Trini girl natural welcome to my channel. I'm coming on today after trying a pretty crazy experiment And I just thought it'd be really fun to show you guys.  Basically, I tried out using Kaleen clay as a hair mask. So I've done Bed night clay which you guys have seen my video of doing benton clay and And I've been mixing bentonite and rastool. I think I've done rastool by itself as well Yeah, I have done rastool by itself at least once and I've had this Kaleen clay forever Like just meaning to make a co-wash from it because it has this really smooth silky texture So it's really good for using in products to have a light clean fluffy texture as opposed to using like Bentonite or rastool, which would kind of make your product a little heavier and stuff But I still haven't actually made my co-wash While I have been doing clay washes, so I decided to just use a Kaleen clay in my clay wash But before I did that I wanted to know for myself What the Kaleen clay really did and the best way to do that to me is to use it by itself. So that's why we are here so It was interesting. Take a look. I'll come back and we'll talk about it So I start off with the Kaleen clay powder and pour some I'm not really a measurer But that's how much I pour then I use some warm to hot water and Mix the clay Add in more Kaleen because again, I'm not measuring and I felt like it needed some more Then I add my coconut milk. So at this point it's looking really good. The texture is like a whip. It was really nice. I Put some apple cider vinegar next After that the cider vinegar still looks okay, but not as good and then I added some aloe vera juice But here I swear it all went wrong I think I just put way too much like just because I put it out doesn't mean I have to use all and I don't know why I just Kind of like used all Then I just added some honey in my oil mix, but it never really recovered that thick texture It was still very runny. I put some more clay and it was still very runny at the end So I just kind of left it at that and then I just went to go apply it. I know it's runny So like I know it's gonna be interesting, but you know, I'm going for it. So Yep, it's like everywhere as you can see But yeah, I just worked it in the slip wasn't the best which I guess is typical of clays So I just carefully worked it in and since it was pretty much everywhere ready.  Usually my hair is pretty flat with clay but I Did get good coverage and I was pretty happy with it I was kind of impressed actually at how big and fluffy my hair was with the clay So this is a really light clay if you are looking for a really light clay to use So yeah, I just covered it up with my plastic cap to let it sit for like 20 minutes just to work it in a little bit And when I took it down my hair did feel so often moisturized and everything so it was a good treatment And I do feel like it clumped my curls a little bit not as much as the rassel, but I saw some definition there So yeah, I think it does a fine job So then I just go in and scrub my scalp because I always forget to do this when I'm filming And I do want to give my scalp a clear treatment as well And I rinsed it thoroughly and I took my time and rinse to make sure I get all the clay out And this is my final result after rinsing. I was pretty happy with it. My hair did feel soft I did have some definition. I did have some reduction in frizz My hair was still pretty big had a lot of movement wasn't weighed down at all It was clean and everything so Job well done. Okay, Olin And good definition less frizz and it was clean and everything so yeah, I'm happy with the end result Even though it was messy we came out the other side and I had a good treatment in the end. Oh my gosh I was like just bathing and then covered and then coated in it. It was everywhere Hairlin is a good play like bentonite and rassel for the hair. It wasn't as crazy as it looked It was just a bit messy when I was mixing it up first. There was a certain point where the texture was just amazing It looked like marshmallow whipped if you're making marshmallows as wet it looked like that So it was like fluffy creamy like whipped almost and I'm sure it would have gone on great then But it just didn't expand at all at all Even at least rassel expands a little bit, but this didn't expand all so I had to use probably two cups of clay just to Make it that runny to get everywhere and to get that paste back I would have had to add more hairlin and I just didn't want to do that because I think it's kind of pricey So I decided to just leave it at that but having it that runny was super messy as you saw I would probably not do hairlin alone again Just because of how much I would need to make a mask in terms of results It's a lot finer and lighter than both rassel and bentonite So it did clump my curls and define my curls But I would say not as much as rassel and bentonite and also didn't elongate my curls as much as Rassel and bentonite. Usually when I use the clear wash my curls are like this I just totally stretch and this time it was like bouncy like if I was using a deep conditioner So I guess if you are using a clear wash mostly for definition and elongation then you probably want to stick to Rassel or bentonite. If you have fine hair and you find that the other clay is rassel And I just kind of weigh your hair down and just do too much Then I would definitely recommend giving the curl in a try. It didn't do a good job My hair was clean so I have to moisturize so I can't complain. It's definitely usable, definitely good Doesn't remove as much frizz or elongate as much as the others. It removes different toxins from the others So I wouldn't say I'm sorry switch to this one But if you do both or mix them you will probably remove even more toxins And if you just use one or the other one being bentonite or rassel Both are kind of similar in terms of the kind of toxins they remove That's why I kind of clasp them together and also their source both being volcanic Rassel is really conditioning but a little price, you know doesn't stretch as far as bentonite Whereas bentonite is very cleansing. If you want to see me do a follow-up video of when I mix all three Definitely let me know in the comments below and I can show you that as well Let me know what you thought of the experiment I just thought it would be fun to come on and share my experiment with you Because I just haven't been doing that many experiments since even starting YouTube been more doing product reviews So I was like yay I'm doing an experiment So I was really happy to try it and that's crazy I went crazy in a kind of happy way as well So yay for that. If you are curious about trying curling, claying your hair I don't know if I would say no you don't have to but you can see how it works in my hair and then decide for yourself what you think Thanks for watching. See you in the next one. Bye


Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panimian Grammar. In this lecture we study Visarga Sandhi. So far we have studied Atch Sandhi and also Hal Sandhi. Now we start studying Visarga Sandhi. What is a Visarga Sandhi? Visarga Sandhi is a Sandhi in place of a Visarga. So we know that Visarga is a substituent or sthani and in its place sounds are substituted. So we have Visarga as an input as a sthani and X refers to those substitute sounds they are the adhesias. This is called Visarga Sandhi. Let us talk about Visarga. Visarga is not listed in the 14 sutras that appear at the beginning of the Ashtadhyay. Nor is it listed in the basic inventory, the traditional inventory also known as Matruka Patha. It is always described as a substitution itself. So Visarga itself is a substitution. What is the substituent then? So the substituent of a Visarga is always R, which comes at the end of a Patha and this happens only in a limited right hand side environment namely Khar and Avasana. Khar refers to the class 1 and 2 consonants and also Shr, Shr and S. Avasana is the absence of any sound. So if we have this situation where R comes at the end of this Patha and is followed by either a Khar or an Avasana. Either one of the consonants mentioned in this particular Pratyahar or the absence of any sound. In such a case this R is substituted by Visarga. So R plus Khar or Avasana is the input and the output is Visarga plus Khar or Avasana. This is affected by the sutra, Kharavasana or Visarjaniyaha 8.3.15. This is a very important feature of the Visarga. Visarga is also known as Visarjaniya. Let us look at some of the other features of Visarga. Visarga is known as Visarjaniya also used in the sutras of Ashtadhyay. Visarga or Visarjaniya is written with these symbols, two dots or two filled small circles after a letter. That is why they do not have any independent grapheme as well. In Roman it is written with a dot below H. Visarjaniya or Visarga is traditionally recognized and described as a yoga vaha as well. Which means that it is always uttered together with a, a yoga vaha. So one which is carried in association with a, a here stands for any vowel. So the point is that this Visarjaniya is uttered always together with a vowel preceding. It cannot be uttered independently alone and it always occurs at the end of a padha. These are some important features of Visarga. Let us look at some phonetic