This is Covering the Spread, part of the FanDuel Podcast Network. Big week on the gridiron because not just is it NFL Week Number One, but also Week Number Two in college football, which means we have data analyzed, gains to break down, and who better to do so than Drew Martin. Drew will be with us for today to break down his favorite bets and the biggest games across Week Number Two. Let's dive on in. Welcome on into Covering the Spread. That's right here on the FanDuel Podcast Network and NumberFire.com. My name is Jim Sodus. I am a senior writer and analyst for NumberFire.com. Joined here as I am on every Wednesday by Dr. Ed Fang. You can find Ed's work on Twitter at the PowerWrike. You can find his work at thepowerwrike.com and on the football analytics show, Ed. Happy Wednesday to you. Good week for you in week one. How are you doing today? I'm doing pretty well. Dormin's in first place in the Bundesliga. Got an easy Champions League win yesterday, so all is looking up.  You're not going to give yourself the kudos. I gave you the kudos for yesterday. We can talk about that in a little bit. We got some help from some turnovers from Virginia Tech, so it's not like we can go gloating all the way to the bank, but... Ed, you can't go to the bank literally because you got the money, so you literally can't go to the bank. Well, but that would be disrespecting Parker, who I respect, and we don't want to do that. I don't want to take Parker's opinion seriously. Parker got S&U minus 11.5. He's fine. He'll be fine. We got Parker the credit for his talk yesterday, too, so he was good vibes all across the board and a good win there for Old Dominion. Let's bring in Drew Martin as well. You can find him on Twitter. Add Drew Martin Betz. He's got work over at SportsGrid, WagerTalk, and also do other videos for Betfred this year. Drew, happy week two to you. How are you doing? Jim, doing good, man. Thanks for having me on. Always good to see you. My good friend Ed Fang down there, the power rank, buddy, whether it be in Costa Rica, Las Vegas or remote like we're doing now, man. Always a good time with you, Ed, and one of my favorite people in the industry. So happy to break down some games wherever you guys are going. Let's get after it a fun time to be a sports better. Speaking of Ed, I got your mug right here. Oh, yeah. Atlantic show mug. It is making it's show day to you. I'm hooking you up right after this, Drew. I actually I think it's interesting that you showed that side of the mug because I find that the less interesting side of the mug. There we go. We got both for the YouTube viewers, little Andrew Lucklove, you know. Well, Stanford, Stanford connection there, right? Yeah, we'll be talking about Stanford a little later. Couldn't get a rice player on there, too. You could have gotten the Johnny Menzel money sign in the second half against Rice. We could have gone with that. So we could have had both schools covered at some point there. Maybe that's mug number two. We'll get that. We'll get working on that. We're going to get work to work on breaking down week two and just one second, a reminder to make sure you're subscribed to covering the spread. We, of course, have our college football podcast every Wednesday. But also NFL this week, we're talking with Ryan Williams tomorrow to get you set for his favorite vets across NFL week number one. Also, JJ Zachary is with us on Friday most weeks. It'll be Thursday this week because player prospects earlier. So we'll get that up Thursday afternoon to get you some player prop thoughts from JJ. Get all those by subscribing to covering the spread wherever you get your podcast. Also with college football, the NFL now both here. It's time to get in on the action early this season. Help you get started. New Fandall Sportsbook customers can get a no sweat first bet up to $1,000. 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Call the red line at 1-889-979 in Wyoming. 1-800-522-4700 in West Virginia. 1-800-GAMBLER.NET. Let's dive in here to week number two, but before we take a look at the specific games that are popping here for week two, I want to talk to you about overall process in week two because we've seen these teams at least once, sometimes two times. So we have some data to look at, some our eyes have seen things. How do you balance accounting for actual good data with not overreacting to what we've seen in a small sample so far? It's an interesting question, Jim. And first of all, I got to say, like great intro, man, you're really killing it. And to bring up the Johnny Manziel showing the money sign against Rice, never forget of a trivia question. Never forget. When did that happen against what team? I would have never guessed it was against Rice, but I hope it was against Rice.  Yeah, man. But in turn, it's a great question in terms of, you know, the changes that we've seen in college football, because it's got to be part of your process here, the transfer portal. And these changes that happen, things can kind of be more positive for a team or more negative quicker in today's college football. So if you're kind of handicapping the same that you were five, 10 years ago, I think you're doing it wrong, Jim. I think you got to be quick on your feet. Something that I've realized just going back and tracking my bets, you know, doing this, you know, as my straight job for like eight years now, this will be my eighth football season, is week zero and week one, I'm down overall. I've gone to very low volume in week zero, week one, really just the first game out the gate in college football. And a big reason why is because I think in those weeks, whenever a team is playing their first game, you're kind of relying on other people's opinion of what you're betting, like, oh, this team's going to be better because of this reason or whatever the case may be. I mean, unless you're actually going and watching their practices and then going and watching the practices of the team they're playing, which I'm not, now if you have the time to do that, it actually might be a good betting philosophy going forward. But Jim, I mean, to answer your question like week two to about, you know, week eight, week nine, I think it's the best time to win in college football. I really do because now you can kind of get ahead of some of those changes. So in terms of overreacting, I've kind of pumped the brakes on that. I've gone into overdrive. Hey, if you see something in the market's kind of off, just ride it. I mean, I'm kind of going into overdrive on that, Jim. I'm going pedal to the metal here. And if I like something and the number moves a point or two, you know, I'm still going with it because the number is always important. But early in the college football season, I won't write sides. I won't write the right side of the move on the total as well. I don't want to take it just a couple points thinking, oh, you know, the totals already moved two points. I can't bet the over now. I don't know about that. I mean, if these both of these OCs want to go up tempo, they got quarterbacks that can throw it. I kind of just roll right over that two point move, Jim. So I guess you could say I'm the kind of sports better. That is is more of the, hey, let's go get it. You know, let's fire away week two through week eight. Yeah, I would completely agree with you, Drew. You know, when I was talking to Chris Andrews at the South Point, you know, he always talks about you can ride momentum in college football. And I believe that now is the time to see things and to react. And yes, you may overreact for a couple of teams. But I mean, also my work has shown that you do want to get on these moves. And we're going to talk about some of that today. Chris Andrews has also said you do not ride momentum in the NFL. And I also believe that. So you're more, I feel like, obviously, yes, teams change in the NFL and you want to pay attention. But I stick with my prior much more in the NFL than in college football. College football, you need to react. I mean, do you think Hawaii has a pulse? I mean, we've had two games for the Hawaii Rainbows and they have yet to show a pulse. They are a 51 point dog heading into Ann Arbor this week. And the only thing that affects that spread and that outcome is, you know, what quarterback is getting played in the second half by Michigan? Sure. And what their offensive philosophy is, if they want to keep scoring, even if it is the backup quarterback, if they're throwing the ball down the field, they're going to keep scoring, Ed, because Hawaii, sometimes these college football teams, when they're not good, they're really not good. Oh, it's not the backup. I mean, I'm talking like they need the fifth stringer in there. Cover 51 points. So JJ McCarthy is getting the start and it's pretty interesting because he was 100 to one, 100 to one ish, maybe even greater, heading in the last week or sometime this preseason. I don't know what the exact number is. Maybe we should bug John Sheeran about it. He had five snaps in this first game. So this was Kate McNamara's game to start against Colorado State. So he had five snaps. He did pretty well in those snaps, you know, he's he's 60 to one to win the Highland right now. So someone's hitting that.  