Valentine's present. This guy built this for his girlfriend and it worked because now she's his wife. It's not just an R2D2. This is a raspberry pie controlled, bilingual, voice controlled, face recognizing, distance recognizing, motion detecting, everything R2D2. And of course he records and plays back messages because that's kind of what R2 does. Love that thing. I want one.  That's pretty much what it is. You just have to see that picture because it's just, it's adorable. And you can go to the blog and this is how he describes how he did it. I love his wiring diagrams. He's like, I scribbled this on an napkin and I scanned it in for you. Done. Fish Pie is a pretty cool project. It's a project to build a marine unmanned surface vehicle. They intend for it to cross the Atlantic. This is one of the earlier prototypes. What I love about this is I said you could come up with a case out of Legos or just about anything you want or say a piece of Tupperware. That's the waterproof housing. I went and looked today to see if they had changed anything. They have a new hole, but it's still in the Tupperware which I think is awesome. But Tom came up with a better plan if you would like to wet down your pie. I know this is a terrible plan, but it works. I'll let you describe what you did your electronic. So there's a pink gold layer that's pink on top. That's advertised. No, I'm sure it's just a zero. It happened and then I powered it off and I threw it in the water. And it ran just fine. There's a video of it on YouTube. It was a bad terrible problem video. And then the most important part that was when I put this out, it came out dry because the water wasn't actually at your width at all. It wasn't like it was just not getting in by the bit long and it comes out in no good. Now it makes it very, very, very chalky. The one that I think this is pretty painting, but the one that I think this is rather the capstone I think it may look like I don't have this record, so I'm curious about that. But it was really cool. Okay, I think it worked for us. I think it worked for us. I can tell that maybe you put me with it. I think it's really what it was because we're very defined and more accurate. We were discussing this in one of New Orleans fine restaurants yesterday over lunch and a guy at the next table was like, excuse me, are you talking about putting your cake in water? He was highly, and then I heard his wife say something about, there's a girl at that table with five men. What are you talking about? It was hilarious. So then we started talking to that guy. It was great. This is the last project I'll show you and it demonstrates another principle which is that every good idea I have has already been done on the internet. We, a lot of this books outline was born in the most wonderful bar in the world in Paris, which if you're the kind of person who would like to walk into a bar and see a Millennium Falcon on the wall, then this is your bar and I'll tell you all about it. You just come up after and you can hear the saga of the greatest bar in the world. But one of the things they have is diesel things, which I call the Pizza Hut table because that's the only place I ever saw them where you have player one on one side and player two on the other and it flips back and forth and you play all games and I'm like, we could build this with a pie and Ikea and stuff. And then of course I Google it and somebody already built it because every good idea I have somebody already did on the internet but still want to do it. And that's about it. If you would like to download, not exactly these slides but a previous version of them, there is that link at the top. It's mostly missing just that aerial photography picture but I'll upload the new one so that you can have them. And then these are some other resources. The Beginner's Guide is good if you're just getting started. That's the link for our book that comes out in December and our information so that you can yell at us on the internet. Anybody have any questions? Cool projects they want to tell us about? Did you bring beer from your Raspberry Pi beer calculator? Thanks for coming. You mean in the sense of power? They only are intended to go with low power devices and so when you play a high power device, if you had the effect, it would need to be low power or high power. And we've talked for several pages in my book about this initiative but basically what it means is that the USB port on your laptop can power up to the low power and the high power devices and they work just fine. Most of the high power devices that I've ever seen they don't actually show up with low power devices when they first detect and then immediately when they start to be used, they show up with a high power. Now because the USB ports on the spy are really only assuming they're ever talking to low power devices. When you plug in a high power device with a wireless, it'll work for a second and then it will stop working. Or if you plug in something that's too high power or higher power, it'll just turn off. So what the trick to that is to always power up. If you plug in an extra power hub in the USB port, you work around that up to there. There are a lot more USB types of things that work in the USB, but when they revive them on a USB stick, they fix quite a few of the USBs as well. I also forgot to add, I have not a ton but I have some PyDora t-shirts if anybody wants one and all the PyDora stickers in the entire world and possibly some Raspberry Pi stickers, I should look. Yeah. Oh, so the picture that I showed from the Near Earth Orbit photography, they actually had three cameras on board. They had their Raspberry Pi one. They had, wasn't a Lumix. Maybe it was a Lumix, but something point and shoot of that size and then this sort of cylinder camera that we're all running through the USB. All right, thanks for coming.


