P22 virus-like particles, VLPs, can be used to create nanoreactors that increase the efficiency of multi-step biocatalysis by channeling substrates. These particles contain enzymes and cofactors that are bound together within the particle, allowing for faster reaction times than if they were free in solution. Additionally, the particles can be designed to have specific functions depending on the type of reaction desired. This article was authored by Yan Wang, Ekaterina Salivanovich, and Trevor Douglas.


Hello. Right, I'm out in woods to cook up a bit of a pescatorial picnic. I've got a cod and lobster. I'm going to knock up a quick fire and we're just going to do a rudimentary, simple as you like, food on coals. That's it. I've got some seasoning. I don't have anything spectacular to do with it. I'm just doing it as simple as it comes. It's been a long time coming. I'm really excited to cook this fish. It's my first fish that I got after it's been a long time coming from when I first set off to do my free divers course. I'm going to go spearfishing and catch a fish, cook it and eat it. I'm hopefully going to do that in the north-east of England, which not a lot of people do. That's my goal to now. I've had some excuse, Barnett. Look at Barnett, mate. I look like an ex-footballer, don't I? Even more than Joey D. But it's either that or Barnett and I don't see Barnett because lugs look at lugs. That's some sort of rat features. Just going with long Barnett for now. Yeah, mate. So I've finally run the clips of me catching this cod. It was hard, fought. It was three days of climbing up and down this big cliff, getting all my gear in and out and spending over two hours each time. So it was over six hours of water time. I'm waiting for this moment for a while, mate. I've even come out many a time and then gone home because I've not had any visibility, but I can see I've got visibility. So I've got all my gear in my bag. I think I've got about eight kilograms just in weight because I don't plan on going deep because I'm on my own and it's just not advisable to go to push it when you're on your own. But no more than say five metres today. No real big hopes. I secretly do, mate. I secretly think I'm going to get at least a lobster. That's my secret dreams anyway. Halfway down to chew with all gear on, but I don't care. It's so good to be out, mate. It's so good to see that I can see in the sea if you see what I mean. Just using these old ropes that have been put here by, I don't know, fishermen or jet collectors or whatever, just use them to get up and down. It's a bit of a trek, like you see all the cliffs coming away over there.  I've got air-band on because the air is getting a bit unruly. Denim shorts. And my barefoot shoes. Like a right Joey exotic, don't I? But that's life. That's the life I've chosen. That's the path I've chosen. The tide's still going out. And then once you get some low tide, I'll have that bit of slack. I'll have some slack tide right now. Now that's what I'm looking to utilise. This is a tricky bit. Let me get in for a shot so you can see. Not for the claustrophobic or the wide of head. Hot to trot, got my float, got my diver below, flag, torch, my lobster hook on here, and my net for if I catch anything. And I'll attach my gun to that line there. That's it, really. I've got my line cutter in case I get caught up in any line or fishing line or rope or anything on there. That is it all the time. And I've got my knife on my ankle. A tool just in case I catch out really. I can't see anything mate. I mean it's nice.   I can't see the tip of my gun under water. I've been catfished. Gonna keep trying mate. Gonna keep on diving. I'll take you through one more with me and then I'm gonna put you on the float mate. You do me aiding. It's Ian's reel. It's Ian's reel. Not having it, not ready for it. Don't want it. I don't know where he's gonna pop up. Right, I've been out for a while and visibility is just not there. I've got to go right at bottom just to be able to see half a meter in front of me which is just not conducive for spearing. I sacked the spear off just thought I'd dive. If it gets lobster crabs still very difficult in these conditions. And then it'll never stop cacking me up mate. Very unnerving to see Ian be able to seal. I tried to film him but the visibility is too poor so I don't even get there. If it was lovely visor I wouldn't mind because I can see I've got eyes on him. And we could maybe have a little bit of a play about and what not. But when visibility is as cacky as it is going out of that kelp man it's just a vibe. So he's having to compete with Ian Biel as well. Having to compete with Ian Biel and I know he's not gonna get me or anything but it's just a bit unnerving to see him milling around me. Because I'm unnerved I'm not being at all my breath properly.  