A very good evening to all my friends. Today we have an important announcement to make and this is regarding the Target 2020 series. As you are all aware that, we launched the Target 2020 prelims series and this series aimed at simplifying your current affairs preparation for the upcoming 2020 prelims exam. The series was launched to cover 10 months of current affairs that is from July 2019 to April 2020. And all the 10 videos were delivered in an effective and efficient manner that were already available for your utility in our YouTube channel. But because of the change in the schedule of the prelims exam we have been receiving numerous requests from our viewers to cover the videos of additional months that is from May 2020 to August 2020. In this regard we are clarifying that we couldn't do the videos of additional months because of the prevailing knockdown restrictions. But for the benefit of the aspirants Shankar IAS Academy has launched limited exclusive 5 current affairs tests covering the current affairs from May 2020 to August 2020. And this is at just Rs. 1000. Further, top 3 merit students in each of the 5 monthly current affairs tests will be given 100% fee reimbursement. So in total, 15 candidates will be awarded 100% fee reimbursement. Furthermore, for the benefit of the students if you subscribe for 5 monthly current affairs tests then as a complimentary Shankar IAS Academy is giving an additional 13 tests free of cost. And this additional 13 tests consist of 8 Gs full mock tests, 3 CsR full tests and 2 more exclusive current affairs tests covering the current affairs from June 2019 to March 2020. For more details, visit the registration link which is given in the description box and also in the comment section. With this we will start our news analysis for today. The list of the news articles along with the page numbers of 5 different editions is given here for your reference. So we will start with our first news. Now see this editorial which is named Treating Data as Commons. In 2019, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology constituted a committee of experts to deliberate on non-personal data governance framework. The committee chaired by Sri Krish Gopala Krishnan is informally called as Gopala Krishnan Committee. So today let us see some important suggestions in the draft report of the committee and then the editorial. The syllabus relevant for this analysis is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. First of all, let us see what is meant by non-personal data. See, as per the report, when the data is not personal data or if the data is without any personally identifiable information then it is considered as non-personal data. See, we should know that personal data is defined in the Personal Data Protection Bill of 2019. See, personal data means data about or relating to a natural person is directly or indirectly identifiable. So this includes characteristics, trait, attribute or any other feature of the identity of such natural person whether online or offline. Or it can also be any combination of such features with any other information. In terms of origin, non-personal data can be a data which never related to a natural person or a data which was initially personal data but has been anonymous. So here we should know that the committee has defined three categories of non-personal data. The first one is public non-personal data. So this includes the data collected or generated by the government in course of execution of publicly funded works. Here the examples are data on land records and public health. Next one is community non-personal data. And this includes anonymous person or non-personal data whose source is a community of natural persons. Here the examples are user information collected by telecom then e-commerce players etc. And the third one is private non-personal data. So it includes data which is collected by private entities through privately owned processes. And here the examples are derived data using algorithms and proprietary knowledge etc. Now let us see the important recommendations of this committee on non-personal data governance. So these are aimed at creating a modern framework for creation of economic value from the use of data. And they are also aimed at creating incentives of innovation and start-ups. Then to ensure that community data is available for social, public or economic value creation. And then they are also aimed at addressing the privacy concerns. Especially from the re-identification of anonymous personal data. So one recommendation is to consider certain categories of data as sensitive data. For example non-personal data derived from status, health, caste or tribe which could be re-identified. Then data related to national security and strategic interests. And another suggestion is to share non-personal data collected by both government and private organizations with citizens. So this will lead to increased transparency then better quality of services then improved efficiencies and more innovation. And another important recommendation is setting up a non-personal data regulation authority. The authority has an enabling role where it ensures that the data is shared for sovereign, social welfare, economic welfare and competition purposes thus boosting the innovation. Next is the enforcing role where it ensures that all the stakeholders follow the rules and regulations and provide data when requests are made. There are also many other important recommendations. We will discuss it in the coming days. Now let us see the important points from this editorial. See the editorial is written by a member of the global allocation and committee. Here the author says that to understand the need for data sharing we must recognize the infrastructural nature of data. As industrial age infrastructure such as roads, then electricity etc were often publicly on society's data also must be publicly on. We know that there are several digital corporations who enjoy global monopolies and most of them have a data centric model. So this concentration of digital power has a geopolitical dimension which is completely dominated by US and Chinese companies. So in national level it results in the exploitation of the consumers and small economic actors thus strangulating the competition and innovation. So the author says that data should be treated as a common infrastructure and be equitably shared by all businesses. The author also stresses the need for community ownership of data or community data which should be shared with all those who need it in the society to develop this or for producing important digital public goods. So this is all about this news article. So in this discussion we saw about the recommendations of Chris Gaube allocation committee on non-personal data governance framework. With this we'll move on to the next news article. Now this news article is with