Oftentimes we have a private think time before we share our visual models and map. Chris Opitz is a master teacher at Bowman Elementary School in Anchorage, Alaska. He views math as a social activity and believes taking time to impart the social skills required for cooperative learning can lead to calmer classrooms and more rigorous studies. Why is private think time important before we have our discussions? Sadie, what are you thinking? This fifth grade math class was recorded during the first month of the school year. At the beginning of the year, we established a set of working environments, but I provided four categories. I provided speaking, listening, thinking, and behavior. And that's really social-emotional learning. And then we did an exercise where the kids thought about and kind of imagined a great classroom, like the best place where they could possibly be learning. And what would that look like in each of those categories? And so we took all of those ideas and we developed what's called our working agreement. And then kids look at that consistently and set goals from that, and then they rate themselves. Today I did a great job and they provide an explanation and evidence of their rating in terms of those goals. Also we do a lot of discussion, and that's another area. Kids did the same thing. They worked together and thought of what a great discussion is. It wasn't kids raising their hands. It was kids bouncing ideas off each other. I personally believe when kids have some say in making those rules and those routines and those working agreements, they're going to own them more. So I'm going to give you your first model. We're probably going to go around and do a fish pull where we stand around the outside and we're going to watch and really think about what a good discussion looks like, how we talk and how we listen and how we ask questions. All of those good things that you guys do very, very well. So here's your first model. Please honor the private think time. Can I read it with you? Mike has eight dollars. Kelly has twice as much as Mike. I don't know if that word twice as much means. Hey Riley, could you and Laura work together as a team on this one? Would that be okay with you? Sure. Okay. So Mike has eight dollars. Is this Mike? Okay. In any classroom, anywhere you go, you're going to have an incredibly broad range of kids. Socially, academically, all across the spectrum. And so how does a single person as a teacher, as a manager, teach 20 to 30 kids in a single classroom when that ability ranges so wide? I personally believe that the social skills and more importantly the students building social skills to help them work together, to talk about math, to explain their thinking, to offer help when another student is struggling. And just as importantly for that child to be able to accept help, that's a really difficult part of that equation. All of those skills are part of the social arena that we're working in. Without them, I don't know how you could teach a classroom with such a broad range of abilities. I want to make this mine. Kids' ideas matter. Thank you for sharing your idea when we pay attention to their ideas. Not necessarily saying that's a good idea or that's a bad idea, but we say thank you for your idea. They're more willing to share it. They probably care a little bit more. It probably feels a little bit safer to share that idea. Because no matter what I say or try to push, unless the kids own it, it's not going to matter. I took your ideas about discussions, what makes a really great discussion. And I wrote them on the board for today. And so when we go to Fishbowl, we're going to choose a team like we do. We're going to go around and we're going to make these observations. And your job as an audience is to listen very closely to see if every voice is heard at that table. I want you to listen for thoughtful questions and look for this evidence. You ready? Remember, give them space. Give them space. And if you're in front, what can you do to let everybody see? Audits, our voices are off. We're just going to look for evidence of a really great discussion and then we're going to talk about that afterwards. I began using the Fishbowl, adding kids, really closely observe other kids in discussion, identifying particular types of language, ways to ask questions, how to use manners when disagreeing, how to choose, it simply is how to choose who speaks first. I'll start. In a fifth and sixth grade class, we wouldn't expect that, but boy, they can derail a classroom instantly if they don't have those basic skills. Once that foundation is built, then the academics can be so much more thoughtful, so much more intense, and that's what we're shooting for. So Mike started with eight, Kelly had twice as much as Mike, and Joe had half as much as Kelly. Every 18-year-old out there has probably said at some point, turn to your neighbor and talk about this idea. Look at your teammates and talk about this idea. Actually, why did you do those shapes there? Because I'm like a bull. And really watch. If they are talking about the topic that you've asked them to talk about, if they're actually listening to each other and using that language and those social skills, then all of a sudden you have an environment where 30 kids are all learning at the same time. And how much is three even if she did just half a cake? That's four. Is that right? I don't know time. It's not gonna happen at the beginning of the year, but in my opinion, the efficiencies that you'll gain later by far outweigh the time you spend at the beginning teaching those basics. Kelly, I was standing behind you and I kept hearing a lot of questions coming your way. How did that make you feel? I don't know. Sometimes when people ask me a lot of questions fast in a row, I get kind of nervous. You know what I mean? And I came to my thoughts. I kind of lose my own thinking. Does that happen to anybody else? Somebody says, hey Riley, hey Riley, what's the answer? But you know what I mean? Yeah. Yeah, and you get a little nervous, but that's all right. That's part of our learning. And so I want you to feel comfortable with that. That's okay to feel that way. Right now we're gonna have, the observers are gonna discuss a little bit and make some comments, but what are some things that you noticed? I kind of have a comment, but I think next time, Braden, because maybe you should spread it out, because when you first have like the red right there and then the green right there, it kind of looked like it was just 32. Well, I was thinking of it from like a side view, to like a wall. Seeing you provide a matter of problem, many students can find the answer very quickly. But can they explain the process that was happening in their mind? Can they explain it to somebody that doesn't understand it? You take a really gifted kid, for example, and you have them try to explain a multiplication problem, a very basic one. They know the answer like that. And try to have them explain it to somebody that it doesn't come so quickly to. It's an amazing activity to watch, to see them think through the process, oh well I know that three times four is three groups of four, or four groups of three, and here's how I see it and here's what it looks like visually, and that's how I get to this answer. It's an entirely different skill to be in tune with your own thinking. And so in order to do that in a classroom, those social skills need to be in place. Okay for closing today, you're going to go to your math journals, by spending some time developing these routines and helping kids learn social and emotional skills where they can manage themselves and their interaction with others. The classroom will be a better place to be and the academics will also have the opportunity to be more rigorous and thoughtful. And I've seen it work in my classroom and I believe it can work in other classrooms.


Hello everyone, my name is Masai Yoshida, Senior Director of Qualcomm. So today, so I'd like to introduce our insight of the connected compute in BICU. So that's the mean to the how, especially for the 5G awards. So how BICU is moving and also the how Qualcomm is providing the solution. So the please here and if you have any comments, so please post it on the crowd. So first, so I'd like to introduce my bio. So I have started my career from the energy from 1987, almost 35 years ago. And I have the application engineer of the semiconductor, like analog and the digital consumer, LSI and the graphics, BDO, like MPEG. And also the microprocessor and the software, like Windows and the Linux on our SOC. So also I have the work on the multi-core architecture and many of the ecosystem partner, like RTOS, Toron and TNG. And also at GeneVy, it arrives for the Linux. From 2011, so I moved to the Alunesus, actually so that it's major from the NEC to the Alunesus. So then so they have the work on the automotive mainly. And so we have, I have the providing to the RCA based solution to the community, including to the AGO. And also they, I have the work on the autonomous vehicle computing consortium as a board of director. And from this year, so I moved to the Qualcomm and as a senior director of the software product management and continuing to work with the automotive, especially for the ADAS and cockpit and also the connectivity. So the, yeah, so as you know, the automotive industry is rapidly evolving and also the new environmental change, like 5G networks and the V6 is a driving for the automotive electronics. And also the digital cluster, digital cockpit and the ADAS for the, it's a very variable for the old board of the passenger and the driver. And then so the service oriented architecture for the to the cloud. This is also the another segment and the driving force of the automotive. So that's kind of the new consumer. So that access to the car owner and also the driver passenger needs has been a driving force of the, all of the automotive and the ecosystems. Again, so the other 5G is now starting the services in the globally. And then so this is also the driving force or the digital transformation into this infrastructure, so 5G infrastructure enabling much more rich media and those of the services. And those of the on-demand cloud computing is, of course there are very high performance cloud computing either right on the cloud, but it can be available in the each terminals and also the endpoints are like a vehicle. And also it's not 5G is not just a smartphone but many of the devices can be connected through the 5G networks. So that the through IoT will be achievable with that. And also the reliability for the connection and the low latency. This is also another aspect of the technology to enabling to the actual, so the seamlessly connecting to the cloud to the terminals. So that make to the edge AI technology like more edge side mean to the access point and so the operators have been providing the AI technology to deducing to the load of the endpoints and also the cloud computing. So this is also a global standard and then many of the global player is working on the 5G. So then so the today, so the over the 170 operator is already deploying to the 5G networks. And the over the 70 country have been deployed. And also the operator is increasing rapidly because of the investing the 5G networks are deploying. So that's kind of the 5G of course influence on the whole future automobile. So therefore, so this is a very key. And also with the 5G, so how automotive electronics and the ecosystem will moving on. So this is today's key topics. So this 5G transformation is a many influence to the many aspect of the automotive like manufacturing and the sales and the maintenance. And also the services and the actual in-car express and also the transportation. So that means to the, this is a very huge influence for the overall automotive industry. So one of the key is so that how that 5G can be enabling to the connectivity and the compute. Means to the, of course, you know, the automotive, not just automotive, but all of the industrial technologies. Now, very moving to the compute oriented like many of the services and also the data mining and also the autonomous has been rely on the heavily compute technologies. But of course, that kind of a compute is required a very high performance. So then, so that's kind of it can be