What's going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here So this will be a spoiler preview for the first omen the first omen is directed by Akasha Stevenson Who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Tim Smith and Keith Thomas? This is starring nail tiger free Taufik Barham. So Sonya Braga Ralph Innocent and Who else do we have here? We have Maria Caballero Those are the people I want to point out because I think they stood out to me when I was watching this film so the first omen is Revolving around this young American woman named Margaret who is sent to Rome to begin a life of service to the church She encounters a darkness that causes her to question her own faith and uncovers a terrifying conspiracy That hopes to bring about the birth of evil incarnate. Of course, we know who that is Damian So the first omen I would say is a highly effective prequel despite the retcons and and liberties It takes with what we already knew to be true about the omen and the lore that was already established in the franchise It doesn't rely on jump scares and it keeps you guessing up until the final shot or at least it did for me I say this as someone who went into the film knowing most of what was going to happen as I often tend to do these days If you follow me on Twitter, you know what I'm talking about It's amazing when you're just able to get so lost in a story be fully invested and forget that you already knew the outcomes from point A To point B definitely has an advantage over the recent movie from neon I saw immaculate because it doesn't have all those jump scares They immaculate have and is now I would say the best religious horror film to be released theatrically this year Margaret our American protagonist with a dark past Related to time spent in an orphanage and haunting nightmares is a likable character to root for While in Rome working at this orphanage to service the church She becomes fond of a girl who seems like a bit of an outcast Carlita I believe I believe was the girl's name Carlita separation from the other girls is something Margaret identifies with thanks to her own upbringing and her Like ideologies that she sees in Carlita the fact that they call Carlita this bad girl And she's like oh they only call you that because you're not doing what they want you to now this Fascination fascination she has with Carlita will slowly begin to put both of them in danger Stevenson and her co-writers do a terrific job exploring religious exploitation through these two women But we've seen story like stories like this before so it's nothing too original But the execution is everything like I've said numerous times and when you can keep your story engaging like the first omen does The unoriginality is excused to a degree outside of Carlita and Margaret Most of the side characters are forgettable Except for father Brennan who spins the film trying to act as a savior to Margaret Brennan deserve more development considering how important the story wants him to be he deserved to be further developed Beyond what we actually got from him while there was a moment of exposition dumping I can appreciate that this didn't come after the movie had made it very clear what was going on So it's not beating me over the head as though I'm a complete freaking idiot The scares in the screenplay are mostly body horror and there is a lot of it So many grotesque depictions are used to sustain the tension and unnerving atmosphere One in particular involved in a hand coming out of a specific area Made it clear to me why this film almost got an NC 17 rating when the body horror is absent Creepy behaviors from other characters keep the proceedings disturbing Every interaction feels authentic thanks to competent dialogue Which I will always praise because convincing dialogue seems to be becoming a thing of the past depending on what you're watching I guess the first omen not only relies on its body horror in the screenplay But there's silent misdirection sprinkled throughout the story as well Some of this mixed misdirection contributes to the alterations of previously established omen lore But none of it goes too far and just kept the story suspenseful the further we peel back the layers of what's happening At this orphanage Stevenson's direction is fantastic nil tiger free gives a terrific performances margaret every emotion margaret is feeling She's conveying it very well and convincingly on screen There's a moment after a car crash during the third act where she had me glued to the screen It's a pretty irresistible sequence due to her tremendous screen presence It involves body contortions is all I'll say when you see it. You'll know what I'm talking about This Is my first project that I've seen of her so I'll have to dig into her other works Another standout performance came from ralph inison who again didn't have the best character development As the brennan character Still when he's on screen his voice alone demands your attention The cinematography is also breathtaking and nearly made me forget that this film is from the 2020s and not the 70s Most of the frames were visually appealing making it easy to stay engaged with the story A lot of that has also do the films color grading It was just an atmospheric ride from the title card up until the credits and while the pacing was solid There's a club sequence that seemed to overstay its welcome and didn't fit with the rest of the movie But that's really all I'll say in terms of the pacing and other technical aspects I want to get into outside of the screenplay I thought that the score that the that was present in the film Definitely added to a lot of the bone chilling sequences that you have featured throughout definitely kept me on the edge kept me Just perplexed by a lot of the happenings that were going on at this orphanage I was very suspicious of everything going on Largely due to the score that chimed in at all the right moments the strong performances again all Attributed to the strong direction from Stevenson. This is a well crafted religious horror film I would say without having revisited a lot of the more recent Not that we've had a had like a slew of them I haven't revisited the more recent omen entries in this franchise But for my own memory This has to be the strongest one That I've had to had the pleasure of experiencing because I think the only one that's come out since I've been alive I could be could be mistaken is the 2006 remake would leave schreiber Who you know, it's cotton. We're from the screen franchise. This is the strongest one. I've seen in my lifetime Or I've been around to experience as a new release I would still give credit obviously to the original as the strongest This might be like the second or third strongest in the franchise. Some might even say it's the strongest I've seen some feedback from others saying this is the strongest film in the franchise It's been a minute since I've checked out the original movie I'm gonna have to revisit that to see if it actually is better I doubt that it is because again the way it ends up connecting to the original movie It's all in the vein of taking liberties with the story your retcons and some people aren't gonna like it But all in all it's properly executed or adequately executed It's a pretty effective religious horror movie does all the right things doesn't rely on jump scares It relies on building tension building atmosphere body horror very Disturbing body horror again. I will say I would give the first omen a solid seven and a half out of ten It's not the greatest thing, but it's also not a complete train wreck like some of the more recent films We got last year That's just believer Let me know what you guys think about this down in the comment section below if you haven't already of course Make sure you go ahead and subscribe Turn on post notifications so that you never miss a video in the description I will have links to all of my social media accounts. I am on facebook twitter and instagram You can message me there of course to let me know if there are any movies news or reviews You let me to cover in the future and with all that in mind guys. I will see you in the next video