reference to the upcoming multilateral engagements for India at ministerial levels involving ministers of defence and external affairs. So these are the meetings under the ambit of Shanghai cooperation, BRICS and Quad Grouping. In this analysis we will see important information from Prillin's perspective for two groupings that is Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Quad Grouping. The syllabus relevant for this analysis is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. Now talking about Shanghai Cooperation Organization it is a permanent intergovernmental international organization. The creation of Shanghai Cooperation Organization or SCO was announced in 2001 in Shanghai by six countries. The six countries are Kazakhstan, China, Kirgis Republic, Russian Federation, then Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter was signed during the St. Petersburg SCO Heads of the State Meeting in June 2002. And the SCO Charter entered into force on 19th September 2003. So this is the fundamental statutory document which outlines the organization's goals and principles and also its structure and core activities. Now we should know that the grouping expanded with the edition of India and Pakistan as full members in 2017. So this happened at the Heads of the State Council of SCO in Astana. See Astana is the capital of Kazakhstan and it is renamed as Noorsultan. Now these are the main goals of SCO. It includes strengthening the mutual trust and neighborliness among the member states then promoting the cooperation among the members in various areas such as politics, trade, economy, research, technology, culture and then in education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection and other areas as well. And it has an objective to make joint efforts to maintain and ensure peace, security and stability in the region. It also aims to move towards the establishment of a democratic fair and rational new international political and economic order and know that the external policy of SCO is conducted in accordance with the principles of non-enablement, non-targeting any third country and also openness. And the Heads of the State Council is the supreme decision making body of SCO. It meets once in a year and adopts decisions and guidelines on all important matters of SCO. The SCO Heads of the Government Council meets once in a year to discuss the organizations, multilateral cooperation strategy and priority areas and to resolve the current important economic and other cooperation issues and also to improve the organizations annual budget and know that SCO's official languages are Russian and Chinese. The organization has two permanent bodies that is the SCO Secretariat which is based in Beijing and the Executive Committee of Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure that is RITS which is based in Tashkent. The SCO's Secretary General and the Director of the Executive Committee for SCO Rats are both appointed by the Council of Heads of States for a term of 3 years. At present SCO has 4 observer states and these are Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia. The SCO also has 6 dialogue partners and 2 of them are our neighbors which are Sri Lanka and Nepal. Now let us discuss about Quad Grouping. See the meaning of the word Quad in Latin means 4. So this grouping is an informal dialogue mechanism among 4 countries which are India, US, Japan and Australia. And know that the first Quad meeting happened between these 4 countries in the year 2007. But the next meeting was conducted only in 2017. So the grouping was revived in 2017. See the number of countries in Quad is very small but we should know that all are major players so it has the potential to solve regional problems particularly in the Asia Pacific context. The grouping is considered as a regional counterweight to China and last year in September there was a minister level meeting among the Quad members. It was stated as the first minister level Quad meeting since the revival of the grouping in 2017. And note that we said it is an informal grouping. This means the 4 countries do not issue joint statements after the Quad dialogue. So this is translated as if there is no broader consensus among the 4 nations. Also the Quad dialogue used to be held at the levels of senior officers. The group's significance is getting elevated as minister level meetings are also happening since last year. And the news article reports that this year minister level engagements among Quad groupings will be conducted in October. And a more significant version of Quad would be the meeting of heads of government in an anal manner. And this will mean that the Quad grouping has arrived to talk about the international affairs at a diplomatically high table and also that the group is of great international audience. With this we will come to an end of analysis of this news article. In this analysis we discussed about Shanghai Cooperation Organization and also Quad grouping. Now let us move on to the next news article. Now this editorial article talks about the status of Jammu and Kashmir after its special status was removed last year. Here the author talks about the objectives with which the special status was removed and whether the objectives has been achieved and also what are the existing concerns in the terms of the author are important since it is written by M.K. Narayanan who is a former national security advisor and a former governor of West Bengal. The syllabus relevant for this analysis is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. So we know that last year the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir underwent a massive change. In August 2019 the provisions which provided special status to Jammu and Kashmir namely the article 370 and 35A of the constitution were removed by the parliament. So if you recall under article 370 the Jammu and Kashmir was only state to have its own constitution and laws passed by the parliament of India were applicable only with the acceptance of the state government and Jammu and Kashmir had a special status comparing to other states as the state could decide who are eligible to be called as permanent residence of the state. So this status was given by article 35A of the constitution. Now these two articles were removed and subsequently the Jammu and Kashmir reorganization act of 2019 was enacted which bifurcated the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two united territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. So these moves of the center were widely criticized due to the manner in which the changes were effected or executed. This is because the decisions were taken in utmost secrecy so there was no scope for discussion, debate or retreat. So this caused disagreement or tensions not only inside India but also internationally. Because Pakistan and China made public statements