Okay. Hello. I think we can get started. My name is Matt Rannis today. I think it's kind of my talk. It's about industrial IO sub-system and how you can use it for sensors and other applications. So I've been a contributor to INO for about two years. Pretty much any of the weird chemical sensors you've seen on the list. That's me. Also pH gas sensors. Feel free to ask questions during the talk. I generally talk pretty fast. So for those that don't know what the industrial IO sub-system is, it's a sub-system mainly for sensors that don't fit into a hardware monitor or sub-system. Mainly stuff that's very high frequency updates like ADCs. It also has triggers, sampling, and also FIFO buffers. In advantage of using IO, instead of like miscellaneous devices, there's a stable ABI for user-space health. LIB IO is the official preferred one. I have a demo later on using LIB IO, communicating to a digital oxymeter. It's a simple API. Of course, that's an IV holder, I guess, to each development of sensors. A lot of boilerplate code exists. And since most sensors are I2C or SPI, generally there's a lot of reuse. And like I said, it only needs generally slight modifications. So basically these are all mostly sensors, but there's a few things that aren't sensors that actually have IO drivers. Example would be potentiometers. There's a few of those. DAX and clock generators. These would generally end up in dev miscellaneous, but since the ABI there changes like per device, it's better to use IO. Also Android devices have been slowly going from dev misc and dev input, drivers input, to using IO. So here's some of the examples of sensor types that IO has support for, various drivers. Accelerometer, stereoscopes, and meganometers, IMU devices, wide temperature and humidity devices that don't fit into a hardware monitor, basically have high updates, like 100 hertz a second. Otherwise you should go into hardware monitor. A lot of ambient light sensors, gesture sensors, so that's kind of like a thing that would normally go into input, but there's a lot of high speed data coming off that needs processing in user space. Some chemical sensors, health sensors like my demo later on is Ximeter. What's hardware monitor? That's coming up, but it's basically LM sensors that's using hardware monitor. So it's pretty limited to humidity and temperature sensors inside of like a server chassis. For IO you wouldn't use that. You would use it for something more like a thermocouple that has like a probe. This can be updated really fast. There's also some sensor hub code. So here's a little overview that I'll go over, is IO channels. The triggers that you can use for IO, they're software and hardware based ones. The data buffers, since these are coming off a spy in ITC, there's a good chance that some data can get dropped. So this allows it to be gracefully dropped. If you lose it, you lose it. It's like from ADC's data. Also there's single shot data access for like just temperature. You don't need to set up a buffer or any triggers to actually start reading. There's IO events for like a fall detection from an accelerometer from a phone. So you can have it interrupt. There's also IO channel consumers. So other devices, other drivers from different kernel subsystems can access IO channels, which is useful for like battery chargers. You get a voltage from an ADC and you can tell it to stop charging, to increase charging. For users that need really low latency, would you recommend channel consumers? Well, it's not really... I mean, you can have triggers set up, but it's more to keep it more of a concise API versus writing a one-off ADC driver. So, yeah. Did they answer your question? Nope. Later on. So basically IO driver, the steps is you should really think, can this be a hardware monitor driver? Because on the list, generally, if there's no good reason, you'll generally get rejected and you'll need to re-rise a hardware monitor. So basically anything that's doing an update every couple seconds or like once a second, that should not be IO driver for temperature or humidity sensors. Now, for anything else, that could be debatable, but yeah. You should also deduce what interface the chip is. If it's I2C, SPI, GPIO bit banging, there's a few of those temperature sensors. Also, you should use RegMap or you should just do overall I2C or SPI reads. Generally, you shouldn't. And if there's any interrupt lines, you can use that as a trigger for signaling to user space. There's data that needs to be read from the buffer. So that would be a hardware trigger, for example. Software trigger, there's a high resolution timer one. So basically you can pull the sensor which is using, but using an HR timer. So you can have kind of a deterministic reading. That's what you use in lieu of an interrupt line or if you don't want to have like interrupt flooding. And also another IO driver can trigger another IO driver. Just a few examples of that. Also ADCs generally should export, they export their channels so other consumers can use it like example of a battery charger. You should do their single shot readings or there's a triggered KF FIO buffers. And you should determine if this will need a new channel type for instance IO, for the chemical sensors we need to add IO, pH, channel modifier, channel type, and a few modifiers. Yeah. So this test is it basically like the capability of the sensors? Let's say you use sensors that are created at two mega sensors per second versus use case. I mean maybe you can use that fast. Yeah. Well if you need the samples in a buffer trigger really fast, if you're doing like single shot read only, you could probably just do a hardware monitor. But that's only if it's a temperature or humidity sensor or something that goes into LM sensors effectively. Yeah. Yeah. So there's no there's no requirement to use the you know the buffer itself. I don't think there's like a written rule, but if it's like over a couple hertz, yeah, it's gonna go, you should probably use IO. Okay. Because otherwise you're just pulling SIFS entry in Harbormon. So that's generally a lot of latency. Yeah. Like I said, so if the HMON subsistence doesn't fit into the sensor usage, just like I said, typically low speed sensors, yeah, use that. Otherwise IO is probably the best bet for you. Like I said, if the sensor data needs to be terministic because you can't really know how long it's going to take to read from, you know, SIFS entry how what the timestamp is. IO allows to have like soft timestamp and a hard timestamp, a part of the sample. So you can kind of which is important for certain ADCs and other applications. And also it'll start dropping samples instead of trying to keep up into the FIFO. So that so like if you lose ADC samples, it's you can't really yet they recover gracefully. So the best way is just just to ignore them. Except battery chargers as an example of using IO that's also okay. So this is this is the struct that you how you define channels. So a channel would be like one temperature elements or one humidity element like or one voltage, a couple of voltage elements for ADC. So and the the naming is backwards compatible with hardware monitor. So it's so there's an advantage of that. Here's like said examples like there's a modifier type modifiers for what kind of data you want temperature humidity like IO temp and also modifiers up on top of that. So for instance in the for IO for IO concentration has modifier for CO2 gas and also for volatile organic compounds to to to to to allow you to know what what this channel actually means. And also there's a bit mask for the enumeration of the features. So there's generally you want to have the data sent out raw and the user space does the processing. But there's sometimes or that's not possible because there's some coefficient that's only valid then. So then you would do IO channel for processed or if the debt or if that the raw data is in the right unit for IO and ABI. And there's usually sometimes there's an offset value that's like from a data sheet. Also a scaling value that you multiply the actual raw value by to get the actual result in user space. Generally the direction of the channels are inputs but there's a few example of outputs. One is like a heater control for a humidity sensor. I think it's the only one currently but it can be bi-directional. You generally get that from the data sheet of the sensor. Yeah, yes. No, no, that's that's why you write an entirely different driver for that or you have a different like chip struck just for that one. The filters generally do that in user space. So you don't you don't want to touch that. That's why you generally do the stuff in raw and not processed unless you need to. Yeah. So here's an example of a channel structure that would you find an IO driver. So this is a thermal couple. So you see the type is a temperature. The address is just kind of like internal internal to the struct. It could be the address of you know ITC address or I mean ITC register. I think in this case it's by offset. Then it's saying it's the mask is separate between this data type IO temperature. It's raw data and there's a scaling value which you would find later in your driver in one function. And it tells you the scan index which since generally this is a block of data. You need to know what the data is pushed to the buffer to user space. What offset in the data is that information. And the scan type says all the data is coming in. You need to process as a signed bit signed 14 bit value but it takes 16 bits of storage in the actual read. So you need to shift it to to the right and it tells you the end in this. So you know which processing you need to do on your CPU if you need to change NDS or not. So here's the second channel. It's similar to the first one but you notice there's a modifier. So the ambient modifier in this case we used it for the cold junction temperature since thermal couples have the probe temperature and they also have the cold junction temperature. It's not really useful but it's nice to have. It's not really useful for user space to know that but it's nice to have. And you can see there's also soft timestamp so it's just what the clock has at that time. That's actually defined in the ABI what the raw value times the scale value what that equals. The scaling value should match to what to make it to every data type the same. Some of it's kind of arbitrary because it's middle of Celsius to be backwards compatible with a Harbor monitor. It's all document whatever the ABI says. So there's a few different kind of triggers. The hardware-based one could be GPIO interrupt or some other sort of hardware-based interrupt. The software-based ones there's a SIFS inch one which is just echo one into a trigger. It's not really that useful. It's more for debugging. The HR timer is for ones that don't have interrupt line or if you just want to pull it a certain interval to have to have be pushed into the buffer. And triggers can be mapped to multiple devices like in the example HR timer can be used on multiple IO devices. And yes they can send signals to each other and also they can yes with the IO trigger pull call. And a driver can be a provider or a consumer of a trigger as well. Okay so the buffers the overview is the data is usually not processed so so channels need to have some configuration to describe a few points. That was the part in the destruct before the scan types. So you need the storage size, the real size, the left actually the right shifting of data that shouldn't be left shifting. The endianess the buffer data is usually a herald read. It's past the user space and it's up to the user space how to decode it which LibIO does for you. So the buffers are okay five-foot back so stuff will start being dropped until you start reading from it again. So trigger buffers from you know software hardware events as well. You can you can configure the