He's in amongst all weeds still. He's still in there waiting for me. It's like Jaws. He's got my number aren't he? I'm brody or whatever he's called. He's got my number. I thought I'd be a hero and go back in again but no joy. I've got eyes on a lobster about this big. Definitely legal size. And I got under the rock that he was in and shot out the back of it in a way. Chasing but there's no chance mate. No chance. I'm disheartened mate. I'm disheartened if I'm honest. Nice to do a bit of free diving though. It's not some good wildlife. But in the end I was just getting frustrated because I was caught up in all Kelp. I lost my line cutter. Everything kept getting caught on Kelp because it was really thick and dense. I'm not going to film myself walking back up that cliff mate. It's disheartening. It's a hard graph. So I'm going to square away all my stuff and then I'm going to get off and we'll give it another go tomorrow. I'm back once again with the Renegade Master. Tell you what I'll be fitting no time fit as a fiddle. Back again. Right let's get suited up. Three hours mate I was in there. Best part of three hours. I didn't see any fish. I saw a dogfish and that was it as far as fish. I got one lobster that was of size but it was buried which means it's got eggs on it. I got this one. He's going to go back in drink though because I measured from the back of the eye to the end of the first line here. He's just slightly under and crab about two centimetres under legal limits. I'm going to go release these bad boys back into soup. In a survival situation that's fodder. That's getting eaten. But in a little mermaid type situation you can go back to the soup.  Oh it's buzzing mate. Things always look bigger under water mate. Things always look bigger under water. So if you're going to do any DPs any knob picks are out lads. Just do them in C. Everything looks bigger in the C. Honestly when I was tussling with that it didn't look it now. But when I was tussling with that to get it out from under its rock it looked massive. I thought here we go. Big old edible brown crab and not about three centimetres out. So back. So long while lass. Good luck. I'll see you soon. Another fruitless day in the milky North Sea. Right let's get out the club. I'll tell you what I did get mate. It wasn't a completely wasted journey. In fact it wasn't wasted at all. I enjoyed myself. Love it. Love it in there. I got myself a nice sea urchin shell. I'll take that home as a consolation prize. I'll see you back down here tomorrow morning. I get suited and bootied again and see what I can bring. The problem of mavinies. Yeah mate come here. The problem of mavinies like the GoPro only lasts a certain amount of time and I'm in there for three hours and I forget about it and just leave it on and it runs out of battery in like half an hour. So if I get somewhere on the GoPro it'll be lucky. It will be lucky but I'm just enjoying it in sea mate. Absolutely loving it in there. But it would be nice to be able to cook some up. Just makes a nice thumbnail doesn't it? And then we can have a natto out fire and that otherwise. I don't have out. I don't have your content for you mate. Don't have the content. Just don't have it. Right let's saddle up. Saddle up and get into soup. I just want to be in there for as long as I can so I'm going to have the hour and a half before low tide and then the hour of slack water and then I'll get me selling so two and a half hours in the soup to pull out something legal. Some of legal size. So we can have some fodder. Fingers crossed mate I've worked for this one. I've worked for this one. Three days I've been grafting for this. Help me sell the feed. Two and a half hours in there. Can't believe, can't believe I've caught a con. He used me a dive knife. I'm going to gut him in the sea. It's late in the day. I'm tempted to just I'm tempted to head home and put these on ice or put them in the fridge and then we'll take them out and cook them outside later on or tomorrow. So I want to do them justice. Three days I'll bounce mate. The final time in a while let's take on this. Come on. And there you go. And that brings us here. So I'm going to knock up a quick fire and we're going to get this. We're going to get this catch on the cook. Get this catch on the coals. Yes. Right, come on. Seems to have lost a claw. I think it's good is it? It seems to have lost a claw. Oh man. I wonder if I've dropped it on way in here. Shall I run back and have a look? I will. Look at that mate. Just retraced my steps and found it on woodland floor. Luckily it was that way up so it wasn't as camouflage. But that is it. Oh destiny. Destiny. Look at that mate. Sorry about it. Sorry about it. I used to play for Bundesliga but fell on hard times. The booze got me. The booze got me, relegated to sleeping on streets and then relegated to sleeping on streets. Started on weeds. Took a hit of the weeds and now look at me. Stay out of it. Bundesliga head. Hey, my grill is a bit too small for the fish. Which is a good predicament to be in.  