and condemned India. But as usual India silenced these criticisms saying it is an internal matter of India. Further the center government told that these moves were aimed at ending an anomaly that had existed for a long period in the region which impeded Kashmir's peace and progress. The center justified its move by stating that it will increase the prosperity of the region then more economic and job opportunities will be created then it will lead to the reduction in levels of terrorist violence and it would also lead to closer integration with the rest of India. But now the question is whether the central government achieved these objectives in Jammu and Kashmir since already one year has passed after the changes. So according to the author based on the available evidences these objectives were not achieved. Firstly bringing Kashmir into national stream is yet to happen. Secondly reducing the levels of violence within the united territory of Kashmir has not been realized. As the levels of the violence continue to remain high like it was before. But there is some hope since in the past year some top leaders of the terrorist outfits has been eliminated in the region. For example the Hispul Mujahidin's Kashmir chief that is Riyaz Naiko was killed by the security forces in Pulwama district which is in the south Kashmir. And thirdly he says that still the united territories are in turmoil. So there is no expansion of jobs or opportunities as promised by the central government. And in addition to all these failed objectives there are also some additional concerns in the region. The first concern is the stringent security measures that were enforced across the Jammu and Kashmir. Like preventive detention of several senior political leaders for several months under various provisions of the law such as Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act. And even today senior leaders like former chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mevbuba Mufti or preventive detention. Though some prominent leaders of Jammu and Kashmir have been released from custody they continue to face restrictions regarding any kind of political activity in the region. And according to the author this measure of the central government undermined or weakened the faith in the center's commitment to bring an orderly political discourse in union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The next concern is the difficulty faced by the residents of union territories in accessing information. And this is due to the COVID internet connections were shut down. And due to this students are facing serious problems prominently because in the COVID-19 imposed lockdown online learning is endorsed by the government. But this is not accessible to the students of Jammu and Kashmir region due to shutdown of internet connections. The next concern is regarding the granting of domicile certificate. In May 2020 the government notified the Jammu and Kashmir grant of domicile certificate procedure rules 2020. So this notification allows non-locals to apply for domicile certificates. And we have discussed this in detail in our 19th and 20th May Hindu news analysis video. So this move has allowed the so called outsiders to settle in the state, then acquire property and also to apply for jobs. So there is a fear that this move might lead to changing of the demography of the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir. And the next concern raised by the author is regarding the business scenario because the cost of manufacture in Jammu and Kashmir is high. The people of Jammu and Kashmir need to import raw materials from outside. And all this increases the cost of goods manufactured in the region. So the local businessmen worry that they will not be able to compete with the outsiders. This is because the outsiders offer good set comparatively lower cost. So from the above discussion it is clear that there is a dire need to stabilize the region both politically and economically. But we should think whether all these problems occurred recently. The answer is no. This is because India had problems with Kashmir ever since 1947. And the successive central governments and the state government of Jammu and Kashmir had tried to tackle this problem. Such complex is the Kashmir problem. And now the problem is being dealt by the current government by rejecting the notions of a separate Kashmiri identity. So according to the author, this is a debatable matter because the notion of separate Kashmiri identity is attached with other fundamental issues of the region such as militancy. Hence the author cautions the central government to not to view the advantages of abrogating Article 370 and 35a and also the bifurcation of state as a new peaceful beginning for the region. And as a suggestion the author calls for an intense debate on the issue. And this is to decide what should the central government do in the coming times. And the author has recommended that the government should undertake value based judgments. Then introspection or self-analysis has to be done by the central government in the region. So as to see the repercussions of the central government's last year move. On a whole want the author and also everyone wishes is restoring normalcy in the region. And also it should be the urgent priority of the central government. So this is all about the discussion of this news article. With this we will move on to the next news article. Now we have these two news articles which are based on a recent report released by National Crime Records Bureau. It says that the number of suicide cases and accidental deaths registered an increase across the country in 2019 compared to the 2018 figures. So in this context let us discuss in detail about National Crime Records Bureau or NCRV. Know that the Ministry of Home Affairs had set up a national police commission in 1977. And based on its recommendations the Ministry of Home Affairs constituted a task force in 1985. And this was to work out the modalities for setting up of the National Crime Records Bureau. And later NCRV was set up in 1986 with its headquarters at New Delhi. And it is under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Know that NCRV functions as a repository of informations on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators. And over a period of time NCRV was interested with additional responsibilities. So since 2009 NCRV monitors, coordinates and implements the crime and criminal tracking network and systems project that is CCTNS project. The project has connected more than 15,000 police stations and 6,000 higher officers of police in India. NCRV is also interested to maintain the national database of sexual offenders that is NDSO and it shares it with the states and union territories on a regular basis. NCRV is also the central nodal agency to manage the technical and operational functions