Hey, good evening everyone Welcome back to the evening session So for the evening talk, you know, we're gonna start with Abhirami Ravishankar who's gonna talk about Self-driving cars using open CV. So I know there are a lot of curious business specifically for this talk because It's about open CV. And that's you know, really up in the market at this point. So over to you All right. Thank you so much. So good evening everyone My name is Abhirami and I'm from Bangalore and we all know the traffic situation here and the number of accidents that happen on a Really basis during the peak hours. Well, at least before the pandemic began Life would be a lot simpler with self-driving cars and I was always keen to work on it I got introduced to open CV in my first year of engineering and it has a wide range of applications for both human and non-human detection I began this project as a step closer to innovating what already exists today and started it as a weekend project So today I'm going to be talking about set driving cars using open CV So the objective here is to basically understand the use of open CV for self-driving cars and to understand the needs of the obstacle present in front of it and Time it takes to basically move away from the obstacle and the nature of path that needs to be taken after encountering the obstacle So first what is a self-driving car a self-driving car is also known as an automatic vehicle or a robotic car Which is basically a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little to no human input Self-driving cars combine a variety of sensors to perceive their surroundings like radar, LiDAR, Sonar, GPS and other inertial measurement units Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths as well as obstacles and relevant signage So the concept of self-driving cars has actually been around for a few decades now Scientists in the beginning were actually brainstorming through a few ideas and faced problems One wouldn't be able to figure out without implementing it in the real world I would like to walk you through a small introduction into the history of self-driving cars Problems faced using certain techniques and what we know as a self-driving car today So a few things that have been here since the 1980s are basically hybrid navigation Homogenization and decoupling, vehicle communication systems, pre-programmability and digital races Now a lot of these terms might seem unfamiliar and are no longer used But I would like to explain them in this particular context to understand the evolution of self-driving cars today So firstly hybrid navigation Now there are different systems that help control the car Systems that need improvement include car navigation systems, control systems, location systems, knowing the environment, vehicle control Knowing the speed of the vehicle, the direction and other control methods Next, homogenization and decoupling Homogenization indicates the fact that all digital information assumes the same form The concept of homogenization also applies to autonomous vehicles In order for autonomous vehicles to proceed their surroundings, they have to have different techniques Each of their own accompanying digital information that is from like a radar, GPS, motion sensors or using computer vision Homogenization requires that digital information in these forms are transmitted and stored in the same form This means that their differences are decoupled and digital information can be transmitted, stored And computed in a way that vehicles and their operating systems can understand and act upon it Homogenization also helps to take advantage of the exponential increase in computing power of both hardware and software Which is basically the Moore's law and also supports autonomous vehicles to understand and act upon digital information In a more cost-effective way and therefore lowering the marginal costs of the vehicle Next, vehicle communication systems Individual vehicles may benefit from information obtained from other vehicles in the vicinity Especially information relating to traffic congestion and safety hazards Vacular communication systems use vehicles on the roadside and other roadside units Communicating nodes from a peer-to-peer network, providing each other with information This is rather ineffective and ideal for a world only with connected vehicles and no people involved Another useful factor is reprogrammability Another characteristic of autonomous vehicles is that the core product will have greater emphasis on software and its possibilities Instead of the chassis and the engine which are basically mechanical parts This is because autonomous vehicles have software systems that drive the vehicle Meaning that updates through reprogramming or editing the software can enhance the benefits of the owner That is, update a better distinguishing between a blind person and a not blind person So that the vehicle can take extra caution while approaching the blind person By recognizing a stick along with the person, which also works in the case of other differently-abled individuals A characteristic of this programmable part of the autonomous vehicle is that updates don't need to come only from the supplier Because through machine learning, smart autonomous vehicles can learn certain updates and install them accordingly Like new navigation maps, and in-tech intersection computer systems These reprogrammable characteristics of digital technology and the possibility of smart machine learning Gives the manufacturer of automobiles an opportunity to differentiate themselves on software This also implies that autonomous vehicles would never be finished because the product can continuously be improved Next, digital traces. Now autonomous vehicles are equipped with different sorts of sensors and radars And as said, this allows them to connect and interpolate with computers from other autonomous vehicles and roadside units This implies that autonomous vehicles have digital traces when they are connected And the data that comes from these traces can be allowed to develop new products or updates To enhance autonomous vehicles driving safety and its ability to actually perform well So what are the challenges faced? Well, all of the scientists somehow forgot that in the real world, especially in busy urban areas There would be hundreds of people walking across the