sample size for the for the buffer. It's got to be a power of two I think. So how many samples you want? There's per device buffers so it's there's triggered buffers and there's just buffers that don't have triggers that are externally visible. Example will be a device this doesn't have one because it's a FIFO that just gets interrupt and pushes it into that. So there's no hard HR timer support or anything that you can use. There's callback buffers. This this allows IO drivers to send data processed to another driver. I don't think it's really used except for like one sensor I think because it's getting data from ADC and it's doing a conversion because it has some configuration that needed if I remember correctly. Okay so here's a here's a buffer trigger handler. So it's basically you have this is a GPIO so no actually this is one of the HR timer ones. So you set generally set the polling to 100 Hertz and so 100 times a second this gets called so it gets a lidar measurement to the buffer then it pushes it with the timestamp soft timestamp and it notifies user space that it's completely the trigger so it can read then it notifies it's handled. Single shot access in the case of you can read the temperature and humidity directly or the voltage of ADC but obviously it's it's not deterministic when that happened and it's generally not good to pull it. Some data can't be a single shot like for the exam examiner here the ADC data doesn't mean anything to you if you're reading one sample. It's got to be deterministic and it's got to be a ton of samples and sometimes you want to list the secondary channels I have no real application like the cold junction temperature doesn't hurt to have it so and you have to read the entire spy block for that chip if I remember correctly so you might also tell what it is. It could be okay but I'm just saying there's I'm just saying there's samples where you don't need it at all though some some some sensors okay so here's an example of a capture so we got an IO device zero which is this is the thermocoupler so there's the raw temperature from the probe and there's ambient temperature raw and you can see the two scaling values so so yeah you multiply it's like 98 by 250 and 416 by 62.5 and that gives you the middle Celsius reading there so yeah so then you needed the conversion obviously divided by 1000 then you have your unit in Celsius and there was a few examples of units being this way because it's just backwards compatible with hardware monitor you don't worry about floating points. There's an example of IO events that's usually used for like accelerometers for freefall interrupts you get or rising and falling of certain direction inner let me think yeah for like humidity sensors there's there's some sensors that have trip points also they're different than the buffers because they don't come up they don't come through a buffer they're just an iOctole event yeah so you need a so use-based application needs to pull for it and here's an example of one so there's a threshold of rising and also that has a mass separate value and enable okay so IO consumer channels so it allows a channel to be a lot it provides a channel that can be consumed by others inside the kernel so generally ace yeah well when you're when if you're doing the processing like that in code it's better to do that in the user space yes yeah I mean you could you could write the driver however you wanted but it's just you generally do the processing in user space if it doesn't if it doesn't have a like a interrupt for like freefall or yeah so the consumers so there's some API calls to read like ADC data so there's a channel read that reads it raw and read processes generally what you want to use because you don't necessarily know the scaling value of the ADC so that relies on the ADC having its own IO info channel process to do the scaling to millivolts and Harbor Monitor actually has a driver that can use the IO and IO ADC for reporting which like LOM sensors so yeah scaling will be handled transparently yeah so data like said should be unprocessed when possible because that's not the part of the kernel and to keep the time spent in the kernel to a minimum in case there's another interrupt that happens and also a lot of this stuff is floating point calculations which obviously you can't do in the kernel there's times when like I said channel process is required because example this one the BMP280 has a temperature coefficient that affects the humidity and the pressure readings so you need to do a processing then so SI units are typically used it depends what's if it's like meters or centimeters it really depends on I think we yeah we use meters but the example of weird ones would be a mill Celsius and millivolts that also ohms so you kind of have to look at the ABI to make sure that your scaling values matches what is in the ABI documentation and that's documented yeah in testing assist FS FOS IO so there are a few utilities mostly for debugging but also to help LIS IO just basically lists all the available triggers channels their types and what devices there are there's an event monitor so you can test your driver for freefall generic buffer so you can just read the raw data coming off the buffer or you can have a processed from a devices buffer so here's an example of an output thermal couple and you can see at the temperature raw that you can read and ambient raw you can read using a single shot reading and also there's a chemical sensor so you can in concentration and underscore input backwards compatible with hardware monitor that that means that that information is processed so that's the raw data so that'll that'll come back and parts per billion if remember correctly for co2 and yeah also the resistance there so here's an example of how you would set up a buffer data capture so you so the hardware type software trigger is actually config of s created so you know make directory with the true trigger name there trigger zero you can you can configure how many hertz you want like how many updates a second so did we set it to 50 and the sampling frequency then we then we echo trigger one to the that device to tell that's the current trigger we want to use we we see what we enable the scan elements we want to see we want to see the temperature the ambient temperature and the timestamp then we hit echo one to buffer enable and that will start the sampling and this is like this is the raw data depending on what scan elements you enable the padding will be different so you have to take that into effect so the last eight bytes there is a timestamp the first four are yeah the first four are the actual temperature reading and you would you would use to scan the the data the enumeration of how you need to shift it and what indian it is yeah and it's also padded to eight since the timestamp is eight not exactly no it's it's if it'll if k fifo you keep pushing to it it'll it'll it'll not add until you start removing stuff so yeah so here's an example of how you would process that data so the stuff the stuff in bold so you see that's the index zero the scan elements so that that tells you so it's big indian so only 14 14 bits of that is what we actual data is but stored in 16 so shift shift over two so like that gives you 188 hex shifted over two 98 times 250 then you get your that's the scaled value then that's in middle celsius so it's 24.5 so yeah here's the generic buffer so it's a little more it's doing the same it's doing the same thing but it's obviously more readable so you can see the 24 you can see the two first two numbers are the temperature and the cold junction temperature and the timestamp the soft timestamp oh okay so i get to my demo here so i got a beagle bone x-exameter chip and i'm using a libo aio use space application actually over the network to my mac it's a iodamons running on it so it basically allows you to connect it's it's the libo is OS agnostic so you can use it from any system mac windows linux the back end obviously isn't it's obviously linux uh then i'll stream graphs with the new plot probably not the best way but so let's see if i can get this it takes a lot of load because it needs to do a baseline of so right now this reading off the two uh it's an adc but it has um 18 bit adc it's reading the values off two leds one infrared and one uh red the red ones for the heart rate uh the infrared ones for uh doing a ratio to calculate the blood oxygen so the blood oxygen is about 99 percent and the heart rates about 42 which might not be correct but yeah yeah the problem is it's uh it's doing a sampling it's doing an averaging over like 20 seconds so and if i'm moving or talking it changes it so let's see if it averages out yeah okay so that's probably more accurate there yeah yep okay so yeah here is in case it didn't work at all so yeah that's the data plotted plotted okay so in conclusion um the industrial i o is a good solution for as fast updating sensors and giving data to user space um there's really no limit to what i o can do sensor wise uh and it's much more stable than just using another miscellaneous uh uh driver so uh also patches welcomes so quite anyone have any questions sure yeah so there's there's a python mining for obviously libyo um yes so that's just the uh that's just um the um data keeps it keeps to the averaging but as the buffer here is um let's see just search for so so basically it's looking for a network context so i have a hard coded uh it's finding a device which is defined already the driver name uh you could have an issue if there's multiple device with the same name but you would just use the i o device zero and or i o device one uh enabling both both adc channels so it's zero and one uh then got a function to read and just reading it just sets up a buffer uh then it tells you how many it tells how many samples and once before it returns and adds to the buffer then it just uh just averaging to display the chart uh any more questions so you said there's no other output devices currently besides maybe just one kind of hot ball i didn't know which one you said uh yeah just heating control for so what are people using oh wait i'll take it back but the potentiometer is an output yeah because uh no no it's for configuration of the potentiometer it's not that yeah yeah you're you're you're you're echoing the own value you want so it's an output yeah okay yeah yeah okay and like uh so like motor how are people doing motor uh i haven't heard of anyone doing it so okay yeah i could be wrong but i don't think i've heard it's all done in user space i'm trying to figure out the balance between user space and i o because i have a lot of users that just don't believe in using even kernel drivers they could try to do everything in user space including accelerometers want to do everything in user space yeah uh so is it is it the DAC or that they're using control some of the stuff or for the motor control or yeah like to control of pwms wow controlling user space they're controlling drivers and user space yeah well they're mapping the control registers of of the pwms and they're mapping those and then yep just um and doing i gc dev or to talk to i am use rather than using i o to talk to i am use yeah and they're they're convinced that that gives them the lowest latency uh no it doesn't there's no way it could yeah yeah and they've tried using the the i o drivers for i am you and which i am you uh i can be 90 to 50 that one's pretty well supported as far as they have an issue it's a two millisecond interloop and doing quadcopter balancing sounds like there's something else at play there i think in user space running rt preempt but they don't record they're doing with just rt scheduling without rt preempt as well and it still works their biggest like the two millisecond loop but the longest time period is the i a over eight of the i am you which is like over like like around