of the online cyber crime reporting portal. Through this portal any citizen can lodge a complaint or upload a video as an evidence of crime related to child pornography rape or gang rape etc. NCRV has also launched SITRAIN or National Cyber Crime Training Center which is a portal for online training of different stakeholders in cyber crime related investigations and prosecution. And know that NCRV also maintains the counterfeit currency information and management system which is FICN and the Integrated Monitoring on Terrorism, IMOT applications. In 2017 NCRV launched the National Digital Police Portal. It allows the police personnel to search for a criminal or suspect on the CCTNS database. And this is besides the access to the other police utilities like Crime Act, NDSO, SITRAIN etc. See Crime Act or Crime Multi-Agency Center is another IT tool which was launched by NCRV. And it is for sharing of information on crime and criminals, then sending alerts on interested criminals or gangs to the states or union territories etc. Then we have the Central Fingerprint Bureau which is also under NCRV. Know that it is a national repository of all fingerprints in the country and it has more than 1 million 10 digit fingerprints of criminals both convicted and arrested. It provides a search facility on fingerprint analysis and criminal tracing system that is FACTS. And one should also know that NCRV compiles and publishes national crime statistics. This includes 3 publications Crime in India, Accidental Deaths and Suicides and Prison Statistics. And they serve as a principal reference point for policymakers, police, criminologists, researchers and media both in India and abroad. So this is about NCRV. Now have a look at this question. Consider the following. Here we have 5 options given crime and criminal tracking network and systems, online cyber crime reporting portal, national cyber crime training center, counterfeits currency information and management system and the fifth one crime multi agency center that is Crime Act. Which of the above are maintained by or comes under the responsibility of National Crime Records Bureau. So from our analysis it is clear that all the 5 options are either operated or launched or managed by NCRV. So all the 5 options come under the NCRV. So here the correct answer is option D. With this we will move on to the next news. Now have a look at this question. It is based on this news article which talks about the Purchasing Managers Index or PMI. It mentions that in India after many months the manufacturing activity has re-entered the growth phase in August. So it has rose from 46 in July to 52 in August. This means it has signaled an improvement in operating conditions across the manufacturing sector. So you can see it in this graph. Now what is purchasing managers index. See PMI is a survey based economic indicator which was designed to provide a timely insight into business conditions. It is widely used to anticipate changing economic trends in official data such as GDP. It is also used as an alternative measure to the official data about economic performance and business conditions. Thus the PMI data are used by the financial and corporate professionals to better understand where economies and markets are headed and it also helps them to uncover the opportunities. It is compiled and produced globally by a company called IHS market and know that the index is produced for more than 40 economies worldwide. See originally PMI was compiled for manufacturing sector only and later it was extended to include other sectors such as services, construction and retail. So today's focus is manufacturing PMI which is also simply known as PMI. It is a survey based economic indicator designed to provide a timely insight into the changing business conditions in the goods producing sector. And it is a weighted average of 5 indices which include new orders output, employment suppliers delivery time and inventories of goods purchases. Now in August, manufacturing PMI has signaled growth and this is due to the rebound or recovery in production volumes and new work. And this upturn was led by an improvement in customer demand. And this is because the client business is reopened after the lockdown restrictions have been eased by the government. So here we should know that the output and new orders indices expanded at the fastest space since February. But meanwhile the job cuts continued in August also and the for this is the relocation of employees following the COVID-19 pandemic. So in this discussion we saw what is purchasing managers index. Now have a look at this question. In the manufacturing purchasing managers index which one of the following is given the highest weightage. So it asks for which index is given highest weightage. Here new orders index is given the highest weightage that is 30%. So the correct answer is option 8. And now we will discuss the practice questions based on today's news analysis. Now have a look at this question. The Gopala Krishnan committee recently seen in news is related to here we have four options given. The correct answer is option C. That is committee of experts to deliberate on non-personal data governance framework. Now see the second question. Consider the following statements with reference to Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Here three statements are given. Statement 1 India is a founding member. See this statement is not correct. India is not a founding member. The creation of SCO was announced in 2001. And SCO charter came into force in 2003. And India and Pakistan were made as full members of SCO only in 2017. Now the second statement is its headquarters is located in Tashkent. See it's also a wrong statement. SCO headquarters is located in Beijing in China. And Shanghai is the founding place of the organization. See Tashkent is the place where the executive committee of regional anti-terrorist that is rats of SCO is based. And here is the third statement. Nepal and Sri Lanka are observer states of SCO. See Shanghai Cooperation Organization has four observer states which are Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia. Sri Lanka and Nepal are dialogue partners of SCO and not its observer states. So here we have to identify the correct statement or statements from the given statements. See all the given statements are incorrect. So the answer is option D. Now here is the main question. Please write your answers and post it in the comment section. Your answers will be evaluated and feedback will be given in a reasonable time frame. And with this we'll come to the end of analysis of all the news articles taken up for today's discussion and also the practice questions discussion. If you like this video press the like button, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for latest videos and updates relating to civil service preparation. Thank you.