I didn't need a great deal of seasoning but I am going to just smash a bit of salt on her. A bit of salt on that side. As I say, it's the only seasoning I've got otherwise. Unless I smashed a little bit of smidge on it. I'll just fall off the bone. It should do. I'll probably be able to pull the back bone out. Smells lovely. Right, I'm always getting peppered back fire while I'm trying to eat so I'm going to deal with it now. And I'm always sticking around just to see to make sure anyway. That's good. Just want the meat. Bit of it out. And I'll leave that there. So it's not smoking in the grill while I'm trying to eat. Leave that there and I'll discard it after dinner. Bundesliga brain. Hey, mate, how are you? Should we get it more Bundesliga? Like that. I could have wrinked full Barnett look. Getting lugs out.  Right. I've harked this look, mate. I've harked that. I've harked that. I've harked my asylum. I'm as chuffed as a dog with two knobs. I really am. And I'm sorry for putting that image in your head. But look at that, mate. That's been a long time. Got it.  And I appreciate that. Hard fort, like. Really hard fort. Let's get into it anyway. Dustin Tools. Dustin Bushcraft Tools gone. Cooking good in the woods. Well, sorry, Dustin. Focusing issues. Right. Let's get on it, mate. My word. Look at it getting here. Still nice and warm as well. Do you know what? I'm so glad that I didn't. I'm so glad I didn't chuck all the bells and whistles at it. Just let the ingredients speak for themselves. Do you know what? I reckon I'll be able to just pull this bone out of it. Yeah. Get my bonnet out the way. Bundesliga brain. That is delicious. Lovely and smoky as well. Shall I have a little... What are you doing all the way up there, mate? Come down here to me. There you are. Do you know what? I'm getting a bead on from eating. Lost a bit of weight though, lads and lasses. I've been looking after myself. I've been this Sunday. What day is it now? Thursday? Friday? Saturday? Sunday? In three days it will be a month sober. A month without any lotions and potions. Which might not seem like a big thing. It's the longest I've been since I was about 13, if I'm honest. Oh, come off it. Just pinging Shell into undergrowth for its starts and wambles to have. So yeah, mate, just clean and serene. I've got me selling a little bit of a pickle. So, just having a bit of time off it all. And this Sunday I look on a month's sober. It's amazing, really, what it'll do for you. And I've managed to shift me gut. I'm in such a good mental headspace at the moment. But you're sponsored by a brewery, I know. I know these things. And I'm not saying I'm quitting forever. I'm just saying that when times are difficult, when life's chucking you lemons all the time, which it has been of late, if I were just to hit the bottle and hit the other, or whatever, it's running from my problems. It's making stuff worse. A good chunk of sobriety, I think, for me, suits me down to the ground. Or it is suit me down to the ground. Really enjoying it. Are you having that or not? Look at that. Beautiful meat, that lobster tail. Thank you, thank you. Oh, my God. Sweet. That is so sweet. It's like... Mmm, it's like it's been candied. Look at all that. Akater. Akater. The sun's coming out for it. Hey, man. We've got some big projects on. I need to be physically and mentally in good shape. Shall we have a little look at these claws? I suspect I've done these for a little bit too long, but claw meat. Delicious. So different to the tail as well. Adds a like nutty, nutty vibe to it, I've always thought. I've got a few landscaping jobs coming through now though, so we're looking at, we're coming out the other side. And I would just like to say a massive thank you to everyone who has supported me throughout this time. And I genuinely couldn't have done it without you.  So, this is... I love you. I love you. You're lovely. You've really helped me.  I thought, right, what do... You know, let's prioritize. I thought I would sell my tent with the idea of buying it back when things were a little bit better.  So, I thought I'd put it on Instagram to see if... See if one of my camping followers would like their first chance to buy it. And I put it on, and it just... It got out of hand.  