street Even for an ideal first world country, where people usually follow traffic rules perfectly It is impossible to eliminate a scenario where there are no people or pets on the street Now coming to a very important factor where open CV plays a crucial role That is the human factor Self-driving cars are already exploring the field of difficulties in determining the intentions of pedestrians, bicyclists and people owning pets And the model and models the behavior that must be programmed into the driving algorithm Human road users also have the challenge of determining the intentions of autonomous vehicles Where there is no driver to which you can make eye contact or exchange hand signals Drive.ai is testing a solution to this problem That basically involves LED boards mounted outside the vehicle announcing Like going slow to not cross or waiting for you to cross This is rather counterproductive and makes the whole process much slower than if a human were to actually drive Now the handoff from automated driving to manual driving Which can become necessary because of unforeseeable road conditions Or if the vehicle has limited capabilities Now a sudden handoff could leave the human driver dangerously unprepared for the moment And in the long term humans would have less practice at driving And might have a lower skin level and thus be more dangerous in the manual mode Semi-automated cars have shown to suffer from this very problem For example Tesla autopilot ignoring the and people usually ignore the road And use their phones and perform other activities inside you know their car Against the advice of the company as the car is not capable of being completely autonomous In the near future pedestrians and bicyclists may travel in the street in a much riskier fashion When because they would believe that self-driving cars are capable of avoiding them In order for people to buy self-driving cars and allow them on the road The technology must be trusted as safe And as an engineering student I also came across Vimo and Uber's incident And it actually got me thinking how hard can it be? Well it turns out a lot Anyway this is how I built the primary prototype So the plan of action here was to basically find the depth of the obstacle present in front of it Calculating the total time the object spends in front of the camera Detecting the nature of obstacle present in front of it Whether it's a moving object or if it's a stationary object And the movement of the car based on this data received by the computer And works real-time and mostly using data fed into it over a period of time So the solution here is to basically use OpenCV Now what is OpenCV and why do we use it? OpenCV is basically an open-source library which is aimed at real-time computer vision The library was developed by Intel and its cross-platform It would support basically Python C++ Java and other programming languages Computer vision is a cutting-edge field of computer science That aims to enable computers to understand what is being seen in front of the image OpenCV is one of the most widely used libraries for computer vision tasks Like face recognition, motion recognition, object detection etc Several people have been working on this for a few decades now But only for specific applications And more to do with their software than software and hardware integration So I decided to attempt a combination of these applications Like lane detection, traffic light and signal detection Pedestrian detection into one prototype And also keeping in mind only the software point of view And trying to perfect it and later plan on scaling it into hardware If it's okay I'll take a little water break So one of the first things I did was basically traffic light detection So three things must be kept in mind Identifying the regions of interest Training a classifier, tracking and optimization So images from urban areas usually have a lot of things going on There are cars, pedestrians, traffic lights And a lot of information that needs to be processed at a quick rate The detection limits the amount of time Basically the amount of information that needs to be analyzed Into much smaller regions of interest Now the regions of interest presents a list of potential traffic light candidates And if it is implemented correctly The detection should improve the system speed and performance I would also like to talk about a few methods that I tried And also explain why I wouldn't recommend it So a lot of you might have heard about sliding windows Now I will explain why I did not use it So sliding windows is basically a box or also known as slides Across the image at every interval And the classifier checks if the contents inside the window Is the traffic light or if it is something else Sliding windows are simple, intuitive and easy to implement The purpose of the region of interest Is to limit the work that the classifier has to do If you were to use this approach We would need relatively small windows to catch the traffic light To handle the range of traffic light sizes We would have to run the sliding window approach Multiple times using different window sizes Or unconstruct an image pyramid So this would basically be an extremely complicated task Now color thresholding is also extremely popular Traffic lights emit one of the three colors Basically red yellow and green Or green The basic idea behind color thresholding Is basically to limit to where these three colors are present Anywhere where the image is not red, yellow or green Is set to basically black To effectively isolate the colors we are interested in A few considerations need to be covered Like color space, threshold cutoff And variation in illumination Typically images are present in the RGB color space However, RGB mixes the color and intensity information Through its channels This makes the RGB format sensitive to changes in lighting To detect the traffic lights We can't have variation in lighting Depending on whether what stops the threshold From picking out the right colors So to compare this Many opt to convert color spaces That separate color from image intensity Now some of the more viable options Are like spotlight detection So a spotlight is basically a bright area In an image surrounded by a darker area The idea behind this detection method Is that traffic lights will appear brighter Than their immediate