So but yeah, I mean, Hawaii is just a perfect team. Like we kind of thought they were bad. The numbers kind of thought they were bad. And then I just feel like there's just some massive downgrading for that team. Rightfully so. And does kind of mash up well, Ed, with what you said about your model, the changes you made recently to the model be more reactive. That's the line of what Drew was saying to about week two being reactive and the fear not being overreacted, potentially not reacting enough to what you've seen early on. So that's reassuring to me as we transition now. I'm talking about some games here in a week. Number two, starting off with Tennessee at Pittsburgh, Tennessee, a six and a half point favorite here. Total 66 and a half at Fan Duel Sportsbook. And there was a lot of turnover at Pitt, Drew, coming into this year. But they got a nice win in week number one against a decent opponent. So can they do it again and cover six and a half in this game? Sure, they can, Jim. I mean, we've seen the push here, you know, talking about line moves and changes coming into week two, you know, Tennessee was what? Open minus four in the hook. Now, as I was six and a half, so flirting with a full touchdown here. I think Tennessee is a very intriguing handicap. It seems like a lot of people like them just from the people I've talked to. Obviously, we've seen the move here in terms of the week two line liking Tennessee as well, four and a half to six and a half. I don't know that there's that much to go off of, though, Jim.  And we've seen a huge talk about overreactions. I don't know if it's overreaction, but it does need to be noted. You know, last year's line, Pitt was minus three in Knoxville. Now it's what? As we're speaking now minus six and a half Tennessee in Pittsburgh. When was the last time Tennessee played north of Lexington, Kentucky? I'm asking because I don't know. Probably it's been a long time. SEC teams don't tend to go north very often. Pittsburgh, I thought, look pretty good.  We saw that newness offensively kind of struggle in college football. So that's one thing that I'm taking into my handicaps coming into week two. That's something that makes me pump the break with Pitt, because in the backyard brawl, what you talked about, a good win against a good team. I think West Virginia is going to be pretty good this year off of a loss nationally televised like that on opening night. I wouldn't be surprised if the Mountaineers, I know this isn't this game, but become a moneymaker over the next month or two. A lot of times people write them off and you can get value that way. But Tennessee, this is where I think I'm a little bit off market. I need to see more. I really do, Jim, because I'm not a big Josh Hypo guy. You know, I thought he kind of rode the curt tails of Scott Frost in Orlando with the UCF program. And the people that I talked to, you know, he I doubt he was going to be the head coach for UCF much longer. It came out that he took, you know, I mean, a better job, I guess, going to to an SEC school. I don't think he would have lasted much longer at UCF, meaning they would have likely shown him the door after a year or two. Defensively, I need to see more from Tennessee. Can they really hold up and offensively? I feel like week one, that's when you want to bet, you know, Hinden Hooker in his system because they will kind of keep their foot on the gas pedal and run it up against Ball State scoring 59 points. I don't know if they're going to have that ability here against Pittsburgh and having to go on the road, I bet you it will be a very tough place to play against a Pat Narduzzi. You can make all the fun of him you want. He can recruit defensive linemen. So this is going to be a lot different look for this volunteer offense. And if you made me bet it, I'd probably take the points with the home dog. Yeah, so I think this is I agree with everything that Drew is saying. I would like to point out, you know, Pitt got gifted a pick six, which went right through the hands of the West Virginia wide receiver in week one. I think they were pretty lucky to get away with that win. I do feel like we're going to, you know, West Virginia could be a moneymaker. I thought JT Daniels looked great. I thought Neil Brown made some horrible coaching decisions. So hopefully doesn't, you know, hold them back too much. I mean, I'm pretty sure what did they punt like fourth and one in Pitt territory at some point in that game. So I think, yeah, I do think it's an interesting you break up a great point with with what happened last year, for sure. Let's get down into our second game of the week that is Kentucky at Florida. Right now, Florida, five and a half point favorite total years, 52 and a half. And we saw Anthony Richardson in the highlight reel last week through with some nice, nice throws, nice runs as well. Florida pulled the slide upset there as slide home dogs. But tough test in week number two as well. What's your view of this one? Kentucky at Florida. Great game. First of all, I mean, the kind of teams jockeying here from right behind Georgia and the SEC East. And this is one where the Gators have kind of owned the Wildcats, you know, over the long term, but of recent, maybe not so much. What Stoops has been able to do in Lexington, very, very impressive. It's not only a basketball school anymore, guys. They can play some very good football. Now, something to notice, they're top running back, likely out for for Saturday night in the swamp. So, you know, sometimes running backs, particularly the NFL, don't matter as much, but college football. Some of these top running backs actually kind of do now. We'll let us throw in the football against this Florida defense. I think that he can have some success. I think a lot of question marks still out with Florida. I know we saw one game against Utah, very good youths team. But at the same time, it was week one for Utah, going on the road all the way across country, you know, dealing with the humidity. And let's keep in mind like like Ed just brought up with the backyard brawl. Utah was throwing into the end zone at the end of the game to win the game. So it's not like Florida was all that impressive. Now, granted, it's a good Utah team. I think the door is still open for them to make the playoffs if they are able to run the table. Tough one to call here. It really is, Jim. I like what the new head coach for Florida. His name is escaping me now from Louisiana. But I like him, you know, the twang in his voice. He's a good coach under Nick Saban. And I think he's going to have the defense ready to go. Offense look pretty good. Richardson, a dual threat player, and he is a heck of an athlete. So if he's able to kind of replicate that again, I'm not really looking to go in front of Florida. And at the same time, still need to see more about Kentucky. So this is going to be a watch and see for me. But overall, I think both teams are going to be money makers this year. And if you made me bet this one, you know, total in the low fifties, I think I think this might be an over bet. Excellent. So, yeah, Drew, let's move on to the next game. We've got Baylor at BYU, BYU is a three and a half point favorite. We haven't seen either one of these teams against quality competition yet. So what are you seeing in this one? This is a an interesting one, 53 and a half minus three and a half. I guess minus fours out there for BYU. Provo is a tough place to play. I don't think enough people kind of realize that Baylor, I think, is going to have more speed. They're well coached themselves. Interesting dynamics here with the assistant coaches. Jeff Grimes, the new OC at Baylor, he was at BYU, also the offensive line coach as well. So there's some familiarity there in preparation for their opponents. BYU, something that I've noticed after the last couple of years and brought it into my power ratings, you know, making numbers on all of these teams is they're the oldest team in college football.  