Someone set up a Just Giving page, and everyone just chipped in to buy my tent back for me, but it just went like... This is delicious. The outpouring of support. I mean, I'm not going to get emotional. I promise myself no more now. Be strong, because I'm just going to produce the best content I can for you from here on in. That's how I say thank you, not by sitting and bawling on camera. By just producing some quality content for you, and that's what I'm going to do. There we are, me eating with my hands in woods, that's part of it. Yeah, the support was just silly, mate. It was just absolutely silly, and... So, I didn't... I kept my tent... I kept my tent, and now that tent, for everyone who contributed, I just want to say thank you to you. I've not been able to get back to everyone. I put a blanket sort of thank you on Instagram, but thank you so much. I was blown away by the support. By the end of the day, mate, I was absolutely... I was exhausted with... with emotion. I was overwhelmed. Speaking of overwhelmed, look at that. That's overwhelming, isn't it, look? Yeah, I was blown away by the support. I can't thank you enough. I just needed to get through until I can get some more working, and you just came through, and looked after me. Thank you. Yeah, really appreciate it. And then, so my next vid, I think, I've got to take the Hillyburg out. It's coming out, I'm going to take it out, and we're going to... we're kind of camping it. Because to everyone who supported me, it's yours as well now. You have shares in it, mate. We can see it all turn at weekends. But yeah, thank you. And to everyone who bought a... Everyone who bought a Dunk the Junk patch and sticker, and everyone who signed up to Patreon, that makes an absolute world difference. And I'm going to be putting more content on Patreon only, as I venture into the world of podcasting. I'm going to upload it just to my Patreon page at first, because you guys deserve it. And I'm still ironing out the creatures. Sorry. So, yeah, what I would like, as a little bit of a thing, is our bollocks. Mate, I'm devouring this, look at this. Looks like one of them skeletons off cartoons, though. Get in. Get in, yeah. Can you put down below who you'd like to see who'd like me to have as a guest on my podcast? The Hayes Outdoors podcast is going to be coming soon. I've had Joey D on it already. I'm going to have Joey D back on. And I'm going to have Russ, my mate Russ, the owner of Northern Monk, said he'll come on the podcast. But if you can think of anyone else from the bush-crafting sort of outdoorsy sort of world that you'd like me to interview and have on the podcast, put down below, mate, because I'm getting some ideas together. Done it in. I'm full. Yeah, sensible ones, please. I know everyone's going to say Steven Seagal. But I've got some controversial news about Steven Seagal for you, mate, if you want to hear it. Not everyone knows this. Is that I actually prefer Jean-Claude Van Damme. There you go. And that's the truth. Because when you think about it, with Jean-Claude Van Damme versus Steven Seagal, there's no competition, mate. Blood sport, kickboxer, cyborg. What was that cop one? Time cop? How was that still known? Don't know. That one where he's twins with himself. Anyway, Van Damme is the new Seagal. Always has been. Always will be. That one looked nice. That was one of the best yet. Look at Barnetto. Just one Barnetto. Right, I'm out of here. Thanks to everyone who did their own version of Shows Your Stake lockdown challenge and spoke a little bit about how it's made them feel and what they've taken from it. I understand that lockdown has eased a lot now and people are getting back to normal life, but it doesn't mean that people are still affected by it. I, for one, am going to take a lot from this lockdown, mate. It's been a roller coaster. No one I tagged did it. It didn't have the... It didn't fly my beauties like the first one, but that doesn't matter because it was about me talking to you, really, and just getting a bit of a dialogue going. So thanks to anyone who did it and who tagged me. Because I'm aware that we're still all... I feel a little bit shell-shocked. It's all sort of going back to normal, but I was shadowing away at the call. Total lockdown for a long time, mate. Went through Ringer. So it's going to do something to you, isn't it? You can't just be like, oh, well, stiff up a lip, doesn't matter. Get on with it. We have to acknowledge it. We have to take stuff from it and grow from it. I reckon anyway. So big up everyone who did that anyway. Right, let's just... Let's saddle up What a journey, mate. This video has been... It's taken me about a week to do it. It's taken me a long time up and down that cliff in that water. It's not as easy as just going and camping on top of a mountain or whatever. It's this old catch-and-cook lark. But I thoroughly enjoyed it, and that was just heavenly. Tasted so good and worth the wait. Right, much love to everyone. Thank you again for all the support. I'm just going to... I'm going to hit ground running now. I'm going to... The only way that I can thank you really is just by putting all I can into creating content for you just to, I don't know, just entertain you and that maybe teach you a little something or other if I can along the way. But yeah, chuck down who you want to see in my podcast. Be reasonable. Jean-Claude Van Dammeen is going to come on it or out. He might. You never know. Double-handed salute to Namaste. I just made that up and it worked. Namaste safe, love you, bye. Let's just get it over and done with. Love you, bye.