one and a half milliseconds there's probably a bug in the driver somewhere or yeah yeah are they using a recent kernel or an old kernel uh four four it's not not too new but not too old so any more questions you mentioned one of your early slides sensor house yeah what do you mean by that well there's there's microcontrollers effectively that you know basically do fusion code they can read from multiple sensors they're usually proprietary so some of that stuff i really haven't looked into but yeah so it's it's more of a fusion code thing that's offloads having it on the cpu itself because this a lot of that stuff is very cpu intensive if you're doing a ton of like 100 itc reads a second or spy reads you mean in software or an actual actual actual sensor hubs and i don't i don't think there's any use case for that right now also that's goes into the you generally do that processing in user space unless there's unless there's a reason to do it yeah because you're not saving any cpu time really that is true but uh there's no plans for that uh sample that was just interrupt or yeah you could just use like one of the you just use interrupt to trigger a reading because a lot of these sensors actually have a power management already support yeah yeah a lot of it's either it's in the sensor itself or it's in iio doing it directly yeah now let's generally use the interrupts for that but i yes i don't know how you would do that program okay uh any more questions what about sending information back to the sensor that the sensor has a calibration command uh you would write something generally it's a vicetree i mean if it's static you use a device tree to uh well that you can now that's i don't think it's actually come up to actually are we what kind of data are you talking just uh you'd probably have to use the one of the reg map interfaces or but yeah i i don't think i have no any examples of that currently yeah uh yeah uh using pwm or using like interrupt uh well you're not gonna have it's not gonna be deterministic so i don't know yeah yeah i don't think you could you couldn't deterministically have a you know the the pulse be correct any more questions uh yeah i don't think actually yeah i think analog devices has a few examples of yeah i don't think i think it's all that stuff's in staging but yeah yeah analog devices the one that actually did most of the uh blue bio work so that's one way to do it i mean yeah i mean sensor hubs is basically a microcontroller so yeah uh any more questions all right thanks for coming


Hi, I'm gonna show you how I teach children about how plants grow. What I first do is I have, we're gonna plant a seed in a paper in a plastic bag and put it on the window. So what I do first is I just take some seeds, bean seeds are the best, but I do put the seeds on a paper plate or a napkin and I take them, the kids look at it with a microfiber magnifying glass and they just look and observe what they see.  And then I have the children just spread the seeds on the paper towel. I spray that with a little water after they've observed them, make sure it's really, really wet. And then I fold the paper towel, put it in a plastic bag, seal it up really tight to get all the air out. And then we tape it on a window and each day the boys and girls will open it up a little bit, spray it and watch the seed grow through the paper towel. So what we talk about is how the seed needs moisture, which is when they spray with water, that sun, which is what they need to grow to be, to heat up the seed. And the last thing is that the food in the seed is what feeds the seed so that the plant will grow. So that's water, food and sun. And that's what makes a seed grow into a plant. Thank you.


On March 24, 25, 2022, the Ruan Health Sciences School and the Ruan University Hospital hosted the second national symposium on precision medicine entitled Pathways to Precision Medicine. Supported by Ruan Normandy Health Campus, this event brought together international experts in various fields of precision medicine who came from 11 different countries. Commonly known as the four-primed medicine, precision medicine is based on four main pillars and aims to be predictive, preventive, personalized and more importantly, participatory. This new approach highlights the individual compared to the conventional approach in which disease prevention and treatment strategies are based on an average fictional person as a proxy of the general appropriation. This concept takes into account individual variations of each patient, be it clinical, biological, environmental or social. It aims to translate the gathered data into tailored disease prevention or management actions. The major challenge of the coming years is to train a workforce with high bridge skills that masters the art of medicine but also understands the power and limitations of the overwhelming data-driven technologies. Je m'appelle Harald Schmidt, je suis un doctor medical et une pharmaciste, mais c'est le maximum de français. I work at Masters University and I have moved now from classical research to precision medicine in the past years. Well the precision medicine in the moment is the answer to the imprecision medicine that we currently have. So we basically do not understand most of the diseases, therefore we have to wait until symptoms arise. We name the disease after a symptom and then we treat the symptoms. But because that does not cure the problem, the diseases become chronic. So we have lots of chronic diseases but they are chronic because we didn't know the cause.  You wouldn't accept this but in medicine we still do. Yeah, it's not something where we talk about the future in 10 or 20 years. There are a lot of things patients or not yet patients can already do. You can for instance get your genome sequenced then you will benefit from every new knowledge that is generated next year. You can use symptom checkers so that you don't rely only on your medical doctor about the diagnosis. You can go pre-diagnosed there and of course you can do prevention. Lifestyle prevention is 80% of the causes of chronic disease. So that's almost the best thing. This medicine is already quite interdisciplinary but precision medicine even more because we are now working with mathematicians, computer programmers in the lab. I never had that in my group before. Now I have mathematicians in my lab and a meeting like this one where you bring all these disciplines together is almost for me like a homecoming meeting. Other medical meetings are still based in organs and I'm always the disruptive guy in these meetings. Here I have the feeling it's basically a homecoming conference. The pathways to precision medicine symposium is a major scientific event that gathers international researchers, health professionals and thought leaders from different avenues of the healthcare ecosystem to discuss, share, collaborate and develop actionable ways to maintain wellness and improve human health. The aim of this event is to raise awareness in the medical and scientific community along with institutional officials about the opportunities and challenges of tomorrow's medicine which aspires to be integrative, predictive and precise by embracing new data-driven technologies. So I'm Shrek Zhang, assistant professor at the Habermas School and associate bioengineer at the Brigham Room Hospital. Our lab has been really working on bio-fabrication perspectives, primarily bio-printing and organ chip devices to allow fabrication of human tissues and organs for different applications.  Yeah, so as mentioned, bio-fabrication can be potentially applied to different aspects. So one thing is 3D fabrication of these human tissues and organs and if you then apply those towards, for example, let's say different donor, patient-derived geometries of the tissues or cell types in there, then you can start to really personalize this medicine according to different patient needs. So that's one aspect, but also another aspect mentioned, this organ chip device is basically in vitro models of human tissues and organs where you can also imagine you can combine them with cells that are coming from different patients, different donor, different people, populations and then allow them to really promote our capacity to screen drugs in a better way. So those are perspectives I think might be relevant to procedure medicine with biofabrication. The clean complementation of precision medicine requires a profound change in medical practice. Future healthcare professionals will be required to deploy a large-scale set to properly engage with the intimidating data-rich medical ecosystem. Communication and leadership skills as well as emotional intelligence will be more important than ever as AI-based systems will not be able to take into account all patients' physical and emotional states. Tomorrow's practitioners will not be replaced by AI, but those who don't master AI will certainly be less competitive. I'm Nela Brössläs, I'm a clinical epidemiologist, I'm a medical doctor by training and I'm a researcher doing lots of research in the microbiome field and also on long-term effects of commonly prescribed drugs. Well I think nowadays in medicine we have made huge advancements already and we can treat the large majority of diseases but there are still many diseases that we don't have an answer for, that we can't treat many chronic diseases that we just keep treating with drugs and for me precision medicine may be a solution to also treat those people to get them back in a more healthy state which can be of course beneficial for a very long time and for many many people although we can do a lot in medicine already. There are really things which are implemented but for those it's often without a solid basis of knowledge, for example probiotics, prebiotics, it's hype, it's a big market already but there is not enough research to really show that it works so I think we need to have a more solid research first and it's not only the probiotics, we also need to restore our microbiome ourselves for example by limiting our prescribed drug use, living healthier if those factors are not in place I don't think any supplement will do the trick. So we do need to understand everything better before we can really implement it but it has a very big potential in women's health like for example to prevent preterm birth also in cancer treatment, will cancer treatment work or not so those are or in chronic diseases, obesity, metabolic diseases so there is a big potential and so I do see that I do foresee that there will be microbiome treatments in the near future some of them are already there but then it can it's a very fast evolving field. I think it's already wonderful that there are so many clinicians and also students who will become active clinicians in the future are participating in events like this because they are the next generation they will be treating us and our family members in not such a distant future and now they already know what's going on and they will be the ones who need to convince their patients and the public as well to live healthier, to use treatments and hopefully I always hope that the clinicians do have a solid research training as well because that's also something I see in research that is often still a bit of a translation problem between the basic researchers and clinicians they are yeah both groups are excellent in what they do in daily life but they do often have some communication problems so it's very good that events like this hopefully fill that gap and make it's easier to communicate so to reach the research to a higher level. This symposium was a great opportunity to foster collaboration and raise the awareness about the challenges of tomorrow's medicine. This whole goal that drives the organizers is making biomedical data speak in a secure clinically relevant and ethically accountable way to improve human health.