I think that matters in college football, in college basketball. You know, were you the stronger, bigger guy when you were 25 or when you were 19? You know, I know the answer for me and I think that it's showing on the field a lot of time with the Pougars. Last week, both quarterbacks threw for over 75 percent completion percentage. I think that shows again, we get a total here in the low fifties again. BYU, I thought they were very impressive going across the country to the state of Florida, USF. I know a lot of people talking about their opponent in week one, South Florida, the Bulls were actually kind of up on South Florida, thinking that team speed going to be very strong. What was 38 to seven at halftime? BYU put up 50. They could have put up a lot more. They had 315 rush yards, over 575 total yards against USF. So I think this offense is pretty good. I think that they've got the quarterback position that they need here. And I think Baylor can score some points as well. So in the low fifties, I don't want us to just kind of pick another over here because I'm usually an under better, but I don't want anything to do with this under. Jim, I think the over of 53 and a half is the way to play this one. This is the only line that we talked about where the total is not risen because you went up point. This one has stayed steady 53 and a half. And like I typically try to skew towards unders as well. But like, yeah, I mean, it's tough, you know, when we see some low numbers, you got to react to the number. That's kind of what you're doing here. Makes sense. Yeah, I like it.  You know, thin air as well. So maybe maybe there's little huffing and puffing hands on the knees for the defense as well. Might help us late. I love it. All right. So that is Baylor at BYU. Let's open up the board now, Drew, and talking about all the gains here for week number two. Which other bets standing out to you for week number two in college football? How about the Miami Hurricanes, boys? I know it was just against an FCS team week one, but I'll tell you this. Christopher coming down to Miami and it sets up well. We get a Southern Miss team that did not look good week one against Liberty. Now they're having that was at home. Now they're going to have to go on the road, hot environment in Miami and play a offense that is looking to run it up. Christopher coming back home to South Florida. What would what would be better in terms of recruiting than having a Heisman trophy winning quarterback in your back pocket going into Broward, Dade, Palm Beach County. Well, he's got it guys. Tyler Van Dyke. I'm not an NFL GM, but I don't think he's going to play many more games in college football. This guy's six for 220 plus pounds throws a great deep ball is athletic. He looks accurate. I wouldn't be surprised if he goes first round this upcoming year. And a lot of people I know you look at the Heisman futures that he's actually not that far down on the list. So the sportsbooks are kind of on to what I'm talking about here, Jim. And we've seen it before. Christopher will run up the score. We talk about, you know, coaches that put the pedal to the metal offensive coordinators that are still throwing the ball down the field with a big lead. I think Miami has the opportunity to have a big lead and this one might get ugly. So usually not a big fan of laying more than three touchdowns. But seeing the Miami Hurricanes, what minus 24 minus 25, not a hundred percent sure what FanDuel has them at. I want no part of the dog here, Jim. I think that this could get ugly early and I laid it with the Keynes. Yeah, 24 and a half right now. Minus one 12 on that one over at FanDuel sportsbooks right where you were talking about it. So Drew is going to Miami. Ed, what about you? What you seen on the board for week two this week? Yeah, I'm going with USC. This team is probably pretty good. This is first, this is a team that's kind of hard for some of the metrics to to get in the preseason, just because you really have to account for a load of transfer talent in terms of quarterback Caleb Williams and and wide receiver, Jordan Addison, I believe those two players are some of the best at their position in the entire country. And Bill Connelly came on my podcast is like, I just can't account for that yet in in the way I do my preseason stuff. The type of metrics that I do look at that can account for that are based on market win totals and you you see them significantly liking USC. So preseason, I'd USC 15th. When I look at market numbers, it's probably a little high, but it's certainly better than having a near FBS average, which is where some of the other metrics have. I mean, this is this is, you know, they they went out. They had a good performance against Rice. They showed that they're not an FBS average team. And Stanford, well, it's the football program has kind of sucked over the last couple of years. There's no other way to put it. They have a lot to prove they do have talent. Tanner McKee is a quarterback that a lot of people consider to have NFL talent, but, you know, they play Colgate last week, you know, not not taking much from that. You know, my numbers make this USC by 13 on the road. I feel that actually could be underestimating it because of some of the things that I said earlier about how these metrics capture teams like that. You know, I really like USC minus nine at Stanford. I think this USC USC team is going to be pretty good. Stanford, I don't think is necessarily going to be that good. So yeah, Fandle has a minus nine and a half. You can find nines out there. Cannot see this closing south of 10. So you're disrespecting the Andrew Luck mug is what you're saying. He's not there. He's not there anymore. That's part of the point, Jim.  Very rude, very rude. Drew, any thoughts for you on USC and what you've seen with a very, very different team so far? Not not too much other than just defensively. What are we going to see from the Trojans defense? I mean, offensively, the scheme keeping the same quarterback that knows the system. So we kind of, you know, talked about newness earlier. We don't really have that with the most important piece of the offense. So that's why I think USC, you know, you can make some money with USC. Also, maybe looking towards the overs, because I do think there's question marks on the defensive side, but not a team I've been involved with as of yet, Jim. Alrighty, so Drew likes Miami minus 24 and a half. Ed is on USC minus nine and a half. That's all that we have here for our week two college football podcast here on covering the spread. But first you got to get big. Thank you to Drew Martin. Find him on Twitter, add Drew Martin bets. Check him out on WagerTalk, SportsGrid and Betfred as well. Drew, thank you for stopping by. Good luck to you in week two. Jim, Ed, best of luck with you guys. Cash those tickets, man. Thanks for having me on. We will certainly give it a shot. You can find Ed on Twitter as well at the Power Rank. Check out his work at thepowerrank.com. Ed, what is going on for you this week? There and on the football analytics show. I had Dr. Eric Eager from PFF on the football analytics show. So good conversation to get ready for NFL week one. And then, yeah, writing newsletters. This is some of my best information. And you can get that at thepowerrank.com. PhD power hour over on the football analytics show. Go check that out by searching for that wherever you get your podcast and find Ed's work at the Power Rank. I am at Jim Sonnis on Twitter back once again tomorrow to break down NFL week one with Ryan Williams. We'll talk to you all then. Good luck with your college football bats across week two. This has been covering the spread right here on the FanDuel podcast network.