synergy and the connected with the connectivity with the cloud and the end points and the edge. So this is a 5G is a key technology to how it can be binding to the each application in the end point to the computing platform on the cloud and also the edge AI. So that's a 5G is a driving to that kind of the connection of the computing for the end point applications. So this is one of the purpose of the 5G to enabling AI everywhere. For the automotive, yeah, so the, as you know, the case is one of the key word. Maybe it's used a couple of years, but it's a, that case trend is a continuing like a connected autonomous electrics and the shared. And also the digital cockpit and the ADAS has been evolving continuously like a digital cockpit to move into the connected car. And also the issue consolidation with such a multiple issue can be binding to the single box. And then so the autonomous how it can be a cockpit is a working on. So this is also the key technologies and the trend. And the ADAS, so it's a, yeah, almost a level two ADAS is a mandatory for like a Euro end cap, but it's moving to the level two plus and the level three. And for the future, a level four, level five purely the autonomous driving will be appeared. So that's kind of the market trend has been driven to the new architecture evolution. So the, yeah, as a legacy, so the each ECU like a partner body chassis has been a little bit independent and connected very slow can networks. But that's all the rich services and the application and the safety. So the each domain and also the technology can be more evolved to the hierarchical architecture like a central compute as a plane of the car and some of the domain controller to the maintain each of the domains. And the each node or the directly control to the each sensor and actuator like a motors. So that's kind of the hierarchical architecture will be your main stream of the future vehicles. So then, so this is a migration pass of the ECU architecture. So the currently the current vehicle in production is a gateway based architecture for the each domains. So then, so the gateway are connected each domain like a body and chassis pattern that kind of the information through the gateway that harmonized in each operations. So that's kind of the system is tuned to the each operation. But if the system has been moving to the complicated that each in the correlation is a very tough to manage. So then for the 2020 it's moving to the more domain based architecture to each domain can be your control or the domain control center. Then so that the domain controller are communicated to the more higher speed backbone like a ethernet. So that's kind of the architecture now. Many of the OEM is developing and plan to ship in this 2020. And the 2025, so we are discussing with a multiple customer. So this is the more centralized compute architecture. Like I said, so that's kind of the hierarchical architecture to central compute to the zonal controller and the each ECU and the node to control of the vehicles. So that to reduce into the harness. So that's kind of, it's a zonal controller has been located each location like a front, right, front, left, rear, right, rear, left like that. But so of course, so the each control has been a centralized and then so the center right compute had been managed into the all of our application. So then, so the, that's kind of the architecture are the much more computerized vehicle is a more software oriented. That's mean to the software defined all of the behavior of the vehicle. So therefore that's kind of the central compute has been here how it can be easily building the software. This is the key. And also the how that software can be seamlessly work on the each of the application like ADAS, HMI and also the each domain control like a body part rain chassis. So this is a big challenge, but now we are working on and also that this is the key for the to continue to improve the big architecture for the future. So that's a, this is a current our concept to some of the backplane computing like, you know, the edge server architecture. But of course, this is automotive how it can be aligned. This is a, yeah, currently a deeply discussing within the OEM, the tier one and also the second vendor like us. But that's all that, that's kind of the architecture. Also the need to be corroborate with the crowd. So therefore, so the telematics and also the connectivity is a very key for this architecture. The ADAS, the ADAS is one of the key application for the compute because this is quite heavily depend on the performances. So then, so the, yeah, this is a continue to evolving to the right now. So the level three is almost mandatory, but the level two plus and the level three is a key for next generation. That's the level three plus and also the four or five will be a subject to discuss how move on and that this is a big issue to manage into the complexity of the design of the sensor and also the compute. So that's one of the big challenge to the how our central compute architecture can carry on. So again, so the connectivity driving to the vehicle evolution, but of course, so the key technology is required like with the energy efficiency and the compute and the intelligence. So then, so the, that's kind of the requirement. I have the focus, the multiple technical segment like our 5G and BitsX, digital cockpit and the ADAS and ADD and the car to crowds services oriented architecture. So this is the main trend of the market like OEM intend to. And then, so the how it can be resolved to these issues. So this is the key for the next generation electronic architecture. So for the Qualcomm, so we gonna address in these technologies and we gonna provide into the platform so called the digital chassis. So this is a binding to the these key technologies as a platform. And then so the providing to the solution to the OEMs and the T1 customers. So that's a binding to the car to crowd platform and ADAS and ADD, digital cockpit and the telematics. So as a commonly used for the platform through the multiple OEMs and also the multiple customer. And also, of course, this is the platform to involve into the engaging to the many of the stakeholders like our partner software vendors. So then, so we have the aligning to the our products so called a snapdragon. So this is our solution for the automotive and then to hold each of the technology access and then provide a complete and the end to end solution to the customer. So that's our intentional we are doing right now. So that's kind of the digital chassis have the binding to the many of the technology like 5G and setup with X by high Bluetooth connectivity. And of course compute CPU GPU technologies and also the video or related to multimedia technology including the audio and the ADAS accelerator and the computer vision for the ADAS application. Also the security is a very key for the connected vehicle because there is a many of the cybersecurity risk to coming through to the connected. So that we gonna offer to the very robust and strong security frameworks of the basement of the digital chassis. And also the precise location. So the location services, powering communication and the hills and the tools. That's kind of the tools is a very fundamental but we gonna offer that the very basement of our technologies as a digital chassis. That's kind of the digital chassis of course. So this is a very huge program and the challenge. So we cannot do by ourselves only. So we need to work with the many of the collaboration with the partners including the automaker OEMs and the tier one and the Qualcomm. So because this is the heavily depend on the automaker's intention and those of the tier one's intention but also the Qualcomm have been a participate that cycle to provide into the common platform enabling to automaker and the tier one that kind of the digital chassis based new vehicle in time. So this is our concepts. And yeah, we are working on two builds and the offering to this solution. This so-called this snapdog on digital chassis platform to the our customer and those of our partners. So then so they are little bit explained what our snapdog is. So this is a heterogeneous computing platform to the challenges. So the challenge mean to the how the system can be realized to the these four technology axis like a high performance and the concurrency mean to the, yeah, this is the automotive. So this is not just a server. So it needs to be required very high performance that it's have the concurrency operation to the multiple use cases. So this is the key. So that will our technology can be focused with that and the power efficiency. Of course, this is the electronics and also the EV. So this is the battery operated vehicle. So battery EV and also the even probably hybrid. So the, this is the energy efficiency is a very key because it's a directly affected to the how much mile can be a drive in the single charge on the battery. So therefore, so the power essentially is our main focus for us and the low cost. So this is a, yeah, very good technology, but if it's not available in the all of the second grade of the car, it's meaningless. So therefore, so you have the providing to the scalability and also the to fit each of the grade of the vehicle but also the development cost is a very key. So therefore, so our solution is a pre-designed and provided to the customer to minimize the design cost. And the other time, so this is embedded. So that's meant to the automotive, automotive is a very high-speed moving object means to the, it's need to work on the process in time. Otherwise it's very dangerous and also the meaningless. So therefore, real time is a very key. So this is what's our offer and also what's the definition of the heterogeneous compute platform for the automotives. So yeah, so we are offering to the multiple technologies binding to the, our SNAP programs. So this, for example, for the compute, so the CPU, the very high performance and the high energy efficiency CPU. So we build it, so-called Clio. So this is a use same as a mobile and also the many of the design history is applied for the in production. That means the design maturity is very high. And then also the Arduino is our graphics and the multimedia technologies. So this is a very optimized for the embedded. So that's meant to the multiple instance for the multiple requirement, like a map rendering, HMI rendering, some of the computer vision requirement. That's kind of a multiple requirement can be operated on the Arduino GPU. And also the video processing as a part of the Arduino and also the display technology as well. So this is very optimized to the automotive use case because it is slightly different with the mobile, like, you know, the multiple display support and the high resolution display support. So therefore we have the pretty much tailored to the architecture from the mobile to the automotive. And the hexagon is our data operation and the data processing technology. And it's have the several, bind it to several technology, like a tensor accelerator for the AI and also the vision-based compute and also the audio as well, so audio signal processing as well. So this is a binding to the multiple architecture, but the data to what's kind of the data can be operated. And also the security is one of the key. So the secure processing that our optimized to the automotive use case because, so this is a very highly security is required in the, against the cybersecurity, but also the safety requirement for the automotive. And the connectivity is one of the key because the vehicle has been connected to the cloud, but also the many of the components like a smartphone or even the people or some of the big networks. So that's kind of the connectivity has been tailored to the automotive use case and the binding to the our snapdragon architecture. So then, so these architecture is common to the cockpit and also the ADAS, but so that it's a fit into the multiple performance and functional use case for the to fit into the customer's demand for the systems. So the, yeah, one of the key focus is, so the safety and the security and also the how it can be realized, safety security requirement and also the very rich entertainment application. And also the cloud upgrade and also the very rapid evolution of the software and the very robust