description of Visarga in terms of its place of articulation and also the effort of articulation. According to Panimian grammatical tradition, the place of articulation of Visarga is Kantha. Akuh Visarjaniya naam Kantha. And the effort of articulation or Prayatna is Shwasa, Aghosh, Vivaara and Maha Prana. So why Visarga Sandhi is stated separately and why is it not included in the chapter of Halsandhi because this is not achh. So this is the question. We can say that Visarga Sandhi can be said to be part of Halsandhi as well but because of the speciality of the sound and the speciality of the substitution and the focus of description, it is treated separately in a separate chapter. This is the reason why we have a separate chapter called Visarga Sandhi in the Panimian grammatical tradition. When we study Visarga Sandhi, we will study following sutras. Kharavasanayur Visarjaniya, A315, Visarjaniya Siyasah, A334, Sharpare Visarjaniya, A335, Vashari, A336, Kuppokah Poucher, A337 and then these other ones, Sopadadau, A338, Inashah, A339, Namaskar Purashore Gatyoho, A340, Idu Dupadhyasya Chapratya Yasya, A341, Thirasvanya Tarasyam, A342, Dvestrish Chaturidhigratvore The, A343, Isusos Samarthya, A344, Nithyam Samasai Anuttaravadasthasya, A345, Atah, Kru, Kami, Kamsa, Kumbha, Patra, Kushakarni, Isu, Anavvayasya, A346, Adhashirasi Padhe, A347 and finally, Kaskadishvacha, A348. Even though the number of sutras is little bit more, the substitutions are not that many. So, let us study these sutras one by one and understand the Visarga Sandhi in detail. In this particular lecture, we will not be dealing with the sutras mentioned on this particular slide, sutras two. We shall be studying the sutras mentioned on this particular slide, sutras one. Let us first of all take up the Sutra, Kharavasanayur Visarjanyaha for study. This is A315, a very important sutra. Well, this sutra has got two padhas, Kharavasanayur and Visarjanyaha. Kharavasanayoho is 7 slash 2 of Kharavasana, where khar means consonants 1 and 2, that is kakha, chachha, tattha, tattha and pappha, plus shah, shah and sir. And of course, avasana, avasana means absence of any sound. So, kharavasanayur means immediately before. And Visarjanyaha is 1 slash 1 of Visarjanyaha. So, this is the substitute. The padhas continued from the previous sutras are raha, which is 6 slash 1 of r, which means in place of r and padhasya, 6 slash 1 of padha. In this case, it is part of. The overall meaning of the sutra is the following. Immediately before khar and avasana, r at the end of a padha is substituted by a Visarjanyaha. I repeat, immediately before khar, khar means consonants 1 and 2 of the class, plus shah, shah and sir. And avasana, that is absence of sound, r at the end of a padha is substituted by a Visarjanyaha or a Visarga. So, this particular meaning can be represented in the form of an equation in this manner. So, if we have r plus khar, that is class consonants 1 and 2, plus shah, shah and sir, this being the input, 8-3-15 applies and the output generated is Visarga plus khar. And also, r plus avasana being the input, output generated is Visarga plus avasana. It is to be noted that this particular sutra, Kharavasana and Visarjanyaha brings about the substitution in the form of a Visarga. As we said before, Visarga as it is, does not exist on its own. It is always in place of r, that you will find Visarga. And therefore, Visarga will find itself in the limited environment, right hand side environment of Khar and avasana. So, we also note that the sutras stating the Visarga Sandhi, including the one that states Visarga as the substitute, they all appear in the Asidha section of the Ashtadhyayi, namely the third sub chapter of the eighth chapter, 8.3, which means that the output of these sutras cannot be the input for the previous section in the Ashtadhyayi. However, we see that in the Swadi Sandhi section, we come across sutras where we find an exception to this particular principle. But we shall deal with it later on when we deal with the Swadi Sandhi. Right now, let us focus on the examples where Rha plus Khar is the input and Visarga plus Khar is the output. So, first let us take Ramar and Khannati. So, this Rha comes in place of the suffix S, so we have Ramar plus S and then S gets substituted by Rha and we shall study this sutra in detail in the Swadi Sandhi section. So, Ramar plus Khannati is the input. Now, this Rha which comes at the end of a Pada is followed by Kh, which is a Khar. So, 8.315 applies and this Rha gets substituted by the Visarga and so the output generated is Ramah Khannati. Similarly, Ramar plus Khannati and this Ph is Khar, so this Rha is followed by Khar and therefore 8.315 applies and the output generated is Ramah Khannati. Similarly, Ramar plus Khannati and this Rha then is substituted by a Visarga and so the output generated is Ramah Khannati. Then we have Ramar plus Thakuraha and the output generated is Ramah Thakuraha. Then Ramar plus Tharbati and the output generated is Ramah plus Tharbati. Then Ramar plus Khur and the output generated is Ramah plus Khur. Finally, Ramar plus Thikate and the output is Ramah and Thikate. The derivation process does not stop here. Neither did it start here. We are dealing with the intermediary process. It begins with Ramas Khannati. So, becomes Rha and now this Rha becomes a Visarga and then this Visarga is going to be substituted by the other Sutras which we are going to precisely study under the Visarga-Sandhi section. But this is the background. Visarjaniya Shasaha will come on top of this particular background and the other Sutras. Let us continue looking at the other Sutras of Rha plus Khur being the input 8-3-15, Karavasaanaya or Visarjaniya applies and Visarga plus Khur being the output that is generated. So, we have Ramar plus Tatra and the output generated is Ramah Tatra. Ramar plus Karoti and the output generated is Ramah Karoti. Ramar plus Pati is the input and the output generated is Ramah Pati. Ramar plus Sharanam and the output generated is Ramah Sharanam. Ramar plus Shashtaha and the output is Ramah Shashtaha. And finally, Ramar plus Marthav Vyaha and the output is Ramah Smartav Vyaha. In all these cases, Rha is followed by one of the Khur sounds and so Rha gets substituted by the Visarga. Let us take a look at a few examples where Rha is followed by Avasana and that becomes an input and 8-3-15 applies and the output generated is Visarga plus Avasana. So, for example, you have Ramas and then Rha becomes Rha and you have Ramar and because there is nothing else that follows and this is indicated by the vertical bar given after the word Ramar. This means that this is the closed word, this is the boundary, there is nothing that follows Ramar and so because there is Avasana over here, so this Rha will now be substituted as Visarga Ramaha. Now, there is no scope for this to be substituted any further by any other sound. Similarly, Ramar, this is 1 slash 3 and this will be once again substituted as Ramaha. So, Rha at the end of the Pada and following is the Avasana and Rha is substituted by Visarga. Similarly, Ramayir, this is 3 slash 3 and once again there is no sound coming after, Avasana coming after. So, this Rha is substituted by the Visarga Ramayi. Similarly, Rame Bhair is the input and output generated would be Rame Bhair. This would be the 4 slash 3 as well as the 5 slash 3. This is in case of the word Ram as a Pratipadika. If we look at the other Pratipadikas like Hari, we have Harir as 1 slash 1. They are coming at the end of a Pada followed by no other sound. That means it is followed by an Avasana. So, this Rha is substituted by a Visarga. So, we get Harihi as the output generated. Similarly, Bhanur and Rha is substituted by a Visarga because there is nothing that follows. Similarly, Gaur. This is also 1 slash 1 of the Pratipadika Gau or Go. And then you have Gaur, Gauhu as the finally derived form. Similarly, Naur. This is 1 slash 1 of Nau. And so this Rha is substituted by a Visarga because there is nothing that follows. There is Avasana that follows.  