surroundings The image is transformed into grayscale And a wild top hat filter is applied Now the wild top hat filter Highlights the areas that are brighter than their surroundings The spotlight detection method Is robust to variations in illumination Because of the structuring element Which is basically the kernel is applied locally Meaning uneven background illumination Would not be a problem We can find blob in the image And filter them by shape or size Unlike before we do not rely on color information Now another very advanced method Is blob analysis and morphological filters Blob basically stands for binary large object And refers to a group of connected pixels in an image So the image shown here Basically a dark connected region Known as blob And another example is a red thresholding Image basically shown here And so every red object is basically An image and can be viewed as a blob With important properties like shape and size So the color and blob based methods Customarily use morphological filters To refine the information and scene So morphology is a broad set of image processing And basically processes the images Based on its shape So the erosion and dilation Are two fundamental morphological operations So in dilation the object is in the foreground Is enlarged while the erosion erodes away The boundary of the foreground object So dilation is basically great For joining broken parts of an object And erosion comes in handy at later stages To remove noise Blob analysis can also help filter Non-traffic lights by comparing it To the blob's property of what we expect A traffic lights properties should be So the traffic light should be circular With the exception of like turn signals Because they are also circular in shape And would not take up a large part of the image So we select blobs that are somewhat circular But not too large And the final product is a set of traffic light candidates That need the shape and size criteria So next traffic sign detection Road sign recognition is a significant And essential part in intelligent vehicle navigation systems So the text and logo embedded in a road sign Usually contains a lot of information Such as guided direction And current traffic conditions of that particular road However it is a hard task to find An extract road signs exactly from a single natural image Due to complex backgrounds Variable light condition Appearance degeneration Perspective effects caused by the camera And the recognition of road signs is a challenging problem That has engaged the attention of the computer vision community For more than 30 years Since the road sign is normally highly contrasted In their backgrounds And rectangles are often designed for road signs Previously the approaches were divided into two categories That is color-based and shape-based methods The system recognizes and interprets various signs Using visual only information And therefore signs must be obscured By signs which may be basically obscured Is like blocked by other vehicles or trees Will not be recognized Here the algorithm is based on its core competence In vehicles and pedestrian detection The algorithm shares the attention, classification And tracking framework of these modules And uses robust classifiers Developed in these applications Trained on different examples So the algorithm used to detect the HSV Is for an image extraction Gaussian filter Is used The traffic sign is detected using the HSV And the HSV representation of colors Basically the hue determines the color that you want Saturation determines how intense the color And value determines the light Lightness of the image High variance in sign appearance has made the detection And recognition of road signs A computer vision problem over which many studies Have recently been performed Road signs use particular colors and geometric shapes To attract the driver's attention However, the difficulty recognizing road signs Are largely because the colors might fade Or peel off because of long duration of exposure To the sun and basically they can get damaged Air pollution and air condition can decrease The visibility of road signs Outdoor lighting conditions may vary from day to night And affect the colors being perceived by the camera Obstacles like trees, poles, buildings and pedestrians Or vehicles that are present in front Can basically block the signs from being viewed By the camera Also video images of road signs Basically suffer from blurring In the view that the camera order Is mounted on top of a moving vehicle So a solution to this is basically the images Could be pre-processed in stages With an image processing technique Like a threshold technique, caution filter Canny edge detection, contour or fit ellipse And these stages are performed to recognize The traffic sign patterns And the main reason to select this method Is to reduce the computational cost In order to facilitate clear time implementation So the first strategy is to reduce the number of MLP Also known as multi-layer perception inputs By pre-processing traffic sign image And the second strategy is to search For the best network architecture Which reduces the complexity By selecting a suitable error criteria for training The system was trained Using a training dataset Validated with a validating dataset To find the best network architecture So the cross-variation technique Is implemented with a training dataset Validating dataset As well as a test dataset So recent experiments show consistent results With accurate classifications Of traffic sign backgrounds With complex background images Now moving on to pedestrian detection Pedestrian detection is a very important area of research Because it can enhance the functionality Of pedestrian protection system In a self-driving car We can extract features Like one head, two arms and two legs From the image of a human body And pass it into a machine learning model To train it And after training The model can be used to detect And track humans in images and video streams But lucky for us OpenCV has a built-in method To detect pedestrians And it has a pre-trained HOG HOG is basically a histogram of oriented gradients And a linear SVM model To detect pedestrians in images and video streams So what is an HOG or a histogram of oriented gradients? So the algorithm basically checks Directly surrounding pixels Of every single pixel And