build a furniture but that doesn't mean that you can build an entire wall. Little learning is a dangerous thing. Shivani, when will you understand this? Oh, hi people, welcome to my channel. I was just talking to my friend and you know she just watched a YouTube video on how to assemble a furniture and now she thinks she can be an architect. She can be a pro in all these stuff. And this is what we all do. We all tend to overestimate our abilities. We all know a little about things and we tend to overestimate our knowledge about certain things and that's what Alexander Pope said in one of his most famous work, essay on criticism. That little learning is a dangerous thing. This is one of the most famous and most quoted maxims and we have so many other maxims by Alexander Pope. In this video we are going to study Alexander Pope and some of his important works from point of view. So now let's talk about Mr Alexander Pope. Alexander Pope was born in a Catholic family as you can guess from his last name Pope. Anybody with the last name Pope will definitely be a Catholic. So he was a follower of Catholicism. He had suffered from this disease called Pots disease. For those of you who don't know I would like to tell you that Pots disease is a form of tibocallosis. So nowadays we have TB. At that time they used to call it Pots disease and due to this Pots disease he suffered from breathing problem and hunched back throughout his lifetime. He was also very short-ighted. He did not grow more than four feet and six inches. So really short and he was really upset about these things that he was short-ighted and he suffered from this disease due to which he decided that he would not go to school because people will mock at him. So he decided that he would enroll himself in his self-school and would study on his own. So he started reading classical works especially Homer and Virgil. Homer was a Greek classical writer whereas Virgil is a Roman classical writer. So he used to read those works by these prominent writers and you know he became so fascinated that almost all his work shows the influence of Homer and Virgil and almost all his work shows his love for classical text. He was writing in a period which is called neoclassical or enlightenment period. I would like to first explain what neoclassical actually means. Neoclassical has come from these two terms neo and classical. So neo means new classical means classical text classical works of those writers who were writing in the Greek and the Roman period. So neoclassical basically means that renewal of those writers when there was a there was a period in British history from 1700 to 1800 when all the prominent writers were actually reading the classical text and they were appreciating the writing style their form and structure and they started imitating them. So that is what gave it a name neoclassical new classical. So writing the classical text in a new way. Okay so that is what neoclassical period is all about and Alexander Pope was writing during this period. It was also a time of scientific development. I would rather say it was a time of scientific revolution. There were so many great scientists who were coming up and giving their own theories. We have Newton who was there at that time and he gave his own theories. So this was a period of scientific development and people started to believe that world can be known through sense, through logic, through reason. So they denounced superstition and they focused on skepticism. So skepticism, imperialism these were the dominant things that were during that period. Under this background Alexander Pope was writing. So you will find almost all his work talking about how reason and logic is important and how through reason and logic you can actually know the world. The first important work by Pope is Pestorals. Pestorals is a series of foreshort poems and it is based on Virgil's work. So we find how Virgil influenced Alexander Pope that even Alexander Pope's first work was an influence by Virgil. Also for those of you who don't know I would like to tell you that the work was written in heroic couplet and heroic couplet is basically rhyming couplet with iambic pentameter and if you are wondering what iambic pentameter is all about then you must go and watch my video on rhythm and meter in which I've clarified how iambic pentameter is formed, how it differs from trochaic exameter and how all these meter and rhythm influence a set of poetry. So that was about Pestorals. The second important work by Alexander Pope is his translation of Homer and this was a question in July 2016 in the UGC net paper where he asked that who among the following writer translated Homer and there were so many options out of which Alexander Pope was the right answer. So you must remember that Alexander Pope translated Homer's famous work Iliad and Odyssey. Now Iliad and Odyssey are like magnum opus and they are really really huge and it took him six years to translate them but then six years did not go in vain because these translations made him very famous and he became financially successful. Also due to his translation he became so famous among the literary circle in London that he became close friends with Joseph Edison and Richard Steele. He also formed a club known as Kriber's Club with Jonathan Swift, John Gay and John Erbithnot. There are so many other important literary movement going in the Enlightenment period and also following Romantics and Victorian. You can get a list of all the important literary movements that you should read if you are studying for UGC net on my website we cover each and every literary movement and the name of those group members in my online course so if you wish you can join my online course the details are given in the description box below. But coming back to what we were talking about on his translation of Homer we find one very very important critical statement given by Richard Bentley on his translation of Homer wearing he mocked Pope and said that it's a pretty poem Mr. Pope but you must not call it Homer and Pope was so offended by the statement and in the New Catholic Encyclopedia it has been written that no other poet in the literary history made the number of enemies that Pope made so Pope actually made so many enemies because he used to criticize all those people in his work people get so offended that you know they were envious of Pope they were jealous of Pope and they used to give critical statements about Pope's work. The next important work by Alexander Pope is his edition of Shakespeare yes guys we actually edited Shakespeare as well so he has done so much work on Homer onwards and now it's time for the great William Shakespeare so he has edited his work he has regularized Shakespeare's meter and also rewrote his words and while he was writing and editing Shakespeare's work he found that there were about 1560 lines which were so bad which were excessively bad and he thought that Shakespeare could have never written it so he excluded those lines from his edition of Shakespeare and this I heard a critic called Lewis Theobald Lewis Theobald wrote a pamphlet called Shakespeare Restored in which he actually criticized Alexander Pope's edition of Shakespeare and said that you know Pope has pointed out so many flaws in Shakespeare which are not so true and you know when he was listening to the criticism by Lewis Theobald and