Hello, everybody. Thank you for coming to this Cloud Native Computing Foundation online program through CNCF. My name is Daniel from DataGrate, and today we're going to be talking about creating a serverless IPass in Kubernetes with Apache Camo K. We're really excited to talk about this topic with you, and hopefully you follow along and you learn something about this topic. So, just to kind of briefly cover what we're going to be talking about today, we're going to be talking about building your own IPass, why you want to do that, what kind of advantages it brings for your developers. We're going to be introducing Apache Camo and Apache Camo K. Well, then we're going to talk about building a serverless IPass on Kubernetes through Apache Camo, and we're also going to show you a brief demo to show how that happens in real time. So, just a little bit about us and what we do. As I said, my name is Daniel. I'm the Marketing Manager here at DataGrate. We also have our founder and CEO, Andre Shlushka, who is going to be taking you through the demo portion of this program. And we at DataGrate, we help people to build integrations on Apache Camo. We've been doing that for a number of years now. We built this tool, Jettak, to help people easily build integrations, cloud native integrations through Apache Camo to easily get things up and running, to easily build APIs, to connect their infrastructure together based on the patterns and connectors that are implemented in Camo already. So, today we're talking about IPass specifically, integration platforms as a service. You know, this toolset really started to enable the citizen in the ad hoc integrator space to grow rather than just have it be strictly for technically inclined developers, integration specific developers. It allowed less technically knowledgeable users to create integrations that their enterprise is needed. You know, developers that maybe have less specific training in building integrations that are a little more general use developers. You know, these IPass platforms give them flexible platforms usually with low code or no code development to help people who again, maybe aren't as technically inclined on the integration front to still create real time cloud based integrations, third party integrations as well, connecting their legacy or their on premise systems onto modern cloud environments, not specifically designing them for IT and development teams making them more accessible than say the enterprise service bus model. You know, connecting these disparate systems together is one of the major business functions, creating and managing APIs to pull and sync whatever data from one area of your infrastructure to another, doing this all in real time to pushing or pulling data from your sources and watching that data flow between integrations as it happens, transforming the data as well, converting it before it hits its target based on established data transformation patterns. And again, prebuilt connectors for any common integration use cases. So the integration developer really is the chief operator here. And if they can't get integrations up and running quickly and efficiently, then your integration project will never be able to get off the ground. So we're really talking about IPass for developers here gives the developers the ability to deploy and to manage these complex integration streams, connecting parts of your company's critical infrastructure together as you need it to happen. Using these prebuilt integration templates to connect specific third party applications, or to send pull and push requests between, you know, whatever server or know hardware you need to you need to connect to, you're essentially creating an ecosystem through which all of your business applications can automatically receive whatever critical information it needs in real time, no matter where that information is coming from. And you know, when we talked about IPass, we were talking about streamlining integrations for engineers, putting the control and the operability back into their hands, giving them the control they need over their routes and their API's. You can modify paths between integrations and implement your connectors and patterns as you see fit. And giving you the freedom you're giving your developers the freedom for customized deployments handling different types of integrations and, you know, different integration functions, again, based on these prebuilt resources, deploying them wherever they need to go developing routes that fit into whatever environment you intend to deploy to and configuring them automatically configuring those routes and integrations to again, whatever environment that you need to run them in. Now in talking about the framework that you want to build, you know, an IPass solution on, well, that's where Apache Camel comes in. And Apache Camel is a Java based integration framework based on established integration patterns from the book enterprise integration platforms by Gregor Hope and Bobby Wolf. Has supports for numerous DSLs and data formats as well, XML, CSV, JSON, YAML, et cetera, for receiving and sending specific information, depending on what kind of data you need to receive.  Traveling from endpoint to endpoint through the camel context runtime, which we'll kind of we'll dive into that in a bit. That's where data is run through the processes and components before it's delivered to its destination. So let's take a brief look into the camel architecture itself against all based around that camel context runtime. And the core aspect of that is the routing engine and that connects endpoints to the camel integration platform as well as connecting endpoints to each other through DSLs. Again, operating on that same messaging system. And that's where the processors they're performing tasks like routing, transformation, validation, et cetera, through these enterprise integration patterns. And then you have camel components, which that's what allows camel to connect to external systems such as HTTP, FTP, JMS, DNS, GraphQL, IRC, Amazon web services, ActiveMQ, there are a lot of different components and camel can essentially use those to connect to third party systems. Now, when it comes to deploying your camel integrations on Kubernetes, that's where Apache camel K comes in. This is the branch of choice essentially for deploying your integrations on Kubernetes. So it's really what you want to be looking for if you're deploying, if your deployment environment is intended to be a microservices or a serverless deployment through native or OpenShift, et cetera. Apache camel K automatically configures your integrations and whatever resources you deploy on Apache camel K on your Kubernetes cluster for this serverless architecture. There's essentially no need to worry about setting up your Kubernetes deployments each time. It's creating a local cluster. Now, of course, when we talk about building a serverless I pass, you know, it helps to understand why, you know, what is the benefit of serverless for integrations. Of course, the serverless architecture, you are building and running services and applications natively in the cloud without having to worry about configuring or managing servers because the server maintenance is all handled by the cloud providers. I know examples of this include AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, Google Cloud Functions. And since the server functions are abstracted away from the developer and from your enterprise, it lets your development team focus on coding rather than on complex server operation. You're essentially where this is working natively with your cloud environment of choice wherever you're deploying it to define and execute the functions that you specify through APIs and microservices. And with again, with less time spent working on server upkeep server maintenance, making sure that your environment is up to speed. That means you have more time available for developing the complex APIs that you need to create to keep your business up and running. So in terms of then, you know, why should you go the serverless route for your developers for your integrations? What are the benefits then of serverless deployments for your businesses and for your developers? Well, obviously, as we've talked about, it reduces costs on server management. Again, there's no need for you to manage the physical infrastructure required for all this data storage. It's all done through your cloud provider. They're taking care of that. Because of that, because your cloud provider is providing these resources, of course, that means on your end, this is scalable. It's a scalable deployment that grows and shrinks alongside your iPass, optimizing the cost and resource efficiency on your end, while still giving you that event based agile architecture that serverless provides. And with higher availability and observability across your infrastructure to boot, it's taking advantage of this cloud based data storage to ensure that no matter where you are, and no matter when it is, you can access the integrations and APIs all through again, just directly onto the cloud. The issue, though, is that your sources, no matter, you know, where they are, and if they're being delivered to the serverless deployment, they're still writing data in various formats, and your iPass and your target destinations might not be compatible with those file formats, without a common framework that can accept inputs received as messages from your sources, and translate the information from those sources into a desired format so your targets can understand them. Without a common framework to do that, your developers have to put in the work to manually extract and push that data. And that's why a system like Campbell provides such a benefit. It creates a system where data can be transformed and sent to its intended location, so it can understand what the core of the message is. Okay, so now that we've gone through the fundamentals of how camel and camel K operates, and also explored why iPass is so beneficial, and the benefits of serverless architecture for your iPass. We now it comes to the question of, okay, how do I get started building and serverless iPass? And how can Apache Campbell K help me accomplish that from setting up the environment to building the integrations and APIs to testing your routes running your projects, essentially outlining the necessary steps to connect to that