And a former general secretary of the Nigerian Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers, Newpeng, Josef Akinlaja, has expressed concern over the high rate of kidnapping and killings in schools in the northern part of the country. Akinlaja spoke in a coure at the inauguration of the Ondos State Chapter of the Youth Assembly of Nigeria, YAN and Peace Corps. Also, guest speaker at the event, Lauren Oluwademi said, the establishment of peace clubs and various schools was another way of catching them young. National speaker of the Youth Assembly, Shuaibu Sami, said security challenges facing the country, especially in northern parts of the country, were very unfortunate. Where people can no more stay in school? States are withdrawing their citizens from universities other than their own. We're going to DOS and bring people from Iran to DOS. People are bringing people from universities. Where will they study? Shuaibu, Boko Haram, Western education is becoming a taboo. The essence of government is to secure the lives of citizens and the properties of citizens. So that is the starting point. Unfortunately, government has more or less abdicated their responsibility and the citizens are being told to go and secure themselves. So going forward, I think government should have everything. The issue of the government of the day is not about the issue of party, PDP or APC. It's not about the issue of pointing fingers on this person is right or this person is wrong. Where have we gotten it wrong and how can we address the issues headlong? It's what should be the topic of the day. Fresh News Updates


Good morning, everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TF9 headquarters in St. Petersburg, Florida, 10 a.m. Eastern Time on Tuesday, 30 minutes into the trading day, and we've got markets starting off to the downside. Dow Jones off 217 points, or more than 0.8%, trading at $26,117. Get the S&Ps off about 17 points, trading at $28.81, that's about 0.6%, and the NASDAQ down 26 points, or about 0.3%, trading at $75.97. Got some action in oil, some action in gold. We'll start things off as we see. This is the S&P, quite an acceleration to the downside. As you would expect, we're seeing the VIX getting some upside action pricing above $14, with some volatility in this market, currently trading $13.95. Jumping over to the futures markets, we'll start it off with the Dow, so quite an acceleration right from the opening bell. We start really at $9.20, but even before then, you're about 7 a.m., trading at $26,336, and the Dow, we're now exactly 200 points below that level, trading $26,136. NASDAQ 100, not quite the same slide. You get the Dow down about 0.8%, NASDAQ down only 0.3%. You can see the difference in the chart early this morning, we're trading about $76.15. We spiked to a low after the opening bell of $75.85, back above $7,600, $7,603. S&Ps, a slide as well. You have the S&Ps currently down just more than 0.5% early this morning, trading at $28.95, about 12 points below that level, $28.83 in the June S&P contract. Gold contract, getting a bid, spiking, and reaching $13.10 about an hour ago, currently of gold, trading at $130.755. Crude oil was above $64, and then just in the last few minutes, ticking below, I had to adjust that chart, $63.99 in the price of May crude. We'll get the API number for crude tonight after the closing bell, $4.30, and we'll get that EIA inventory about 24 hours from right now, $10.30 AM on Wednesday. And Euro-US dollar, getting a bit of a bid in the Euro overnight, getting a little bit of, excuse me, dollar weakness. You got the Euro, trading $1.12.79. Stay tuned, folks. Come back at 10 o'clock with Tom. Then, of course, we have Fast Market, TD Ameritrade at 11, Basil Chapman, Steve Rhodes, Dave White, Tom O'Brien all this afternoon. Stay tuned, folks. Have a great Tuesday.


about 20 times a day for me. There are times when I'm talking to somebody and things are still just a little bit blurry. I'm not sure if I got the whole picture of what they're talking about or if we're actually on the same page and so I find it very helpful to seek some clarity in that and one really simple way to do that is through what's called a perception check. So in this video I'd like to just explain very quickly the perception check to you and explain some of the value of it. So the perception check basically is just a way for you to check your understanding of a situation and in an assertive but non-aggressive way to just state your view of something and your perception of things and compare it with the other persons and ask for some clarity then. So it's very very simple. It's only three steps. There's three steps to the perception check but it's very simple but very effective here. So the first step in a perception check is just a description of the behavior. So you're just describing what it is that's happening. Maybe it's happening before and now it's happening again and it shouldn't be or it's what's happening differently. What you see though in your view as what exactly is happening we want to be sure here we're speaking in in kind of factual tones and description of the behavior not our evaluation of what that means or whether it's good or bad or whatever but just actually matter of factly stating what is happening in that situation. Here's what I see happening in the situation. So description of the behaviors is step one. Step two is to provide two possible interpretations for that behavior and it's important that you have two possible interpretations. It's not really important that you get one of them right that one of them be the actual thing that's happening necessarily or the reason that it's happening that it be the correct interpretation but having two interpretations lets that person know that you're open to possibilities here right that you're not you're not painting them in a corner and saying look this is what you're doing this is what's not happening right now and this is why you're not assigning blame not assigning intention or meaning to that necessarily you're just saying I don't know if it's this or if it's this and and opening that door to the possibility that it could be something else and that's really important that the other person not feel like they're being trapped or backed into a corner there. Then the third step is very very simply just a request for clarification in that situation just kind of so what's what's happening here what's going on so it can be a simple as just opening the door for them to take over the dialogue and explain you know from their perspective and to share what they're experiencing there. So that's it that's just the three steps description of the behavior offering two possible interpretations of that behavior and then a request for clarification. So let's run through an example here too. So let's say that you work in an office and the office where you work you have this special stapler and it's a special red stapler and you love it but this guy that you work with he keeps coming by and taking the stapler and you don't know why but but you know keeps coming by and taking the stapler should you actually talk to him about it and you say look Bill I need you to stop taking my stapler this is my special stapler and you've taken it several times I would really appreciate it if you would not and he says oh no problem my bad I won't take the stapler anymore I didn't know meant that much to you and then a couple weeks later though he comes by he takes a stapler again and so you know later on when you see me say you say Bill look you took my stapler again what's happening here what why did you take my stapler because you know you a couple weeks ago said you would not take the stapler we talked about this two weeks ago you said that's your stapler I understand that it's special to you and I won't take it anymore then this morning I came in and it's gone and I see that you have it so again matter of factly not saying you know not calling them names not doing anything like that just this is what happened we had this discussion and and now this is what's happened in this situation currently then offer two possible interpretations right so we would describe the behavior so I'm not sure if it's just that you forgot that conversation or if you just you know decided to take it anyway you know what so you're offering two opportunities two possibilities again whether or not one of them is actually the correct interpretation is less important than the idea that you're open to the possibility of something other than what's specifically on your mind and then to request clarification you say so so what's happening here what happened that you have the stapler again this time and then you're opening that door for that person to then discuss what happened again it's assertive but it's not aggressive theoretically it wouldn't put that person in a defensive position at least not automatically and not some people still get their backup but but the idea is to have an assertive but not aggressive way to approach that situation and clarify the meaning and the intention of the other person so that we're not just making assumptions so again the three steps description of the behavior two possible interpretations that behavior and then a request for clarification a very very simple process for perception check but I'm telling you it can be of assistance to you on a daily basis to make sure that you have a clear picture of what's happening in a particular situation especially when there are potentially more than one interpretation of what's happening you want to make sure that you clarify that and that you're getting on the same page at least getting that other person's perspective on what's happening if you have questions about the perception check or anything else related to perception please feel free to shoot me an email love to hear from you via email and happy to discuss it with you there in the meantime I hope that you will put this work that you'll put the perception check to work and and find some use for it it's a it's a really simple but really effective way to make sure that you're understanding the perception of the other person in a situation