trees. Right now I have a chainsaw, face shield, it's a mirror thing, all the stuff I need to use a chainsaw. When there's this many unknowns, you know, if I try to make a plan, as soon as I start doing stuff, I'm gonna end up throwing out the plant. So I'm just gonna go get a bit of a time, see if I can actually identify a tree like different than where I grew up. So rummage around, see what I can find laying on the ground.  Maybe I'll cut that down and cut it up. I don't know, I'm just gonna see what happens. And then tomorrow or the next day, I should have a better idea of what do I need, you know, what I need. Maybe I don't need anything. Maybe just cutting freehand, my back's gonna get super tired. Probably happen. And then I'll want to make an Alaskan lumber mill, so I can, you know, let the saw rest on the wood. But yeah, I'm just gonna go screw around, see what happens. I was walking down my little jungle path here. Oh, there's another chainsaw. There's two chainsaw guys on the next property cutting right now, too. It's funny. Anyway, I was walking down my little path here and there was a tree. Let's get a little closer. I guess this big tree fell down between the last time I was here and today, so that was kind of convenient. And that's my first board. It's not bad. Definitely use some improvement, but it's straight. And life significantly improved when I cut the first flat side off, because then I had somewhere to put all my stuff and I hang my bag on a stick.  All right, I guess I'm just gonna cut another slice off there, get a bit more practice. I have no idea what this tree is. It's made out of wood, that's all I know. Oh, and I did use two nails and strung a string across for the first line. But after that, I just been eyeballing it and it's coming out pretty straight. There's a little bit of curve at the end, but I'm not gonna worry about. And this is to warn any bugs or animals or anything that go away. Nice thing about a jungle, a rainforest jungle, you only have to worry about a wildfire starting. I mean, I keep an eye on it anyway, but I mean, everything's wet. It's burnt or something. There's a hole through it. This log's moved over a bit, so that hole's like, you know, just back a little bit. I might be able to get, no, I don't think I can get another board. So maybe I can cut some boards out above that hole. And this tree did fall down because of termites. That's what all this stuff is. I guess they got right up through the middle. I figure I can cut this off, get a few cuts before I hit that hole, maybe do a few over here. I could flip the whole thing over and get some big boards over there. All right, by the way, the flat edge right here will be good. Oh, we're looking pretty good. And the last one, I got some of the hole in it. Yeah, part of it's good though. All right, between those boards and stuff I've got over here, I've got at least 150 board feet of wood cut. I need to trim the bark off and stuff, but I had to figure out how wide I want them first. I did not use a gallon of gasoline, and a gallon was like, I don't know, under $4. Anyway, this I used somewhere between $5 and $10 of gasoline, oil, you know, consumables. So that means three to six cents per board foot, I think. That's pretty good. My math might not be right because I'm just like still vibrating from the chainsaw, but yeah, I think it's about right. Three to six cents per board foot. Oh, wood costs way more than that. All right, obviously that doesn't count the cost of the chainsaw itself, but that's a fixed cost because you may take care of it. That's also counting wasting some cuts, trying to get around some termite hole stuff. So, I mean, less, I don't know, that's pretty good. I mean, if I buy wood, the cheapest wood I can get is like 40 cents a board foot. So, if I can cut it for like three cents, I mean, that's even the high estimate, six cents a board foot, significant savings. So, I don't even need to cut that much for this guy to pay for itself. Wow, I got a lot more tree here. I'm gonna have to figure out what this wood is. Oh, I should go up to the top way up there and find some leaves, take them home and see if I can find them on the internet or something. Let's see what the bark looks like. Where's the bark? It looks kind of like a maple. Obviously, it's not a maple, but it's my closest reference. Oh, and all the leaves are dead up here. Ah, that whole pile of dead leaves is from this tree. So, I guess it was dead before it even fell over. Ah, I don't know if I'm going to be able to find a leaf in good enough condition to compare it to anything. Oh, jeez, I don't know what it is. It's wood and it's strong. That's a 10-foot span and that handle is weight, no problem. I am concerned about termites in the bark. So, yeah, there's a bunch in there. But maybe I'll just trim all these down to, I don't know, two by sixes and two by 12s. Oh, there we go. Now I have a bunch of two by sticks. I don't know what measurement this stick is, but I didn't see any reason to go get my tape measure. The stick's as good as any other measurement. Man, that chainsaw did great. Oh, I like it.   Oh, man, my head still kind of hurts. I have to get the little ones that stick in my ears.