the goal is to check how darker The current pixel is Compared to the surrounding pixels So the algorithm draws And arrows each of the adjoining pixels Which are basically darker And it repeats the process For each and every pixel in the image At last every pixel is now replaced by an arrow And these arrows are called gradients And these gradients show the flow of light From a lighter region to a darker region And by using these gradients Further analysis can be performed Now lane detection There are multiple ways we can perform lane detection We can use a learning-based approach Like training a deep learning model Or on an annotated video data set Or by using a pre-trained model Capturing and decoding the video file is the first step We can capture the video using video capture object And after the capturing has been initialized Every video frame is decoded That is converted into a sequence of images The second step is grayscale conversion of the image So the video frames that are in RGB format That is red, green and blue RGB is converted to a grayscale Because processing a single channel image Is faster than processing a three-color image Then the third step is to reduce noise Noise can create false edges and therefore Before going further, it is extremely important To perform image smoothening A logic filter is used to perform this process Next, canny edge detector It computes the gradients in all directions Of our blurred image And traces the edges with large changes in intensity Then region of interest This step takes into account only the regions Covered by the road lane A mask is created Which is of the same dimension as the road image Further, a bitwise and operator is performed Between each pixel of the canny image and this mask It ultimately masks the canny image And shows the region of interest Traced by the polygonal contour of the mask Then the hue line transform The hue line transform is a transform Used to detect state lines And the parallelistic hue line transform Used here gives an output As the extremes of the lines are detected So the library is used for this task At basically a cross-open series Mathplotlib and NumPy So to conclude, I would like to say It is extremely important to keep in mind The human behavioural aspect of self-driving cars Before venturing into it And I hope you learnt quite a bit from my talk If you have any questions or would like to know more Please feel free to contact me And also I did a good amount of research Into this topic for a few months Before dipping my feet into it And I made it a point to learn from articles About failed projects And why it didn't work And why it has taken about 40 years People, since people started working on it To achieve a small amount of autonomy That these, you know, cars have Thank you Hey, great, great talk, Abirami So I know there are a lot of questions actually And we've asked them to, you know, Reach out to you on Zulep So thanks a lot, again, and up next


Hey everybody this is Brett and today I am super excited to go over this brand new 2020 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon X4 by E. This Wrangler has the 2-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine. It's paired up with the hybrid system. It's going to get you 375 horsepower and 470 foot-pounds of torque. It's going to get you 49 miles per gallon equivalent and it'll get you 20 miles per gallon on just the gas engine and it has about a 22 to 23 mile range on all electric. I'm going to go all the way around in this video show you all the options with this particular Jeep. This is the new color for 2024 which is Anvil. It replaced the Sting gray clearcoat and I honestly think that this might be the best looking Wrangler I have ever seen. With the 4 by E obviously the blue trim you get the Rubicon. You get the steel bumpers with the Rubicon X package and you get the outlined Rubicon lettering on the hood. You get the black decal with the 4 by E around it. Everything about this Jeep just looks fantastic. You get the satin black grill, the LED headlamps of course. We're going to turn all those on at the end of the video. Let's take a look under the hood. Like I said before this one has the 2 liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine and it's paired up with a hybrid system. Really the only place that you really see anything hybrid related is that orange cord right there that goes back to the batteries. That's really the only thing that differentiates this from a normal 2 liter turbo that you can see under the hood anyways. Here's the emission sticker. Like I said this one has the satin black hood with the hybrid package. You get the blue tow hooks, the metal bumpers, and of course the LED running lights, headlights, and the running lights and the fenders are also all part of the Rubicon X package that you get standard. This one does have the color match fenders and the color match hardtop. I'll show you a couple little Easter eggs. You get the sandals and the shroud there. You get the Jeep climbing up the side, new for 24. You get the antenna in the windshield. It's no longer on the fender and now that it's not on the fender they put a second trail rated badge on there. The Jeep lettering is all outlined in blue. You get the rock rails part of the Rubicon X package. You get the seven slotted grille. You also get seven slots right up there on that cowl as well. Take these doors off with your Torx 50 bit. You get the heavy-duty brakes on the back. I love these wheels that painted with the machined aluminum lips on there. Also with the hybrid package you get the blue Jeep logo on there as well. The center caps are all different for 2024 as well as the wheels and this one comes with BF Goodridge all-terrain TA KO2 LT28570R17 tires patterned to them. You also get the LED tail lamps. Like I said I'm going to turn on all these lights at the end of the video so you can see just how bright they are. You also have the toning package with the receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring on here as well. Matching spare tire. Take a quick look at the back here. This is your bag for your charging unit. You get storage under here. This is your actual charger for plugging it into the wall. You get all your bolt holders. Also has the Alpine premium sound system. You can take these hard tops off. You get the insulated hard