As an artist, one of my favorite things to do is color this beautiful makeover story. We went from a lot of length into a nice, stronger bob shape. My job as a colorist is to bring some lightness and brightness to this, some softness to it while not taking away from the strength of the shape that the scissor put in. So we're blending these two looks together. So I have a technique that's a combination of foiling mixed with a little hand painting and really comes down to the art of toning that's going to bring this cut to life. So what I'm working with around the sides of the hair here is a nice little weaved out section. I'm looking to increase the concentration of blonde around the face. So I'm going to work with Synchro Lift Plus in 20 volume. The reason why I'm choosing Synchro Lift here, it's going to give me up to nine levels of lift. I don't really need all nine here. That's why I'm using a 20 volume. And really what I'm going to do is just allow that product to do its thing. It's going to give me a nice, clean, even lift. The 20 volume is going to make sure that I'm not lifting too quickly. So the technique in the back can catch up with the lifting in the front. It's the perfect choice. Really great, amazing lightener if you guys haven't used it, check it out. So following again, just a nice soft weaved out around the hairline and really putting these foils close together. So I'm increasing the concentration of blonde around the face. That's something I'm always trying to do when I talk to my customers or my clients or my guests, whatever you want to call them. I'm always trying to ask them, yes, do you want to be blonde or are you talking about the amount of blonde or the level of blonde or both? I think asking questions like that really does make a big difference in what the guest is actually asking for. So in this case, again, we are looking to get a nice level nine blonde, eight, eight, nine level blonde around the hairline here. Eight and a half, nine would be our target goal. And we're really looking again for an increased concentration of blonde, really softening that hairline. So working around weaved, soft weaves, soft weaves, we're going to continue to work back up the hairline here. I'm splitting the hair in half, the sections in half, because for me it might take a little bit longer to add more foils, but it's better than getting those weaved marks by trying to stretch a large amount of hair into a smaller space. It doesn't always work. So don't be afraid if you guys have those bigger, kind of wider sections to split them up into two. So as I finish this up, I'm working all the way back to that pre-section I made. That little triangle section that falls just from that midpoint of the head right behind the ear forms like a little triangle base to the top where we're going to do something different in that section. We'll get to that in a minute. So I'm working right up to that hairline. Once I hit that division mark in between my sections, I'm going to go ahead and do the same thing on the other side until all this meets in the middle and we have a lighter, brighter, synchro lift plus and 20 volume hairline all foiled out ready to go. All right. So now that we're foiled around the face, I'm going to save some time in the back and a lot of times that's what we got to do as color is how can we save some time and why would I be needing to put a ton of foils back there. All those layers that are going to lay over top of the stronger cut shape in the bottom. So I really just need to take up space and add some softness here. I'm going to work with my skylight, which is our Kaling clay hand painting or Balayage lightener. It is the perfect choice here as a nice Kaling clay show, which is going to act as an incubator and I'm mixing that with 40 volume. That 40 volume is going to give me the intensity I need, since I'm not closing this off into a foil, you know, I'm not getting that incubator from a foil. I'm getting from this clay shell. So increasing the energy is going to help me get some softness and some extra lift in the back. So what you guys can see is I'm taking these inverted V sections, right? And I'm actually grabbing them, pinching them towards the end. Right there I sprayed a little neuro protect, which is a styling product. But in this case, it's allowing flyaways that might be happening from my rubber gloves. It's allowing those hairs to kind of stick together and it's not going to alter our processing at all here. So I spray that to keep everything flatter. And now working with those ends, I'm applying my highly saturated ends, really working it into the ends, and then just softly bringing that or blurring that line away by softly moving that brush up. So it's really in the hands here. It's in the wrist. It's how you guys are painting. But it's also what you're feeling with your fingers. I want to feel where I want it to be lighter and brighter. I really got to push that product in there and make sure it's saturated. More product is going to give me more lift. That's any Katelyn Clay shell or any shell lightener or any Bolliage or hand painting lightener you guys are working with, that is the truth. Use your hands to drive it in a little bit and then put that coating on the top to make sure it stays nice and moist for a longer period of time. If lightener dries out, it stops working. So the key with clay lighteners is to really add a lot of base it, layer it, keep it soft where you don't want to get too much lift and more of a blend, but layer it where you guys want that lift. So I'm just working this up. It's purely visual back here. And again, I'm not looking for a high concentration of blonde. I'm not looking for a high level of blonde back here. I'm really looking for a softness and a blend, just to add some movement so when she moves her head, the shape stays strong, but the color kind of gives it a little wave, so you can see that there's a little bit of movement placed in with the lightener here. So we're also working with what she previously has, and we're working in that. So where she's already previously lightened, she's gonna lighten a little bit more. So it's gonna give me kind of an organic feel. And a lot of guests, they love that. And giving them the best of both worlds sometimes works as well. She has that foil placement, that traditional pop from a weaved out foil in the front, and she gets to experience that balayage love, that blended, hand-painted result into the back, so she really does have the best of both worlds going on. So also what I love about Palmatul Skylight is once that Kaling clay shell starts to form, it forms rather quickly. It prevents transfer, so I can really just drop my sections on top of each other and not worry about bleed marks or things like that because of that Kaling clay shell. So using, we all have a lot of lightener selections and choices out there. It's choosing the right lightener and knowing when to choose it that really makes a big difference. So experiment, play, that's what makes us artists when you guys are working with your hands. All right, so now that the back is done, I'm gonna work in those little inverted triangle sections along the side. I'm gonna take a slight diagonal approach. This is about as much of a styler as I can be. I'm gonna TZ. What I'm doing when I TZ is I'm removing weight from the ends, pushing it up to the regrowth, which is going to give me another lived in effect. Slightly different than what I've done with the balayage. So I'm gonna TZ these kind of back to back. And again, you're really looking at how much lightness you want.  So there's a personal preference that comes into your, also hair texture is really gonna tell me a lot about what to do and when. What's their hair like, is it thick, is it thin? Is there a lot of it, a little bit of it? All those things take into consideration. So we're gonna leave that regrowth down. Again, we don't want that color right to the root. We want more of a lived in effect.  And again, they're going to blend what we're doing a little bit, but also add, you know, in some ways, a little bit of strength of the shape. It's kind of what's on trend in the salon. It's nothing mind blowing here that we're doing.  And that's what we're trying to do. Give you some looks and some techniques that you can build into your repertoire that enable you to earn a living and make some money on your clients here. Also, these are all can be used in one technique like this or they can all be broken up into several different ways and used differently. So take it as a starting point. So all that's done now, we created our three different movements.  We are working with six-stroke, one-one, seven-stroke, eight-zero in 10 volume. And we are gonna work with 10-stroke, eight-one, eight-stroke, eight-six on the ends, also at 10 volume. So we're replacing our six-ash-ash and our seven-pro natural and 10. This is our deeper tone. We're gonna paint that right over in this bottom area here. We wanna add depth, but we've already just kind of created that lightness and softness with our hand painting. We're gonna continue to paint that six-one, one-seven, eight-zero on all the regrowth through here. And you guys will see us really kind of painting that in. We're adding dimension. Again, we wanted this look to add some strength to the ends. That's why we added a lot of light near to the ends, but we wanna add some softness and blend at the root. So it has a little softer feel at the regrowth and your eyes are drawn to those stronger, blonder, lighter ends giving that shape some strength visually with color, just like strength was put in with the scissor. So same thing, six-stroke, one-one, seven-stroke, eight-zero, 10-volume, all the regrowth. And now what I'm doing is I'm taking our 10-stroke, eight-one and our eight-stroke, six or eight-v and 10-vol, and I'm applying that to the ends. If you guys notice, I'm left the hairline out initially. I did all those sides first and then put the hairline in just because I want my hairline to be a little bit brighter. So put it on last, you know, the longer something processes a little more depth and processing time, you give something a little more depth you're gonna get from it. So I left that hairline out a little bit just so it stays a little bit softer. Not much, but a bit. I'm applying the six-stroke, one-one and the seven-stroke, eight-zero, 10-vol at the root. And then I'm taking that 10-stroke, eight-one, eight-stroke, six and applying it on the ends, blending that together. I'm gonna process it for 20 minutes. And now Matt's gonna take it away with his hair AI training. All right guys, so I wanna share with you this brand new technology and device by Paul Mitchell. This is hair AI. You can pick it up on the app store. So basically what it does, it walks you through a consultation with your clients. So once we finish Janelle's hair, I asked her a bunch of questions. I scan her scalp, I scan her ends, and then it's gonna give me a breakdown, a hair breakdown that I can send to her so she knows exactly how to take care of her hair. But not only is it gonna do that, it's also gonna help recommend products in the salon and she can purchase them right there through your online store. Or right there in the salon, you can give them to her and she can walk home with it. So it's a super cool tool. I know you guys are gonna like it. Check out Hair AI by Paul Mitchell. Now that everything's styled out and it's looking really good, you guys can see the beautiful results that we have. We have that little pop around the face, that roots kept in, that softness is in through the back. You can see it transition from dark to medium to light around the face. We have a beautiful happy guest here with a great makeover and Kremit XG, Syncrolip Plus are the stars in this one guys. Have fun with it, make it yours, and hopefully it helps you guys earn a living behind the chair. We'll see you guys in the next one. Bye.