This is about Kharavasana or Visarjaniya. So, this Visarjaniya comes in place of Rha. Now the Visarjaniya has arrived. Now this becomes an input. And then this Visarjaniya gets substituted by various sounds. This is what is called Visargasandhi. Let us study these sutras one by one. The first sutra is Visarjaniya Sya Saha. As you see Visarjaniya Sya is 6 slash 1. Saha is 1 slash 1. So, in place of a Visarjaniya, S is the substitute. This is the simple meaning of this particular sutra which is the basic sutra for the Visargasandhi. Visarga being the substituent and something else is the substitute. In this case, S is the substitute. Let us study this sutra. This sutra as we saw earlier has got two padas Visarjaniya Sya and Saha. And the word continues in the sutra is Khari which is 7 slash 1 of Khar. And so the meaning of the sutra is immediately before Khar substitute the Visarjaniya by S. I repeat immediately before Khar. Khar is consonants 1 and 2 plus S and S substitute the Visarjaniya by S. So, we have Visarga plus Khar as the input and the output generated is S plus Khar. Here are the examples, the same examples that we saw earlier. Rha plus Khar and the output was Visarga plus Khar. And now this Visarga plus Khar becomes the input and the output generated is S plus Khar. So, we have Ramaha plus Khanati. This is the output. This is actually the output of Rha plus Khar. Now this becomes an input for Visarjaniya Sya Saha. But there is another rule which is an exception which we shall study later on. And that is why this output is put in different colors, not in the usable blue color. So, these two we shall deal with later on. Let us first of all go to Ramaha plus Khanati and the output generated is Ramas plus Khanati. So, this Visarga is substituted by S because this Visarga is followed by Ch which is a Khar. So, Ramas Khanati. Similarly, Ramaha plus Thakkuraha and Visarga is substituted by S. So, we have the output Ramas Thakkuraha. There is further processing that is going to happen. Shtonashtu is going to apply and is going to convert this into something else. So, Ramaha and Tharbati and once again we have this Visarga being substituted into S. So, Ramas Tharbati and we get Ramas Tharbati. Then Ramaha plus Ch and this Visarga is substituted by S. So, we have Ramas Ch. Then Shtonashtu applies and we get Ramas Ch. Then Ramaha plus Tikate and we have the output Ramas Tikate. Similarly, Ramaha plus Tattra and the output would be Ramas Tattra. Once again Ramakaroti and Ramapati will have a different output as stated by the other sutra. So, we will study that later on. Let us go to Ramaha plus Sharanam. Here Visarga is followed by Sh. Which is part of Khur and so this Visarga is first substituted by S. So, we have Ramas plus Sharanam. Then Shtonashtu will apply. Then Stohoshtonashtu will apply and will substitute this S by Sh. In case of Ramaha plus Shastaha, we have Ramas plus Shastaha. So, this will then be substituted by Sh. By the application of the rule, Shtonashtu. And finally, Ramaha plus Smartha Vyaha and output generated is Ramas Smartha Vyaha. This is the output of Visarjaniya S. So, is the substitute in place of the Visarjaniya. This is the Visarga Sandhi.  This sutra has got two paddas, Sharpare and Visarjaniya. And the words continued are Khari and Visarjaniya. Sharpare is 7 slash 1 of Sharpare. Which means a sound which is followed by Sh. Sharpare, yes. Khari is 7 slash 1 of Khara and Khari means immediately before. Sharpare is the qualifier of Khari. So, Khara should be such that it is followed by Sh. That is the meaning. That is arrived at after we combine both these words ending in the same case. Visarjaniya is the word mentioned in the sutra which is in 1 slash 1 which indicates the substitute. The word Visarjaniya here continues and it means in place of. So, the meaning of the sutra is the following. Immediately before Khara which is followed by a Sh. Substitute a Visarjaniya by the Visarjaniya. So, I repeat immediately before a Khara. And Khara is class consonants 1 and 2 plus Sh. Which is followed by a Sh. That is Sh. Substitute a Visarjaniya by the Visarjaniya. So, there is no other substitute that takes place. Only Visarjaniya is the substitute. So, Visarjaniya Sh. Does not take place over here. There by no other substitution takes place. No Visarjaniya Sh. For example, if we have Visarga plus Khara plus Sh. In this environment, this Visarga which ought to have been substituted by a Sh. Because Khara is following this sutra applies and says if the Khara is followed by Sh. Then this Visarjaniya is not to be substituted by anything else but by itself. So, Visarjaniya is substituted by its own form. So, we have Visarjaniya plus Khara plus Sh. This is the output generated and Sir plus Khara plus Sh is not the output that is generated. So, when we have Khara plus Saruhu. Well, this is the Visarga Khara followed by T which is a Khara. Followed by Sir which is a Sh. This is Shara para Khara following and so this Visarga is not substituted by Sir which is otherwise stated by Visarjaniya Sh. And so this remains as Kah Saruhu. Similarly, Ghanaghanah Khrobhanah. Here we have a Visarga followed by Kh, followed by Sh. So, this can be described as Khsh which is Khara which is following Khara which is Khara. So, this is Shara para Khara and this is preceded by a Visarga. So, this Visarga is not substituted by Sir or in this case by the Jivamuliya as stated by the Sutra Kupokah Poucher. So, in this case Khsh Saruhu or Ghanaghanah Khrobhanah this is invalid. This is not correct. Even the other option Ghanaghanah Khrobhanah this is also not correct. According to the Paninian rules. Now, let us study the next Sutra which suggests an option. So, the Sutra is Va Shari 8336. This Sutra has got two words Va and Shari. Shari is 7 slash 1 of Shara immediately before Shara. Visarjaniya is the word that is continued. Visarjaniya is also continued. Va means optionally. So, the meaning of the Sutra is immediately before a Shara. A Visarjaniya is substituted by a Visarjaniya optionally. So, if we have a Visarjaniya or a Visarga followed by Shara. The output generated is Sir followed by Shara optionally. So, you can also have Visarjaniya plus Shara as an optional output. For example, if you have Ramaha plus Sharanam. Ramaha plus Sharanam is the input and we have Ramaha or Ramas plus Sharanam as the output. So, the Visarga can be substituted optionally by Sir and so we have both these outputs. Similarly, Ramaha plus Shastaha. So, the Visarga is substituted optionally by Sir. So, Ramaha or Ramas plus Shastaha this is the output. And Ramaha plus Smartavyaha this is the input and this Visarga gets substituted by Sir optionally. So, Ramaha or Ramas Smartavyaha this is the output. Obviously, in these two cases there is further processing that happens by the Sutras that come later on. So, Sir becomes Shara by Stostronashtu and Sir becomes Shara by Stronashtu. There is a Vartika statement which says that Kharpare Shari Va Visargalopavaktavyaha. Earlier we have seen the Sutra, Sharpare Visarjaniya. Where we had Sharpare Khara as the right hand side environment. Where we had on the right hand side Khara followed by Shara. Now in this case we have Shara followed by Khara. Kharpare Shari Va Visargalopavaktavyaha. The meaning of this Vartika is immediately before a Shara which is followed by a Khara, substitute 0 in place of a Visarga optionally. I repeat immediately before a Shara which is followed by a Khara, substitute 0 in place of a Visarga optionally. So, if we have Visarga plus Shara as the input, the output is first 0 plus Shara as stated by this particular Sutra and then we have optionally Sir plus Shara. And then we apply Va Shari. So, there is another option. So, there is also the Visarga plus Shara. So, there are 3 options that are possible as examples of this particular Vartika. For example, if we have Ramahasthata. So, there is a Visarga over here coming at the end of the Pada followed by Sir which is a Shara followed by Tha which is a Khara. So, this is Khara Parashara followed following a Visarga. So, in this case there are 3 possible outputs. First this Visarga gets 0 substitute that means this Visarga is deleted. So, we have Ramah plus Shata as the first output. The second output is this Visarga gets substituted by Sir. So, we have Ramahasthata and Sthata. And the Sutra Va Shari says that this Visarga is also substituted by itself. So, we have Ramah and Sthata. These 3 outputs are generated by this particular Sutra and the Vartika. Finally, we have an important Sutra, Kupukha Poucher in which Jivamuliya and Upadmanya are mentioned as the substitutes in place of the Visarga, Visarganiya. So, in this Sutra there are 3 Padas, Kupoho, Kapoho and Chir. Kupoho is 7 slash 2 of Kupu that is immediately before Ku and Pu. Kapoho is 1 slash 2 of Kapoho which is a substitute. Chir means and Visarganiya is 6 slash 1 of Visarganiya meaning in place of. So, now the meaning of the Sutra is this. Immediately before Ku and Pu in place of a Visarganiya substitute K and Pa that is Ajivamuliya and then Upadmanya optionally. I repeat immediately before Ku and Pu respectively in place of a Visarganiya substitute K and Pa optionally. Substitute Jivamuliya and substitute Visarganiya optionally. Here are the examples. These are the examples that were marked in a different color earlier. So, Ramaha plus Karoti where you have a Visarga followed by K and so now this Visarga gets substituted by Ajivamuliya. So, we have Ramaha Karoti. Similarly, Ramaha plus Khanati Visarga is followed by K. So, this Visarga is substituted by Ajivamuliya and you get Ramaha Khanati as the output. Similarly, you have Ramaha Pati as the input and this Visarga now this is being followed by Pa so this gets Upadmanya as the output. Ramaha Pati and also Ramaha Khanati and the output is Ramaha Khanati. To summarize, we first of all studied the features of Visarga. We also stated that Visarga is in fact a substitute and the substituent is Ra coming at the end of Upadha. The position at which Visarga substitution takes place is very important. It is always at the end of Upadha and there are the substitutes of the Visarga namely Sir, then Jivamuliya and Upadmanya and also the deletion. And Visarga itself can be regarded as the substitute that replaces its own form. Next, we study the remaining rules which state some other substitutes in place of the Visarga. Notably, Sir, we shall study these sutras in the next lecture. Thank you very much for your attention.