tops here. The quick disconnects over here and we actually did a demo on how to take your hard top off. It's no different on a hybrid than it is a normal four-door wrangler. Check out that demo. It's in the description below. You get the seven slots on the back of the door. You get the wheel base two-door four-door and overall length as well as water forwarding and where it was developed and built in. These are made in Toledo, Ohio. Really a good looking Jeep. I just love the color scheme. Everything is so well matched on this vehicle. This is where you plug in your hybrid. Now it's going to take two hours on a 240 volt to charge this and then on a 120 it takes about 12 hours roughly. Now this is the best part of this vehicle. This interior is amazing. The black leather, the power seats, and then you get the blue stitching with the hybrid package. The blue Rubicon stitching to the backrest. That is just the best part of this wrangler. This is my favorite interior by far. I saw a Sahara the other day that had the black with the gold stitching with the leather. That looked really good too. Here's your hybrid system. You get hybrid, electric, and e-save. Basically e-save runs just the gas engine. All electric obviously turns the gas engine off if it can and then the hybrid uses a combination of both. You get the red metal piece right there. I'm sorry, red. The blue metal piece right there. You get this kind of Gore-Tex material on there as well. The blue stitching on the armrest, power locks, power mirrors. I'm not going to go through too much of the radios. I've done a million of these and this one does have the seven-inch LCD display. You get the blue outline Rubicon animation at the beginning there. Digital spinometer. You can see your charge on your battery over here. Also your power percentage and charge percentage there as well. That's kind of different on the hybrids. You get the leather wrap steering wheel with the blue stitching on there. Cruise controls, adaptive cruise controls, regular or Bluetooth and information center controls, audio controls on the back. This one does have the navigation system on it and we'll show you all the stuff on the window sticker here just in a minute. It's also linked in the description below. A link to the window sticker. There's how a 41. They've made this nab system like five times faster than the old Uconnect fours. Push button start. Down here's all your climate volume and tune controls. Heated steering wheel. This one has this is the recharge mode. So this is kind of cool. So like when you press that button, it'll actually use the vehicle's speed. If you're if you let off the gas, it'll actually use the brakes and everything to recharge the batteries and the deceleration basically to recharge those batteries.  You're locking axles. You can do the rear or the front and the rear four wheel drive, four auxiliary switches, which you get with the tow package, then the eight speed automatic transmission. Keyless entry with the remote start. Flipper key on there really like that. There's another look at that Gore-Tex material. They've switched the vents around for 2024 because of the bigger radio, auto dimming mirror, home link buttons, assistant SOS buttons. You get the insulated hard top pieces in the front as well. And so what I'm gonna do is I will turn on all the lights, do a walk around with all the lights off in the picture studio so you can see how bright they are and then we'll check out that original window sticker and we'll be all done with this one. Let me know if you want to see anything different in these videos in the comments below. I'm always looking to make these videos better and if you stuck around this long just stick around a minute more and we'll have everything covered. Alright so you can see just how bright those lights are. All the LED is really a great thing that Jeep did making these standard on the Rubicon Sahara and Rubicon X package. Optional on the Sport S package. But you can see just how bright they are, how wide they illuminate and very very nice upgrade over the standard headlamps that they had in 2023 when the LED headlights were an option. Get those LED tail lamps on there as well. Alright let's go check out that original window sticker. Okay here's the original window sticker. I'm not going to go through everything most of it though. Anvil clear coat, paint codes PDS if you were curious. Black interior, get the Napa leather seats, 2.0 liter I4 dual overhead cam direct injection turbo PHEV engine. So the electric hybrid 8-speed automatic transmission. Everything on your left here is your standard equipment for the Rubicon package and 4xE package. Interior features right there. Uconnect 5 is standard. Anvil clear coat exterior paint is $5.95. The preferred package 29Y which is the Rubicon X package is $9,000. Now this is what it all gives you though. You get those Napa leather seats with the power driver and passenger seat, the heated seats, heated steering wheel, acoustic front, seat area carpet, acoustic laminated front door glass, Alpine premium audio system with the subwoofer and back HD radio, active noise control system, connected travel and traffic services. You connect nav with the 12.5 inch touchscreen, navigation system, the body color Rubicon Highline flare. Those are that's fancy for the fender flares that are color matched. The color match hardtop, blind spot cross path detection, remote start system, automatic high beam headlamp control, park sense rear park assist system, integrated off-road camera, rear window defrost, rear window wiper washer, hardtop headliner by Mopar, freedom storage bag, steel front and rear bumpers, and then the performance satin black grille by Mopar 325. Total MSRP on this one is $73.210 to get your summit price with all the rebates incentives on this vehicle in the upper right hand part screen and linked in the description below is a link to this vehicle on our website. Click that and go check out all the pictures. Go check out the spin and copies of this window sticker. Like I said, this window sticker will also be in the description below but go check us out there. If it's still available, it'll pop up. If it's not available, it should say sold in the title of this video. Three year 36 bumper to bumper five year or I'm sorry three year 36 bumper to bumper warranty five year 60 powertrain you get eight year 100,000 mile hybrid system limited warranty and eight year 100,000 mile high voltage battery warranty. So basically all the hybrid stuff is covered for eight years or 100,000 miles and the normal engine is five years 60 and transmission. Here is the fuel economy for the hybrid system so 49 miles per gallon equivalent is what that E stands for 22 miles on electric range and then you get a combined total of 370 range 370 miles for gas and electric combined and then once just the gas engine is 20 miles per gallon. There are all your emissions setting ratings I guess you could say so six and seven and seven so closer to the best than other Wranglers and then the rollovers three so that's everything on this one.  