Though radical, fundamental principles of freedom, rational self-interest, and individual rights, this is the Iran Book Show. All right everybody, welcome to Iran Book Show on this Monday, March 25th. I hope you all had a fantastic weekend and looking forward to this coming week, and it started off, it's Monday, it's great. All right, we've got a lot to cover today and a hard stop at three o'clock, so let's jump right into it. Before we get to Russia, an ISIS breaking news, breaking news as of I guess an hour ago, 117, less than an hour ago, you probably all familiar know that Trump has been having a really hard time raising the 458 billion dollars or million dollars, not billion million. I think about government budgets, it's always billion and trillion, but in real life, real people, most of us, the very rich deal in millions. Anyway, Donald Trump has to raise 400 something million dollars for this bond while he appeals his fraud case, both the conviction and the size of the penalty, and he hasn't been there to raise the money, he hasn't been able to get such a bond, and he went to the court and asked the court to consider lowering the size of the bond because ultimately he's going, he's appealing the size of the penalty. And a court decided, I guess today, this morning, that Trump can post a bond of 175 million instead of the 454, he has to do it within 10 days, and 175 million is probably a lot more doable for Trump than the half a billion dollars he would have had to post before so. So we'll see, maybe this is also a hint that Trump will have it easier on his appeal, at least on the size of the penalty. I don't know that he'll be able to appeal anything to do with the conviction, but he might be able to appeal the size of the penalty, which was, at the time I said, absurdly high given what he was found guilty of, it was just obviously punitive in a way that was ridiculous and absurd.  Anyway, we'll see what appellate court decides and how it decides it, but for now, you can all breathe without too much concern and Donald Trump will probably pay the bond and the District Attorney General of New York will not be confiscating his property. He'll probably be able to raise 175 million dollars, that would be my prediction. All right, I guess the main story of the weekend was the attack on a Russian theater by four terrorists who basically shot up the place. I mean, the videos are pretty horrific. There were videos making the rounds. I think they were taken down on X, but on Telegram and other places, literally showing these terrorists just killing people point blank while yelling Allah Akbar as they were doing this. And they killed 137 people, hundreds, others are injured. They threw bombs. They shot them point blank. They sprayed bullets into the crowd. Just devastating, just again, another one of these horrific acts of nihilism done in the name of the great religion of peace, Islam, and while shouting Allah Akbar and all the rest of it. The four people responsible for this have been arrested by the Russian authorities. They are all from Tajikistan origin. Tajikistan is in the southeast of Russia and a place where there's not too far from Afghanistan, not too far from kind of the base of where this particular group of ISIS, which took responsibility for this, is based. ISIS took responsibility for this. We'll talk about ISIS in a moment and declared it in a letter or in a post online. They also ISIS then published videos of the attack. So whatever the attackers were wearing cameras and they streamed it to whatever ISIS server and ISIS had access to it and then posted it on various channels. I mean, it really is horrific and disturbing.  I saw the Russians posted interrogations of these people. Hard to tell with these kind of things if they're real or not. One video was real where they literally, the Russians caught one of them and they literally cut off his ear and fed it to him. He had to eat it. I mean, the video was taken off X after a while, but it was there for a little while. I didn't watch the whole thing. I just believed the description after I saw the ear cutting off. I didn't watch to see if he actually ate it, but that was what the description said. So a number of different angles here that we have to discuss here is one is the effect on Russia and the way Russia is kind of spinning this. That's only one aspect of this. Another is ISIS, who they are, where they are and what their ambitions are and what's next, I guess. Yeah, I think those are the two angles we want to attack. So let's start with Russia. Of course, the first instinct that Russia had was to blame Ukraine and to claim that the Ukrainians were evolved supposedly, again, according to Russian authorities. I don't know if we can really trust Russian authorities, but according to them, the terrorists had a car and they were driving towards the Ukrainian border and stopped at a check post heading towards Ukraine. So yeah, I don't know if we can trust that. I don't know if you can believe it, but that is at least the Russian's argument for why they're claiming Ukraine was involved. No other evidence has been presented for Ukrainian involvement in this. Again, ISIS took credit from this. Putin did a five minute, I think little talk on television about this to the Russian people. Didn't mention ISIS, didn't mention Ukraine. So clearly they're trying to spin this. Putin on the one hand, this makes him look weak as a president who can't protect his own people. But on the other hand, this could play into his hands in the sense of his willingness, his, I don't know, argument to do a much bigger mobilization of the Russian armed forces for battle with Ukraine and to the extent that he can blame the Ukrainians for this and that the Russian people will buy that to that extent he is, you know, that helps him and with Russians, with common people in Russia. Russia, I mean, one of the great, one of the tragedies here and one of the indications of kind of Russia's complete corruptness. About two weeks ago, the United States told Russia that they had intelligence suggesting that ISIS or an Islamist group was planning an attack on Moscow and warned the Russians that this was coming. The Russians not only ignored this, but Putin in a public statement about a week ago, a week and a half ago, literally said, this is just the West wanting us to feel afraid. This is just the West fear mongering. There's nothing to this. Trust me, don't believe what you're hearing from the West.  The United States heavily monitors ISIS. It's been at war with ISIS in one way or the other, kind of a soft war, warm war, not a hot war since, what, the 20 teens, since the Obama administration and in Iraq and Syria and is at war with them also in Afghanistan. This particular attack is the ISIS of Afghanistan, the ISIS group that's in Afghanistan, training in Afghanistan, claimed responsibility. ISIS and interestingly enough to talk about ISIS. So ISIS Afghanistan is at odds with the Taliban. They don't like the Taliban and the Taliban are too moderate and too appeasing. ISIS is more radical and more, more consistent. And although I don't know how you can be more consistent in the Taliban, but I think ISIS, Taliban has mainly devoted themselves to subjugating their own people. They allow terrorists who want to expand Islam to the rest of the world to function there, but they leave it as is, right? They leave it at is. But right now, the ISIS on the other hand is dedicated to worldwide jihad, the dedicated to converting the rest of the world to the jihadi cause. And so that is what animates them and that's what motivates them. And I think that is the source of their resistance, of their conflict with the Taliban. It's great.  I think in World War II, we had the Nazis and the communists who cut a deal early in the war, at the beginning of the war, and then the Nazis were negged on it. And you've got in the Islamic world pretty much all the different terrorist organizations, to one extent or another, hate each other and fight each other constantly, which is lucky for us. ISIS from Afghanistan was responsible for the killing of 13 Americans. Do you remember the frantic evacuation of Kabul in the, as the United States, when was it last year, the year before that, when the United States left Afghanistan? Well, if you remember, there was a bomb, a suicide bomb, a series of suicide bombings that killed 13, I think there were marines, during the evacuation. Well, those suicide bombs were not the Taliban, they were ISIS, ISIS, Afghanistan. Then a few months ago, there was a massive explosion in Iran during a commemoration for Soleimani, the leader of the Iranian Republican Guard, who had Iranian Revolutionary Guard, who had been killed by the Trump administration and killed like 80 people in Iran. And the first instinct the Iranians had, just like the Russians, was to blame Israel and to blame the United States, only it was soon discovered and acknowledged that ISIS, Afghanistan was responsible. The Iranians then bombed Pakistan and Afghanistan and Syria, Iraq, or Iraq, as a response to it, trying to hit ISIS, I guess, based in those three states. And indeed, ISIS is prevalent in Afghanistan. It has bases in Pakistan. And of course, ISIS was born in Iraq and on the, particularly in the Iraqi-Syrian border, where during the peak of the ISIS, so-called Caliphate, they actually controlled land, both much of northern Iraq and much of northeast Syria were controlled by ISIS. The Americans and then the Russians basically, and the Kurds, basically pushed ISIS back and defeated them to the point where ISIS controls no real territory in that part of the world. But they're still there. They're still alive and well. They're still functioning. And it's one of the reasons or one of the excuses, depending on how you want to think about it, that the United States still has troops in Iran and in Iraq and Syria is because of the ISIS is still there and ISIS could regroup so that they're still there in order to make sure that doesn't happen. Let's see. What else was there? So, yes, ISIS also controls large swaths of land and is very active in North Africa. The Sahel, the region in North Africa between the Sahara Desert and kind of the sub-Saharan Africa, there is a strip of land. In the news recently was the fact that Niger, you remember months ago we talked about the Niger coup where the military took over the Niger, not the Nigerian, the