Hi, my name is Guido I'm a debut developer. I work for Google. I'm involved in the genetic project Which is a cluster virtualization project system and today we're talking about interesting networking features in the Linux kernel It's mostly kernel related things a couple of things outside Basically like its experiences that I've had in the last year and I wanted to share with you guys The reasons behind this is that before we used to have these huge network equipments like big routers big switches and so on and Linux started entering on servers. Debian Now runs a lot of interesting places like we heard in some talks before But and yeah, we scarred away a lot of people that thought that we weren't ready to do this And we weren't serious enough and so on but when it's working people maintain control over the network until now We're starting to see very interesting things happening in Linux Unfortunately, this is very not well documented Some documentation exists only in mailing list posts some documentation exists only in source code I had to look a few times at the IP route source code to figure out these things because it was like how do I get this? And yeah, I wasn't Courageous enough to start writing now to our documentation So I said why don't I just talk to people about it and at least I'll write some slides I'll put some things up. It will be on the network and then we'll figure it out, right? And yeah, I think networking is very fun. It's something. She's nice to play with Just small precautions like for people who will read the slides later You can play with this as much as you want on the machine or something If you propose it in a corporation, be careful who you propose it to and how because they might take it very badly and Start screaming and things like that So just to start with very basic things which we all know We'll be using IP route around the talk No, I've configured and all stuff because that's outdated and we should forget about that Hands up if you haven't never seen something like that, I guess everybody has good So we're just like adding IP addresses to a device setting the device up creating a bridge adding a device to a bridge we created Managing the routing table and Remembering always to enable forwarding. Otherwise, we'll ask ourselves why nothing gets routed What are we going to go through? What are the technologies? We're going to talk about well We're going to talk about villain tagging Tunneling and a few interesting things about that a policy routing and asymmetric routing Routing demons and any cast load balancing network namespaces. Is everybody already familiar with every all of these technologies you have Who's familiar with everything? No, okay one two of them One of them. Okay. Okay one of them good two of them Okay, good three We're fine. We're fine. I mean just just to see okay. I try to structure them in some useful order to Put them together and also in easy to harm maybe or order to newer or something There is some order. I don't know which one is it so what's villain tagging? what we can do is we can use one single network interface and Rather than just transmitting one a internet over it. We start transmitting more than one We have to agree with a switch about how we're going to do this Basically like there's a protocol which is already set up. It's a to two dot one q And what happens is that once we have an agreement with the switch that our port is trunked We can say okay now send this packet to this villain now send this packet to this villain Which means but on a single interface we get like a view of many virtual internets This is Useful to act as a router if we only have one interface or for example If we have one interface or a bundle interface or something and we connect it to a switch And then we have VMs hosted on our machine. I remember I said that they work on the net is so I'm like playing with These things over VMs you can connect our VMs to different physical or I mean virtual but segmented internets Which means that they won't see broadcast between each other They will be on different networks and things like that. She's useful How do we do that? Well, we can create a new Link over our main network interface at H0. I mean it could be whatever we name it Whatever we want doesn't have to be that name and then the trick is type villain ID free So we tell the kernel Disinterface now has attacked the land ID free and you'll call it a kid 0.3 and after that I Can send packets and you're going to talk to the switch that way again if they're switch Unless the switch is very very dumb, but when you have another Linux machine on the other side, which understands this The switch is going to throw away your packets if you're not on a allowed trunk port because it doesn't usually network people don't like People trunking without them knowing so you have to convince them first Unless you run the switch, which is very handy After that we can just set up an IP on the network interface as we've seen before and Set it up and then well we can use it for a connecting to a bridge We've seen before how we do that with BR CTL We can add routes pointing to it or things like that and mix it with the other technologies we have Again, if we add it to a bridge for example, then it's very easy to connect virtual machines to it genetic KVM Xion any virtualization technologies will allow you to connect a virtual machine to a bridge. So this way you can connect various virtual machines to different villains Okay, let's move to tunneling. She's a bit more fun and challenging What are we doing is just transmitting IP packets over IP packets? So we're not restricted to Villains anymore to Ethernet anymore, and we're doing this on any kind of network We don't need support from the networking people. We just need them not to filter our gerry type or IP IP type packets we're using gerry will say you see why and Basically, which can change the shape of a network So for example if we have a rock and we only have in that rock as many IP as the machines We have in that rock we can use this to add IPs to the rock and tunnel them the traffic what we need so add visual machines where there was no space for them So yeah, we can use it for mobility for example We can have a host which is tunneled to another host Then we move it to another host and we start tunneling the traffic to the other one and Hope we move the machine and an IP address from one building to another one data center to another without the networking people realizing If we had the other tunnel endpoint With the IP configured How do we do this? Well quite easy. This is the very basic initial stuff We just create a tunnel again IP tunnel add The name gerry zero we can call it whatever Mode gerry is could be more gerry or mode IP IP. We're using gerry because we can do more advanced stuff with it We can specify the local address and the remote address a key the key is interesting later I'll explain why and the device on which the tunnel actually lives on so then Basically, we can add Addresses on the tunnel so now the tunnel is locally for one and the other side verse for two We set it up on the other side. We do the opposite So for two for one and we swapped the real IPs of these two Linux machines And then at this point we can ping between for one and for two Nothing special, but we can also add routes to them and no we can't add them to bridges because these are IP tunnels and bridges bridge Ethernet, so don't do that. Well, it won't work more interesting tunnels. So this tunnel doesn't have any local or remote address Has the device 8h 0 so the local address will be the one of 8h 0 if 8h 0 has many addresses Maybe you want to specify an address or it will use the first one But the interesting thing is that it has no remote address. So basically it's an unbound tunnel It can tunnel to anywhere on the internet and on your internet Of course any reachable IP is a fair game to have the other end point. So you do this on every host You create this gre0 on your all your 40 hosts can be in the same rack and be in different tracks in the data center without Broadcast access to each other can be around the internet Then you add these fake IPs and then you set the link up and nothing works because how does the tunnel know? where to send the traffic for 4.2 like what's the real internet address well turns out that the kernel will look it up on the neighbor table So there are two ways to do this if you have multicast between all your nodes You can all subscribe them to a multicast address So you specify your local IP just the remote doesn't work You have to do both local and remote then you specify the same multicast address everywhere And the nodes will automatically do multicast lookups saying where is For free and for free will respond so it will basically do an ARP a fake our protocol over multicast and Then you have your network already set up automatically now supposing you don't have that because someone disabled multicast Multicast is just broadcast on the network, and you don't want to do that or whatever reason then you can actually push your neighbor maps Permanently on