there was Richard Bentley criticizing Pope's work he got so angry that Alexander Pope decided that now he's going to write essays and pieces where he'll be criticizing all these writers who have mocked him and then started the journey where he wrote Epistle to Dr. Urbanot Epistle to Dr. Urbanot is a satire which he wrote for his very close friend called John Urbanot who was a physician John Urbanot is the same person with whom he started Scriber's Club so I've just mentioned about Scriber's Club which had members like Jonathan Swift John Bray then we had John Urbanot so these people were a member of Scriber's Club and John Urbanot was suffering from a disease and he was on his deathbed and at that time Alexander Pope wrote Epistle to Dr. Urbanot for his friend John Urbanot and in this work entire work it has been said that this work is directly autobiographical and it opens with a very very famous line called shut shut the door John dear John fatigued I said and this was a question which was asked so many times in the my in the net exam so you must remember the opening lines of Epistle to Dr. Urbanot the next important work by Alexander Pope is Essay on Man Essay on Man was written by Alexander Pope with a motive in mind and the motive was to vindicate the ways of gods to men and you can see how it connects to John Milton's Paradise Lost because Paradise Lost was also written with a similar motive this work also talks about the great chain of being which is a very very very important concept given by Alexander Pope and he says that how everything is connected to this great chain of being I talk about Essay on Man, Essay on Criticism, Rape of Long in detail in my online course because these are certain works which are very very important from net point of view there have been questions repeatedly asked from these works so we covered the summary and all the important points of these works in detail in my online audio course you can get the details on my website also you'll find a list of all the important writers that you should not skip if you're preparing for UGC net English literature we have a list of 700 writers divided into 10 modules which are very important from net point of view we cover all those writers in detail in my audio online course so you can get the details on my website you can have a list of all the writers and you can also find all the previous year papers with solved answers in my website so you can just start preparing for UGC nets in a revolutionary way before we end I would like to tell you about one very important work by Alexander Pope which is Danseard Danseard is a satire and it is divided into four books you must remember the number of books all these works are divided into which appears in UGC net exam several times because we find that you know these people keep on asking us about the certain work in in how many acts that work is or in how many books that work is so you must remember the number of books that work comprises so when you're talking about Danseard you must remember that this work Danseard was written by Alexander Pope in order to criticize hack writers hack writers for those of you who don't know I would like to tell you that these are the people who write for money so they would write about anything if they're getting money and they would flatter people who are very wealthy so that when they write a good piece about them they will give them money so Alexander Pope criticized all those people also one of the most famous criticism that he gave in this work was on Collie Gibber Collie Gibber was another critic who criticized Pope's work and Pope got so angry that he made him a hero of Danseard and in this work Danseard he says that Collie Gibber is the king of dullness so Collie Gibber according to Pope is the person who is bringing dullness into the world who is bringing darkness into the world we have references of coming from greek mythology heads we have lithe river which is actually the river of forgetfulness so all these references are coming here in this work which is very important so let's end this video but before that I would like to tell you that we are running a go net quiz on all the social media platforms the links are given in the description box below you can join me on the social media platform so that you can keep yourself updated about the questions that are asked in net exam also before you go do subscribe to my channel because I post videos every saturday and every sunday to help UGC net english aspirants to prepare for UGC net exam if you like this video do give it a big fan thumbs up and share it with other net aspirants till the time we meet next bye bye happy owning and keep loving the treacher


Hi and welcome to nursing school explained. Today I'd like to go over respiratory medications. This seems to be a topic that a lot of times is kind of confusing to students. But when we really think about the mechanism of action of a medication really represents its physiology and the physiological response that it will enhance or inhibit in the body. So I have written down here some basic terms that hopefully will help you be able to dissect the mechanism of action of these medications and then understand how they work and so also how they're indicated and why they would be used in the treatment of certain respiratory disorders. So first of all I just wanted to review inflammatory mediators. You might remember from your physiology class all the different cells that help us in providing inflammation when we are battling infection disease allergies any of those things in the body. And some of those mediators I've written down here so those are neutrophils you know those are the number one defense and we also have mast cells, macrophages, leukotrients, T cells, histamines. Now remember these are only a few of the inflammatory meters there's there's a lot of other ones but these are the most important that we will apply here to the respiratory medications. And then other principles here and this not only pertains to respiratory medications this pertains to cardiac medications as well. And so whenever you see the word adrenergic think adrenaline think sympathetic nervous system and phytophyte response so adrenaline adrenergic response sympathetic nervous system where cholinergic pertains to the parasympathetic nervous system okay so whenever you see these terms adrenergic or cholinergic you know that they are working either on the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system. And then in addition medications can be agonists or antagonists or they can be anti against something. So an agonist helps to promote the natural response by occupying their receptor site. Remember that most of the physiological mechanisms that take place in our bodies is kind of like a key in the lock mechanism so only certain keys will fit to certain receptor sites and be able to initiate a response. So an agonist is basically a chemical or a pharmaceutical or response that we're trying to elicit. So when it's agonist it helps to promote or agonize that response where an antagonist as you can imagine does exactly the opposite so it blocks the receptor sites. So when we don't want something to happen when we want to inhibit certain things from happening that key and lock to match then we want to give an antagonist because that pharmaceutical that medication then will block that receptor