Niger government. And then the Niger government kicked out the French and then about a week ago, the Niger government decided to kick out the Americans. The United States has a military base from which they fly drones that they spent $100 million building in Niger. Well, they've just been kicked out of that base and it's dubious whether they can use it. The base, the drones, were all there in order to combat ISIS of North Africa. So, ISIS is still around, still prevalent, still interested in killing non-Muslims. And as we can see, has extensive reach into Russia. Tajikistan, there are many Tajikistanis who live in Russia, so there is a fairly open border between Tajikistan and Russia. Tajikistanis, Tajiks, I guess they called, come to Russia to work. I think they're over a million and a half of them in Russia. And so it's relatively easy for terrorists to come across from Tajikistan. These four, they have said, again under interrogation, that they were paid $5,000 to do this. So this is interesting. Most ISIS attacks, at least most ISIS attacks and scale outside of the territory they supposedly control, almost all of them are suicide bombings. So if you, or suicide attacks, ISIS was responsible for many terrorist attacks in Europe during the mid-20s, those were all suicide, or mostly suicide, or they knew they would die, even if they didn't commit suicide themselves, they knew somebody would kill them, whether it was the cars ramming into people, knife attacks, or just gunfire, they all knew they would be killed. Here, it at least appears that they thought they might be able to get away, right?  So that's one consideration to think, well, what exactly is going on here? Could it be something else? It's not something else. It's pretty clear ISIS. Other than that, it's got more on it. And again, they've admitted and US warned in advance that it would happen. And what the suggest to us? ISIS has now struck Iran, it's struck Russia. It's not taking sides in the Ukraine war. What it is doing is testing out its reach. And the more terrorist attacks like this they are, the more prevalent they are, the more widespread they are, the more they make the headlines. The more likely it is that ISIS can recruit people in Europe and maybe even the United States to commit terrorist attacks in their name in those regions. So it wouldn't be surprising at all if ISIS attempted some terrorist attacks in Europe.  And again, as soon as ISIS lost territory and lost the momentum and wasn't in the news and wasn't being portrayed as winning, terrorism in Europe disappeared. But now they're back, they've attacked Russia, they've attacked Iran and they could they could do a lot more damage. They're in the news, they're getting headlines. There is a real possibility of terrorist attacks in Europe and even the United States. So I'm sure the intelligence agencies on top of this, it is somewhat reassuring that the American intelligence services knew that something was brewing and warned the Russians. One would hope they would know something is brewing if something was going to hit Europe or something was going to hit the United States and as a consequence could take it seriously and actually stop it. But anyway, tragic, but ominous, ominous in terms of kind of the rebirth of ISIS and their willingness to attack and attack far away from their base. Again, their bases today are Afghanistan where because of the United States exiting Afghanistan, they are free to train. The Taliban don't like them, but I don't think the Taliban are going to go out of their way in particular to fight them off. So they train in Afghanistan, they are also in Pakistan and in the eastern part of Iran. And Iraq and Syria, they're in, even though they don't control territory, they're there as well. And then maybe the place where they control the most territory where they have the most mobility is in North Africa. And all the U.S.-European allies and countries that were helping them fight ISIS in North Africa, they have all turned against the U.S. and Europe. And while they haven't exactly sided with ISIS, they're going to be a lot less effective in fighting ISIS without U.S. support and without European support. So ISIS will only, from this point on, get stronger. And I don't know that Russia will do anything to stop them. I don't know who they attack, where they attack. Does Russia really want to do something in Afghanistan? It tried that once, didn't go very well for the Russians. I don't think they want to get involved in that. Maybe that launch of missiles like the U.S. always did into some random ISIS camp in Afghanistan and leave it at that. I just don't think Russia is going to do anything of substance here. It did. When they were functioning in Syria, they did attack ISIS pretty harshly in Syria. Maybe the Russians in Africa, maybe they would attack ISIS in Africa. Hard to tell what the Russian response will be. All right. That is Russia. All right. Let's turn to the United States, the Supreme Court. Again, the Supreme Court will hear the case tomorrow about the abortion pill. This is a case that, coming out of a federal court in Texas from last year, if you remember, we talked about this quite a lot. I can't pronounce the judge's name, but he made a decision. It was, I think, last April that basically foes made it inaccessible to use a particular Miphaprax or mill anything with mill, I can't pronounce it. Anyway, with this chemical that induces abortions. His argument was, he had all kinds of arguments about the emotional state that this causes women and the FDA is responsible. This is a drug approved by the FDA and that no, it had much worse side effects and so on. Now, the Fifth Circuit, which is, as I've said before, is the most conservative circuit in the U.S., I believe, basically overturned his ruling and made the drug available again, but with a lot of restrictions. They basically invalidated changes that the FDA had made in distribution of the drug, changes they made in 2016 and 2021, and thus, restricting the drug to only 49 days after pregnancy versus 70 days, which the FDA had approved, and also restricting the quantity used by the drug instead of 600 milligrams to 200 milligrams. Why they did this? Who knows, just to make it difficult for women to access this and to make it possible for them to have an abortion. The Supreme Court is going to hear all our arguments tomorrow about this, and the restrictions of the Fifth Circuit Court were significant and made it much more difficult for women to access this drug, which I think is just horrific. This is a relatively risk-free way of doing an abortion. It is only useful in the first 70 days and the first trimester. I don't see why anybody has any argument against this kind of abortion in the first trimester, but the religious right is nuts, and of course they do. There are a lot of legal issues about jurisdiction, whether federal courts even have a jurisdiction over this. Ultimately, this has implication for other drugs. Does this mean that any federal court can second guess FDA decisions and question drugs? Of course, it has huge ramifications for the issue of abortion rights and whether women can have access to this drug. In particular, can have access to this drug in states that have banned abortion procedure, can state ban this drug even though it's federally approved? So there are a bunch of issues here that relate to the authority of the FDA, the authority of the courts, and the whole, of course, what do you call it, abortion question and how it relates to everything else. So we'll see what our arguments are like tomorrow. Expectations are that the Supreme Court will throw out this case and will in favor against the court decision by the federal courts in Texas and also overrule the Fifth Circuit. But it'll be interesting by what majority it does that. How will the conservative justices vote? Will they try to find some middle ground? Who knows? Who knows with this court and an issue like abortion? It's just really hard to tell. We'll know more about this after the arguments and then, of course, we're going to make the decisions at the end. All right, we all kind of know that federal debt is out of control and that the government is issuing debt at an unprecedented level and it's just insanity. But I thought it would be good to give you a visual illustration of this. This is a graph that I'm going to show you right there. This is a graph of basically the debt that the US government is issuing in order to fund its deficits. It starts in 2001 and it goes through today. You can see the trends. I think these trends are super interesting. You can see that debt increased systematically throughout the Bush presidency but at a growth rate that was not super high. It was super high as compared to what was going on before it but it's compared to what comes after it. It seems pretty low. You can then see that financial crisis caused a significant increase in the slope both in the final year of the Bush administration and then under Obama, the amount of debt just exploded and here you can see. So this is the bonds that the government issues to finance is the debt. Then you can see it continues at a slightly milder slope than it did under Obama under Trump but still dramatic increases in bond issuance under Trump. Then you get COVID and under Trump in 2020 a massive increase just a slope that goes almost straight up in terms of issuance of debt and then and you kind of incredibly steep slope under Biden and even under Biden with the Republican Congress. Look at that end of the graph there where it takes another even steeper slope. That's Republicans and Democrats working together for your benefit to increase the amount of bonds issued even further. This is the amount of bonds out there. It is kind of interesting in the sense that you know when interest rates were zero and long-term interest rates were very very low the government could have issued a lot of bonds that's the dark blue which are the long-term bonds and they could have and they could have issued them at fixed rates so that the interest expense doesn't go up over time. That would have saved the US taxpayer a huge amount of money but they didn't. They continue to issue most of the debt of a warming majority of the debt as short-term bills and notes and that means that those reprised constantly as interest rates went up and that means interest payments on the debt have exploded recently and why the debt has exploded so much is partially just to pay the interest on the debt you already have which continues to be insane but that is what it is. So here in this graph you can see both the levels of the debt and the composition of the kind of bonds that the government is issuing. The government is scheduled to continue this at these kind of rates and again it doesn't really matter who wins. Republicans are Democrats to a large extent because a lot of this is fixed. It's entitlements, it's defense spending, there's very little to cut if you take entitlements off the table as both Republicans and Democrats have and as both Biden and Trump have done. There's not a lot of stuff to play with once you take those off the table so this is going to continue upwards. This market is growing and growing and growing trade and treasuries is massive trade and government bonds. It is setting itself up for some kind of crisis, hard to tell exactly how it manifests itself but it's not healthy. It's not healthy for the government to have this kind of level of debt. It's not healthy for this market to be as big $25 trillion, $26 trillion or something.  