your neighbor table. So in this case we on all the nodes we have to specify that node for free is a real IP blah and Like on the device for the device gre0, which is the one we created and at that point after we've done it Statically it will all work now. Of course, we don't want to maintain this statically, but we can basically like Write a script or have a software that integrates with our virtual machine environment We have an example of this in guanetti and BMA Which is a small side software to guanetti, but it's it's very basically very easy and after that It's easy also to replace this So basically once you move a machine between one machine or another like a virtual machine between a physical machine or another this command needs to be run everywhere and Our demon that keeps the mapping up to date will automatically do that and we have our new mapping There are also other specialized protocols to do with this One of them is an HRP. It's implemented in this open an HRP package. It's not packaged for Debian unfortunately Just source code available. I was thinking of packaging it But apparently it needs RPD support in the kernel so we couldn't really use it because while we didn't have RPD and RPD is both Experimental and deprecated so I wasn't going to suggest to add it. So we just went for the user space demon and Neighbor table look up the niceness of that solution is that that's true The neighbor is the demon is user space But it's only called when the kernel doesn't know or actually it's the demon updating the kernel But then when actual traffic is coming everything happens in the kernel the neighbor table is stored in the kernel it scales very well to thousands or hundred thousands of entries and The kernel doesn't need to talk to users. They saw it's very fast to actually send the traffic and look up where it should go Okay Let's move to policy routing. What's policy routing? Has anybody done policy routing around? Yeah. Yeah, good so what we can do is Rather than having only one routing table, which is our normal routing table. We maintain more than one So we give a number to each routing table 100 101 whatever we want and then we can specify rules by which different packets get looked up on different routing table If you do routing on your virtual machines and for example, you have your panels from before by the way, sorry I Said that I was going to say what this key was well, suppose you want multiple generic tunnels with different networks Being them unbound you wouldn't know when you receive a gerry packet Which network interface it is it for this key is going to specify that for you now back to policy routing If we have more than one of these Tunnels on which we want to tunnel traffic Then we can associate the machine with a particular routing table And that is going to route it to the right tunnel or the other machines that are part of its same network or administrative domain okay, so How does this work? Well, we're adding a few interfaces Basically, there is other than IP route any peer rule table so what we say here is Well Packets coming from device gerry zero and turn zero and turn two which are probably virtual machines We can tell gonna your our KVM networking script to to do this for us when it turns out the virtual machine Don't need to do it manually Get looked up on table 100 Then we can add routes to table 100. I'm using replace because I can use that both to add and to change them later So I don't need to Figure out if their entries are ready there and maybe tools like Associated to another interface and I just want to change it because I restarted the virtual machine Whatever the old entries to where I'm replacing it In table 100. I see I should have done probably. Yeah. Well, no, it should be fine. So We we can basically like add static route to that network over device gerry zero Via this other link I Think I have to cut the other route there But basically the idea is that we cannot route to IPs on various interfaces. So for example, we can say like this machine leaves on Town zero so for for free lives on 10 zero for two lives on time to and everything else Route via gerry zero And we can say basically then Jerry zero will be looked up over their neighbor interface We had before this is very handy because it follows the rule for a routing table. So Stricter entries like for a single IP is get looked up before broader entries and we're all sorted So the last example is to say that there is another network 5-0 and you have to go through our Jerry interface to a gateway there, which is going to route us to this other network or to the internet This is the example of the internet. So we can say that the default route is Via an endpoint on our gerry network So we can actually like save the machines don't have access to the nodes at all and the nodes doesn't do Routing for the machines in general but sends them all to a central place where it can be policy For example, there can be a central firewall or something like that a Bit more policy routing. So that was the basic part other interesting things is that we can add a rule that gets a firewall mark and routes it to something to a particular table and Then we can actually add IP tables rules in the mangle table that For some type of packets set this mark. So in this case, for example What happens is that ICMP fragmentation needed packets get set to mark a hundred and this gets set to our sent to our table a hundred Which handily gets delivered to our virtual machines? this particular example is useful because when you have your Jerry interface you usually run into MTU problems the kernel will create for augmentation needed packets for Instances, but it won't know where to route them unless you told it With rules. So for example in this case we we say that if we don't want in general the node to speak with the virtual machines We can say that only the fragmentation needed packets which are needed because they're generated by the kernel and We want them to reach their destination. Otherwise Your copying of files won't work and people will have very strange things will work now This other interesting thing is a symmetric policy routing That's just the IP address. So well, I should have gone on the other line But anyway, the line is almost complete. What happens is that on the table? You can add a route which says throw as a destination, which means that basically You stop looking up things on That table and you go to the default table or You go to for further rules, which at some point by default go to the default table Or maybe you'll hit another rule for generic defaults or something else This is interesting because it allows you to create exceptions So to say for example, okay I want my default gateway to be this one But for some internal networks do a symmetric routing don't go over the GRE but just route locally and In order to do that we can just use our normal Kernel routing table or use another specialized table for all our different GRE tunnel tables Since of course I've done in this example with table 100 But I can have like five of them ten of them and this will all work Nicely and insulating Routing demons most of us probably have played with them at some point They're better document and then the rest their user space and not in kernel and This allow you to Integrate yourself with the rest of your networking environment if you have a big dynamic network or a small dynamic network But not only static routes They allow you to acquire routes from the network and to push your own So for example again, if you're hosting VMs It's nice to be able to say well route the traffic for these three VMs to this node and for this four VMs To this node and when you move VMs around Well, you're routing demon is going to see the local rules on your machine and push them To the network and everything all the packets are going to flow in the right place So we can push for example routes for as we said VM or for MBMA network So we said before that we have this big Network of jerry tunnels and we have one end point which acts as a gateway or it could be like done with any caster in some Other ways we'll see any cast later, but basically what we can do is from that point say oh our network which in the example was For zero is here like at this machine and then it can route it over the MBMA to the actual destination nodes. Yes. Oh It stands for so the question was what's MBMA and it's non-broadcast multiple access This jerry network is a non-broadcast network since you can't easily broadcast You would have basically to unicast to all your nodes and it's multiple access because well since it's unbound You can have many people participating in this network And Yeah So how to learn a routing daemon? Well, I didn't get very far on the example But install Quagga or there are others bird and a few more. There's nice examples You can test it with VM. So you don't need to integrate with the network immediately Start for VMs route them or connect them to a bridge and then start Exchanging routing tables between them to see that your configuration is correct. Your authentication is correct and things like that Quagga for example supports most routing protocols You probably want to SPF or SPF v6 or BGP depending on what your organization runs because in the end your end goal is probably that to integrate with the routers of your organization and Yeah, you can try things with Static routes which means that if you create a static route on your machine when it gets pushed and read by the daemon and pushed to the rest of peers participating in this or SPF or BGP network or you can Integrate Quagga with your own daemon for