serverless deployment as well. And this is where we're going to segue into the live demo portion with Andre. So Andre, if you'd like to take it away. Yeah, hello, everybody. Thank you, Daniel, so much for this for this topic on iPass. So my name is Andre. I'm the CTO and co-founder of DataGrate. And what I have for you today is a demonstration on how to build an API using the Apache camel K framework and get that deployed into Kubernetes. So before we before we get started, let me just from a developer standpoint, guide you through Apache camel K what that is and how that actually works. So the usual approach to do some some software development using Apache camel would be to have a development environment, something like Eclipse or IntelliJ or Visual Code, and then build a Maven project, build some Spring Boot microservices, or however the approach approach might look like. Now for camel K, this is a little bit different, because this is what we actually need is only the actual DSL integration in camel. So instead of having a full project, the only thing we're going to focus on is the actual DSL code. I guess that's what you would call today, low code approach. So instead of taking a lot of time to build CI CD pipelines, build a full software development lifecycle, the only thing we really need to focus on is the actual DSL code. So at the end of the day, we really want to spend time on building the integration instead of building things around it. So how is this going to work? Essentially, what we have is we have the camel DSL. This is something we all know already for Apache camel developers who are new to camel, you might want to look into the camel DSL. So what we write is the camel DSL. And essentially, we're going to throw it over the fence, as I'd like to call it into the Kubernetes cluster. In the Kubernetes cluster, what we have is we have an operator pattern. The operator basically waits on us to deploy an integration. And what that means is we're going to end up having a DSL, which we hand over to this operator. And then instead of us dealing with how can we build a Java file? How can we get to an executable? It is the duty of this specific operator to build all that stuff for us to build it correctly, and to get it deployed as a pod in our Kubernetes environment. So if you look at that picture, it's basically before we had camel K, we had complex code, we had like lots of Java files we needed, we had configuration files, in many things, we had to build this pipeline, using cloud tools using Jenkins, whatever tooling you need. And then we had to get that deployed and monitor that somehow, which was a lot of work. So now with a camel K approach, the idea is again, we have one file which only has the DSL. So really, only what we need, we then have one command line, which is a tool provided by Apache camel K, which allows me to essentially interact with the operator. And this will create one pot. So it'll make it really easy for us. So enough talking, let's look into that. The question might be okay, how can I, how can I work with that? So we hear data grade, we obviously use our tool Jettick to do that. But I want you to know that what I'm doing here is really something you can do with any tool, only thing you will need is a text editor and the Apache camel K command line. I'm going to skip that for now. And I'm just going to walk you through that in in Jettick as we go. So the goal for today is we're going to create a new integration. And what we want to do is we want to call it my first API. So my first API, what it's supposed to do is it's just going to be exposing an API on our Kubernetes cluster. And it's, it's supposed to read a file in our local hard drive, in this case, in the Kubernetes cluster, which is a JSON file, and it reads that JSON file and that JSON file is just like a user database. And it should just respond, it should just search for the user and then respond. So that's, that's a typical use case, we want to build an API which grabs some data, converts it to JSON and sends it back to the caller. And what I'm going to show you is how you can do that in basically three, maybe four lines of code. That's it. So the first thing we're going to need here is we're going to need to have an API. So I have, I have done a little bit of homework. So I've created an API already in the system. Again, you can come up with any kind of open API specification or whatever. It's really up to you. So we're going to have one REST API get call. So we we're going to expose our API. In order to get that to work, there is something called camel K trades. And we're going to have to activate the so called ingress trade, we have to enable that and say, okay, which is the host. In order for that to work, you will have to have an ingress controller installed in your Kubernetes environment. That is something the cloud provider usually has ways of dealing with that pretty quickly. So I have created that already. So we have the ingress enabled, we have the we have the REST API. And what we're going to need here in this case is we're going to need our our JSON. This is this one here. And this is just a very, very simple JSON it has two users in here user ID one and user ID two. That's really about it. And what we're going to do is we're going to we're going to create a new resource. At this case, I have pre created it already so I can use that. But really, this is just the content of our of our resource file. And if we instruct camel K to have a resource file, what it will do is it will simply put that into our pod into the folder slash Etsy slash camel slash resources. So this file will just end up being on our pod. That's about it. So what we're going to do is the first thing we need to do here is we want to have we want to read. We basically want to read this file into our body. So we can use the simple language for that. And we just type resource file, Etsy camel resources. And I think I called it users JSON. So the only thing this this will do is it will read the file. And in the next approach, we have to use a JSON path. Because remember what we wanted to do is we wanted to grab one user. So either either this user user or the other user. So I can do that. Again, with a body operation. But now I'm selecting a JSON path. And again, I did a little bit of homework. So I prepared the JSON operation, the JSON path. And with this will do it will basically look up the user ID, which is coming from my rest API call. And I'm going to explain what that means in a second. So we've read the file. We then we then grabbed the correct JSON path operation. And the only other thing we need to do essentially is we need to convert that into a JSON. So there is a martial operation in camel available. martial JSON. And we're just going to instruct it to make sure that it's a proper formatted JSON. Alright, so I'm going to run this. And what we'll do is what I was just talking about in my in the PowerPoint presentation is it'll it built the built the code now puts it into the operator. And the operator will now start working on it, making sure that our pot gets built that our integration gets built. So we can monitor that here. And while this is while this is booting, I'm going to have a look into into the actual code what it created. So this is basically it. This is basically one, two, three lines of code. We're going to set our body. We're going to read this. And then we're going to convert that into a Jackson. Think it didn't store that. That's all we need. Make sure that's boots up properly. And in the meantime, we can already see that in our in our Kubernetes environment, it is already coming up. So it's already built. It is it's essentially there. So it just takes us 30 seconds, usually only 20 seconds, maybe 15 seconds to boot this whole camel K integration. And if we now call it, we'll have to give it a user ID, then it responds with the data in a nice beautiful JSON format. So that's about it. That's really all it takes to build, build a small, small integration. So let's have a look and revisit the code one more time. It's just one, two, three, four lines of code. It'll it'll basically uses the simple language to read our file. It uses JSON path to grab this specific data from this file. And it then marshals that into a JSON format. This is really all it takes to build a small API. And that's that's the beauty of of camel. It pre builds the English controller or the English description for us in a way we need it, we don't have to care about that. It builds the the service for us. So we really don't have to care, take care about anything. So this is basically how how the YAML file would look like. But again, nothing you have to worry about, it is all being done by the camel K framework. So yeah, guys, that is about it. I hope you enjoyed the demo of Apache camel K. And you get a sense of how quickly you can build an integration. And this is this is just just the beginning. So really, the Apache camel K framework is so powerful that allows you to build a whole middleware integration and I pass around it. If you have any questions, please feel free to reach out to me or my team. We're always eager to help you guys on any Apache camel K or Apache camel integration. Thanks so much for joining. And we hope you enjoyed it. Have a wonderful day.