My name is Justice Richard Oseche, and I'm presenting together with Dr. Mary Cetrana. Now, moving to the introduction, why this topic and what we are expecting within this region. The first part is purpose of presentation, so we are going to examine how internal displacement the subsequent cross-border movement of Nigerian Nationals across within the sub-region and also trying to examine how gendered, so the gendered nature of internal displacement because of how the data are presented within. First is the purpose of presentation, data method and then outline of presentation and the data made mainly the data from secondary and primary data sources and also for government and non-governmental reports and newspapers and then about the analysis methods, we are using content analysis and document analysis and this is how the outline is force migration also establishing the different typologies of internal displacement and cross-border movement vis-a-vis the Ekoa Street in 1979 Ekoa Street how is related to the internal displacement when it comes to the cross-border movement of internally displaced persons. So for this during the discussion IDP will be the acronym for internally displaced persons. Now to be able to follow the discussion I would like to come up with some definitions which are very important to understand the discussions. So force mobility something I will be using very often in this discussion force mobility and IDP internally displaced persons. Force mobility taken from the IOM definitions is defined here as a migratory movement in which an element of coercion exists including threats to life and livelihood whether arising from natural man-made causes. Example from movement of refugees and internally displaced persons as well as people displaced by natural environmental disasters chemical or nuclear disasters or farming or development projects. So and about the internally displaced persons we are taking the definition from the United Nations Guidance Principles in 1998. So it defines the persons or group of persons who have been forced or blight to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border. Now the question is this is how we are going to present what we want to talk about force mobility. There are three men in the literature there are three men types of force mobility. We have the refugees, asylum seekers and the internally displaced but here we are focusing on internal displacement because the two which are the refugees and then asylum seekers they are well defined by law and also according to international from the Geneva Convention in 1951 and 1954. So they have some legal backing whereas internal displacement the third part of force mobility the definition lacks legal backing and so they have to rely on institutional favors the will of governmental and non-governmental institutions to be able to help or assist internally displaced persons. That's why when it comes to the so hot of this paper why force mobility that is why internal displacement the so hot of discussion is that internal displacement still lacks legal backing so legal backing so there is a need to keep the discussion going and also why Nigeria because in 2015 according to the Norwegian refugee council and the IDMC they said Nigeria is from they were the third largest internally displaced persons in the world the first were Syria and also Colombia they were the first two and then followed by Nigeria so there is a need for us to have some discussions on the internal displacement choosing Nigeria also as a case study and how can internals within internal displacement then bringing in cross border movement actually we are not this concept is somehow still under construction but we are not focusing the cross border movement outside we are talking about cross border movement within the Eqours sub-region I know maybe the question of internal displacement why they move out outside the nation state then they cease to be internally displaced persons but the definition that which qualifies them as internally displaced persons mostly which we will be seeing very soon I think it have mostly flooding or climate change also religious and ethno-religious threats and the last one is about coerced eviction so these three motivations for the categorization of internally displaced persons normally do not fit into the refugee status or the asylum status as a result when they move outside their country they still do not qualify for the status as refugees that is why we try to keep this cross border movement not taking into account movement outside the Eqours sub-region so we are using it in this case mainly for movement of internally displaced persons outside their nation state but within the Eqours sub-region because that is how we will be able to bring in the 1979 Eqours protocol on free movement so these are the typologies of internal displacement in Nigeria there are three main one is the climate change and for the climate change we take the flooding and the desertification so in 2012 Nigeria had about I think the second in the world when it comes in terms of flooding over 6.1 million people were displaced due to flooding so when these people were displaced the question of how the government intervention or how were they placed or put into different places and some of them were hospitalized by families and some of them were taken to different displacement camps and some others who also had to find their own means of survival whereas they couldn't make any legal claim as to what they wanted compared to maybe a refugee or asylum seeker who has the right to seek for something which is his or her own because the law says so and also in Nigeria there is issue of desertification especially not the eastern part of Nigeria the Sokoto and the Gombe area where it said in 2012 there were about within 6 according to the according to the displacement tracking matrix which was instituted by IOM about within only 6 states in Nigeria about 600,000 people were displaced due to desertification so the next one is also on terrorist attacks so I think I have to go a bit forward when it comes to the flooding so this is the statistics for the flooding and so about the terrorist attacks and also and it's no religious conflicts and this one here we focus in on the Boko Haram issue where for some time it has been harassing especially those still in the northern part of Nigeria most of them stay in Nigeria but some also cross border to Cameroon and to the neighboring Benin mostly Cameroon and Benin but because they failed to qualify as refugees they are forced to return to Nigeria so it's not supposed to be the case but when it comes to internal displacement there is this problem of legality and the last one is about forced eviction which I will not move on so now about the impact of internal displacement most of the data shown I may give the total figures like in the case of the flooding the total figure was given without any categorization as to children, female males and others which we argue that internal displacement like most social issues are gendered because the relation between females and males have to be taken into consideration because females do so far more when it comes to internal displacement and there was a work which was done in 2016 in which some females were interviewed and also some females were interviewed and within this from the interviews most of the females were enticed with ways of support from government officials or from very important personalities but at the end of the day some of them ended up being raped or exploited so the argument is that internal displacement is not free of gender bias so the issue of gender has to be taken into consideration when it comes to internal displacement and now we come to the other point of the linkage and assessment of cross-border movement of IDPs in the 1970s in the ECOWAS protocol so the ECOWAS protocol established the freedom of movement of persons and also the right of settlement and also the right to work but I think the three phases out of the three phases only one has been fully achieved that is the freedom of movement so which is a temporary stay within the ECOWAS sub-region whereas the other two are still have not been implemented so the argument is that if internally displaced persons when they in case they cross the border they are not able to show anything as West African citizens and according to the protocol you have to show something that you are West African to be able to benefit from any of the legal issues but because they are not able to show anything they end up in form of illegality and therefore they are subject to things or to way of life which are not really good and also which they were not supposed to be in as persons who are disadvantaged so if this is the face the right to entry and abolition of business if it is extended to the freedom of residence and right to establishment I think these two are very critical for internally displaced persons when they cross the border to be able to be well established and also to be able to move and then live a life which is well and also benefit from all the welfare activities though it is not so much developed within the sub-region now the conclusions and key research so the argument which I began making is that internally there are some people who move voluntarily from their home countries outside to travel or to migrate but there are others who are also forced to move and those who are forced to move some do benefit from being refugees of being asylum seekers there is a forced mobility but there are others who are also who move not because they become internally displaced or they move within the nations within the boundaries of the nation state and those who move within the boundaries of the nations because of forced mobility do not benefit from any legal legal settings or legal declarations and so because they suffer they suffer a lot of go through a lot of hardships and with these hardships they are not able to come out most of them are violated their human rights are violated and so they are not able to get established and the other argument is also that internal displacement is normally considered as transient and so only temporary programs are prepared or are made available for the IDPs and because of that after a few period of time they fall into the trap of people who persecute them or people who take advantage of them so we argue that if there is there is a need for government and non-governmental organizations to provide established and also well planned economic programs so that they can follow they regain their independence and the other argument is also that gender continues to be important when it comes to internal displacement because the relation between females and males in internal displacement is not the same thank you