example with your virtual machine management to say dynamically where your visual machines are and push the routes Correctly, although if your virtual machine management creates the static routes then you don't need a particular daemon or whatever codes Additionally any casting so this is very neat and easy any casting is just publishing the same route From two different places the network just believes that these two are both connected to the destination What you're actually doing is you're providing the same service, but separately so you're cheating the network somehow But it's very useful to increase availability because when one of these go down, especially if you do your Service correctly by which if the service is down the network daemon stops advertising the network then your traffic automatically gets routed to other places You don't need to wait for DNS time propagation to update, but just network route propagation you can Failover thing gracefully for example saying well I'm going to stop advertising on this machine and then when the machine is drained I can actually like it's not receiving traffic anymore Because the network updated then I can easily like turn down the service and do updates on it And nobody's going to notice that out of my five any customers. This one is down So yeah, it's it's a very nice technique and it's very easy to implement and it's basically like a trick on the network We didn't need to add anything to our existing routing protocols. We just started using them in a different way load balancing We have this Linux virtual server probably the worst name ever since it gets confused with everything else Which is virtual and actually it's talking about sending traffic to real servers. So why virtual? Well Somehow it's what it means is that the front end is a virtual server and it actually sends the traffic to some back-ends For once it has very good documentation if you go to that website. It's very easy to set up Like you need your kernel support, but then like there's Extended documentation like long long how-to with everything you might need and it can be used to balance by a nut So for example, you can have a router which balances to a few hosts which are behind it knotted or you can balance by a tunneling so you can use your gary tenders we've seen from before and Send your balance traffic over them Or you can use their direct routing which is useful if you have a physical internet or a villain and it means that basically you don't need to Do encapsulation of any type or changing of the packet which you receive But you just basically send the packets with a different MAC address and the destination machine is going to receive it and Handle it because it has that MAC address as an alias, which is not published by ARP So it doesn't confuse the network But once you send it with the correct MAC address because you're the load balancer and you decide where to send it It's going to receive it and handle it and already send it back directly to the customer So to the client which try to contact it So it basically like halves the traffic need of your load balancer, which is very nice with tunneling that isn't for example, you don't can't always do that and Just to close well, this is the last thing we're going to talk about network name faces This was a recent addition in the Linux kernel. It doesn't work Before 2629 and I'd recommend something newer anyway while I was playing with the commands I have in the next slide I managed to crash 2634 a couple of times on my laptop and then I started trying this on a little machine because I Was sick of rebooting every time So the network stack was completely gone so this is basically a way of insulating processes and That way you can create basically jails What happens is that if you pass this flag to clone clone unit The process is going to see a different network environment in which your network interfaces don't exist and Just a local host exists, which is different than the one of the host Now after that you can create new interfaces and share them with the host or move an interface which the host has to a name space and This allows you to Basically insulate processes network wise now this would be not enough But luckily there are quite a few clone new Thing under clone so you can unshare the process ID the file system ID and a lot of other things To actually create a full jail the LXC software Automates all of this for you and has nice configuration files and then can start An installed container. So for example, like kind of a virtual machine, which is actually in kernel Like in again Jails or zoning Solaris or things like that. This is quite new. So it's probably less stable than those But it's quite nice in the way in which is done because you don't actually need to do all of this So you can create a full jail or zone But you can just like unshare a couple of name spaces which you need and in this example We're just I'm sharing the network because we're playing with networking and not everything else and this is not to talk about LXC or Container virtualization So, how do we do that? Well, we can easily use LXC and share to start a bash in a new Network container. This is just going to basically call clone with that flag and then call exact On bean bash. So our bash now in this Shell doesn't have any interface except law local host local host is down everything is down So we need to bring it up and then well, we'll we'll want another interface to communicate with our external world so in the external world, we can Create a VATH link, which is a virtual internet or we can create it with giving names to the interfaces I probably meant to just to have a second line and I left the first line by mistake, but Basically this way we say well, I want a VATH zero and then Of type VATH and then I want a peer name the ATH one And then that last thing which you can't see is net and s the PID of The bash so in bash we can do echo dollar dollar or anyway realize what that bash PID is And it means that the peer is going to appear in that PID if we don't do that we can Use IP link set net and s and again move on existing network interface or one that we just created to that namespace And yeah, for example, this is totally not documented if you do my IP Nothing that tells you how to do this is there I had to have a quick look at the source code in order to figure it out And then I said well, let's publish at least on slides. So maybe someone will Google it one day and then You can create an IP address on this virtual internet interface Which is basically just a local tunnel and on the other side at that point. We waited for shark to to finish So now we have this VATH one in this case and we can add it With the opposite IP addresses set the link up and at that point We can ping from within the container to without to out of the container and at that point This is a virtual internet. We can bridge it. I suppose I haven't tried but pretty sure we can bridge it I'm totally sure we can route on it. So we can send it to our MBMA or our normal routing tables or our policy routing and Basically insulate the variables containers in the same way that we would virtual machines There's a bit more which you can do in user space. I just like brushed on this all of these packages have Good documentation But just as pointers open VPN everybody has used it and I'm sure It's nice because you can actually encrypt your IP tunnels or internet tunnels So Jerry you should only use on a trusted environment or over IP sec because otherwise basically Anybody can spoof your network if you need something secure open VPN VDE is a virtual distributed switch runs in user space. You can connect Processes or virtual machines to it and then you can connect switches together on various Hosts on the internet. So it does the same job in the end as our MBMA tunnel to run at the slower performance But you can like add again Encryption between the various places and things like that and last but not least is not only related to network But so cut is basically and see but you can do a lot more with it You can use SSL you can connect to unique socket Sockets you can connect a port to a unique socket and all these kind of things which and see doesn't allow you to do and finally Q&A and also suggestions like did I miss any interesting technologies which you think is very cool and should be in this kind of Environment do you have any suggestions or further hints which I haven't brushed on or Any other question? Although I don't know if I will have the answer or not again It's just sharing what I played with Thanks very much. I just had a question about your anycast example What the anycast anycast? Well, there wasn't any example Yeah, right, but how do you avoid horizon problems with so you're essentially putting the same service on the same IP in two different places Yeah, at some point. There's a router that's going to have to make a decision About how to get there. So I'm just curious. Could you just give a example of how of where you use that? Well, I Basically, I'm not exactly sure Sorry, it's all right. I'm just trying to figure out how it seems. I mean, it's a cool I'm sure it's a problem because it's used in production for lots of things many DNS is nowadays run with anycast So actually you think you're reaching an IP address, but you're reaching services servers Which are actually near to you, but I'm not sure how exactly this is that way Probably BGP has ways to deal with it Okay, yeah And if someone else has the answer for him, please go ahead Hi As you already mentioned this is used in lots of root DNS servers to provide some more locality to the network