The only thing that's different on the back seats with these hybrid Wranglers is this seat right here actually folds up like that and then this seat comes down instead of the whole thing going flat on the floor like a normal Wrangler and that's because this is where the hybrid batteries are so this is where the batteries live right under this seat that's why it's up a little bit and you don't get quite as flush of a transition from the back of the seat to the storage area with the hybrid system so that's the one main thing that is different on these Wranglers. 2024 they also added side curtain airbags which is a big deal on the Wranglers as well as they had never had those before but anyways thank you so much for checking out the video and like I said see more pictures of this Jeep or one of our other 550 new and used cars trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers you name it we got to go to the website right there summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle all at summitauto.com and if you want to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto click the bell notifications get updates in the videos I do each and every day as well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle walk-arounds and Wrangler walk-arounds on YouTube 9,000 videos over 500 Wrangler videos that have done all at youtube.com slash summit auto in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to the YouTube channel the upper left a link to all the Wrangler videos I've ever done in the upper right a link to how to take your hard top off your Jeep Wrangler in the lower left and a link to how to take your doors off your Jeep Wrangler in the lower right click those check us out we're super excited to be offering the 2024 and what I consider the best-looking Wrangler I have ever seen Jeep Wrangler Rubicon X in Anvil clear coat with the 4 by E system on it thank you so much for checking out the video remember to like subscribe and share on the YouTube channel I really appreciate it thanks again


Today, I'd like to talk to you about mole ratios and its relationship to energy. We all know that when we have food to eat, that the more food we eat, the more energy we get out of it. Well, chemical reactions are not that much different than eating food. In fact, you can say that our food breakdown is a chemical reaction. But what you may not understand is that there is a finite amount of energy that can be given off by any chemical reaction. And so we'd like to talk about that just briefly this morning. If we look at this chemical reaction, which is the reaction or combustion of hydrogen with oxygen to form water, we see that our delta H, which is our energy that's given off for this reaction, is a negative 364 kilojoules per mole. How we can write this or say it another way is that two moles of hydrogen would convert or combust to give us negative 364 kilojoules of energy. You can also say that in this reaction, one mole of oxygen would give you the same quantity of energy. And so we can ask ourselves this question, what if we didn't have the same ratios here of these materials? How would that affect the amount of energy that we would get from this reaction? Suppose I told you that we didn't have just two moles of hydrogen, but rather we have four moles of hydrogen. How would we determine the amount of energy that we would get from using four moles of hydrogen? We need to understand here that when I say four moles of hydrogen, I'm saying this, that we have four moles of hydrogen and we have plenty of oxygen to react with it to completely convert it to water. Thus, hydrogen would not be left within our process. If that is the case, then here's how we would set that up. We would say we have four moles of hydrogen times negative 364 kilojoules for every two hydrogens. The two comes from this coefficient here. And the answer to our question then would be that from four moles of hydrogen we would double the amount of heat that would be emitted and we'll have a negative 728 kilojoules of energy. Now, let's think about this from a different direction. Notice that instead of having knowing how much reactants we had, we simply knew the amount of energy that we got out of the reaction. And let's say that we had an unknown mixture which had plenty of oxygen available and wanted to know how much hydrogen was reacted. What if I told you that we had a negative 182 kilojoules of energy per mole? A negative 182 kilojoules of energy that was emitted by the reaction. And we were trying to determine how much hydrogen was reacted. We go back to our equation again and we say that there's two hydrogens for every 364 kilojoules of energy. In this instance then it would mean that we would only react one mole of hydrogen. So we can use energy as a way of calculating the amount of chemical that has reacted. We can also predict based on the amount of materials that are present how much energy will be given. Is this practical? The answer is yes, it's practical. And not only is it practical, it's something that's important for this reason. There are systems that we use every day that would have limits to the amount of energy or the amount of heat that they can take at any given time. So engineers use these sorts of calculations to design our automobiles, our airplanes, many things that emit or use energy. And so as you move forward think about this process and also think about your bodies because the chemical reactions that take place within our bodies when we consume food are not greatly different than these. I hope that you've learned something from this this morning and thank you.