Watch this Thursday evening so crypto watch doesn't usually have a schedule, I just do it whenever but it is a once a month live stream where we talk about crypto currencies and I will magkwento ako konte on like how I got back into crypto so I was kind of sidelined for a while and then relatively recently I got back into it with very good timing apparently kasi medyo palapit na yung ano. There are a lot of events that people think will be a catalyst for explosive growth like 2x bitcoin, 3x bitcoin, I mean you know the the sky's the limit so we will talk about that after the usual ad break. Pinakamura, madalila mo morder. Hanapin ang redistrosyon mo gusto mo, piliin ang preferred pay pen friend mo. Wala pang 5 minutes na si Zika na para sa windows mo. Maraming na kaming na tulungan. Dati, said ang departure ko. But now, I've found a love of my life. Dati, ing-less ang walang purchase ang life ko. But now, I'm a world-class Zuba instructor. So web developer ako and content creator for a YouTube channel and ngayon ganun pa rin ako pero activated na yung windows ko. Kaya ako naghanap ka ng legit, mura at original software. Check out cdkoffer.co Check out cdkoffer.com Check out cdkoffer.com So I will start out with... Kuwento muna tayo. I was sidelined for a bit sa crypto because it peaked really high and then it crashed and a lot of coins left over. Like I didn't get out in time. So that got me down for a long time. So I was still watching the space but I wasn't actively trading. But just last November, I really got back into it. So what's up Paul John from Facebook? No, like I'm exclusively crypto. I don't do FX trading. So no like USD, NTD, Pound, Euro, things like that. It's just subdomer. It's just crypto. So I was sidelined for a bit but I really got back into it last November and like total rabbit hole kind of got into it. So following people on Twitter, crypto, Twitter and then trying to see who gives out good advice and identifying trends, identifying prices, using leverage, using futures. So all of these things kind of high risk, higher third which is what I love about crypto na parang you can be down. Just recently, like I was really like super down and I made ill-advised short positions end of January and like that was the biggest loss. Like it's not a paper loss. I finally cut my losses. It was a wild ride. But really, really big. Like the most actual loss I ever realized just like end of January this year. So like two weeks ago. But then two weeks later, aong apala. So dad's Dior from Facebook. So I did want to, wait na. I was gonna flash this so let me check first na walaong I'm gonna censor it first. I gotta censor it. Wait lang. So I did want to flash. So just to illustrate gano ka gano ko wild yung how far I've gone down the rabbit hole. Wait na. Let me find the... Let me find the... Where is it? Oh, I guess I can do that. Wait. Nope, not that. So I am quite proud na... I've only been really like super serious in the crypto again last November but I trade a lot on Kraken so this is the leaderboard on Kraken the futures leaderboard. I'm in the top or I was this was a couple of days ago top 300. So while parang di ko na imagine ever na major international exchange I would be in the top whatever let alone top 300. It's pretty good. So I buy 200% after that's a seven day period imagine 200% return in seven days. So yeah, so that's me. You can look it up. Of course I celebrated. You can give your own nickname. So layout, perpetey and deconstruction are all literature lit terms. Long time viewers know that I am... I did take up literature in college so I decided to celebrate my high rank with... I tried to name to like literary terms. So yun but 200% ROI seven days. So that's the futures leaderboard from a major international exchange Kraken. You can sign up to them. I have an affiliate link in the description below but only do it. Please watch the videos I've done first in the basic beginner videos. You don't want to do futures right away. At least give yourself like a month or so to dip yourself into get yourself acquainted with the crypto space. Sabanton. I did get your email anton. Yes, I'm super down with it. I just mean super busy today but I definitely will reply like tonight or early tomorrow morning at the most. But yes, I'm... I am down for your suggestion. Although like... I'm more concerned for you. Feeling ko like what we can offer as an X deal is... Mabakamalugi kayo. But yeah, I'll reply. I do intend to reply to the email soon. Most of my trading is via futures. Although I'm trying to build up my spot bags as well. But a lot of the profits that I do at this point are from my futures. Like, you know, I want to call them bets but I also don't want to give people the wrong impression that it's gambling. To a certain extent all trading naman is gambling whether it's stock trading, forex trading, crypto trading. So there's an element of skill but there's also an element of chance. In any type of trading. Although I do admit that with crypto the element of chance might be a bit more pronounced. Mas malaki yung percentage na that, you know, that... that randomness factors into it. But for me, that's what makes it exciting. And again, for me, it's like poker.  You bought in at this price, big lang nag-ga, gara somewhere, bumagsakim presyo.  I mentioned at the start of the stream that my fur... my biggest realized loss, so, hindi paper loss, my biggest realized loss came just two weeks ago at the end of January and I was like that was the most money I ever lost on crypto and like, you know, I usually don't get into the numbers but it was very substantial because you realize loss yun hindi in paper loss but again, it's up to the player, it's up to the trader how you pick yourself up and how you rearrange your assets to cover it and you're making sure that the purchases that you do after a bad beat again, it's just like poker you don't want to tilt too much like, oh, kung alakon lang binibilin mo or you buy the same kind of coins na parang revenge play na you guys lost me so much money and I'm going to I'm going to make money off you guys I'm going to show you guys and you know, kind of personifying and abstraction you're like, you don't want to do that although the money my biggest losses were short so I bet that they would the price would go down and they didn't and it was on Bitcoin and on Sol, SOL both two major coins at the moment of course I did get back into the game and that's how I was able to do this 200% ROI after seven days and part of that was using Bitcoin and Sol so I did I did go back into those currencies but not as a not like not as a revenge play but more like as a more as a more because it was a smart play you know, you can't you can't be sidelined um you can't make any money on crypto if you avoid Bitcoin and Sol I think I mean, you can but you know, you're just giving yourself a hard time for sure don't do futures if you're if you're a beginner I'm not like a super big fan of T8 to be honest and yeah, so like part of the reason why I wanted to do the podcast the live stream now was that crypto is super heating up like the terms like parabolic teleportation like, you know the price is 50K 52K now big lang tatas to 62K 100K it sounds like, you know it sounds hyperbolic it sounds like complete exaggeration but ever since the Bitcoin spot ETF so basically big big financial institutions in the states finally got the Bitcoin spot ETF approved which in very basic terms makes it a lot easier for the man on the street you know you just want to invest in something for your retirement fund you don't care what it is the Bitcoin spot ETF from the types of Vanguard from BlackRock these major financial institutions allows you to do that so there's a there's a flood of new money liquidity coming into the market it's just started and then now why people think it might go parabolic the price is that na you there will be a halving so the halving is basically the way Bitcoin works is from the very beginning nakasetap na yan once it reaches X number of blocks blocks are basically every time a block is completed new Bitcoin is generated in an X amount you know before it's like 100 Bitcoin now it's like 50 Bitcoin I don't know the exact amounts but panang ganon every time there's Bitcoin is transferred between so and so people need to validate the transaction and the work that's done there is basically fit into a block once a block is generated new Bitcoin is also generated but built into the system are called halving periods once the system reaches a certain block the amount of new Bitcoin generated is halved so I think it's 22 Bitcoin now it'll be just like 11 Bitcoin or something like that panang ganon so basically the supply is severely curtailed after the end of each halving because new Bitcoin is generated but so much less of it is generated so that's what's nice about Bitcoin it's inherently deflationary unlike fiat currency where you can just keep printing and that's the quantitative easing of the US we're having economic problems we need bail out money that's then the monetary authority involved can literally print money the problem with that is of course inflation that's the yan yung end result ng QE I don't want to make it super technical or something but just basic economics the more there is of something the less valuable it is and that's what happens to the dollar when you do quantitative easing you can just keep printing money that's why people like Bitcoin one of the reasons why Bitcoin is valuable is that it's inherently deflationary you can't change the system there will be only an X number of Bitcoin ever produced ever plus the rate at which it's produced becomes less and less over time in very basic terms so you couple the halving with the spot coin those financial institutions need to hold Bitcoin so they've been buying up Bitcoin from the open market people think that eventually very soon demand will outstrip supply because those financial institutions the very big ones that offered spot Bitcoin ETFs need to hold Bitcoin now they can't find Bitcoin the price will dramatically shoot up and so the halving is you know there's no exact date for the halving dependent on when block number so and so is minted or you know is formed but you know based on the number of blocks left and the speed at which their mind or the blocks are generated people think that the halving will be around April so you have many people looking for Bitcoin yung well the financial institutions which are carrying the spot coin the spot Bitcoin ETFs and then you have the halving demand quickly outstripping supply and then that's why people are thinking now that the Bitcoin price will go up very dramatically very soon plus it's coming at the tail end of like a four year cycle so people have mapped it out and I know I don't mean to sound like a crazy person that look at that technical analysis where you just look at the graph and you figure out oh there's a cup and hold maneuver or something to be honest I'm not a big fan of TA I think it's you know Roman Generals before when they when they were trying to figure out is this a good day for battle so they would kill chickens open up look at their guts or try to see how the chickens ate if the chickens ate then it was a good day to do battle it was an auspicious day to do battle the augurs were good but if the chickens didn't eat they would that was a bad time to go to battle that's kind of how I feel about TA I mean yes it's valuable but I don't like like maybe 90% of my it's only like 10% of the decisions I make whether to buy into a crypto or not so I feel like TA is a lot of that a lot of TA is that kind of like just kind of mumbo-jumbo looking at the entrails of chickens my favorite anecdote about Roman Generals you know and about trying to figure out trying to get prophecies trying to figure out whether it is a good day to do battle so they had one one Roman General I forget which era but he he had a landing force there was a big landing force and then sorry digression mo na tayo and you know trying to figure out is this a good time to land my forces and do battle with the enemy I forget it's the Carthaginians or you know the Romans had a lot of enemies so you know can't remember which ones man so they they did the chickens and the thing is if the chickens eat then it's a good time to do battle the chickens didn't eat so frustration ng Roman General so sobrang pico niya na ini sa siya sa mga manok tinapan niya overboard and he said well maybe and you know he proceeded to land and engage the enemy even though the the signs were not good and you know this is my rant like I'm not super into TA I think it's like you know a bunch of magic mumbo jumbo just trying to find patterns on graphs but that said that particular general lost that battle so maybe he should have just waited for his chickens to eat instead of throwing them overboard but you know that's life I do not use a gaming laptop I use an ASUS just to do a tech question first you know because I I haven't I don't number one I haven't been traveling traveling a lot number two even if I did usually when I travel I'm I don't game while I'm traveling so I don't feel I need a gaming laptop so I check out you know I'm very happy with my desktop and that's what I use to game a lot gaming laptop I do have a laptop for work it's an ASUS OLED the touchscreen I'm super happy with it I would just post the link to the review in case anybody needs it Taiwan so this laptop for me is great like I can do anything that's my review of the of the laptop I'm currently using not sponsored by ASUS ASUS didn't even know I was buying a laptop from them I used our supplier the hardware supply but oh sub Christian Good evening but they had no idea I bought one of their laptops I super it's too it's made me super productive like I bring my daughter to school most every day so while she is in school I can be in the car and doing work and catching up on things perfect for what I needed for plus I really purposely got the OLED version because I use it to watch a lot of videos whether on YouTube or on other videos so beautiful screen and I like the touchscreen you can fully fold it all the way a lot of reviewers criticized it the gimmick lang yun the touchscreen and the folding thing but I really I find it to be super useful I