Pension plans, insurance companies, individuals, all of us really corporations, not healthy, not healthy. I'm not sure how we'll pay for it exactly but we will pay for it. There's no question about that. All right, what else? Yeah, we're going late. Armaco, yeah, kind of an interesting story. So at the start of last week, the head of the world's largest oil companies, which is the Saudi Armaco, basically told an energy conference in Houston. It was time to quote, I don't know, maybe he's reading Alex Epstein, it was time to quote abandon the fantasy of phasing out oil and gas. Basically, he said that the world needed instead to invest in fossil fuels to meet demand at a time when the clean energy transition was, quote, visibly failing on most funds. What was interesting about that is a lot of people celebrated this and hailed this. So one could argue Alex is having a real impact out there in the world. People's views maybe of fossil fuels are slowly changing and maybe this is good news.  And it was all just a question of how they could cooperate or how they could, how they would do it. This is great news that some of them are standing up and arguing, no, no, no, stop this and actually not being completely shunned and completely ridiculed for doing so. So good stuff, good stuff. Hopefully, yeah, and I think you have to say that the only person consistently doing this and making these kinds of arguments on a regular consistent basis is Alex Epstein. So good for him. All right. Let's see. Finally, you're not seeing a lot of this in the press, but over the last week, there were significant demonstrations in Cuba, primarily in the streets of Santiago and other smaller cities away, I guess, in the power center in Havana. Basically, people chanting Libertad and mocking government officials. And a big reason for this right now is that the island is experiencing extreme food and medicine shortages. Now, the Cuban officials were ready for this. They, the Cuban officials already in 2021, there were big demonstrations which caught the Cuban government off by surprise. They weren't ready for it and demonstrations got a little out of hand from their perspective. This time, they were out in full force and they were ready with both a military or police and a PR campaign. And immediately, the Cuban started blaming sanctions by the United States on the shortages of food. But of course, that is absurd. Cuba can buy food from any other place, even if it cannot buy from the United States. And it's not clear that. And of course, Cuba doesn't allow its individual citizens to buy food from the United States. The United States would sell food to individual individuals. Of course, Cuba could also supply its own food if Cubans were allowed to actually have private farms and grow their own food and grow their own vegetables. The only reason Cuba is short of medicine, I thought Cuba had the best medical system in the world. Isn't that more, what's his name, Alan? Something more, more his argument about Cuban healthcare system. But no, I mean, this is what socialism does. Here's another country that because of socialism has basically regressed, regressed. But it's almost impossible to get eggs, chicken, fish, and beef on an island where you're fishing. But to go fish, you'd have to have a boat. And a boat would be private property, and private property is banned and not allowed, so you cannot go out and fish. But the whole notion of Cuba starving is sad and absurd and ridiculous and clearly, unequivocally, a consequence of a socialist regime that is nationalized all the means by which Cubans could feed themself. It used to be that Cuba used to rely on the Soviet Union for funds and for supplies. That went away. And then once the Soviet Union went away, they relied on Hugo Chavez as a Venezuela because Venezuela was a oil exporter. They had money and they could get money and supplies from Venezuela. But of course, Venezuela has been driven into bankruptcy by the same kind of socialism that drove Cuba into bankruptcy. And now they have nothing. So it must be America's fault. It must be the United States role Castro, who is 92 years old, still holds power. There are no property rights. There was a small business reform, but it's nothing. It's basically farming out the state-owned businesses to Castro's friends and family.  There is no production. There is no wealth creation. There is nothing. And when you get nothing, when you have socialism, what you get ultimately is starvation and people dying because they can't get their medications. So Cuba, another great example of the success of socialism. I'll just mention that in a debate I did years ago on socialism at a university, in the UK. I forget now what the name of the university was. It wasn't in York, but it was anyway university in southeast of England. We were asked, each one of us was asked in capitalism, socialism, we were asked what country today in the world comes closest to your ideal. And I mentioned Hong Kong and I mentioned New Zealand, which is before COVID. And the other guy mentioned Cuba. And I laughed. I thought that was hysterical. And this is the motto of socialism. This is the closest you come to socialism. I mean, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Western Europe, the United States are all very, very flawed capitalist countries, but or flawed countries with a little bit of capitalism. But hey, that little bit of capitalism goes a long way. A little bit of, you know, the socialism in Cuba also goes a long way. It goes a long way to starving the population. All right, I think we're done. Have a 20 minutes to answer questions. I only have three questions. We have 155 people watching, so please think about supporting the show by asking a question. $20, $50, $100 questions get priority. You can also use a sticker to support the show and then no question, but just a dollar amount. We've got Jonathan Honing, thank you. Steven Harper, John Glue, Jeremy Silvanos, Mary Alene, and Enric, and Mary Alene again, all have used the sticker to support the show with 150 people watching. It doesn't take much from you guys to get us over the threshold. This is a viewer supported show. Those of you watching live, the easiest tool you have to support the show is the Super Chat through stickers and questions. And those of you watching not live, please consider becoming monthly supporters on Patreon or on your onbrookshow.com slash membership, which is PayPal. And you can support the show by either one of those two channels on a monthly basis, which is great and very, very, very, very much appreciated. Let's see, what else? Yeah, I also wanted to mention that the Ironman Institute is a sponsor of this show. And right now, they are taking scholarships, applications for Ocon for a big conference in the summer in Anaheim. They offer a lot of student, what do you call it, a lot of student scholarships. So please consider applying. You get a free ride, you get to come to the conference for free, you get free flights and everything. So you can go to ironman.org slash start here, ironman.org slash start here and fill out the online scholarship application. Those of you who are not eligible for scholarship, please come anyway, pay them money. You will have so much fun. It is so worthwhile, it is such a great, you know, six days to hang out that it is that everybody should come. It's something every objective should do. It's a great once a year kind of getting together, meeting old friends, meeting new friends, maybe even more importantly, making new friends and then hearing terrific presentations and lectures and panels and all kinds of other stuff. So I will be there. I will be presenting a few things. And yeah, it'll be truly a fabulous event. So please join us. All right. Let's see. Sylvanos, thank you, $50. Really, really appreciate Sylvanos is here for most of these news roundups and also always is incredibly supportive if you gave a sticker before and now he's done a $50 question, you know, he makes it possible to reach our goal pretty much every one of these news roundups. You can help us reach our goal today by yeah, asking a question like Richard just did $20, another $5, $20 questions and we're really there or somebody wants to put 50, you know, make it even shorter. All right. Sylvanos says, why doesn't the right take Cuba to gain a breadbasket to compete with California? Well, yeah, I mean, what nobody wants is another war for the United States to get engaged in. I mean, the reality is that, you know, Cuba is not a threat to the United States and therefore we don't need to go to war there and conquer it. It's the best thing for Cuba is, I mean, I don't even think we should even embargo Cuba. I don't agree with the Trump administration imposing an embargo on Cuba or any administration imposing an embargo on Cuba. I don't think an American president should go to Cuba. That's disgraceful. I was very, very critical of Obama when he did that. I thought it was despicable and beneath an American president, but I also don't think we need to embargo them. They're not a threat to us. I wouldn't buy anything Cuban, but, you know, maybe if they have more exposure to the United States, maybe ultimately from within, they will crumble. We should do everything we can