Hi, my name is Danny and welcome to Esoteric Moment. This week I wanted to take an opportunity to do my own video response to a question that I asked over at Pagan Perspective. I have included a link down below to the videos that they answered. The question that I posed to Pagan Perspective was about leadership in the Pagan community. Now I had read some blogs and heard some podcasts in the spring of 2014 that inspired this question. I wanted to know what other people thought about Pagan leadership, specifically how we educate and encourage those leaders in our community and whether people could do both Pagan leadership jobs and their own day job, or whether we needed to be able to support those people through the community efforts themselves. To begin with, I would like to just say that from my perspective, there are already leaders in the Pagan community. I know that on my personal path, the main authority for what I believe is true and right comes from nature itself and my own personal meditation and reflections and life with divinity. I can see how certain individuals would feel that because their authority for spiritual belief comes from themselves or nature that they don't need nor should they have any leaders. I would argue though that we are a community of people with similar but not exact beliefs or ways of interacting with the world. And because we are a group of people and humans are social animals, we naturally have some individuals who have more power in our group and those people we often call leaders. They might be the authors of popular books, they might be influential YouTubers, they might be leaders in specific sanctuary. For example, authors might be Scott Cunningham. A lot of people read him. He might be a Pagan leader. Someone who organizes a group and leads that, you might have Selena Fox from Circle Sanctuary or Philip Kargom who's the chief jurid of OBOD. Those people I think are clearly leaders because a group, a subgroup of Pagans in the community have recognized and looked to those individuals for direction or inspiration. I don't think having Pagan leaders is a bad thing. I don't think we need a single leader or even a panel or group of leaders to try and represent the whole community. We really are very diverse and I'm not sure that it's necessary to kind of try and put us all together or try and unify us in some big effort. But the natural leaders, the spontaneous leaders that happen in our community do need support. Many of the people that we already look to as leaders have some sort of education or natural inclination towards leadership. Maybe they have a background in psychology. Maybe they have a background in working with activism and organizing people. Maybe they just are a really strong natural leader themselves. Their personality is someone who just inspires groups of people around them. My question is, do we as a community need to support this education and continue this education? And what would that education look like? I think it's important that the people who are in leadership positions, whether they want to be there or whether they happen to find themselves there, feel supported by the community. Many spiritual faiths have divinity schools, pastoral care courses. These are all methods that allow individuals to feel confident and gain skills that allow them to better serve their communities. I think it would be really worthwhile if the pagan community helped get together to create some of these things, to encourage our leaders to go outside and use divinity schools or master courses that already exist to gain some of those skills. It can be really draining to hear all the problems of other people or have to negotiate and mediate between lots of different individuals. And when you put it in the frame of spirituality, you are often dealing with very difficult topics like death, illness, very triggering issues for people. I think our leaders are better served when they have the skills and the confidence to be able to help people in those situations. It also gives us as a community a chance to validate what a person is saying and really be confident that this person who says they're a leader actually have the skills to back that up. The final part of the question was about whether pagan leaders can have a day job or whether they should be dedicated leaders. And this is where I'm really torn. On one hand, I see the great benefit to the community of having our leaders be both a leader and a regular Joe. It allows leaders to stay in touch with what an average person has to deal with, balancing faith and work. It also doesn't put the pressure of supporting an individual financially on the community. And the community is not very big, so supporting a leader financially would be a big cost to bear. At the same time, having a dedicated leader means that the community has people that they can go to at any time of the day whenever they are struck with need. You might have a spiritual crisis at 2 a.m. You might have a spiritual crisis at 2 p.m. It really helps to have someone who's available at all times. I think even watching all of the videos this week, I'm still not very confident. I'm where I fall between having dedicated leaders and people who are torn between two. I just wanted to thank everyone at Pagan Perspective for their great videos. I loved hearing all the different perspectives, and I feel like it was a fun conversation this week. For those of you who watch Pagan Perspective, or if you don't, you should, I will now be the Thursday substitute host. So be sure to head over there this next week to meet all of your new substitute hosts. Always thanks for watching, and have a great week!


Hi, I'm Alex Hoensark, Chair of the Consumer Product Safety Commission. I hope you and your family have a safe and happy holiday season. One of my favorite traditions in the holidays is to get together with my family to cook our favorite recipes. But beware, the most cooking fires occur on Thanksgiving Day. On average, 1600 occur on that day each year. Never leave the stove unattended. If you're frying a turkey, do it outside and away from your home. Now's the time the family start to deck their homes with festive decorations. But don't overload electrical outlets with holiday lights. Don't connect more than three sets of string lights together. Keep candles in sight and distant from flammable items like trees, tinsel, and drapes. Battery-operated candles are also a great alternative to open flame. For more information on holiday safety and recalls, go to cpsc.gov. And I hope you and yours have a great holiday season.