don't find it to be a gimmick at all I find it as a feature talaga hindi lang like oh look what we can do but nobody uses it I like that you can flip it whichever way and you can use the touchscreen so not a gaming laptop but this one in the review I found it super useful I actually want to do a video on this I did copy trading on Bybit with so short answer yes but hindi yung mga tao so I I followed two traders na sobrang task ng ROI nila but you know the trades were just like I could do those trades and then it wasn't particularly may may ROI naman ako I followed them for two weeks so there were two guys yung I just wanted to these were traders that I follow both on Twitter and then I followed them and profitable naman yung trades but I didn't really think na it was something valuable like nadagdagan yung like this is something that I couldn't do and so I was happy giving them the money parang the trades yung others are Bitcoin yung isang trader maramingan trade trade pero parang pili ko di yung nakita yung logic tas malit lang yung ROI ko although up naman ako sa pareho what I do copy trade on my bit are the bots the bots are f-ing amazing like no joke so I'm just going to throw out some numbers I gave a bot $2,000 after two days he was up by like 1,000 and then so I terminated it so guno na ako sa buy bit bots I choose the futures bots I choose the ones that have been running for a long time I choose the ones with a high ROI and with a currency na I'm familiar with tia celestial and like it's been it's been wild the bots f-ing like ridiculous yung ya so that's a real life example I gave the bot $2,000 a lot of money but at the same time not that much money I mean you know to be honest like the volume and the prices $2,000 in pesos like $100 plus thousand but ya I felt to make it a valid test to give him that amount the bot and like two days later it was like up by 1,000 but you need to terminate right away or at least that's the way I do it I don't know how these bots run like maybe in the very limited time frame in the very limited time frame that I gave the bot I was already up like 50% like $1,000 and like held you know I'm booking that I'm gonna get I'm gonna I'm gonna realize that profit you know I'm gonna take profit so ya so the bots on buybit have been amazing but you have to like I've been paper lost down like $2,000 on the buybit bots but yung ya you have to have a strong stomach but if you've been trading crypto for a long time you do you have to know the general trend of the market whether pocket siya or pa ba ba because you know it's okay to take paper losses with the you know hindi na magpaprofitable kagad so did this one bot it really like threw me through the ringer like I think I had it for much longer than I usually do maybe like 4 days pero it was down like $2,000 like oh f man like but yung I stuck with him I'm like I believe in you bot and at the end of the day nakaprofit naman siya then I terminated him and we parted at amicable terms size 87 no yung 10,000 pesos is enough to start again this is not financial advice but I really do like for me any long term portfolio is lacking if it doesn't have some kind of crypto in it 10,000 pesos is fine you don't need I just threw out the dollars that you know that I experimented with just to give you a sense of the scale like 50% but yung yung you have 10,000 pesos you put that in something that generates 50% returns after 2 days I mean that's you know that's excellent again this is not financial advice and I'm not telling you you should copy trade the buy bit bot or whatever but I'm saying that it is very possible and yung yung the opportunity is there if you kind of like learn more first about like how to start and yung yung I really um you know hardware sugar is a channel where we talk about computers but it's very simplified not not naman simplified but we try to use terms that are very beginner friendly that's the same way I'm trying to do with crypto and like we have two videos in the video description down below like what you need to know to start crypto trading and what you don't need to know to start crypto trading so if you're a beginner I really suggest to start with those two videos down in the video description 10,000 pesos is fine you can really start with any amount it doesn't need to be big but yung yung the only advice I ever give whether it's in the videos or in the live streams is that any money you put into crypto should be money that you're willing to lose whether that's 10,000 pesos or 10,000 dollars 10,000 euro it doesn't matter whatever amount you put into crypto you should be willing to lose because it is super volatile that's why I love it to be honest you know their memes like stock traders 10% down umiyak na sila for a crypto trader 10% down that's just like any other Monday I mean always it is ridiculous to up send down sa crypto and that's why I that's why the masochist in me really enjoys it kasi sobrang roller coaster talagay niya akit maba talagay yan but you need sorry got excited but yung nga it's like a poker game you need to know when to hold like there is a chance na akit pa to and you need to know when to fold yung nga like just two weeks ago yung nga again I keep going back to just two weeks ago I was really really down I made shorts I bet that the market would go down on Bitcoin and soul and they didn't and I was like basically the amount that I made I thought yung Bitcoin spot ETF sobrang drama na ne before the US SEC finally decided to approve it like wild wild yung drama don't like the price would go up on the mere rumor then it would go back down again so I mean you know to hindi naman sa binubuhat ko yung sarili kong bang ko but I felt that I navigated that very volatile period very well yung hedge your bets again it's very poker mindset like how you play poker you make value value bets like if this goes down okay lang but if it goes up it'll be like I'll make times three profit or something you know those are good value bets it's always about risk assessment so I thought I handled that period that very volatile period right before the spot coin ETF approval the Bitcoin spot ETF approval very well there was a fake tweet from the official US SEC Twitter account wild yung period na yung early January so you know I made some money I was patting myself on the back but like 90% of that money I lost just two weeks later at the end of January and you know I wasn't even thinking I wasn't those shorts like ginagawa ko pa sa mobile ko outside like I was at my desktop and I was like yung very cavalier about it oh yung sure ba wabato imposible na like the prices had risen so much already I felt that the market was still you know in a bearish state like it hadn't recovered yet so like yung at tatangatang ako parang I just I just shorted without thinking and yeah it's like 90% of the money I made that during the lead up to the approval of the bitcoin spot ETF I just lost it on those shorts that were ill advised so now I do keep a investment log so basically every day I just write down like my thoughts like the trades I did like did the market go up or down and just very like loose my comments on the market and at the very top of that investment log so every day I log my thoughts on the very top of that I'm not someone who uses curse words freely like very occasionally but I don't use them on a regular basis but at the very top of that log I put shorts will eff you up like all bold without sensor shorts will eff you up and that's really so I've been trading for a long time I've been in the crypto space like interested in the crypto space for a long time but it's really just been the past three months since last November na like todo talaga like 100% and I'm still learning and you really don't learn until you lose money you can like making money in the crypto space it's not really an education I mean ya you figure out what works the buy bit box they work and you know like that but I think the most the most valuable lessons I learned is when I was really down I mentioned that November I started trading around my August but yung medyo hindi pa super into it and in last November I lost everything like wipe out like the little that I had been trading from August to November wipe out also on shorts so like shorts will really eff you up man but yun ya I doubled down again January yung I lost like 90% of what I had gained from yung med double down again so it's really the losses are really what make an impression on you rather than the wins and yung know it's nice to be in the green and again yun ya top 200 or so trader on the Kraken exchange for futures 200% return after seven days within a seven day period so yung ya again na hindi naman kinakar ko yung yung parang but 200% return after seven days pretty darn good right but I feel that that's only possible because that was like years in the making for me years that I've been interested in the space and trading and the losses demand the losses man yung yung ya 2 weeks ago down 90% of what I carried in of what I made so it's a very volatile market but you can really start with any any amount but that's really the only that's really the only I'll check that out later Paul John is that like a meme na yung ya parang stock traders 10% down 15% down parang iyakan na 20% down 15% down for a crypto trader it's just like the joke is 15% down buy some more I mean it's actually for the bitcoin diehards the bitcoin diehards are wild so I'm just going to run the ad again and then after the ad break I'll just talk about like where the market supposedly is going why I think that because spoiler alert like I'm super gone on the rabbit hole I've even paid people like there are groups on telegram like this is how wild down the rabbit hole I've gone there are groups on telegram where you pay people several hundreds of dollars depending on the group I'll talk more about how much I've spent on those groups after the break but this is one group by this one guy I think he is excellent so I really part of the profits that I made I really like please I want to be a member sign me up and like Danton from three months ago would never have joined telegram for the express purpose of sending strangers hundreds of dollars but yeah we'll talk about that more after the ad break and during the ad break I can watch the link that Paul sent over um so I do deem to do the ad twice um I will do that now So waka na ba sa unactivated windows mo? Well lucky you pinakabago mula sa CDKoffice.com Windows 10 and Windows 11 activation pose legit safe at pinakamura madalilo mo order Hanapin ang latest version na gusto mo piliin ang preferred paper and felt wala pang 5 minutes na CDK na para sa windows mo Maraming na kaming na tulungan Date 7 deperit ako But now I'm from a love of my life Date Ingresan walang purpose ang life ko But now I'm a world class Zuba instructor So web developer ako and content creator for a YouTube channel and ngayon ganun pa rin ako pero activated na yung windows ko Kaya ako naghanap ka ng legit mura at original software Check out CDKoffice.com Check out CDKoffice.com Check out CDKoffice.com So So Part of part of part of educating myself was really like going on crypto twitter and finding out Si na ba yung mga matino Hindi yung mga si Raululang na Bitcoin to 100K or like palaging bear palaging bull or yung mga yun nga a big part of my education my modern education yun nga Like I guess I could say my approach to crypto trading before was very amateurish I think I had a good sense on what to buy but yung cool lang sa skill set ko was figuring out yung general trending market like does the market want to go up or does the market want to go down So when I started going through crypto twitter I was really looking for people who made sense na who could fill that hole in my skill set you know risk assessment I think I do okay not getting too carried away being a little dispassionate I think I do okay but yung nga the one hole I think in my skill set was that I wasn't whether yung nga kasi I looked down on TA technical analysis or whatever I couldn't quite get a good sense on next week akit ba yung market like what is the general sentiment of the market so I really looked through crypto twitter and I found some people that really made sense their calls were pretty much spot on I mean nobody's 100% but yung know this guy he's doctor profit I know right his name is doctor profit on twitter yung know they all have goofy names on crypto twitter but goofy name masaid sobrang spot on niya so when I when I had some gains from trading I really made it a point sako