Good morning. I'm Dr. R. Mahima Kale from Sivdevaraj Aras Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka Kolar. Today, I'll be presenting my paper presentation on topic correlation between optic nerve sheet diameter and Rotterdam computer tomography scoring in traumatic brain injury. Thico authors are Dr. Rajeshwari Ma'am, Dr. Anil Kumar Saklecha Sir, Dr. Varshita Ma'am, Dr. Kalathuru Uhasai and Dr. Shantala Saukat. AIM to study the correlation between optic nerve sheet diameter and Rotterdam CT score in predicting outcome and prognosis in patients with traumatic brain injury on admission. Introduction in India and other developing nations, traumatic brain injuries are the main cause of morbidity, mortality, disability and socioeconomic losses. Optic nerve sheet diameter evaluated in CT imaging as well as Rotterdam CT score are proven independent predictors of outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Very few studies has correlated optic nerve sheet diameter on admission CT scan with Rotterdam CT score. Optic nerve sheet diameter measurement has lately become a substitute non-invasive technique for keeping track of intracranial pressure. Rotterdam CT score for prediction of outcome in traumatic brain injury is widely used for patient evaluation. In emergency room, optic nerve sheet diameter and Rotterdam CT score could be used as a preliminary charge tool as well as a way to decide if patients with traumatic brain injury require a subsequent CT scan and know the prognosis of patient. Methods. It is a hospital-based prospective study that included 90 patients.  Inclusion criteria. Patients above 18 years of age with traumatic brain injury are included. All patients making the inclusion criteria are included and CT will be performed in cement somatone, emotional 16 slice spiral CT with a slice thickness of 0.75 mm. Rotterdam CT score for all cases will be done and patients were divided into two groups. Those patients with score of 1, 2 and 3 were labelled as mild head injury and 4, 5, 6 were labelled as severe head injury. Optic nerve sheet diameter was measured according to the standard protocol that is 3 mm behind the posterior limit of the eye wall in axial plane using soft tissue. The diameter of both optic nerve sheet was measured and the mean was obtained. This is the CT scan axial section images that is showing how to measure the optic nerve sheet diameter. In this image, as you can see the optic nerve sheet diameter is measured 3 mm behind the posterior limit of the eye. And this is the case of severe traumatic brain injury and hence the optic nerve sheet diameter is 5.8 mm. Next coming to results, it is divided under these four headings that is the general demographic data, optic nerve sheet diameter measurement, Rotterdam CT score and the relation between severe brain injury and optic nerve sheet diameter. Coming to general demographic data, 90 traumatic head injury patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Out of 90 patients 66 per male that constituted to 73.3% and 24 were females that constituted to 26.7%. Mean age of the patient was 34.8 years plus or minus 13.8 years. The range is 18 to 75 years. Motor vehicle accident is the most common mode of injury that constituted to 72.2% followed by fall injury which is 20% and physical assault that is 7.8%. Optic nerve sheet diameter measurement. The mean optic nerve sheet diameter is 4.37 plus or minus 0.84 mm. The range is 3 to 6.5 mm. The mean optic nerve sheet diameter in the right eye was 4.39 mm and in the left eye was 4.35 mm. There was no statistical difference in optic nerve sheet diameter measurement in both eyes. Coming to Rotterdam CT score. Out of 90 patients 16 patients had score 1, 27 patients had score 2, 14 patients had score 3, 15 patients had score 4, 13 patients had score 5 and 5 patients had a score of 6. 57 patients that is 63.3% had mild head injury that is Rotterdam CT score of 1, 2 and 3 and 33 patients that is 36.7% patients had a severe head injury with Rotterdam CT score of 4, 5 and 6. Coming to relation between severe brain injury and optic nerve sheet diameter. According to Rotterdam CT score the patients are divided into mild and severe head injury patients. In mild head injury patients the mean of right optic nerve sheet diameter, left optic nerve sheet diameter and the overall mean optic nerve sheet diameter is the same that is 3.8 plus or minus 0.64 mm. In severe head injury cases the mean of right optic nerve sheet diameter is 5.3 plus or minus 0.66 mm and the mean of left optic nerve sheet diameter is 5.2 plus or minus 0.66 mm and the overall mean optic nerve sheet diameter is 5.2 plus or minus 0.66 mm. Coming to mean optic nerve sheet diameter, for score 1 it is 3.2 mm, for score 2 it is 3.9 mm, for score 3 it is 4.3 mm, for score 4 it is 4.8 mm, for score 5 it is 5.6 mm, for score 6 it is 5.9 mm. So in this ROC curve analysis we can see that the cutoff value of the optic nerve sheet diameter for the prediction of severity of traumatic brain injury was calculated. The best cutoff value of right optic nerve sheet diameter was found to be more than 4.5 mm with a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 100%. In the same way for the left optic nerve sheet diameter the cutoff value was more than 4.6 mm with a sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 96.5%. And the overall mean optic nerve sheet diameter cutoff value was more than 4.4 mm with a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 96.5%. So the correlation between optic nerve sheet diameter and the Rotterdam CT score was performed which showed a correlation coefficient value of 0.83 and a p value of 0.0001 which was statistically significant value and indicates positive relationship between the two parameters. Coming to discussion both Rotterdam CT score and optic nerve sheet diameter are the two independent parameters used to predict the outcomes in cases of traumatic brain injury. Very few studies were found where the Rotterdam CT score and the optic nerve sheet diameter are compared. In this regard we aim to evaluate the correlation between the optic nerve sheet measurement in initial CT scan with the Rotterdam CT score. CT is the preferred imaging modality