and the very tight recovery with the hardware. So that's kind of the two different requirements, how we can achieve to this on the system. So virtualization is one of the key for that. So therefore, so we have the pretty much focusing to how our technology to fit into the virtualization, the multiple operating system environments. So this is the current quick branch of the software solution. So the, yeah, we have the support into the multiple option and the combination of the software. So because many of the, our customer, they have their own preference of the software and those of the, they already built it to the software frameworks on top of that. So therefore we have the offer to the multiple solution. Like, you know, the binding to the QNX hypervisor and also the, with the Linux or Android, the green fields open synergy. So that each of the technology have the, each preference to fit with the preference of the OEMs. And also the Linux based container technology. So that also we have the working on that to how it can be easily deployed to the service on the cloud. So then, so we have the binding to the high level of operating system with the multiple or many of the automotive features already on top of the operating system infrastructure that I explained to the previously. So, but so of course that's kind of the feature set with the expanding and also the, it's up to the customer's use case. So therefore, so we are very open to binding to the customer's demanding, but so the, yeah, we are already working on that. For the, to develop with that kind of the software, so the hardware product, difference hardware product, only the one of the key. So therefore, so we have the, providing to multiple hardware difference for the, for example, the cockpit. So the, we have the dedicated cockpit, compute reference platform on, with our snapdragon technologies. And then so it can be a support to the multiple actual use case on the cockpit. Also the ADAS, we are build it to the reference hardware, also called the snapdragon light platform. And then so this is the hardware reference, but also there we are binding to the multiple partners software stack on top of that and to customer start to the, evaluate to the ADAS application on top of that. So this is our technology, but also there we offer to the more flexibility for the function application performance for the multiple product lineup and also the future. So this is the, we have concept of the SKU. So that's a stock unit. So this is one of the key for the defining to the products. So these technologies to the enabling to the multiple features on the same architecture and once customer more tuned to the application or future headrooms is required. So yeah, we can fit into the SKU to meet with the customer demand. So thank you very much for that today. So I am very short to explain to the our solution and we how it can work with. But of course, so this is just the abstraction of the other solution. And so we need to collaborate with our partner and also the customer. So yeah, again, so that if you have the very interested on the solution, so please keep in touch and continue to work with the ecosystem. So thank you very much.


When we think about nonprofits, probably a lot of folks on this call think about the biggest ones that you're familiar with, organizations like the United Way, St. Jude's, Children's Research Hospital, the Savage and Army, or Goodwill Industries. But nonprofits are, there are many, many, many more nonprofits than just the largest ones. And in fact, they're all around us. And they're not just organizations that we typically refer to nonprofits like 501C3 organizations, which tend to be religious and educational, charitable and scientific. Those are the public charities. But in fact, there are many, many different types of nonprofits. I'm just going to share a list in the chat with you, but these include veterans organizations, black long benefit trusts, cemetery companies, teachers, retirement funds, social and recreational clubs and civic leagues and local organizations like the Chamber of Commerce. All of these organizations operate under a section of the tax code in which they are exempt from paying certain taxes in exchange for serving the public good. And in many cases, people who make donations to organizations, particularly 501C3s are able to deduct those donations from their taxes for helping the public good. When we think about nonprofits, they fall within a space that on the one hand you have public organizations like a government agency, a government run hospital, or you may have a for profit company, some of which are publicly traded, and all of which have different types of organization that's information that's released on them for public organizations. Of course, you can use public records laws to get information about their finances, what they pay their staff and their executives and their budgets. And for for profit companies that are publicly traded, they have responsibilities to release this information to this public enter the securities and exchange commission. For nonprofits, we have a unique window into what they spend their money on as well as what they collect through a form called the 990 form. And many of you on this call may have seen a 990 form may have used a 990 form, but the 990 form is an annual filing by nonprofits that details a whole host of information. And it's going to look a little bit different depending on what the type of nonprofit is and what they do. We're going to talk a bit about this today, but it's a once in a year opportunity to understand how these organizations work. So unlike a publicly traded company where you make it quarterly reports for nonprofits, you get a single annual report that is often released months after the close of its fiscal year. And sometimes nonprofit organizations can seek extensions to release those. So it could be many months after the close of their fiscal year. They have to file these with the IRS. Some put it on their website. Some don't. But our nonprofit explorer attempts to provide information on these 990s in that you can find in one place and you'll hear more about that today. What type of information can you find on a 990 form? Well, first of all, you could find top line financials on the organization, not only their revenue and expenses, but also their assets and liabilities. So you can look at an organization's financial stability in a couple of different ways and it's all broken down into relatively granular level of detail. So you can find out, for example, how much a nonprofit spends on lobbying. How much a nonprofit spends on advertising and promotion. How much a nonprofit spends on legal fees. You could also learn about their board members and key employees, as well as salary information. This is often a top use of a 990 form is to find out who sits on somebody's board and what do the top executives earn at that nonprofit. It's once a year information and it is included in the nonprofit. You can find information about the grants that are given by the nonprofit organization. So whoever they give money to, you're able to find out by looking at the 990, you're not able to see who they get money from. They file with the IRS, something called a scheduled B, which includes their donors, but those that list is not mandated by the IRS to be public. Some nonprofits, including ProPublica, do make it public, but others, most of them do not. There's also interesting tidbits that you could find out. You could find out, for example, about conflicts of interest within a nonprofit, as well as whether or not a nonprofit includes first class travel or charter flights for their executives. And I know we're going to show you some of that in a bit. You could also find something called the contractors that a nonprofit works with that are included as well on their 990 form. There are some organizations, charitable organizations that do not have to file nonprofits. So, for example, churches or religious organizations do not have to file a 990 form. There are also some other exemptions like state institutions and other types of religious groups that don't have to file a 990 form and Connor may be able to share that link as well in the chat. The last point I wanted to make is the type of information you can find out on a 990 schedules, which are documents that are included in the 990 form. So, for example, if a nonprofit runs a hospital, they have to include what's called a schedule H as with their 990 form. If they run a school, they have to include what's called a schedule E with their 990 form. There are other types of schedules that will be included if they apply. So if a nonprofit does business with people who are their executives or family members of their executives or members of their board, they have to file what's called a schedule L form. And if nonprofits have information, work with telemarketers, they also have to file forms that include information on how much they receive from those marketing activities and how much they pay for those marketing activities. So that's a brief overview on nonprofits and 990 forms. And I'm going to one more thing, which is how often they come out. So nonprofits file their 990s, as I mentioned, once a year, but different nonprofits operate at different fiscal years, which close at different times. And so not all forms are released at one time in a year, depending on when a fiscal year closes. Several months after that fiscal year closes is when that 9, when that nonprofits 990 will become public, but you can't necessarily expect it just because you get one on a particular day. All the rest will be available on that day. With that, I'm going to turn it over to Andrea to walk us through the new nonprofit Explorer. So thanks. Thanks Charlie. I am going to pop up a quick screen share and we're just going to run through a bunch of the kind of features and some of tricks to navigating a 990. So some of this, you know, you may have encountered before hopefully some of these things will be new to you because they're pretty new to the site. So this is the homepage of nonprofit Explorer. Hopefully you've seen it before. And one of the things that we've added in recent months is this little breakdown by state, which will link you over to state page that summarizes the nonprofits in your state. So, you know, if you're curious about what what the largest revenue nonprofits in your state are if you're a state or local reporter interested in kind of understanding the nonprofit landscape in your state. I think this can be a good way to kind of get a little bit of information on that. We will give you a count of the total active organizations that we know of operating in New York. In this case, including those 501 C threes which Charlie mentioned that's the really broad umbrella of charitable organizations. Those are probably the organizations that you're getting giving Tuesday emails from asking for donations today and tomorrow. So, and those are also the, that's the most common subsection of nonprofits, but it's also, you know, it's it's a really broad umbrella, and they can accept tax exempt or tax deductible donations. So, so that's a really common status that you're going to see. So we're going to give you the top the highest revenue nonprofits in New York here and then be highest earning nonprofit employees from the most recent filing for each organization. And one thing that really like jumps out to me on this page is that typically the top earning employees are going to be hospital from hospitals universities. In this case we're seeing the Museum of Natural History and so and $11 million in compensation and so to me that's that's sort of, I'm going to ask a question. What's going on here. Is that normal. Is that what museum and natural history is paying their executive or their president every year. And to figure that out. I'm just going to hop over to our people search at the top here. You should be able to access that search from any page and luckily Ellen Flutter has a very distinctive name so we're probably going to find her in here. So this is, this is sort of all. I mean, sort it from newest to oldest filing. So we can kind of see and then we can filter by compensation so I'm actually going to. It looks like she's on a bunch of boards, we don't necessarily kind