Carbon dioxide is a gas, it's all around us, you can't see it, it's invisible and there's only a small amount of it in the air but it's really important because it absorbs heat and right now it's making the planet warmer because it's increasing. Carbon dioxide is a carbon in two oxygens so it's written as CO2, so I usually just say CO2 for short. It's invisible but we've had instruments that can measure its concentration for about 70 years and in the late 50s measurements were started at a place called Manaloa in Hawaii, on the big island of Hawaii, so what I'm going to do is draw a graph, the numbers on the left are showing the concentration of CO2 in parts per million of CO2, so I'll write a big PPM CO2 over here and then on the this axis over here is just the time or the date so these are years. When those measurements were started in the late 50s the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was around 350, 318 parts per million so it was about right there and Dave Keely and the person who started these measurements found out after about a couple years that they were going up but they weren't going up in a straight line, they were kind of wiggling so CO2 has been doing something like that ever since and it started going up even faster and by the time it got to around 2000 it was in sort of the 38390 range and then it crossed 400 right about 2016 and now we're right about 415 parts per million for the global average. The reason that CO2 concentration is going up is because we're burning all these fossil fuels in our cars and power plants so those are fuels that were buried underground for millions of years. We've been measuring carbon dioxide continuously at a place outside of Netherlands, Colorado called Nyawa Ridge so this is at about 11,000 feet altitude. We actually started those measurements in 2005 and if I plot those on here they are a lot noisier than the red curve and what they actually do is they go lower during the summer and they go higher during the winter and lower during the summer and higher during the winter. We became interested to see what it was even closer to home so we installed an instrument here at the Mesa Lab and that's been going since 2012 and what we found then was that CO2 was even more variable and it went from about the same place as the others but it went all the way up to 650 parts per million. Every you know every few days there's a spike that goes way up and the reason it's more variable could be because there are people walking around the building but it could also be because there are more cars and until recently a coal burning power plant here in Boulder and other sources of CO2 around the around the front range. So one thing we've noticed is that in the middle of the morning there is often a spike in CO2 here at the Mesa Lab and we've kind of wondered if that was because people were showing up to work late or driving around Boulder or if it's because the way the air mixes it just brings all the CO2 from down in Boulder to us. So we're gonna try and do some vertical profiles by biking up and down the hill with the CO2 analyzer to during the morning transition period to get a better idea of what's causing CO2 at the Mesa Lab to vary.  So this is the bike CO2 analyzer. Check that out. Yeah it's like other instruments that we have at field stations or on airplanes but it's smaller and battery powered. So it's like a big lunchbox. Yeah there's I don't think you want to eat what's in here. And there's a little pump and I think I can turn it on here.  And then the actual instrument I can take the lid off and we can look inside. It's a little bit easier to tell what's going on. If you can see in here there's two tubes one going in and one coming out so that the pump's gonna suck the air in from outside and push it through these tubes. And on one end of this gold colored cylinder that's the word I'm looking for is a lamp. So it's a little tiny almost like a light bulb that produces infrared radiation. On the other side is a detector that can sense how much is there. So if there's more CO2 in between here that would be less infrared radiation making it to the other end. So there's a signal we measure the voltage and the voltage we go down when the CO2 goes up. But we basically just turn this on and turn the pump on and it'll measure continuously the whole time you're going. We get a number every second and it also measures pressure at the same time. And that's how we're going to tell how high you are on the road because sea level pressure is around 100 kilopascals or 14.7 pounds per square inch. Up here it's about 80% of that because we're 5,000 feet above sea level so there's a lot less air above us. And there's actually a lot less air above us here at the NCARF Mesa lab than there is down at the intersection of Broadway and Table Mesa. And the skies are pretty blue. Yeah. And there you go. We're all set. Just like that. There you are. Thank you. 80.6 kilopascals. So as they start going down that number will start going up. At some point on the way down that hill CO2 went way up. Maybe we should call Tim and find out where he is. Hello. Hey Tim. Hey. Where are you? You hit about 475 ppm and it was a pretty sharp transition. Right about where you are now it looks like. Oh really? Clearer? It's definitely colder here. We're getting the occasional uptick. I don't know. Maybe let's learn by. Okay. Interesting. It went up to like 500. 500. Car CO2. Car CO2.  I don't know this time if you go down there if it's going to go higher concentration of CO2 because there are more cars. People are commuting to work or if it's going to go lower because the sun's up and it's heated the ground and caused more mixing to happen. So we don't know. Yeah. Let's do it again. I'm getting ready to come back up. Okay. We're actually on table mason now and a couple of cars are going by. Oh that's not you right there is it? You're at 419 now. There was you were 440 for about two minutes on the way up there so I don't think that was a truck. I think that was just a puff of dirty boulder air. You can see it's so peaceful out here. And EV just went by full electric. That was a gas burning car and the electric car didn't do anything.  