My schedule said that this was a drop-by, and it really is. It started this morning, and it hasn't stopped. I'm amazed that I'm even close to being on schedule by this time. Well, I didn't have any meetings with congressmen, so that's probably why I'm still on schedule. Well, I heard that all of you would be here today in connection with the American Women in Radio and Television Symposium at the FCC headquarters tomorrow, and I just couldn't pass up the chance to come by and say hello. It's particularly appropriate for you to be meeting at this time, since this is American Business Women's Day. And as some of the most prominent women in communications, you are outstanding examples of how high, talented, and hard-working women can climb in our society. Of course, as established professionals, in your own right, your effect and influence are immeasurable. And that brings me to the second reason I wanted to come by. You're all part of one of the newest and most exciting industries in the world. And I feel a very special attachment to you, because as maybe some of you know, although it was a long time back, I had the chance to share in the excitement of the broadcasting industry in its earliest days. They were so early, in fact, that I won't go into details. But we really believe in this administration that your industry has enormous potential for good, and that's why we want to decrease government interference. So it'll grow bigger and better and enrich the lives of the American people by giving them more and more choices for entertainment, news, and other services. In this connection, I want to thank Mark Fowler and Mimi Dawson for working with you and your President Jerry Warwick-Christman in sponsoring this symposium. It's another example of a private sector initiative working in successful partnership with the public sector. And I'm certain that exchanges that take place between today and tomorrow will result in advances, not only in the traditional communication areas, but in new services and technologies as well. So you have my very best wishes for a successful conference, and I hope you'll accept from an old ex-broadcaster personal best wishes to each one of you in your individual careers. And I can't resist telling at least one story back from the good old days. I don't know, and I don't mean to get into anything here or run any risk, but back in those days I was a sports announcer. I broadcast the Cubs and Sox games, home games out of Chicago and Big Ten football games back in the Midwest, but you also had to double in brass when you were doing those that you did staff duty as an announcer and so forth. And I remember one day that there was a very noted evangelist from California who came to our town, the late Amy Semple McPherson. Many of you are probably too young to have heard about some of her adventures, but they asked her to be interviewed in our station and why they should ask a sports announcer to interview Amy Semple McPherson. I'll never know, but they did. And I asked her a few questions and she went into a very fervent plea concerning the success of her evangelistic meetings. And I sat down until I heard her saying good night to our radio audience and I looked up at the clock and there were three minutes to go and I didn't know enough about her to fill three minutes, that is, that I could put on the air. So I did like this, which meant get a record ready and came up to the microphone and said, ladies and gentlemen, we conclude this broadcast by the noted evangelist Amy Semple McPherson with a brief interlude of transcribed music. I expected nothing less than the Ave Maria. The Mills Brothers started singing, Many the Moochers Wedded Day. She did not say goodbye, she left us to leave. And I can tell you as she left her mink coat was standing right out straight in the air behind her. Well, if I get into that, I will be behind schedule here and it's been a great pleasure to have a few minutes with all of you. God bless you all.


Mr. Chairman, Secretary-General ITU, Deputy Secretary-General, Directors BDT, Army and Standardization, Vice-Chairman, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen. On behalf of the Bhutanese delegation, I would like to thank the Argentinian Government for kindly hosting this very important WTDC 2017 in this great historic city of Buenos Aires. I would also like to congratulate and offer our best wishes to BDT for the 25th anniversary celebration which will be held the after tomorrow. Excellencies, as the distinguished speakers before me, our Government also believes the very important role of ICT in achieving the SDGs and also in terms of enhancing our development. At the Policy Framework, although we are very new to the ICT agenda, the Bhutan Information Communication Media Act 2016 has to be repealed very shortly to be replaced by the ICM Act 2016. In terms of policy, the Bhutan Telecom Communications and Broadband Policy 2014 is the legal framework currently and it is also in this framework that we have received ITU support. The e-government policy is trying to integrate holistically different aspects of our ICT strategies and objectives to bring under one policy framework. In terms of infrastructure, the Government has laid 3,300 kilometres of national fibre optics built with the generous assistance of our development partners, both bilateral and multilateral. These fibres are being given free to our telecom operators in order to keep the prices low, in order to ensure that connectivity is affordable and accessible. Despite this, the people still find the internet prices high and the usage on a turnover basis is still very low. The challenge that we have faced in Bhutan as a very small mountainous rugged country is the last mile connectivity and the marginal cost of delivering internet connectivity beyond the urban centres. But withstanding this, I believe that the SDGs can be facilitated with the use of ICTs but it is access to affordable ICT that is going to be the game changer. As has been in the last 30-40 years of global development, education to be the key in bringing people out of poverty into developing economies. I think it is access to affordable connectivity in today's modern digital economy that is going to be a prerequisite for most of our governments to deliver that inclusive development to our citizens. We have two international gateways and we hope that we will be able to build on this in trying to improve and bring access to a third international gateway in order for Bhutan to be positioned itself and take advantages of the green environment, especially for green data centres. For a small country, we have 79% internet coverage with 93.3% mobile subscribers. However, as I stated earlier, the actual usage is very low and this is primarily due to the affordability issue. As a landlocked country, we are constrained in bringing reasonable priced internet bandwidth and like most LDCs and in particular Bhutan being LLDC, we are heavily constrained in the international bandwidth that we receive from outside. This is an area that we hope that we will be able to receive support and cooperation and also be guided by ITU as they have in bringing us up to date. Especially with their assistance, we have been now able to set up in 2016 Bhutan Computer Incident Response Centre to begin to address the threats of cyber security. With their ITU support, we are also now getting the digital roadmap through. About a month ago, the cabinet had approved our roadmap to ensure that we are ready for digital broadcasting and we look forward to the support of all our development partners. Thank you very much.