in cases of head injury and is easily available in most of the centres. Based on the imaging findings and the Rotterdam CT score, the severity and prognosis of traumatic brain injury can be assessed. Rotterdam CT score is expressed as a score of 1 to 6 and a higher score indicates more severe head injury. Many studies consider Rotterdam CT score as an independent radiological prognostic tool. Raise intracranial pressure, second due to traumatic brain injury, is an indicator of poor prognosis. Timely diagnosis of raised intracranial pressure is crucial for management. Optic nerve sheet diameter measurement is an alternative indirect way of measuring intracranial pressure. In this study it was found that the Rotterdam CT score showed a positive correlation with optic nerve sheet diameter value. The Rotterdam CT score of 1, 2, 3 had a lower optic nerve sheet diameter value within the normal range whereas Rotterdam CT score of 4, 5, 6 had higher optic nerve sheet diameter value. The cut-off value of mean optic nerve sheet diameter derived from the ROC curve for the prediction of severity of brain injury is more than 4.4 mm. So coming to conclusion, CT optic nerve sheet diameter should be documented in each report of the initial CT scan of traumatic brain injury cases which may be an important radiological tool to assess severity of traumatic brain injury and to rule out the presence of increased intracranial pressure. These are my references. Thank you.


Ranger Bill, warrior of the woodland, struggling against extreme odds, traveling dangerous trails, showing rare courage in the face of disaster, in the air, on horseback, or in a screaming squad car. Ranger Bill, his mind alert, a ready smile, unswerving, loyal to his mission. And all this in exchange for the satisfaction and pride of a job well done. Our Heavenly Father tells us that if we sow his word, it'll not return unto him void. If we sow the seed, he'll give the increase. And I think we often lose sight of the fact that the one who sows may not necessarily do the reaping. Sometimes the seed has been sown months and years before, and then it suddenly springs to life and grows on to maturity. Yes, God works out his own plans according to his purpose, and it's our job to be in the center of his will and make sure that we faithfully sow the seeds of his word. Well, let's get into our story today. The Whispering Cave. Running Fox, come on in. Welcome, Running Fox. Sit here beside the desk. Hello. Hello, Red Brother. Long time now since you come see us. For many moon, Running Fox, stay on reservation.  Oh, I'm sorry here, Chief Whitefeather is sick. So am I, Running Fox. My father old like mountain now. His life goes down like sun at end of day. It's too bad. He's a great man, full of wisdom and knowledge. Why you come see us? This, why? Say, that looks like a tract. It is a tract. What is this got to do with your father, Running Fox? Many season now, White Missionary come to village and give all Indian this paper. I read paper many times. Soon, I understand. I pray to Jesus and Jesus save Running Fox. Oh, that's wonderful. I'll say. Running Fox no longer believe about Indian religion. I worship Jesus and have Jesus in my heart many moons now. Now Running Fox want father to know Jesus too. You haven't talked to your father about the Lord yet, young fellow? No. It is custom of tribe that son not speak to father about great spirit or any Indian religion. It show great dishonor. How come? Well, great chief is supposed to have all wisdom. He great leader. To tell him his soul is not saved would be insult. Running Fox is to be chief when old one die. Son should not seem to know more than father, so he not speak of things that are great. Afraid father thinks son not honor him. What Running Fox is trying to get across is the fact that he himself is in a tickly spot. If he talks to chief White Feather about the Lord, he'd give the impression that he knows more than his father does and thereby offend him. This would be disastrous. And the fact that his father would in all probability refuse to discuss the matter at all with anyone and thereby not hear the gospel of salvation. Is that right, Running Fox? You have spoken the thoughts of my heart, Bill. Then you come to us for help. Yes. Running Fox want you to talk to my father about Jesus. You Bill, you Grey Wolf, you talk to my father. Yes, we'll be glad to talk to him. You think we'll make it in time, Running Fox? I think so. My people not begin death dance when I leave. What's the death dance? My people practice old customs even now after a long time on reservation. Death dance start when end of life is near. After death dance, when my father is carried to Whispering Cave. I heard that's a sacred cave in your holy place. What do you mean by holy place? The peace of mountain is kept for the great spirit. You're right. Whispering Cave is place where my father talked to great spirit and wait for great spirit to take my father's spirit. If whispering sounds come from cave, then my father has pleased great spirit. If no sounds heard, then my father not please spirit and die unhappy. Hey, that's interesting. White man forced Indian onto reservation, but he not able to take old ways and customs from red man. Many tribes still practice ways of their fathers and their fathers' fathers. I realize that you're in a tickly spot running fox, but isn't there anything you can do to stall for time? We'll need time to talk to your father. I understand. It is not possible, but I will try. I am not chief yet. I am son of great chief, but I have no power. It is custom of my people that son of great chief sit with his father and listen to his wisdom and learn his wise ways. I am not to speak. I say, well, do what you can. We'll do our best. I pray to Jesus. Ask for help. The village ahead. Stop. Whoa. Why are we stopping here? Horse and rider come. You're right, running fox.  Yes. It is arrow hand. Why do you call him arrow hand? He has great skill with arrow. Other Indian use rifle to hunt. Arrow hand use bow and arrow. I never see him miss. Wow. He's riding like there's a jet propelled gracefully behind him. My brother, almost you. You come too late. It is time. Even now our people make ready for death dance.  