kasi it was like the four year anniversary of his telegram group so instead of like the lifetime membership the lifetime membership in his telegram group was 1,300 or 1,400 at the time kasi pakiat yung pakiat but since it was it was the fourth anniversary I think it's only like 700 or so or 650 or something like that US dollars so yung know that that's a lot of money but I'm like I really need to know like his thoughts he seems to like metro conspiracy theory si doctor profit I'm like you know he talks about market manipulators and things like that which I don't necessarily buy I feel that if you if you feel that there's a conspiracy behind every corner mejo it's not credible advice but I can't argue with his accuracy rate like super like yung know the most spot on I've ever seen anybody and yung know that's what I need like someone to tell me that ito yung mejo bottom natin I might be off by 1,000-2,000 but generally I expect the market to go down go down abo dito or I expect the market to go up abo dito so that like really fit my needs so I really so I send him the money and it was a real pain in the ass you want to join these telegram groups kasi yung problem at the telegram yung sure hong the Philippines they don't allow you to send messages to people who are not in your contact list paano ka paano ko mag-message na hey I want to join your channel or your or your private telegram group so it was a real like and then yung ya nakatao na when I finally decided to join the group they it was a limited time offer so I had to message him right away but I didn't I don't I did not have a telegram account before that so when I downloaded it bago pa lang ako and so I had to research why can't I message na bablaka ko parang ganon so I found out that if you pay telegram like if you're a premium telegram subscriber which is only like 200 pesos tama na mal you can send messages to people even not in your contact list so I immediately subscribed but even then it wasn't allowing me so I had to talk pa to the bot of telegram and the telegram bot was like oh you know if you were blocked I'm like but I wasn't blocked I'm just a number from the Philippines by and if you're a number from the Philippines you're automatically a scammer or a spammer rather for telegram and it was like well you know basically parang nablock ka dati even though wala kang ginawa you were never blocked before and you need to wait 24 hours I'm like oh gods you know parang I just want to get into this group I have the money naman I don't want to pay like $500 more you know one three instead of $700 but finally after like 12 hours the telegram system allowed me to send a message I'm now in the lifetime membership of doctor cryptos sorry doctor profits telegram group for crypto so yeah that's been part of my like I would never have done that for four months ago like send money to a stranger and you know $700 is a lot of money but yeah I mean I'm really invested like invested like in the actual literal sense of putting in money investing time investing money into riding the crypto wave because you know a lot of a lot of credible analysts at least in my mind are really very bullish like the all time high of bitcoin was $69,000 to one bitcoin I think we're going to easily shatter that now and relatively soon but yun nga medyo magulo kasi there are some analysts that say that right before the halving around maybe mid-march for our timeline makaka babag sakin presyo that's how it's been for the last cycles the problem is bitcoin just seems to want to fly like it is and it's usually naman may rally pre halving but the problem is paray just wants to fly now so I don't know so we're already in the pre halving rally prices are going up will we see an all time high prior to the halving that's crazy to me and will it keep going up prior to the halving but yun nga again I'm not good at predicting those general trends that is why I am now a member of Dr. Crypto's Telegram group so but it's been a wild time and when you're down you're nervous when you're up you're nervous it's definitely not for the faint of heart but yun nga why I do crypto watch every month sidern the fact that I promise the sponsor that we would stream for streams a month it's also because yun nga I think it's yun nga it's not financial advice but for me personally given nga the rate of possible return it's it's not a smart bet to completely ignore crypto and again you look all investments naman are yun nga as Paul John mentioned risk reward you put money into a stock you have no idea whether I mean there's always a chance that that stock can plummet or it can go up but you look at is the A, does the company have a good leader B, are they making money C, do they have plans do they have good plans to make more money in the future and things like that so you're trying to tell yourself that this is a good bet this stock is a good bet crypto is exactly the same I mean you look for different things but basically you're trying to assess is this crypto is my investment is that a good bet so it's really like taking I don't get to play a lot anymore and even back in the day I didn't play a lot but I really enjoyed grinding it out on the porker table with friends I never I never did like these professional competitions or like kahit yung mga stranger yung papasok ko lang and then maglaluru ko with strangers I never did that but I got into it but I never did but I enjoyed just the simple and yung I'm not I'm not a big math guy again I was a literature major in college so I'm not a big math guy but just like intuitively like trying to figure out like is this a good bet and you know you do some basic numbers in your head like when you're playing poker and sometimes you just want to take a risk sometimes you just want to see sometimes you just want to see that river if you're familiar with poker terms and sometimes you're already pot committed you already put enough money in that sayang lang if you know you just need to pay the big blind again it's all risk analysis cost benefit because if you play the game smart in the long run even if you in the short term you lose but in the long run you will make money and there's a saying on crypto twitter na dumb bulls beat smart bears but it's really hard to do shorts property it's really hard to time your bets na babag saki market compared to dumb bulls na oh yeah I'm just going to buy and I'm going to wait until it goes up there's not much thinking involved but over the long term since prices go up dumb bulls beat smart bears so yeah so for me it's like a really a poker thing I mean I enjoy the kind of like the risk reward dimension of trying to figure out which coins which people to listen to because at the end of the day it is really my money right so whether I put my money into a coin or not the ultimate decision is up to me so there are a lot of factors na like kind of pushing why the price might go up the terms people are using now are not to the moon it's like parabolic teleportation price teleport from 52k to 70k I mean sobrang sobrang bilis nung the god candle like you know how you trace the graph and like it shoots up and everybody's waiting for the god candle so like I feel 2024 is a really good year like you don't need to know a lot of math I don't know a lot of math what you need is like you need to start like hindi lang puro theoretical na oh yeah that sounds like a good idea I'll get into it you really have to have skin in the game you have to start watching the prices a little bit you have to start putting a little money in or if you don't want to do that you can just buy a bit coin now and then wait if the all time high or end beyond will hit it so there are ways that you can invest that don't take up a lot of time naman but really the fundamental thing you need to do is to start now like I really think again it's not financial advice but for me and I have put my money where my mouth is for me now is an excellent time to get into it especially if you want to and like another term crypto twitter likes using a lot of generational wealth like the money that you generate this cycle this top it's so much that can change your life whether that's paying off student debts if you're in the states buying a new house if you're here setting aside some money for your the education of your kids I mean whatever the furnace the old expression is strike when the iron is hot the furnace is just starting to heat up now so probably I think now it's a really good time to get into it if you're interested I don't do any other commodities I don't do commodities I don't do FX I don't do stocks I feel that go where you're good at I have no knowledge about commodities or about stocks or about forex but yung niya yung crypto I have been observing it since bitcoin was just single digits like $7 of bitcoin you could still CPU mine instead of GPU mine instead of ASIC mine so I have been a minor before I have traded before I had money on Mt. Gox I mean yung niya old timers in the crypto space those are all familiar terms so I've been in the space for a very long time and that's why I concentrate here instead of concentrating on other markets because yung know when you don't know like I don't know I wouldn't know about forex I wouldn't know about gold I wouldn't know about stocks but crypto like I'm not saying I know a lot about crypto but at least yung the comfort level is there and kind of like I've been around the block so I've seen like I've seen my portfolio go to zero because I didn't cash out right away you know that feeling that you held on too long so I've been there I've seen bitcoin go from something that nerds talk about to something that's talked about on Wall Street on financial shows so yeah that's why I'm more comfortable in the crypto space because I have been around it for a long time but I've also had my my very you know I've also had my times when I've been in the red times where I'm like oh my effing god when yung two weeks ago it was really two weeks ago end of January was just like and you know there was so I wasn't thinking I wasn't thinking so you always need to be kind of thinking about like what why am I making this trade you know are my are my inputs like you know the things that I have been thinking about are they still valid and just be more thoughtful about the trades yung I was like looking back on it now I was very cavalier about the shorts kasi nisa ko mga 87 yung soul no na it was like 87 soul now is around like 116 like 116 dollars to one soul back when I shorted it it was around 87 I think and I was thinking kasi bumaba siya to around 80 I wasn't looking at 80 as the bottom but I was like 87 it shot up dramatically kahit umabod yung 83 I pocketed like a short profit a small profit I thought it was a good bet I thought it was a good bet but yung all bets naman look good at the time but yung those were terrible bets in hindsight so yun so to summarize this episode a lot of people with good reason I feel think that bitcoin will shoot up dramatically very soon we're talking about within the next couple of weeks and in the long term long term meaning the rest of this year bitcoin up only basically is what a lot of people think I have gone down the rabbit role and I've following up to Twitter I'm on telegram now I've paid to get into private telegram groups I've experimented with copy trading both of real people and of bots the buy-bit bots are amazing the master traders on buy-bit at least not so much yung yung I made something but I wasn't like thrilled by it and in the bots they need to be the future's bots and yung yung medyo kailang dali may timing they only kind of make money I notice if the market goes up so don't use those bots like if the market is kind of like going sideways maybe use a different kind of bot because may mga I don't know Nightingale bots or something because I tried a different bot I'm actually down now wait so my future's soul bot is actually down now slightly by 0.8% but my martingale bot is up 1.12% so I mean that's something because you want to I mean it's always have varied investment strategies but the future's bot yung yung that's the one I put into $2,000 and then two days later nag 1,000 had a return of like 1,000 one day 8 hours 23 minutes yeah the rune I tried a bot na rune future so rune is also a different crypto and that was the one I was getting a heart attack like it would go down like malapit na yung malapit na yung auto terminate kasi buy bit na sa an auto terminate okay you've lost enough money I think it's time to call it a day I got two e-mails from buy bit a