site as basically like a fake key so the natural response cannot occur or is inhibited. And then there's also medications that start with anti and they are basically just means that it's against something. So kind of similar to antagonist but almost like just a different terminology that is used. Now another graph that I've drawn out here over here is basically beta 1 and beta 2 and then alpha because there's beta 2 adrenergic receptor blockers for example alpha adrenergic receptor blockers or beta cholinergic there's all kinds of different combinations but remember beta 1 we have one heart so beta 1 always pertains to the heart. Now we have two lungs so beta 2 always pertains to the lungs as I've drawn out here the heart is beta 1 beta 1 one heart beta 2 we have two lungs so that pertains to beta 2 and then this here is an alpha turn on its side alpha means blood vessels so this would be the structures of the blood vessels flowing throughout the body in this little graph here. So beta 1 heart beta 2 lungs alpha pertains to the blood vessels and that for the blood vessels it mostly means are they dilating or constricting are they having a sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system response and then the mechanism of action can be easily identified. So back to our respiratory medications so there are a variety of classifications there this mostly applies to asthma but they can also be used in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, maybe cystic fibrosis or for acute respiratory disorder such as bronchitis where there might be some acute inflammation not chronic like in asthma where the patient might benefit from a short course of one of these medications. So let's look at that. So number one I've written out SABA and SABA stands for short acting beta 2 adrenergic agonist okay so very short acting so beta 2 lungs adrenergic sympathetic nervous system okay so basically this binds to the beta 2 adrenergic receptors therefore it relaxes the airway smooth muscle and causes bronchodilation right when we have a sympathetic nervous system response when we need to get ready to fight to a flight when we need to get ready to run away we need to be able to dilate our bronchioles by allowing more oxygen exchange because with our muscles we'll need that oxygen for the flight or fight response so therefore short acting beta 2 pertaining to the lungs adrenergic sympathetic nervous system agonist it's going to help to promote that natural response by relaxing the smooth the air with muscle airways and causing bronchodilation and really the only SABA there is is albuterol I'm sure you've heard about it it's the most commonly used inhaled medication now I've written down here OP and D which is onset peak and duration because later we'll compare it to some of these other medications so albuterol the onset is five to 15 minutes its peak occurs at two to three hours and it lasts for about four to six hours so this is something that we need to keep in mind whenever we're doing patient teaching regarding these medications how soon can they expect this to work now classification number two is ICS which are inhaled corticosteroids and you might know that steroids always battle inflammation so now looking back at these inflammatory mediators so which ones in particular do those inhaled corticosteroids inhibit so for inhaled corticosteroids they decrease airway inflammation but they work on multiple inflammatory mediators so they don't just pick out neutrophils or mass cells or leukotrients they work on multiple mediators which is why they are the most commonly used inhaled anti-inflammatory medication because they work on a variety of different cells therefore inhibiting that inflammatory response that causes bronchoconstriction and then causes problems for the patient and these inhaled steroids just like any steroids usually end in own so an example would be bechloromethazone flutectazone just like your corticosteroids your PO would be your prednisone for example they all end in own and if you can remember these endings of these medications and connect them to the classification it will be much easier for you to remember and kind of classify them and then only memorize the drug category rather than memorizing all the individual medications because there's just way too many out there so number three medications would be alaba so you can see it's very similar the only difference is it's a long acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist so it's exactly the same thing as up here except that it's longer acting so the mechanism of action is the same as a saba but it's longer acting the example here would be salmeterol again ending in ol which is pretty typical for these adrenergic agonists now we already know that beta-2 applies to lungs adrenergic phytoflightadrenaline pertains to the sympathetic nervous system so it does exactly the same as the albuterol where it binds to those beta-2 adrenergic receptor sites relaxing the bronchial smooth muscle and allowing for bronchodilation so the patient can breathe easier now looking at onset peak and duration over here so onset is one hour you can see it's short it's longer than up here the peak is one to five hours and the duration up to 24 hours so it's long acting right long acting 24 hours compared to short acting four to six hours for duration up here now number four would be anti cholinergic medications and we already talked about cholinergic meaning that it pertains to the parasympathetic nervous system i move back over here so cholinergic pertains to the parasympathetic nervous system and anti means against now why would we want to block or counteract the parasympathetic nervous system now think about it if we again are in a phytoflight response we want that sympathetic nervous system to kick in cholinergic or parasympathetic nervous system is in charge of rest and digest right when we need to flee from a danger there is no need for rest and digest all the blood flow needs to go to the important organs the heart and the lungs and the muscles so that we can run away from the danger so anti cholinergic medications anti meaning it inhibits the cholinergic receptor sites in the airways so now we are inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system from kind of slowing everything down and constricting the bronchial so we can rest and digest and when we inhibit the cholinergic response it also brings us bronchial dilation so bronchial dilation here is the end effect in sabas labas as well as anticholinergics but they work in different ways so anticholinergics working on the parasympathetic nervous system basically just blocking those receptor sites so they don't have a chance to cause bronchial constriction because that's what they would do for rest and digest response and an example for an anticholinergic respiratory inhaled medication would be atrovent or aprotropium you probably have heard that before as well now in comparison the onset peak and duration for anticholinergic so onset is one to three hours the peak is one to two and duration four to six so you can see it's very similar to the albuterol in terms of the duration so it'll last about the same time now there are certain medications that can be given to patients that are used in combination and one of the the ones used very frequently in the emergency department is called a duo neb so duo