of, we don't want to see the boards we want to see her job. I'm just going to filter out those those low, low compensation ones. And here we're just going to get that her compensation over the years at the Museum of Natural History. And we can see that she's earning like ballpark $1 million per year, going pretty far back until 2022. And so the, the thing that I'm going to do. I'm going to notice that is just look at the filing and see if there's additional information. So one thing you'll notice on this filing page. And one question that comes up very frequently is, so we just clicked into the 2022 filing. And I think says 2021. And that is because this number is the version of the filing that it's basically an internal, an internal reference for the IRS, so that they know that you know the forms change from year to year. So for the IRS, they want to know like what specific version of the form, what questions were on that form. If there's, you know, if a question wording changes from year to year. This is going to tell them internally what questions this organization has answered. This is not the fiscal year sometimes it lines up sometimes it doesn't. So what we're going to use across the site and what is sort of typical in in accounting is the tax year end. And in this case, the Museum of Natural History does accounting from July to June. So we're going to reference this filing as the 2020 filing filing because this tax year ended in June 2022. So if you ever notice a discrepancy between the years that are referenced across site or, you know, elsewhere on the internet. Then maybe what's going on. And so this is always going to be the number to look for some organizations use the calendar year and so that's just going to be December 2022 but in this case it's June 2022. This is also one reason why we can't always line up organizations back to back you know if an organization says they gave a grant to another organization in this fiscal year. That organization might have a different accounting calendar and so they may have received it in a separate fiscal year. That's just something to pay attention to as you're going through a 990. And the other thing that we get a lot of requests for our is the ability to download a filing so you can save it to your research folder. We, we typically post PDF versions of filings, however those come from the IRS and IRS is about a year and a half behind on releasing PDF filings right now, due to apparently some technical issues. What we've done instead is these are this is electronic data that we're rendering into into visual format. It's an HTML document, which means you can, you know, you can copy and paste out of it and search it. So if you use this little print, I'm not sure if you can see the pop up here in the screen share but if you use the little print button, you will, you will you should get your browser's print menu and you'll get a save as PDF option in the printer and so that's a way that you can just save that full file to your desktop or, you know, your research folder and then you just have a copy of that filing, and you don't keep you don't have to keep coming back to nonprofit Explorer. Okay, so back on task we were looking for Ellen Futter's compensation and that is on, I just happened to know this page seven of the 990. We can see that here we see the same number. This is the table that we pull that people data off of and that's going to include key employees which are people in leadership roles people who are highly paid people who are officers and board members and trustees. And so you'll get sort of anyone who falls into these specific IRS definitions. But you'll always get the board members, and then you'll get, you know, whatever administrators fall into the key employee category. But we don't get a whole lot of additional information here. And this is, this is where the schedules come into play. So, as Charlie mentioned, there are a lot of different schedules different organizations file different schedules, a lot of large organizations file schedule J. And we can see that this organization did file schedule J in this year. And then we're going to hop down to the compensation table which is very similar to the first one but has more detail and we can actually see here that the that her compensation was about a million dollars, kind of consistent with prior years, and then there's other reportable compensation of $10 million. And I'm going to peek down at the supplemental information section. This is often where an organization will explain what's going on there. So if you have a question you're like this, this looks strange. In this case this organization, you know, the Museum of Natural History says Ellen served as president for 30 years, she retired in this fiscal year. They received deferred compensation, which they also note here. The deferred amounts were reported annually, as they were deferred are now reported again this is this is sort of, this is sometimes how executives get like retirement compensation.  And last year someone served. They might have had a bonus kind of consistent with however many years they serve, they might have had a severance pay out. And usually, there will be an explanation, either in the supplemental information, or in schedule, oh, which is the general supplemental information schedule for the whole 9090. That's my little rabbit hole, which and the moral of the story is always read the supplemental information, and if a number looks strange, don't report it immediately. Do a little more research, see if you can figure out, you know, if there's other context there. And another caveat is that sometimes this data is really messy. These are, it's humans filling out these forms. If you leave off a decimal accidentally reported salary might go from $34,000 a year to 3.4 million. And if that doesn't look right, it might be a mistake. So, again, and organizations can file amended returns. So if you go to your organization's page, which we can do over here, we will always in that tax year. The link that we're going to show is a link to the most recent document we have will also provide links to the other prior versions that we have. But if a number doesn't look right, it may also have been amended and we do index every filing in our search. So, so it might show up in search, but it might be from an earlier version of that file. So, again, a little bit of caution, let's just directly interpreting 990 data. Okay, so now we're on the Museum of Natural History's main organization page.  Employers have an EIN and employer identification number. If you're looking for information about this organization on another site, if you're requesting it from the IRS, this is the number that you're going to want to grab. A lot of nonprofits have really similar names, but this is the unique identifier for this organization. And again, we're going to give you a little bit of information. This is a 501c3 so you can make a tax deductible donation. And we're going to pull out some revenue information so that you can get an idea of, you know, what does this organization, what do this organization's finances look like over time. And then jumping down, we will give you for, if we have an electronic filing for an organization, we can actually extract the financial data for that filing. And so we will show you kind of some drill downs of that organization's finances for that year. You can always get more when you click into the filing. And then that employee and officer information that we pull off of page seven of the 990 or different page if it's the 990 easy or the 990 PF, which different forms, different pages. Always fun to navigate IRS data. And then you can kind of scroll back to prior years and see, again, that drill down of what's a little more detail on the finances of this organization. And one thing I'll note here is that we, if we have any filing we can tell you when it was filed when the organization filed it with the IRS. And so you can see June 2022 is when this organization's when the Museum and Natural History's fiscal year ended. They filed nearly a year after, after that tax period ended organizations by default have five months to file a 990 after, after their tax year ends, but they can file for an extension. They can file within a couple months, some file up to especially larger organizations may take a year to file or more, and then there's some processing time when after submitting to the IRS before the IRS releases that document to us. So there's going to be, you know, we're always working on a delay with 990 data. And if you want to know what the Museum and Natural History's finances look like in the fiscal year 2023. That year has already ended, but we're probably not going to see that filing on nonprofit Explorer until I'm going to guess June, July, August of next year, depending on how quickly the IRS turns out around, we can kind of see. Usually filing around mid May. So that looks pretty consistent. So we're probably going to get this filing next summer sometime. And if you don't want to keep checking back on nonprofit Explorer, this is my favorite new feature and one that I am using quite a bit already. You can hit subscribe. And you'll be subscribed to email alerts when we post the new filing.  But I'm not subscribed, I'll get an email when we post a new filing for the Museum and Natural History was probably going to be about once a year, though they do also file audits because they spend federal grant money. So that might, you may be getting a notification twice a year. We'll notify for both of those types of filings. We'll go over and manage those subscriptions here. So I can see I am opted into Museum and Natural History filings, I'll get an email. The next time we add a filing for this organization. Okay, so the next section of this very, very quick run through. I'm going to hop back to the homepage. I know there are a lot of power users of nonprofit Explorer. And one of the things that we've gotten asked a lot is what are the like Boolean search terms how do you do and or or strict search. And we have added a little cheat sheet for you so that you can drop down this advanced search box and just see, you know, if you surround something by quotes, it'll be a strict search. If you use the plus it'll be and so you can do you can kind of refine your searches, a little bit more. And then the other big search thing that is new is that you can actually just hit search. And you will get to a page where you're just, if you don't put anything in the search box you get to a page where you're just browsing all organization. So here I can, and it's going to be sorted by revenue by default. So you're going to see the biggest organizations. I can drill down if I'm interested in a particular state I live in Vermont I might want to see all the Vermont organizations. I can kind of filter by revenue see, you know, some specific organizations that that fit into those revenue brackets by category. So other filters this is something where and there are a couple things here that Charlie mentioned. We have pulled out if an organization said it operated a donor by its fund this is a way that organization that people foundations can sort of allocate money to an organization that then distributes money to different organizations. It's something that's been reported on quite a bit recently if you just want to see everyone who said yes I operate a donor right but it's fun on their most recent filing. You can filter there if you want to see everyone who said I operated hospital I operate a school, you can use that filter. You can also find just every organization that reported an excess benefit transaction on their most recent filing. That's because the nonprofit. Nobody's supposed to make make a profit off of this organization but if you know if someone sort of imbeciles money from the organization if you know contractors overpaid if some if the organization ends up paying above market rent to it. If someone who's involved with running the organization. That's going to be that's going to be considered an excess benefit transaction someone made a profit off of this, you know, tax exempt organization, and the organization is required to report it immediately upon discovering that transaction. We actually just see every organization that said yes we discovered a an