Are you not Indian? I go to white man to ask him to speak to great chief about Jesus. You leave side of great chief when life comes to end. You seek counsel of white man, not counsel of your father. What can Jesus do? Great spirit cannot, my brother.  Who is this one? I am Grey Wolf, son of Black Wolf. You have left Lodge of your father, great Dakota chief. My father's Lodge is always open to me.  Now you waste time and talk when we should ride. Ah, Grey Wolf speaks with wisdom, Mero Hand. Let us ride. Even now the death dance begins. Oh, come, my son. Yes, my father. I bring friends to hold counsel with you. Who is this? This one is Ranger Chief, Bill Jefferson. And this one is Grey Wolf, son of Black Wolf. What counsel they bring? I ask them to speak to Chief Whitefeather about Jesus. Will you listen? Do not hear words of these men, my father. They destroy great spirit of our people. Silence, Mero Hand, my son. You young in years, running fox, my son, I listen to Ranger Chief and Grey Wolf.  You're a great chief among your people. And you have great wisdom and understanding. Listen to my words. I hear this Jesus, your son, running fox speaks of, has the power to give you eternal life if you will believe on him. Oh, Jesus, greater than great spirit in whispering cave. Yes, Jesus is the Son of God. He made all the things that grow and made the mountains and the rivers and the animals of the forest and the fish in the river. He also made the sky and the sun and the moon. Jesus is the Son of God. Hmm, Jesus, make life and take it away? Yes, Jesus also can save your soul, Chief Whitefeather. What is soul? When Indian die, his body only die. His body dry up like dead grass on prairie and blow away. When body die, Indian soul leave body. Soul is what lives in Indian body. If Indian listen to God, soul live forever. When grain of corn is planted into ground, it seemed to be dead. Is that not so? It's so gray wolf. Then rain water seed and sun warm ground and seed of corn spring to life. Hmm, you speak truth. Seed of corn like Indian body. It put in ground, soon it no more. New life from seed of corn like Indian soul. It live on, it's not so. Ah, you have great wisdom, Chief Whitefeather. All people come now. Take my father to whispering cave. Can't they wait a while longer? There is nothing we can do now, Bill. It is the custom of my people, and we must honor it. Yes, yes, yes, of course. All people come now. Step back, Henry. All people come now. There they go. And just when Chief Whitefeather was getting really interested in hearing about the Lord. I believe the Holy Spirit was dealing with him all right because it seemed to understand everything pretty quick. A running fox. How long will it take them to get to whispering cave? Two hour. Is there another way we can get there so we'll arrive ahead of time? Yes, yes, come, we go. How much farther is it? Only short way. Can we beat them? Yes, they come slowly. We stop, I say so now. What for? I don't see that whispering cave yet. It's custom that white men do not walk on sacred ground, old hammer. Only Indian allowed to enter. Hey, you're right. I've forgotten about that. Yes, we better walk. It's not time yet. Soon we stop. How can Bill help your father running fox if he can't go near the whispering cave? I do not know. It is the custom of my people. I do not want to make my people angry. I go with running fox and talk to Chief Whitefeather. Sure, why not, Gray Wolf? Running fox, I'm going to talk with a straight tongue of what's in my heart. You speak.  Will you hear me, please? I want to help you. I will listen more. You're torn between two very strong desires right now. The first one is the loyalty to your people and your customs and traditions. The other is your love for your father and the fact that you want to see him accept Jesus as you did and have eternal life. You speak with wisdom, my friend. Now, there really isn't any way we can help with your problem. Neither Gray Wolf nor I can be as effective and as helpful as you can. You're the son of Chief Whitefeather. You will be the next chief upon your father's death. You, running fox, can solve your own problem. Tell me how? At just the right time, you will have to go before your people and stand and speak as a chief. That I cannot do. I will anger my father and my people. I cannot speak as great chief until my father dies. Don't you want your father to accept Jesus Christ as savior? Yes, very much. Well, do you think that I, as a white man or even Gray Wolf as an Indian, can influence your people and your father as much as you can? Your tongue talks straight as arrow. I begin to understand. I do not know what to do. You listen to Bill, Red Brother. He speak great truth, and that you know.  Also, if you do not, you will not get another chance to talk about Christ to your father. You speak as true friend, Gray Wolf. I know you are right. I know Bill is right. There is much heaviness in my heart. I will go apart from you to High Ridge and think on your counsel. Do you think you'll do it, young fella? I don't know, Old Timer. One minute I think yes, and then right after that I'm not so sure. What's the real reason why you won't do it, Bill? A life of training, pal. The Indians don't play games with their children. A very young age are taught to honor their father and mother. Their father is the head of the house. If their father is a chief or the great chief, makes things that much worse. But won't his desire for his father to hear about salvation overcome all this? That, my young friend, is where the battleground is. Right now he's fighting a very rugged, mental and emotional battle. I think the best way to help him is to pray for him all through this, no matter what way he decides. He's going to need the Lord's strength to do it. N'Vox, Hero Hand. He, with Ranger Chief and Gray Wolf, they go to whispering care. You have troubled mind, Hero Hand. Yes, my father. I doubt wisdom, my brother. I listen to Ranger Chief and Gray Wolf. They speak with straight tongue. I read peace paper that tell about Jesus. In my old years I think on this and find it wisdom. You wish, speak, Hero Hand. Yes, my father. Does your great wisdom see Jesus as new God for India? No, my son. For