different time saying malapit na yung bot mo mateterminate na yung but the bot finally finally got it together and the market got it together and I was able to make a profit naman ng that bot but I really had to hold on for that bot so I was running that bot for two days, 20 hours, 51 minutes respectable return naman from that bot in the end but it was a real pain in the ass waiting for it to to materialize something like di man lang I mean okay man lang yung 100 dollar loss 200 dollar loss I mean that's part of the game di ba but parchabucha dropped to like 1,000 plus dollar loss na paper loss but I have two bots running now a futures bot na soul which is slightly down and futures Martin Gale which is slightly up now so well you choose the investments na na that you put in you choose choose on the bots that you know that you are putting 1D into so yun that has been so I'm trying a lot of different things now getting advice from who I feel are credible people on Twitter and on Telegram I'm buying into coins that I've never done before API3, OP just to run down these are coins that I have money in now that I've never heard of before today but I mean this cycle API3, OP IMX DYM PIS PYTH Blur Jupiter I kind of heard about it na man it's slightly up with Jupiter yeah so I mean but yung yeah so those are just some of the coins na I had no knowledge about before but you know because I'm super I've gone down the rabbit hole those are some of the coins that I've thrown money at yun so it's wild to think just like I do this once a month the last January one was I think right before the the Bitcoin spot ETF approval and yet that seems like so long ago that was such a wild time and now it's just a wild time again this rally before the halving will it come down prior to the halving and again yung it's very hard to say I don't know but yung at least whatever happens yeah I mean yung know I am proud of myself for picking myself up from the November losses from the January losses for educating myself some more about trip 2 so top 200 top 300 futures trader on track in which is a major international exchange 200% return after 7 days I think not bad and again it doesn't take anything special all long all the way baby Paul John up only up only tayo so yung yung yung I doesn't take anything special to get this result it's just watching people on twitter having a good appetite for risk willing to risk a little money yung yung I am not I'm not a super math person I'm not a super like you know of the logarithm the Fibonacci number whatever no no not for me but yung yung even if you're not like that even if you're like me as evidenced by my results you can still make quite a good profit on crypto on that note I hope your bags get heavier I hope your loans are good stay away from shorts they will eff you up and I will see you next month for another crypto watch but of course we do have a lot of crypto a lot of content coming out on the channel we're gonna do a price watch episode very soon maybe one day please do check out the podcast episode we did yesterday about online dating which I thought was very interesting and yung so yung if you're thinking of starting out on crypto yung yung at the two videos below that I did I think spell them out spell out the basic steps very well thanks Christian Espinosa the raffles usually we have them closer to December but I do need to follow up on a chair like a brand offered to send as a chair so I'm gonna review it and then maybe that one raffle off I'm not too sure but wala pang wala pang immediate plans for a raffle yun thanks so much pangangangangang thanks so much for watching I have to go have dinner now bye I have to go have I have to have dinner now I'm gonna have dinner now bye guys


The leader of the rice research program also said to me one quick question. Thank you, I think, for giving me the opportunity to speak on behalf of the DG, the government area, and also Tony, who they had previous commitments so they could come to this meeting. Seattle is looking forward to the implementation of this. One of the main reasons is that through this Seattle is getting reconnected with the rice community in Asia and Africa. Let me go back a little bit to 1967, when the Seattle rice program was established under the leadership of Peter Jennings, who worked with him since the year 8, year 22, but since about 3,000 billion years from here. After two, three years of field testing, I am made, and I am 22, got released in Colombia in some other countries in Latin America. And by the early 70s, Singapore, who recently arrived from here, what it is, these three varieties started a green revolution in Latin America. They were crossed to some other varieties of other races from Latin America and new varieties like India 409, where it is. From this one, the Paso Centro-Politico, where it is. These two varieties are made. Great country reason to write production in southern Brazil. That's what you saw last year when you visited Brazil. So, by the adoption of this, improved rice varieties and improved growth management, rice producing in Latin America has more than double. Rice yield has more than double. Right now, there is an agronomic revolution going on in Latin America who has been spearheaded by Florida, Latin American fan of Latin America. So, unfortunately, in the 90s, Seattle went through a difficult period. The rice program got out of, I mean to say, was also reduced. But in 1995, Florida, the Latin American fan for Latin America, was established. This game has a brilliant rune. And now we are working in a very nice way. Seattle Rice Program is doing upstream research, while Florida is doing the more conventional reading and the agronomic work. Through this partnership, which I think is a good model for some of the parts of the region, with the same varieties, farmers are getting from one to three tons more rice, with 20 to 30% less cost reduction. So that means that now some countries like worldwide are in a position to compete in the warm-up. And I think through this, these lessons can be transferred to Asia and to Africa. And I think Greece will facilitate these decision-making. In terms of general blessing, our general blessing has a broad base. He has made a brilliant line from Iran, from Africa, especially from the LATA in the 70s, and then the Interlumpel of Florida, has been brought in by races from Latin America, and any more wild rice species are coming to the picture. Some of them are from Latin America. So right now, these brilliant lines are doing well in several regions. And it's being shared with the world, Europe, and India. And again, Greece will facilitate the dissemination and sharing this democracy with some other countries, national problems. In terms of capacity building, this is very important. In the 70s and 80s, there were at least 10 scientists from Latin America being trained at Haiti. But in the 90s, we lost these opportunities. And now, through Greece, we can contribute to the formation of education training for the new generation of white scientists that this is needed in Latin America to keep the revolution going on and to collaborate with others in Africa, Asia, and Asia. So I think, to Greece, we all are women. Thanks to those who have given us leadership. This has allowed us to give you a new document, a new working plan. Thank you. I wish to comment that the representative of Japan of the Nakatami is not attending the rice conference because of planning sessions in Japan. That's why he's not here. But Greece will also have some very strong collaboration with the Japanese rice scientists in the sector. We're very happy for you, Sarah. Thank you. So I'm particularly honored to be here among the global community of rice research on behalf of Dr. Matron, Sirat's executive chairman, and Dr. Patrick Caron, DGD for research and strategy. As you probably know, or don't know, Sirat is a French-speaking institution for agricultural research in partnership with organizations and institutions in southern countries. Sirat has also done history on rice research. He's best known for its work on phenotyping and genotyping, as well as its integrative modeling from the wool plant to the rice field level, which corresponds to themes one and two of Greece. This area is also developed by French teams in the French FRIPS, its ecofuel, FRIPS initiatives that Anna Jesquière presented on behalf of two organizations. Of the 80 to 90 French scientists potentially contributing to Greece, about 50 should contribute to these themes one and two on phenotyping and genotyping. It means that at least 30 to 40 French scientists, mostly from Sirat in that case, are likely to contribute to the other topics of Greece. For example, we have identified more than 25 scientists who will contribute to the topic of the clan, if I take the word in Greece, that is increasing productivity and sustainability of the rice ecosystem. We have such a team in Madagascar working in partnership with Madagascar researchers from the profile of the university. They develop their work on the rice system in Madagascar for plants and these researchers are developing a pretty disciplinary approach combining plant pathology and anthropology, plant nutrition, agronomy, integrative modeling and Sirat is really willing that this research can also serve the global community in Greece. Yet perhaps less known is the Sirat ability to intervene in the product line for of Greece that is adding more value from rice harvest processing through improved system and new products. Today the capabilities of Sirat are modest in this area but we already have four researchers working in the areas of innovative uses of rice flow and rice husk and especially these rice is an innovative rice-based food product. These are just avenues for collaboration, renewed and open to new opportunities for which the community of researchers from Sirat is less known. In any, let me conclude this brief statement by reaffirming on behalf of presidents of Sirat and IAD that the French research community has combined these strengths with the will to support the development of the consortium research programmes. Working on Greece, robust principles regarding co-construction, co-investment and co-governance were identified and agreed upon among the partners to ensure transparency and efficiency in partnership. We strongly believe this opens promising avenues for new collaboration to contribute to the development of the same Sirat peace to come. I would like to end this brief intervention by thanking the hearing and also the Vietnamese partners to organize these beautiful events. Thank you very much. I know it's behind the schedule but if you agree we would certainly welcome new questions that the audience might have on anything related to what you approve. Who would like to ask a question? Or make a comment before there's enough rice? In case, you know, I have to ask you a question. Who is actually officially going to close the session? I'm quite sure what the programme is. I'm taking the liberty to write a gala, I think I'll probably knock it down, but to take the liberty to once more thank you all for coming and attending the International Rice Congress. We hope that you will be all back in four years. I think it's not an insurance where we will be in four years. It's the next International Rice...


I mean, it's a real bottom line impact that these companies are going to have, and it's going to be what do they choose to do with the money? Is it going to be reinvestment, buybacks, dividends, mergers and acquisitions, combination of the sorts? I'm expecting a lot of buybacks to occur. I think that might be option one. What I want to see, I want to see a lot of companies clean up their balance sheet, open them up to future opportunities, especially when the future may be a little uncertain years from now. I mean, look at waste management, prime example, we talked about this just before. They had a huge price target raise yesterday off of tax reform, what it's going to do their free cash flows. So I think a lot of these companies, domestic-based, are going to have real impacts to their stocks. Are there any stocks in the portfolio that you think would engage in M&A activity in 2018? Yes. So we own Honeywell. I don't think it will be a direct result from tax reform because their balance sheets are already pretty clean, but they are spinning off their non-core assets later in the year. They might want to bulk up their core positions this year by going out in the market and beefing up aerospace, for example, so that's one option.