excess benefit transaction, we click into one of these organizations. We'll see, we'll see that information pulled out right at the top, and then there's going to be a little bit more information, and we're going to tell you exactly where to find more information so you can click into that filing. We'll head to schedule L and read about what happened. Why this organization is recording that. And then lastly, we've gotten, we got a lot of questions about finding those finding donors to an organization and again schedule be is redacted. So, you know unless that organization voluntarily releases that schedule be. Or if it's a, some private foundations don't get scheduled be redacted so you can find some data in nonprofit Explorer but usually you're just going to see restricted, if you click into a schedule be. But we can find organizations that said I gave a grant to a nonprofit. We're just actually going to throw in non pro public as EIN. Once again that EIN is really useful for finding organizations. We can see this brings up pro publica. We can also click over to the full text and filings which you can, which we index if we have an electronic filing will will let you search everything that was on that filing. And I know that schedule I is the grants table and so I'm just going to filter to schedule I sort that by new to old filing here. And I can get like a pretty good idea of what organizations said we gave a grant to pro publica. What is going to capture is the 990 pf which private foundations file. There's no field for the EIN on that form, unfortunately. And so we have to do a tech search for the organization name instead. You'll notice that pro publica has a space in its name, technically. And so this is where we can actually do that Boolean search so I'm going to just search for find those private foundations that said hey I gave money to search for pro publica and or that's the war pro publica with a space. Search. And then again I just want private foundations because I already got the 990 grants table. We're getting 1000 some matches for pro publica this is obviously it's like, we have a pretty distinctive name. So this is going to be a little bit harder if you have an organization that has a really common name if they're frequent typos or, you know, or abbreviations. But that is one way to kind of track down any organization that's mentioning an organization in their filing, which can be really useful information to have. And then the last thing I want to touch on. It's been a very quick tour is if you scroll to the bottom. You can actually get a link to all of the data that we use to populate nonprofit explorer we get a lot of questions about, you know, can I just get a list of every, every active nonprofit in my state. And you can get that through example organization profiles the IRS uploads that data file with a breakdown for specific states every month. So that's a really useful thing to know about if you're looking to dig into the data yourself you can also get everything else that we use to populate nonprofit explorer at various places, most of it from the IRS. And I am going to stop my share. And pass off to Kent. So that was extremely comprehensive and short order and I really appreciate that. I am also going to share my screen okay I find sometimes a, I find myself a lot of the time when I'm reading the news, I will go back and if I see something about a nonprofit doing something wrong, I will go back and see if they could find, you know, essentially the crime on the 90. And so I'm just going to walk you through one of what I think is sort of the easier ones to understand, which was a story in the New York Times in 2021, not one of David stories I'm sorry David but you will talk about yours I'm sure very soon about an executive at a nonprofit I meant on the house of homeless, who was bringing in a million dollars a year, hiring family members, and had created several companies that he was then directing funds toward. And I believe the city and the state have stopped working with that nonprofit. And so I am just going to share my screen here much like Andrea. This is the story here. If you go in and you read it, you read about this man Jack Brown the third. And you see right at the top, a couple of facts, the city award more than $352 million to nonprofits run by Mr Brown. It had channel contracts worth 32 million and for profit companies tied to him, allowing him to earn more than a million dollars a year. Millions more have gone to real estate companies in which he has ownership interest, and that he has hired family members and given them perks and further down here. It says in addition to serving as the chief executive of the nonprofit, I called core services group and I will just copy and paste that so I will show you how I do this. Mr Brown started a security guard, company that polices shelters a maintenance company that makes repairs in them, and a catering company that feeds the residents. He heads each of those collecting a total compensation that tops a million dollars needs the highest page shelter operator in New York for an interview available records. And so when I read something like this, I will immediately go and grab the name of the nonprofit, and I will put it into our handy dandy search interface right here. As Maria said, and I will just reiterate, we can search three different things on nonprofits or you can search the name of a nonprofit. And to answer a couple questions, if you want to search for a city, if you put a city in here. So for example, I am from Boca Raton, Florida. This will pull up nonprofits within Boca Raton, as well as that as well as that had it in the name, but that will help you find nonprofits for the city. And I see two, but I saw this was just called core services group. And that was what was named in the New York Times piece. I'm going to keep note of this one for later though and I'm going to pop this open. And, you know, as again, Andrea showed you, we have some information here to 501 C three, here's the revenue expenses assets and liabilities over time. I'm actually just going to go ahead and subscribe, because I am actually interested with the next one of these those. And we have a couple of information pieces of information we pulled out saying that they've reported conflicts of interest transactions, which seems like potentially an understatement to what the time story said, you can pop right in here and you can see, you know, it's interface the quick top line financials, and you can see right here, Jack Brown, who was mentioned the story, and you can kind of add this up into your head and it's close to a million dollars but not quite. But this was a story that was published in 2021 so it's actually the 2020 filing. If you get here again it's close but not quite but we'll just poke around. And we'll see what we can find. So just when I take a look at this I, the quick note of the address 45 Main Street in Brooklyn, not too far from where I live. Sometimes I'll read through the summary to see what it says. There are the sort of more top line financials kind of similar to the ones we've extracted, but I just kind of want to jump, jump down and see if I can work backwards to see how the times did this. And then you is going to take note of these monetary amounts, and this looks to be about 800 and some 1000 which is close. But I'm betting that they found more information on that that's still a lot of money to pay a nonprofit executive, and that if I were a reporter which I am with paying my senses and I would be interested in learning more about that amount of money. And I'm also going to pop down to the independent contractor second because I do remember where it said that he had created companies that he then paid themselves through. And one thing, you know I wish I could pull the class on this. Oops, I accidentally changed the size of the font. But I wish I could pull the class to see if anybody could name. What about these three nonprofits seem to stand or these three companies appear to stand out to you. Anybody. It is that they all share the same address that that would be married are really, really hard. If you look up who runs all these companies in any sort of state attorney general database or secretary of state database, you would see that he is the principal of the company. And also it's listed further down on the forum that he is the principal of these companies. And you can see that they have directed $18 million. Again, as the story said for security, $3 million for food distribution, and about a quarter of million dollars the property management. And they are very lead items in the story and they are just right here for the taking for anybody who would want to review these forms. You know, it also said that there was conflicts of interest transactions. And I know that that's on schedule L we also write over where we say that we say it's on schedule well so you'll know where you can click. So you click right here to schedule well. You can also just be interested in like poking around a little bit more into those conflicts of interest that they've listed. You can see that they're that they are a subsidiary of a company called core companies Inc, which I do not 100% know what that is, and that there is a loan from that company to here. And you can also see some of these companies that were listed earlier that core development company LC is owned by an officer of the organization. Again, we can look up the records of that company in a state database and see who owns that company. And you can see all these various companies, including this one right here, which is somebody's brother who is making $175,000 in conversation. So there's one thing that's nagging to me, and I don't know where that $1 million came from there's two possibilities that I can see one of them is if we go into core services group and why Inc. It turns out that this is also owned by Jack Brown, a nonprofit also owned by Jack Brown, where he is making $182,000. Most recently, but in the year they wrote this $210,000. I am pretty sure that if you add up the $800,000 from the main nonprofit and the $200,000 from this one, that would equal up to about a million dollars. It's also, and maybe David or Andrea, you know the answer to this, it feels like this one should be listed as a related entity on the nonprofit, but it is not. So it's the finances here are not actually reported. His salary here is not reported on the main nonprofit. So, very quickly, I have like read the story, and I have gone back through here, and I have found several of the items in the lead of the story, just from reading it. And I know that like journalism is significantly harder than that, right, like somebody had to have a tip, probably, right, or a guest that they should be doing this. And the story is full of fantastic details about moldy bacon and things like that that you can only get up on the ground interviews, but just from reading these documents and using sort of the nonprofit Explorer tools that give you hints and leads into finding these sort of related companies. And if you would search his name through the name search, it would have pulled up other companies that he's listed in, although Jack Brown is not the most uncommon name. Then you can see how you can start building up a basis for doing more reporting. And on that note, on the basis of doing more reporting, we have this video grandpa here from the New York Times whose beat is covering nonprofits. And David. Thank you. Did you want to start off with anything you want to just be here is a small measure of my gratitude or the many, many hours I've spent using nonprofit Explorer I think which I'll do is it's the best thing out there so and I use it all the time every day. What's the weirdest thing you've ever seen on 990.  