white man, great spirit is Indian God. You have spoken, great chief. I have listened. My ears are happy with what they hear. It is religion of our people that we go to whispering cave. My father, running fox, turned back on this religion. He turned his back on custom of years. He not listened to your counsel of long years when he was young. Remove trouble from your heart, Hero Hand. I, Chief White Feather, teach my sons many things. I teach them good things. I teach what straw man, running fox, remember these things. He not turned back upon his people. He not turned face from their religion. There's the procession coming from Ron the Ben on the trail. Yes, and here comes Hero Hand after his brother. Yeah, I wonder what's going to happen. I come for running fox, that he take place at father's side when great chief is carried into whispering cave to meet great spirit. Running fox is over there on the top of the ridge. He's been there for some time thinking. Yeah, I think there's going to be some sharp words between those two. Yeah, that's for sure. You don't think they'll fight, do you, Bill? Who can tell, Henry? It's up to running fox. How do you mean? If running fox stands strong and shows great courage, Hero Hand will respect him even though he might not agree with his brother. But if Hero Hand detects any wavering a weakness in his brother, I'm afraid running fox's goose will be cooked to a turn. Not right. At time for running fox to act like great chief. You turn back on your people, my brother.  Turn away from great spirits. You speak with tongue of snake. One side is truth, other side is not truth. I do not turn my back on my people. I find great truth for my people. Truth is Jesus can give them eternal life. Great spirit cannot. You talk with weak mind. I talk as your chief. I have spoken and it will be so. You are not chief yet, running fox. You argue about minutes, my brother. I am your chief and the chief of my people. Let us go now to our father. No, you will not be chief. Who are you to say, Hero Hand? I am Hero Hand, warrior of great strength.   I will be chief. I am strong. Yes, you have strong arm. But it is not stronger than mind. I have more years than you. I have learned more than you. You speak from young heart. It is true, but stubborn. You have hot blood of young warrior, but you do not have wisdom to see what is good for your people. Hero Hand challenge you. You would fight your brother. I fight for good of my people. You turn your back on teaching of our father. You are afraid. Is a grisly bear afraid of paridog? This is not a fight of muscle. You fight Jesus. You read paper from missionary. You fight Jesus. To fight him is to fight the wind. Your strength will leave your body as you fight. The wind will knock you down and yet you cannot knock it down. Do you fight running fox?  I have spoken. Boy, I thought sure there was going to be a scrap. Did you see arrow hand muscle up the running fox? I sure did. Running fox acted like a chief and arrow hand respected his strength. Do you notice how straight and unflinching running fox stood before his brother? A move of muscle. Then majestically turned his back on him and walked off to the cave. That sign of great chief, good self-control and great courage. Look, running fox and arrow hand at sight of father. Looks like they are going to carry white further into the cave together. I hope not. Running fox passed the first test fine. Now we will see if he will stand up to his people and his father like he did his brother. Till the medicine man stops. This old one into whispering cave, son is low. Your father chief white feather go now. Listen for words of great spirit. My people, listen to my words. I speak as your chief. You dare speak while I live my son? Yes, my father. I speak from my heart. Long enough have I listened to my mind. You, my father, taught us in your council to stand like men of courage. There is little time. Now I will speak in honor to you, my father. Speak, running fox. We listen to words from your heart. No, great one. Do not listen to my brother. He is weak and mild. Your chief, you will listen. I talk of great truth that my father must hear and you must hear. Erohand, listen to his word. I will not, great one. You turn back on me, Erohand. No, my father. I will listen, but I'm not here. You will remember what you listen. And in years to come you will hear what is written on your mind from my words. I speak of Jesus. He will write my words on your heart. Listen, my father and my people. Running fox believe in Jesus long time now. Now it is time to tell you that Jesus has greater power than Indians' great spirit. Jesus die on cross to save all men from death of sin. Running fox believe this and pray to Jesus to clean sin out of the heart of running fox. Jesus do this thing. Now I have peace in heart and Jesus give to me eternal life. No more does running fox believe in whispering cave. It talks from sound of wind through rock. If no wind, no whisper. If much wind then cave talk with loud voice. This is not power of Jesus. Jesus talk to heart and not from hole in stone in cave. I am your chief. I do not command you to believe in Jesus. I do not command you to pray to him and ask for heart clean of sin. I but ask you to believe in Jesus. Then you have eternal life and worship living God, not cave of stone and sound of wind. I have spoken. Carry great one into cave my people. No, how it shall not be done. Ask our father, my brothers. Does he wish to go into whispering cave? What is your answer great chief? Running fox has spoken arrow hand. Listen to words of his heart. He have great love for his people. Or he not be strong to speak while I live. These my last words. Worship Jesus. Turn back from cave and wind. It not give you eternal life. My sons, this old one, ask Jesus to give him clean heart. I believe he is son of God. Chief white feather is dead. Carry him back to village. Running fox has spoken. He is my chief. The word of God was sown by one missionary. It was sown in the heart of running fox. Grey wolf, Stumpy, Henry and I saw the seed grow into a full plant and blossom out of the heart of running fox. We saw the harvest and the victory. See you next week for more adventure with...