Bike number two was a success and I managed to convince Tim and Riva to do it one more time. CO2.  Which is what it is up here. So it's like this this slug of dirty air is moving up in like a layer. Oh. Tim and Riva biked up and down the hill three times and now we're gonna check out what we measured. What I'm showing here is a graph of carbon dioxide concentration as a profile a vertical profile on the hill. Pressure goes up as you go down and so the y-axis is a pressure and it's reversed so lower values are up and higher values are down. So that that makes it a line with the real world. So you can kind of think of this graph as representing the NCAR Mesa lab at the top left and then the intersection of Broadway and Table Mesa at the bottom right and then the x-axis is the carbon dioxide concentration. So concentration was almost constant most of the way down the hill and then all of a sudden right as they got near the bottom it went shooting way up. So that's really cool. I think this is a result of all of the pollution that builds up overnight in Boulder. The air is usually pretty calm. All of the burning of gas in cars and burning of natural gas to heat homes produces CO2 that accumulates overnight. So let's see what we got when we compare all the profiles we did. That's shown on this graph. So again this is pressure on the y-axis and carbon dioxide on the x-axis and the Mesa lab is at the top left and the Broadway Table Mesa intersection is at the bottom right. This is really cool. So we didn't measure the same thing every time. It changed a lot but I think it changed in ways that that we can understand. So the the very first time down and up are the red and the orange line and they went they went way up to about 460 parts per million and on the way back up the orange line we saw some looks like little plumes of high CO2 on the way back up. The very next time that Tim and Riva went down were the green lines here and carbon dioxide was actually higher kind of on the hill on the way down but then when they got to the bottom of the hill it didn't the concentration didn't go up as much. I think what that is is the air is starting to mix so it's the Sun is coming up and it's heating the surface and it's making that air warmer and the warmer air wants to rise and so sort of slowly coming up the hill and then they did it one more time they were having so much fun they wanted to go again at around 1030 and those are the blue lines and those are crazy. They they they saw really high CO2 concentrations on the way down the hill and then when they got to the bottom the concentration was actually even lower than before. So I think that they just happened to catch this big plume of dirty boulder air that was kind of wafting up the hill in the mid morning and that happens to be exactly the same time when we saw some big spikes in the CO2 concentration in our measurements here at the Mesa lab and it's the same time when we usually see them so I think it's pretty clear that the spikes we see up here in the mid morning are a result of all this air that's accumulated overnight down low getting sort of sucked up past the past the Mesa lab. So now we know why we get these big spikes of CO2 up here at the Mesa lab in sort of the mid to late morning and that's great if we could only convince Tim and Riva to bike up and down the hill three or four times every day we could really do a great research project.


This is a high five crosswalk. The general idea is that we had to have two aspects for the city of Portland. One was fun, the other was safety, so we've got a high five button, and we've got a traffic indicator. It would definitely increase safety and promote the use of crosswalks in a safe manner. So you take these Lego kits and you just dump it into the system. The system sorts it out for you and gives you all the parts back in a nice ordered way. It really speeds up time on building these robots that they have to build in those EGR 201 classes. It'll also save the school money because they don't have to hire people to actually do this. There's a big market now for autonomous quadcopters or aerial vehicles, wherever you name it. There's always a need for unmanned vehicles that are able to make their own decisions to aid humans, especially when there's hurricanes or tornadoes. We were tasked by the Air Force Research Labs to come up with a heavy lift kit to be able to lift overturned vehicles or aircraft or structures so that they can extract personnel or equipment out of them. We actually manufactured nearly every component on campus. It's a water distribution system for Santa Amalia Nicaragua. They have a bunch of spread out families in this community. The houses, they're anywhere from five to 15 minutes away from water. We hope to clean out some of this water and also just figure out some way so that the water can be distributed to the houses without them having to walk to the river itself. We're actually working on projects that are affecting people in real life and I think that that's the biggest thing for us is we're not just at the culmination of this project. The professor's not just going to give us a grade on it. There's actually people that'll come in, take the aspects that they like from our project and implement them. So I mean this is real life application. I believe it's going to have a great impact on my career moving forward. That's the reason I chose this project because I want to be able to design and build mechanical systems such as this. And I want to be involved with something where we're making you know smart vehicles or smart systems that are you know able to make their own decisions and kind of make life better overall.