And we, in our course of our reporting found all kinds of weird things he'd use the nonprofits money to buy like a Tempebo football helmet some portraits of himself, which they had not listed as assets even though they were they were charitable assets. After our reporting then we the next year in the 990 we got like signed Tempebo helmet portrait of Donald Trump. All the things were listed as charitable assets, although we still don't know where they are. They ended up on on Trump's 990 so I think I'll have to say that. When you go and when you start like researching a company right I mean I guess the first question would be like in your process. I assume you're not just delving through 990s all the time but maybe you are what what is sort of your process from getting like from sort of like a tip to getting into the 990 and then once you get to what are the first things you look at. One of the dumbest, but most useful things I can recommend reporters do on on any deep and not the nonprofit be particularly is to use Google alerts I use that as like a sort of a, you know, a regular sort of feed of things that might be interested I have Google alerts for nonprofit arrests and nonprofit convicted you know, and any other specific topics that I'm interested in with nonprofits. I can type whether it's through that from another reporter, just from a source, the non the nine nineties are where I start. So the first thing I do when I'm sort of digging into a nonprofit story is, well there's two things the first thing is to take the 990s that I can find and make a spreadsheet make a spreadsheet to track the key, you know, read the 90s obviously but you're making a spreadsheet to track changes in revenue changes and spending changes in personnel over time, you know, so many of what we care about the things we care about with nonprofits begin with financial gain or financial distress, so to be able to understand how their finances change over time, how their people change over time. It's just to look, look through those 90s 90s to look for changes over time, but also just try to sort of map the organization is this just one standalone group with a small set of people in charge of it or is it, you know, part of a web of things, you know, sometimes you know that going in if you're looking at a hospital or university. Sometimes it's surprising to find what looks like a small organization has links to other groups and it gives all its money to one particular group or at lists. Other groups is related organization so I make that spreadsheet track those factors over time, and then that gives me sort of a story, you know, a list of things that I'm interested that then I go to a Google Doc and I write down, you know, what are the questions that I'm interested in answering what are the things that stuck out on the 9090 that I want to learn more about. The other thing I do right at the beginning, and this is, you can do this if you only have a week because it takes a little time but if you have longer than that, or you think you're going to be covering the nonprofit for a long period of time is to go to the IRS and FOIA their most recent for the, what they call the IRS form 1023, which is the form that nonprofits have to file when they when they seek tax exemption. You can't get that sadly on nonprofit Explorer but you can get it by sending a form to the IRS. It takes about a month or month and a half. And sometimes that tells you things that the 9090s won't tell you.  Please know that we have attempted to get 10.3 in bulk, and I'm just the vein of several records officers at the IRS, because of this request, and she has to get the SD card full of one month of 1023 is probably for the rest of her life. So we have no idea what more lover get, get more of that. I just got one today, it's in my mailbox. When you go through, and you're trying to make these connections right like, I know I have done this and I have ended up in like, crazy person land where I've like, I've drawn the strings on the wall, and I like I know there's something there and it's just like driving me crazy. I mean, get yourself, how do you keep yourself from like, getting too deep into the sort of conspiracy theorists, you know, section of like networking nonprofits together. Well, I guess there's two main ways. The one is that, you know, you're not, you're trying to look for a closed loop, like, you know, when we talk about an organization that's like interconnected in a way that's interesting to us. There's a set of nonprofits that from the outside appear independent, but in reality only deal with each other. So we had a story earlier this year about this group that was funding this, there was a rich philanthropist in the US who was sending money into a network of US nonprofits that then send it out to groups that all funded basically Chinese propaganda pro Chinese propaganda. So it was a chain of groups him to a, to a private foundation to a couple of 501 C sixes to a couple of 501 C threes. If you looked at the from the outside to any one of those individually they all seem to be independent. But when you started looking at them more you realize, oh wait, this group gets all its money only from these two other groups, you know, this group only gives its money to these two other groups. If you start finding that situation where you're in a closed loop where every the organ, you know, there's four or five groups or however many groups that only deal with each other or primarily deal with each other or they share people addresses, you know, you know, the there's any sort of signs of that overlap, then you're on to something but right, you don't want to get in a situation where you're you're you're trying to trying to sort of make causality out of what may be sort of casual connections or the fact that a group, maybe, you know, these two groups in the field. That's sort of the way to do it with documents the other way is if you're concerned about, you know, trying to get a reality check on whether you found conspiracy or just found some coincidences. That's when you have to start talking to people I mean the document these documents are great and that's what I love about nonprofit reporting is the documents will take you so far, but at some point you got to start calling the people and find out, you know, a certain asking questions about what they know and obviously then it's just the sort of standard reporting trick of imagining concentric circles and calling the people in the outermost circle first meaning people who are the least connected to the people at the center and the least likely to sort of snitch on you to them. And if you start calling those people, you know ex employees, you know, sort of extraneous employees people that have some connection but not are not central, and they say, oh yeah there's a connection we all go to the same retreats we all go to the same board meetings, then you know you're on to something but they may tell you know it's just a coincidence. That makes a lot of sense. And there are a couple of questions I think based off of some of you said which is, you said that the IRS response employee request within two months but I think what you meant was the IRS will respond to this like specific form request for a 1023 within about an under the you get about the same rate about a month or two for that. Yeah, I would say like six weeks, and they usually fulfill it on paper. So you get a big packet in the mail. So this is this is actually really important distinction the IRS for whatever reason does not like the word for you. If you say for you to the IRS actually they've never heard it before. What they what you want is a form 4506 B and someone hopefully somebody can put the link into that into the chat a form 4506 B, you fill that out, and you send it in by email, or you can fax it or the fax machine hasn't been working. They're fax machine not mine. You can you send that in and that is, it's like a FOIA request but it's to them it's a it's not a FOIA request and they will send it back on paper by mail within six weeks or two months. Yeah, and there are some people who are worried about the nonprofit finding out that you've submitted a request to the IRS for that my understanding. I'm going to ask both of you, they don't get notified the IRS to mix copy and send it to you right. I've never had had that happen. No. Yeah. And the, the one other thing people may want to know about documents to is, you know, it takes a while actually much faster for us to get 990s. And lately, again, we've seen them get filed and us get them like month and a half to two months later which is sort of unheard of speed. But speaking of forms you can file with the IRS you can ask the IRS for a copy of the 990 if we don't have it and you think it's been filed, but also you can ask the nonprofit itself in the nonprofit by law, though I don't know if there are any teeth to that law, must give you a copy of the 990 if they are filed is that right. Yes, and what I this is a useful thing if the nonprofits sort of, you know, if you're not worried about giving away your, you know, if you think there's some element of surprise you need to preserve with the people you're reporting about. Don't do this but if the people that already know you're there or that you don't care if they know you're out there, you've passed that point in your reporting. If you file them and you cite, I'm sorry to throw another number of people but section 6104 of the tax code you say under 61 section 6104 of the tax code. You know you were required to provide copies of the three most recent 990s and your IRS form 1023 upon request so I'm requesting it. So if you have any, you know, like, what's asking questions about what your stories about or, you know, there's no leeway in this and then I that's what you write back and say like there's no, you know, you don't get to decide there's no, the section 6104 does not make any provision for you to screen this if I asked for it you have to give it to me. And I should one more thing about that. Sometimes I always recommend doing that at some point with even if you think you've already got the 990, because sometimes if you do that they will screw up and send you the 990 with the schedule be the donors attached. So, like, that doesn't always happen, but it's happened to me enough that it's worth doing so, even if you already have a 990 ask for it anyway and maybe you'll get lucky and they'll send you the one with the donors. That is true. I just wrote a daily B story recently believe that though if you had reversed search some of that and I'm public for you would have found it anyway. I think we have time for just a few questions.  Ken, do you have one more that you want to ask? I was going to ask David if there's anything else you want to leave folks with. Okay, sources, any, any tips or tricks or anything like that you want to leave folks with. My one other tip is that sometimes state level state so many states have charity registration databases along with the IRS and there are a few that post them a lot faster and sometimes post new other better information. In the, you know, more detailed information than the IRS requires, I particularly recommend the Hawaii Attorney General and the New Mexico Attorney General their charity searches. Even if your charity is not based in one of those states, if it operates, it's like a national charity and operates in one of those states. We got great stuff on project very toss ones from like think the Hawaii Attorney General.  