location where you are and I think it just announces several prefixes in the BGP and then just the normal BGP selection process for Network is nearer kicks in and just picks you out Which is from where you are newer to you without any extra effort, which is why it's so nice Yeah, it probably handles the equal path by choosing one Good enough for our case as long as it doesn't send one packet one packet one packet one packet you'll be fine for most services Anybody else Going once I remember IP tables at some point had this ability to filter by command Itself you could provide a filter by Not PID by the name of the command which kind of interfaces, but then it was removed is namespaces kind of good alternative to jail Processes so they so I could provide a specific per process IP tables firewall I suppose you can do that So if you insulate your process in a different network namespace then you can easily do that, but you can do it Probably easier with users so IP tables can just Filter depending on the user. So if you run your processes under different usernames Then you can apply different IP tables rules and in this case You wouldn't add the overhead of an additional VATH interface and an additional routing table look up and things like that If you just want to apply different rules to different processes Yeah, let's say Firefox. I want to limit it and I still want it to be under my user Yeah, then then you probably may want to try that So the only problem is that you need to be root in order to start these containers But then you can drop the privileges under the container start Firefox and Yeah, then you can easily on the host so on the external part say well traffic that comes from this virtual internet interface Is firewall this way? Okay? Thanks you the things that are missing maybe are TC and maybe some traffic shaping and then Link layer discovery things like LLDP or CDPR things like that Okay, can you send me an email with these names and I look it up for my the next time I'll give this talk or another thing which I found today on the 35 kernel Which was just released last week or something was that there is this IP tables T support to duplicate packets Which I'm sure I'm going to have lots of fun with If we have reached the wish list things here then Fair queuing Okay. Yeah Every time I google about it. I found things in in Polish and I don't read Polish. Oh, I mean Yeah, yeah, totally makes sense. Yes Qs Hi I have a question regarding something in between any cast on IP tunneling is there a way to use IP tunneling mapping Unicast address to a broadcast one and then maybe with UDP packets I would get lowest latency response and Totally got lost halfway through the question Maybe we want to talk later with a diagram because I totally got lost. There was too many layers of interaction Sorry, okay. We'll talk after the talk more questions Otherwise we can go early have a coffee relax Make the video team rest Okay You


What's going on everybody got Kyle and Sean here with latent sports cards, and we are ripping 2022 one football This is 10 box break number 35 pick your team style. We had Anthony G with the Rams Bradley R has the Niners commanders bills Under Niners and commanders Brandon S has the bills chiefs and the chargers got courtesy with the Eagles David C has the Ravens David S with the Raiders Derwood beat bucks Edward has the Jets got Eric B with the Titans Jeffrey S bears Jason G bangles Jeffrey or Jeff B with the Vikings got Jungman K with the Cardinals Keith B with the Colts Lee G has Broncos Lee Lee S has the Leo S has the Falcons got Matthew B with the Jags giant Seahawks Patrick E with the Saints Paul B with the Panthers Browns Philip S has the Patriots Robert O with the Steelers Simcha K has the Cowboys Steve B has the Texans Thomas W. Dolphins and Tom B has the Lions and Packers Righty guys. Good luck on this one This one is ping me one football ten box number 35. Good luck here guys And I got six to go on flawless teams on sale Patriots Jets Steelers Seahawks Titans commanders Good luck guys First up we have the Giants it's gonna be dual RPA is gonna be Wanda Robinson to 49 Giants on the little number patches there One is 27 to 49 Giants Wanda box 2 Nice Falcon. It's gonna be Drake London on the two-color number patch number to 75 Go Falcons. I believe last team taken Drake London to 75 box 3 Falcons again. This one is Drake London to 49 on the Shadow Box RPA One two-color patch Drake London again Falcons to 49 box 4 is going to be Cowboys Cowboys gonna be Jalen Tolbert to 149 on the RPA The boys righty guys six to go on flawless break it next Teams are on sale discount them twice now went through and discount them again just a moment ago We got extra pack bonus pack and our auto is Giants. It's a dual auto This one is Phil Sims and Otis Anderson on the dual auto to 35 Dual Shadow Box signatures there Otis Anderson and Phil Sims to 35 nice dual and we had an extra pack in here Should be a metal card. I believe See one of these It is gonna be Kenny Pickett on the rookie surge nice one there Not numbered on these but these are very rare out of the it out of this nice one Steelers Rookie Kenny Pickett on the surge will mag that box number six Yeah, you don't see too many of those I've only seen those a couple times those inserts Steelers right behind a four-way RPA is gonna be a 75 Kenny Pickett Boom there we go Steelers on these square one Quad relic auto who has the Steelers That one is Robert. Oh, very nice there with the Kenny and now the with the Kenny metal now the quad Very nice back to back Kenny's Box number seven. Hey, what's up Larry? Are we doing today, sir? Good luck. Good luck guys. We'll get flawless going next got six to go Six to go on flawless This one is precision RPA. It's gonna be Jalen Tolbert Precision RPA for the Cowboys to 99 Number patches there Jalen Tolbert Cowboys Yeah, I know I know This one is number to 49 it's Saddlebox signatures of Damian Pierce nice one there Texans good rookie running back out of Florida Damian Pierce Fox 9 ooh nice one Eagles 20 at 20. We got one man show that is Jalen hurts Nice one there Philly Philly that is Curtis D with the Eagles on the one-man show Shadowbox auto 20 of 20 of Jalen sick looking one there The inbox 10 box number 10. This one is gonna be Cardinals to 99. We got a Trey McBride three-color RPA Trey McBride for the Cardinals Righty there guys that will do it for 2021 football 10 box number 35 pick your team stuff with one there appreciate everybody Get those right out to you. Thank you. Thank you


Good evening. I will directly start. In its 2012 inclusive growth agenda, the African Development Bank addressed the importance of long-run strong and sustainable growth to reduce poverty. To address the issue of improving and strengthening growth, it is important to master its levers in African countries. This task proves difficult because of the low reliability of data on economic growth, as discussed this afternoon. Many studies discussed the issue of growth. What is new in our paper is to think of growth as a latent variable. That means a variable that is not easily observed and easily measured. To illustrate this point, please look at this picture. What you can see on this picture are three different shames of growth. You can see a tree, a human being, and another process. Ask yourself what you see on that picture. Do you see growth? According to me, no. You just see the observable outcomes of growth. That means changes in size, in height, in thickness, in volume, and so on and so forth. Anything else you can see, not on the picture, of course, is the means used to achieve growth. Namely, for example, for a human being, any other economic expenses for education, for medical care, et cetera, et cetera. So economic literature has documented the determinants of growth. And we will rely our paper on those determinants to try to assess the intensity of the link between those existing determinants and the unobserved growth variable. Our hypothesis is that growth is a latent variable. But its outcomes can be observable, and its determinants too. So to address our question, we will use a structural equation model with latent variable. And this model have the advantages to have the ability to build a latent variable from observed variables and to draw the correlations between variables as specified by theory. The objective of the paper is to test the strength of the correlations between that latent variable and observable determinants and to predict the value of the latent variables. We get three sets of results. The first one tells us about the most significant African growth determinants for each year regardless of the strength of the correlations. The second set of the result presents the most relevant variables according to economic growth issue. I'm sorry, it is too little, so you can see it better on the paper. The third one, finally, is related to the measure of growth. It is not presented here because of the large size of the table. Finally, what can we learn from this study? We can learn three things. First, the quality of institutional environment is critical for African growth. Secondly, the levels of growth may be different from one year to the other. That fact underlies the importance of the role of structural changes while learning for growth. And thirdly, even if we cannot throw per capita GDP away, it is not an exact measure of growth in Africa. Before closing, let me point out that the issue of heterogeneity between countries is not addressed in the paper. But it deserves deep investigation with appropriate technical methods. Thank you for your kind attention. Excellent, yeah.