to help that. We should support the rebels there. If there are any rebels, we should support anybody trying to kind of defeat the communist regime. It is actually quite amazing that Cubans survived as long as it has, that the castors have survived as long as they have, that the regime they've survived as long as it has. It's not a popular regime. It's a very unpopular one. But for whatever reason, the Cubans are not willing to raise up arms and go after their own leadership, which they need to and they should and all the rest. All right, Richard. Thank you, Richard. What role does the Fed play by buying and selling U.S. debt? For example, buying and selling debt to manage the money supply. I mean, that's exactly what they do. They manage the money supply. They manage the amount of money in the economy. One of the tools, not the only tool, but one of the tools and the tool, the predominant tool by which the Federal Reserve manages the supply of money in the economy is to buy and sell bonds. When they buy bonds, when they buy bonds, they're basically increasing the money supply. They're accepting, but they buy them from the public. They, or from investment banks, they accept a piece of paper and they issue money. So money enters the economy. When they sell bonds, which is what they're doing these days, they've been doing it for the last two, three years, two years, they actually reduce the amount of money. If you look at measures of M2, which is one of the measures of money in the economy, it's been going down at a very sharp rate over the last couple of years. And that's a consequence of the Fed selling the bonds that it owns. And thus, it sends paper bonds into the economy and sucks up money in exchange. So this is the major tool that the Fed has to change, manipulate, adjust the supply of money in the economy. The other way is by changing the reserves that banks have to hold with the Fed. But this is the day-to-day way in which they do it. Hamad, the deafening silence from the main EACC on the issue of Department of Justice versus the Apple is very revealing. They're against government intervention in AI and in tech, except when it comes to big tech. I think that's right. I think that's right. And it's unbelievably sad. I need to do a show on EACC. But one of the things that characterizes EACC is that they don't have clear and equivocal philosophical principles. They don't live by those principles. They don't advocate by the principles. They have just general attitude of pro-growth, pro-progress, pro-tech, pro-AI, which is good. It's better than alternative, of course. But that means that they're not going to be consistent. They're not going to apply this consistency consistently across the board. And, of course, Andreessen, who is one of the, if not founders, one of the spiritual founders, you could say, of the movement is, of course, the guy who sicked the Justice Department on Microsoft. He was at Netscape when Netscape sued Microsoft over antitrust that sparked the whole Justice Department investigation. And ultimately, I think, the crippling of Microsoft for almost a decade, really, before it made a warring comeback after the government kind of let it go a little bit. So, yeah, not surprising, very, very, very sad, very sad. It would be great if tech had a unified front against government interference. But then, of course, if they did, the ideas of EACC would have to be better and would have been better and more consistent and more principled. All right, we are only $53 away from achieving our goals. So, I've got four more questions and 12 minutes. I have to hard stop at three o'clock because I've got a class that I have to teach. Kenny, thank you for being a pillar of sanity in these insane times. It does feel like insane times, doesn't it? It really does. It really does. Oh, by the way, the Israel-Palestine debate I was supposed to have yesterday got delayed, got postponed, not delayed. It'll be next Sunday. So, yeah, otherwise, I would have given you an update on that, but it will be next Sunday. Daniel, Trump just said that Israel should finish up the war because it's losing the world's support. Yeah, I mean, that makes sense, of course. I don't know what that means. It doesn't mean Israel should finish up the war by winning, by being more aggressive, or finish up the war because it wrap it up now. Hard to tell what exactly that means, Daniel. So, I didn't see the quote directly from Trump. So, I'm curious what he actually meant. I wouldn't be surprised either way. I wouldn't be surprised at all if Trump is basically saying, okay, Israel, enough is enough. Let's have a ceasefire.   You're losing the world's support. We don't want to lose the world's support. That would be awful if we actually lost the world's support. We don't want to do that. I don't have. I've never had the world's support. I can't lose it because I've never had it. Yes, also, don't forget to like the show before you leave. Give it a like. It helps with the algorithms a huge amount. We had 150 people on a little earlier. We're still 136 people live. So, you know, like it. We should have a lot more likes than we do right now. And it helps with the algorithm. Like, share, you know, go to the comment section, write a comment, participate here in the chat, all of those help. Justices, have you seen Showgun? Yes, I've talked about it in a previous show. I'm watching it right now. I haven't seen the whole show, but I'm in the middle. And yeah, I think it's beautifully done. It's interesting. I enjoyed the old series. The book is very good. I like Clavel's books, many of his other books as well. So, highly recommend the show, Showgun, on Hulu. It's on Hulu. And then I just started yesterday the three-body problem on Netflix. So, I'm curious to see how that plays out. But it looks super interesting. I've had strong recommendations for the book in the past. The three-body problem by a Chinese author, a science fiction. I'll just mention this, because this is terrific, that the show, the three-body problem starts with the depiction of a trial during the Cultural Revolution in China of a physicist who is murdered in front of his daughter for having anti-revolutionary ideas, like I don't know, relativity theory or something like that. And so it shows the Cultural Revolution brutally, which is very surprising for a show based on a novel from China. And what's happening in China is China blocks, there's no Netflix in China, but people are using VPNs to watch it through Netflix. And it created quite a stir in China, because the Chinese authorities deny the brutality of the Cultural Revolution, the brutality that was shown on the show. So to the extent that the show can educate some of the Chinese about their own history and what happened, that would be terrific. Anyway, it's a super interesting show that happens in a bunch of parallel timelines and looks really interesting. And I'm going to watch it. All right, Christian, Georgia is amazing. Oh, he's in, he's in Tbilisi, he's in Georgia, Georgia, not Georgia here, Georgia there. Georgia was amazing. Tbilisi, Old Capital, Chronicle of Georgia, Cave City, the Kazbegi Mountains on Snowmobiles. I haven't been to the Kazbegi Mountains, so good for you. The food, I'd say, and the food. And then I'd say, and the food. And then the red wine is phenomenal. Christian likes Kingali. The food is amazing. I think I said that already. No, and the people, that's the most important part, the people super friendly, super engaged. There were a few Georgians at the conference in Amsterdam. They're such wonderful people. It's, yeah, so good for you, Christian, for being in Tbilisi. It seems like you covered everything. I don't see here whether you were at the wine country. That's the only other thing I would do is go to the wine country, but it sounds like you did more than I've done, right? I haven't been to the Kazbegi Mountains. I wish I had been to the Kazbegi Mountains. All right, quickly, Adam says, Wall Street Journal today, conservatives, conservatives are younger GOPs who question unfettered markets and see big corporations as the adversary to their constituents. I mean, that's J.D. Vance. That's what's his name, Holly. That is the new Republican Party. By the way, J.D. Vance is being talked about as a VP candidate for Trump. If that happens, one more reason not to vote for Trump, J.D. Vance is about as bad as you can think of a Republican could possibly be. I mean, in every respect, this guy is a monster. But yeah, that's where the Republican Party is. Wow, Mary Elaine just came in with $100. Thank you, Mary Elaine. So quickly, I've got six minutes. Did you read TFP article Saturday on Mary where Dennett? She mailed her six pamphlet in 1915 and was prosecuted. She was a wonderful, benevolent view of sex. Her work was called obscene, lewd, lavish, I can't pronounce it, filthy, vile, and indecent. She also advocated for both control. I did not, but well, I saw it, but I didn't read it. Now I'm definitely going to read it. Somebody suggested today that I should do, that I should do an in-person seminar on sex for objectives. So like a day long or half a day seminar on sex. So if anybody's interested in your own book during a day long seminar on sex, maybe I'll have to invite my wife to co-host it with me. And people are willing to pay for that. I consider it. But thank you, Mary Elaine. I'm definitely going to look for that and read it and report back because 1915, the United States in particular was very, very prudish, very, very prudish. This is what it is. This is about the time of prohibition. Prohibition starts. This is all in the name of Christianity, in the name of morality, in the name of all that stuff.  All right, maybe we can do advice Zoom. Maybe we can do it in person. I don't know. We'll see. Let me finish my public speaking seminars.  All right. Thank you, guys. Mary Elaine, wow, $100. Really, really, really appreciate that. You and Sivanus made it, made, and of course all the other superchatters and a lot of stickers. Here's more stickers, Zakti, Art Lens Design, Donna E, and Kenny. I can't remember if we did Kenny already and John. Thank you all. Really, really appreciate it. And we blew past that target. And that is fantastic. I will see you all tomorrow about the same time, maybe an hour earlier for another news roundup. And I think we're on a regular schedule this week. So all is cool and all is good. Bye, everybody.