And I know Charlie the on the questions I do see a question here that someone asked that feels like we did not really quite talk about which is with the best way to check nonprofits before donating. And we sort of talk a lot about investigator reporting which is what we all do and therefore where our brains go as we do this. Like a Charlie or Andrea or David if you have thoughts on the best sort of spots in nonprofits for or the 998 to check before you donate to a number. Well, I guess that there's a lot of a lot of things you should check before you donate to a group but the best things to look at when you're looking at a 992 are. Look at how they spend their money on the first page of the 998 shows you what do they do with the money that they bring in that they spend it on salaries for their employees they give it to other groups. And then you can scroll down to the things Andre has been talking about looking at salaries okay that they spend 80% of their salary on one person. Do they, you know, what do they pay their executives, and then at the very end of the 992 you can see the groups they've given their money to put in there there should be some description of both what they spend their money on and then you can get some is this in a charity that's how to enrich itself or enrich its contractors or is it is the money going out the door to help other people. They can always lie and there's some, there's some opacity in these 90s make it hard to be sure. But if somebody is grossly wasting money or spending all the money on fundraising and overhead. You can see that on the 90s. And just to say one thing which is that it just because they spend a lot of money on salaries doesn't necessarily mean it's a bad nonprofit for public spends over half of its money on salaries but we're a news organization. And so our job is to spend it on people and support. That was exactly what I was going to say. So, sometimes, if, if, you know, a site is calculating like the overhead percentage for an organization, like it's worth thinking about what is this organization's surface as well because if that is mostly salaries, then, you know, that's additional nuance to the one number that they might be showing. All right, well, let's dive into a few questions, which is, anybody can take this which is, what does the IRS do to review nine, you know, to review nonprofits, are they consistently reviewing 90s that are submitted and do they revoke nonprofit tax exam statuses based on investigations of, or red flags is this common. I can take that the IRS does, I does not audit, the question is, do they as the IRS audit every group know the audit rate is extremely small it's in a single digit, single digit percentage, and they do sometimes revoked tax exam status for violations but that's also extremely rare so that there's, you know, there's more than a million nonprofits active in the US and very very few of them get audited even fewer get revoked. I would find that the bulk of the charity enforcement the people who are either looking for bad and misleading nonprofits are more often the state level regulators like attorneys general than the IRS. And most commonly right if you're if you have your tax, your nonprofit status revoked is because you haven't filed 990s over a number of years right. That's by far the most common reason I think if you have to file for three if you don't file for three years they automatically revoke. Yeah, and if you actually the IRS is organization search which you can again search by by EIN, they will tell you if this organization has gotten automatically revoked. So that's a useful search tool. So it is very behind on filings right now. So when nonprofits file their 990 forms, are they obligated to provide proof of usage of the funds toward their mission so do they have to show their receipts. That's not something that gets submitted to the IRS but if an organization gets audited then that does happen I believe there's much more request for a paper trail. But the 990 is the primary tax documents that organizations are filing there are a couple of supplemental forms that don't get released publicly. Generally, as not a tax expert. I don't believe that there's, you know, any sort of drilled down accounting that people need to submit. So Andrea several people were curious about churches using religious exemptions and and hospitals and you know, could we talk about sort of churches using religious exemptions you in fact talked about a nonprofit, turning into a church you wrote about then so talk about sort of churches vis a vis filings. Sure yeah and and this is this is an area where they're they're the majority of organizations that you're going to stumble upon a nonprofit explorer actually have no filings ever. And sometimes that's because they're so small that they file a 990 and they make less than a certain threshold of revenue. And that in the IRS is tax exempt organization search. We don't currently import that that's one of my hopes for for the long term. But yeah so there are a lot of very, very small charities that that don't have to file every year. And then, or just have to file a hey we're still operating form. And then there's another bucket which is religious organizations churches and religious auxiliaries. And churches are definition, definitionally a 501 C3 so they are, they are automatically a charitable organization. They do not even have to apply to the IRS. They don't have to say hey we're operating. There are a lot of really small churches across the US. And so I think, you know, the rationale that it would be very onerous for like a small church that had the congregation of 50 to have to like apply to the IRS to get recognized. So many of those organizations are presumed to be tax exempt, but do not show up in our database do not file an application to the IRS. And churches and religious auxiliaries are not required to file a 990. Some do voluntarily. And some do actually, you know, the, the story I reported on the family research council. I think last year was about the organization sort of applying to switch from being a standard 501 C3 to religious organization that didn't have to file they are still filing voluntarily, but they're no longer required to do so. So that is that is one of the sort of areas where you know there there is a very large subset of organizations that are technically tax exempt. And you're not going to find a lot of information about them on nonprofit explorer, just by virtue of how how the tax code is written.


Dear students, namaste. Today we are going to start one very exciting and new topic that is titled as cash flow statement. If you remember there are three important statements in an annual report which are mandatory for all the companies and in fact they are required for almost all the undertakings. Do you remember what are these three statements? The first one going by how we have learnt it is balance sheet, then profit and loss account and the third one is cash flow statement. In the first session we had seen the purposes of each of these statements. So can you tell what does the balance sheet tell you? The balance sheet is a statement of financial position, so it lists the assets and liabilities as on a particular date. A profit and loss account is a statement showing incomes and expenses. The net result is profit or loss for a particular period. Traditionally, these two statements were considered as the final statements showing the results of any entity. Entity can be of any type, it may be profit making or non-profit making or it can be a partnership firm or say proprietary concern or a corporate. Almost every undertaking had to prepare these two statements. Gradually it was realized that these two statements though are very important, they do not give all the information which is required by the stakeholders. Those stakeholders are equally interested in knowing about the movement of cash in the entity. So a third statement was made mandatory in 90s and that is known as cash flow statement. So today we are going to discuss the cash flow statement and we will also take a look at a few cases involving cash flow statement. So these are the contents and we are going to discuss various topics as are listed in the index. I have just informed you that the traditional financial statements, they fail to give information about generation and utilization of cash and users of the statement usually want to know what are the ways an enterprise is able to generate the cash and they also want to know how that cash is utilized in a particular period. So there is a need to give a summary of movement of cash in a period and there comes the importance of cash flow statement. Now the meaning of cash flow statement is it is a summary of cash flows, both receipts as well as payments during an accounting period, further it categorizes the flows under the three heads that is operating, investing and financing. If you want to read more details, these are the accounting standards on the basis of which cash flows are made. The current one which normally companies are using is called as IND AS7, it is similar to international accounting standard that is IAS7 and the old set of standard for this is AS7 AS3 which deals with preparation of cash flow statement. Now you already know balance sheet, you also know PNL account. Now can you think cash flow statement is similar to which of these two statements, is anyone of you able to think now based on whatever we have discussed now? I think some of you are able to guess it, this is somewhat similar to PNL because PNL is also for a particular accounting period, cash flow statement is also for a particular accounting period unlike a balance sheet. Balance sheet is not for a period, it is prepared at the end of the period but it is a cumulative statement. So if the balance sheet is for 31st March 2020, it will give the assets and liabilities which are purchased or which are acquired in all the earlier years, not just this year right from the starting of the business till 31st March 2020, if any asset is purchased and not yet sold it will be shown in the balance sheet. But if you consider a profit and loss account for year-ended March 2020, it will only show profits or sales or expenses from 1st April 19 to 31st March 2020, are you getting? So it is a period statement, profit and loss is a period statement similarly cash flow is also a period statement. Now the balance sheet gives you all assets and liabilities. This is not the case with cash flow, cash flow is giving you summary of receipts and summary of expenses. In that sense some of the items would be similar to profit and loss account but mind well there are several items in the balance sheet which do not come in PNL but which are directly reflected in cash flow statement. When you think of any such example that a particular item is in balance sheet and because it is in balance sheet it will come in cash flow without coming in PNL, just think a bit. Suppose company purchases machinery and pays cash for it, will it go in cash flow statement? Answer is yes because company has paid cash for it, will it go in PNL? Answer is no because it is neither income nor expense, will it go in balance sheet? Yes because it is an asset. So machinery is a new asset which is purchased so it is reflected in balance sheet and because it comes in balance sheet and there is a payment of cash involved it will also come in cash flow. So mind well though I am saying it is somewhat similar to PNL it is not that it is giving same information as in PNL because there are several items which would be coming from balance sheet to cash flow statement. Any item where cash movement is involved will be shown in the cash flow. We will just have a look at the categorization now because that is very important. Every flow has to be categorized into 3 heads as we can see here which are operating, investing and financing. Now to begin with what do you mean first of all by cash? Because we are saying that it is a cash flow statement. Always keep in mind that when we say cash it refers to cash and cash equivalents. Now what is cash? Cash is cash in hand but of course cash which you keep in your pocket in the form of currency notes is not the only cash. It is cash in hands and demand deposits. Now demand deposits are normally kept with bank. So in financial statements many times we call it as bank balance. So cash balance plus bank balance both are considered. Bank balance in which type of accounts? If it is in a saving account yes. If it is in current account yes. If it is in fixed deposit no. Because as per our definition it should be a demand deposit. That means it should be possible for the company or an enterprise to withdraw it or use it whenever it wants. That is why bank balances in saving and current accounts will be considered not in the FD account. Are you getting? Now other term here used is cash and cash equivalent. Now what is that cash equivalent? Cash equivalent refers to short term highly liquid investments. We are saying it is cash equivalent. So it is just like cash anytime you want you should be able to convert it into cash. That is why those which are ultra short term something which is convertible in less than 48 hours is considered as cash equivalent. There is one more condition attached that it should not be subject to changes in the value. So can you think of any examples of cash equivalent now? Suppose there is a fixed deposit in bank will you consider it as a cash equivalent? If the time period is short and there are no conditions attached for its conversion into cash then you can consider it as a cash equivalent. What other items? You can sell shares easily in the stock market. Can you consider shares balance as the cash equivalent? The answer is no because though you can sell it it is highly liquid investment but the second condition is not fulfilled because it is not subject to insignificant risk of change. There is a sizable chances of change in the value you know all know that stock prices keep on changing not only every day every minute. So stocks are not considered as cash equivalent. What else can be considered as cash equivalent? There are debt instruments like debentures. Can you consider them as cash equivalent? Even then the answer is no because debenture prices do not change as frequently as share prices but nevertheless they can also change that is why debentures are also not considered as cash equivalent. Any other marketable security like one which is bonds corporate bonds will not be considered. However if there are government securities or treasury securities which you can sell without a loss in the price without the loss of or change of price then such investments can be considered as cash equivalence. Normally banks accept deposits which are called as deposits which are for extremely short period like money at call or money at short notice they are considered as correct example of cash equivalent. So whenever in cash flow statement henceforth we will use the term cash it includes balances of cash plus cash equivalent are you getting me?  