duo two medications by nebulizer and that's always a combination of aburo a saba and the atrovent the anticholinergic so they both combine work together to agonize the sympathetic nervous system and antagonize the colinergic system so that bronchodilation can occur on both pathways remember that every organ has innovation from sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system receptors so that they can work either to speed things up or so slow things down now number five here leukotriene antagonists so you can see here leukotrienes are one of those inflammatory markers we reviewed earlier and they are basically a very specific they respond to very specific inflammation response and so these leukotriene antagonists they do just that they block the receptor sites for the leukotrienes so which which usually would cause inflammation and therefore they antagonize that so they decrease the effect of the leukotrienes and cause decreased inflammation and that would be specifically a desired response in patients with asthma where there's a lot of underlying inflammation and other respiratory conditions that have inflammation at their at their core and an example of a leukotriene antagonist would be singular or Montelucast is the other the generic version of it now then further we have mast cell stabilizers again mast cells are different inflammatory mediators and when we stabilize the mast cells then again we decrease inflammation so they're again very specific to those specific inflammatory markers and an example would be chromolensodium and then in addition as if this wasn't enough already we have certain combination medications and these combination medications usually are consist of an ICS an in-health cortical steroid and a laba a long-acting beta adrenergic agonist the most commonly used one is advere that's that purple discuss that you might have seen in the clinical setting and it consists of some meter all which is our lava and for ticker zone you know our owns are our in-health cortical steroids and then in-health cortical steroids also come in low medium or high doses so depending on the severity of the patient's asthma they'll be on the strength basically the more severe the asthma the higher strength of the higher overdose the patient will need let's see so i hope this has clarified the medications for you now when we think about asthma think about that the patient will always need a sabre which is also called a rescue medication rescue so this is something that the patient should have with them at all times and depending on the severity so maybe all they have is allergies in the springtime and when everything is in bloom when they go outside they need that our bureau with them otherwise they get short of breath because this inflammation starts but if this is somebody who is let's say allergic to dust mites or dogs and now they have a dog or some there have some other allergen that's basically year-round that requires the inflammation in their lungs to be controlled on a more regular basis than they'll be on an in-health cortical steroid in addition to a rescue medication now if this is somebody who let's say has COPD and Pizema one of those other chronic lung disorders where now we need to have longer acting bronchodilation then they'll usually be on a laba and an ICS so they'll be on something like ADVIR now this is definitely nothing that nurses need to worry about in terms of prescribing because it'll always be up to the provider to find the most fitting medication for the patients but keep in mind it is very important to understand the mechanisms and how they work and if you know the mechanism of action you will always know how they work what they what response they initiate in the physiology and then you can apply it so I would recommend that you memorize this andrenergic cholinergic agonist antagonist as well as the receptors beta one beta two and alpha that way you can kind of combine these terms and know what's going on to kind of dissect the meaning of these respiratory medications thank you for watching I appreciate your time please share this video if you found it helpful and subscribe to my channel at nursing school explain you can also follow me on instagram to make sure you get the most recent updates as well as my latest videos thanks very much see you next time


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question which says find the area of the shaded region in the given figure that is in this figure and take pi equal to 3.14. So we are given this figure and we have to calculate the area of the shaded region. First let's recall the formula to find out the area of the rectangle. This is equal to L into B where L is the length of the rectangle, B is the depth of the rectangle and the area of the circle is equal to pi R square and this R is the radius of the circle. This is the key idea to be used in this question. Now let's see the solution. Let's first name this rectangle as PQRS. We have the circle with center O and we are also given the dimensions of this rectangle PQRS. So first of all let's find out the area of the rectangle PQRS. This is equal to 4 into 3 centimeter square that is 12 centimeter square is the area of this rectangle. Now since we need to find the area of the shaded region, so from the figure you can see that the area of the shaded region is equal to the area of the circle minus the area of the rectangle PQRS. Now to find the area of the circle we should know it's radius but in this figure we are only given the dimensions of the rectangle, we are not given the radius of the circle. To find the radius of the circle first let's join PR. Now consider the triangle PQR. This is obviously right angle triangle because PQRS is rectangle and so angle PQR would be of measure 90 degrees. So now in right triangle PQR we have PR square is equal to PQ square plus QR square by the Pythagoras theorem. Now this gives us PR square is equal to PQ square that is 4 square plus QR square that is 3 square since we know that PQ is equal to 4 centimeters and QR is equal to 3 centimeters. So further we have PR square is equal to 16 plus 9 that is PR square is equal to 25 which gives us PR equal to square root 25 that is equal to 5 centimeters. So we get the length of PR as 5 centimeters. Now since O is the center of the circle so we have PO is equal to OR and this would be equal to PR upon 2 that is equal to 5 upon 2 centimeters thus we get PO equal to OR is equal to 2.5 centimeters. This means the radius of the circle say R is equal to 2.5 centimeters. Now the area of the circle is equal to pi R square that is pi into 2.5 square centimeters square and this is equal to now taking the value of pi as 3.14 into 2.5 square which is 6.25 centimeters square and this is equal to 19.625 centimeters square is the area of the circle. So we have now got the area of the circle and we also have the area of the rectangle PQRS. So we can easily find out the area of the shaded region. So area of the shaded region is equal to area of the circle which is 19.625 minus the area of rectangle which is 12 centimeters square. So area of shaded region is equal to 19.625 minus 12 centimeters square and this is equal to 7.625 centimeters square. So this is our final answer that is the area of the shaded region is 7.625 centimeters square. This completes the session. Hope you have understood the solution of this question.