Now what do you understand by cash flow? Now it is a common sense any cash flows in the form of inflow that is receipt of cash or bank outflows that is payments of cash and cash equivalents these are all included in cash flow nevertheless movement inside the cash and cash equivalent is not considered as cash flow. Now what is the movement in cash and cash equivalent? Can you give any example? Suppose we are having 3 lakh rupees in bank balance and we withdraw it and we receive cash from bank will you consider it as a cash flow? The answer is no because though you are receiving cash you are just converting bank balance into cash. So bank balance is anyway an example of cash or if you sell your short term security and convert it into bank balance there again it is a movement between cash equivalent to cash. So we will not consider such movements as a part of cash got it? So these are not considered as movement in cash and hence they are not considered as cash flows. Now let us go to the types of cash flow. Now the cash flows which are generated through various activities are actually required to be classified. We have already discussed it there are 3 heads operating, investing and financing. I think these heads are very much self-explanatory but there are some specific meanings attached but right now at the outset what do you feel would be considered as an operating cash flow? Just think of what items would be included? Are you able to make any judgment? As the name suggests something which is to do with operations. Operation means our day to day business activities which generate several items of cash coming in and going out. Now they are all considered as operating this is also a residuary head. So whatever cannot be considered as investing or financing will also be included in operating. And now think of the examples of operating flows. But I would just show it here for your clarity. So now in the form of figure you are all the cash flow activities are divided into operating, investing, financing operating means something related to day to day activities I have deliberately not given any example because you can easily think of 30, 40 examples related to day to day activities. Next are investing. Now what example you can think of? Obviously on the screen you can see that very easy example is purchase of land. So when you purchase land you pay cash you receive land. Land is a fixed asset or a property, plant and equipment kind of item that is why it is an investing activity financing. Example is loan taken. So we have obtained loan from bank so we receive our bank balance increases and a new liability in the form of bank loan is created. This is an example of financing activity. So are you getting all the three activities? Now let us look at operating activities little more in detail. So these are defined as principal revenue generating activities of the enterprise. So this is a technical term for normal activities or day to day activities and any other activity which cannot be defined as of investing and financing will also fall in it. Now I have given very easy example that obviously the most important activity for generating cash will be cash received from customers against either sale of goods or provision of services. So suppose you are a taxi operating agency and you provide taxi customers pay you either cash or through credit card or through bank then you are generating revenue. In which statement will you show the revenue? Obviously you will show it in P&L account but you will also show in cash flow statement because you are also generating or you are receiving cash in the process. So this is a very clear cut and very simple example of cash inflow from operating activities. Now think of another 5-6 examples these are very easy as I said you can even list 30 examples. Can you think of some more examples? Suppose you go to some restaurant to have say some lunch. So what will happen? You will have lunch make payment. Now make payment means cash outflow will happen either in the form of cash or through credit card or by check or by some means of payment. But in any case since the cash is moving out we will consider it as a operating cash flow because it is a day to day activity it is not an investing or financing activity. Any other example? Lot of expenses I think you might be thinking of like salaries like rent paid they all will fall in the operating activities. So these are the examples I am listing you can receive some money apart from sales in the form of royalties fees commissions they are cash equivalents cash paid to suppliers or cash which is paid to employees as salaries allowances perks for their expenses all these are examples of operating activities. Now let us go to next one. Next is which head that is investing activities. Now how will you define investing activities and what are the examples? Just think of investing activities. Now here you are making investment as the name suggests. So if you are purchasing shares of some entity it will be an investing activity. If you are putting a deposit in a bank it will be an investing activity. If you are withdrawing the money from bank deposit and converting it into cash it is an investing activity. If you are selling your shares or debentures converting into cash again it is an investing activity. If you are purchasing any fixed asset as say land or building again it is an investing activity. So these are variety of examples of investing activity. Now before going to investing activities we also would like to understand how are the operating activities reported. Now there are two methods of reporting of operating activities. One is a direct method other is a indirect method. In the direct method gross sales and gross payments of cash are reported. Now this is a format of direct method. I hope just by observing it will be clear to you that cash receipt from customers or cash paid to suppliers to employees etc. All are shown as a total amount of cash which is either received or paid. The net amount is considered as cash generated from operations before taxes minus income tax paid you will get the net cash from operating activities. Are you getting? This is a direct method because the total amount of cash received and paid is shown. There is another method which is known as indirect method. In indirect method what happens is you start with profit as a starting point from P and L account and then you make certain adjustments to calculate the cash which is generated from operating activities. In the beginning of the session we had discussed that cash flow has lot of similarities with P and L. Actually this part of cash flow that is operating activities part is very much similar to P and L. So we assume that whatever is cash generated is in the form of profit. It is not true but just to start with whatever is your profit is assumed to be cash from operating activities and those items which are differing. So in P and L account there are some non-cash items they would be adjusted. There would be a few non-operating items they would also be adjusted that is why from your profit you work back to calculate the cash generated from operating. Just have a look at the format I think that would make many things clear to you. So you can start with retained earnings. These are the reserves which are accumulated in the year. Add the dividend paid because dividend is going out for financing reasons we will look at it later on. Then you also add the income taxes paid. So you get net profit before tax. Then you add depreciation. Why do you add depreciation? Can somebody think of because we have already discussed depreciation in last two sessions. We will add depreciation because if you remember it is a non-cash expense. It is debited to P and L or it is charged to P and L but no cash outflow was involved. So we will add depreciation. We will add a few non-operating items like loss on sale of assets or interest paid provisions for bad dates. We will deduct again non-operating items like interest dividend or profit on sale of assets and after making all adjustments related to P and L account. Keep in mind these adjustments are under two heads. One is if you find any item which is non-profit in nature sorry non-cash in nature we are going to account for it. If there is any item which is non-operating in nature but it is in P and L. So we will adjust for it. Now after making both types of adjustments we get fund from operations. Now front from operations funds here refers to working capital. So it is not just cash it includes the current assets and liabilities. So we will remove the effect of current assets and liabilities. So from funds from operations we add and reduce all decreases and increases of current assets and liabilities. Here we get cash generated from operations but before tax. From that we reduce income tax paid to finally get net cash flow from operating activities. Are you getting it? I know it is bit complicated because this is a indirect method this is a reverse method I will just show the last slide again. So if you remember once again I am just remember just making you remember the P and L account please have a look at your P and L once again. And if you have not understood P and L I think first you will have to study P and L topic properly before coming to this. But in P and L account there was a list of incomes less all the expenses giving you net profit. Now here what we are doing is we are starting with net profit adding all those items which are non-cash or non-operating they were deducted for calculating the profit for example depreciation. So we add depreciation we add income tax provided we add loss on sale of asset etc. Then we deduct those items which are non-operating but are added for calculating of profits like profit from sale of asset etc. And after making this adjustment you used to get fund from operations there we make adjustment for current assets and liabilities. Now why do we make that adjustment? Because every time you have made profit does not mean you have made cash. Suppose you are there are credit sales credit sales will give you profit but it will not generate any cash for you because the cash is still locked up in debtors. Cash may be locked up in stock or you are you have not yet received profit but you have already got money from creditors. All such scenarios need to be adjusted because here our focus is for calculating the cash from operations are you getting me? So we will stop here what we have covered today is we have started with cash flow statement the importance of cash flow statement the three categories operating investing and financing particularly today we have discussed operating activities. If it is bit difficult for you to understand do not worry in next session we are going to revise operating and again look at also look at investing and financing which will make the operating activities once again more clear. Namaste. Thank you.