I'm not quite sure how long these are going to last, but I think we've decided on about an hour in length. So if anybody has to go early, you're welcome to do so. If you want to stay late, I can answer questions if you have any and we'll see how this proceeds. One thing I have to warn you about, my granddaughter gave me this cold, the third time in a row now. So if I suddenly start acting irrationally, it's because I'm trying to hold back a cough and you'll have to give me a few minutes to control myself. I also have a weird sense of humor so you can laugh anytime you want. I thought I'd add this ending right away in case nobody showed up and I was pretty close to it too. Okay, I want to give you a short background here and a little advertising. I've been here since 2001 and we collaborate a lot with the Spoying Astronomical Society. We have one of our former members here. We have a meeting tonight and you're not at the meeting? No? I thought this would be more interesting. Well, good for you. No, what I want to point out is our society assembled in your 1993. Our 1973, boy am I off. And if you do the math from 1973 to 2013, that makes 40 years. So we have a 40th anniversary this year. When we formed the society, we noticed that the Spoying Press had an announcement that the comet of the century was coming. That sound familiar? They're talking about comet of the century now. This particular comet was named Komet Kehutek. It was going to be fantastic. You could see it during the daytime and people were going to get so interested in astronomy. So I came to UW Spoying and I borrowed some of the telescopes. I think Al Keppel was the astronomy teacher then. And we made arrangements to set them up at the Spoying Memorial Mall. So that people could look at the comet with a telescope. The comet was not as spectacular as we had been promised. What happened was that comets can't be predicted. They're all different ages. They have different components. Some last longer. Some resist the pressure of the sun more. And you never know what's going to happen. So it was kind of disappointing. The comet itself was about second magnitude. If you can picture the stars as a big dipper, that's second magnitude. So it was easy enough to see with binoculars and a telescope, but it wasn't a very nice object to look at with the naked eye. So I'm hoping that we won't get disappointed. Again, this year, when you're talking about the comet of the century, this is actually what the comet looked like if you were out in the country, out from the mall area, you could only see the white areas to the left. You could see the head and a little bit of the coma and a short extended tail. So it was disappointing. This new comet that's approaching and that's been so highly talked about is named Comet Isund. And it should be here around about October. And then it'll spend a couple months within our area and it'll take off again. The nice thing about this comet is, it's coming out of the Northern Hemisphere, diving straight for the sun and then leaving the same way. So it should be an observer's dream for Northern Hemisphere observers. And we're very lucky to see this kind of thing. There are actually two bright comets coming. Besides Comet Isund, there's another one coming next month. And that's already starting to fizzle out. So I don't know if we can have a good view of that one, but we'll try to have some telescope set up for people to look at. Before I continue, I want to give you a little idea of what we do on campus. We have four astronomy classes during the year. During the summer, we have astronomy 100, which is a survey of astronomy. That was the only astronomy class we had when it came to campus. Astronomy 100 contains everything, solar system, the stars, galaxies. And we found that that was a very short time to cover so much material. So we decided to split the course into two parts, into two semesters. Now we have astronomy 105 in the fall, which deals with the solar system only. Much more convenient. 106, which is this current semester, is called stellar systems. We talk about black holes, galaxies, anything outside the solar system. And in the fall, we have astronomy 291, which is about spaceflight. And that's one of the more exciting courses of all four of them, because now on our schedule, we have possible balloon flights, high altitude balloon flights, going up to 100,000 feet. We're still trying to look for different kinds of payloads to add to such objects. So far, we've just launched cameras. And you can't launch them from Sheboygan because most of the prevailing winds go to the east. You can have payloads costing several thousand dollars go in the drink or end up in Michigan if you're launching from this area. So launches usually take place in the Madison area. With the last launch, the balloon came down directly over the campus. I thought, oh my gosh, it's Saturday, all the students are out. Somebody's gonna grab the payload and take it to their dorm. But we lucked out because the payload landed on top of a building.  So that worked out okay. The balloons have GPS on board so you can track them with like these little tablets you have here. They show you a map of the ground and the exact position underneath the balloon. And then it's a race with the chase cars that try to get to be the first person to find the balloon. It's a lot of fun. Okay, so here's the comet that's coming next month. It's named Pan Stars. It should be visible about 45 minutes after sunset if you look directly west, which would be about this direction. This is one that was promised to be almost visible by eye comet. But as I said before, it's a race starting to fizzle out a little bit. So we'll have to see what happens. This is the comet Ison that so much hullabaloo is being put out with. It's this tiny dot inside these two crosshairs. And it's currently about five astronomical units away from the sun. The average distance between the earth and the sun is one astronomical unit. So it's just crossing the orbit of Jupiter. It's got a long ways to go till it gets here, but most comets don't get that bright at such a distance away from the sun. And that's what they're hoping for. Here we go. Okay, so maybe we can understand these two comets better if we look at comets in general. See what they're made of, where they come from, if they have differences in types, and what kind of damage we could get if one of them would hit the earth. That's a main concern to scientists. Back in the 1980s, a comet got too close to Jupiter and it came apart. It was called a string of pearls, an elongated object. And when it came back towards Jupiter, a whole year later, it struck the atmosphere and caused gigantic explosions. So scientists wanted to know what would happen during impacts and they got their answer. If there would have been dinosaurs on the cloud layers of Jupiter, they would have been dead. Another attempt at humor. Okay, so throughout history, comets have often been connected with bad and good omens. Here's an example of King Harold of England during his death scene. And in the upper part, you can see a comet. So many artists connected comets with bad things that were happening. In another case, here's the nativity. Jesus being born. And what do you know, up on top is a comet. So people think that the wise men that came to visit Jesus may have been astrologers and they must have known about new things in the sky. They wanna see a big comet. They wanna be interested in following it.  Images like this lead astronomers to believe that comets in general have kind of fizzled out. There must have been a lot more bigger comets, what they call sun grazers. And these have fizzled out maybe because comets evolve. They lose a lot of their volatiles each time they pass a sun. So only comets from far away can retain that much on their surfaces. Okay, so perhaps the best known comet of all is Comet Halley. It was the first comet to be predicted on its return. Halley takes about 76 years to complete a trip around the sun. Sometimes that's plus or minus two years. That's because the volatiles being emanated from it produce jets which act like a rocket engine. And that causes it to speed up or slow down. Interesting thing about Comet Halley is that it travels in a retrograde direction. All the planets in the solar system move from west to east in a direct orbit. Anything that moves in the opposite direction is in a retrograde path. So this means that Comet Halley must have come close to one of the planets that's sometimes in the past. And the gravity from the planet must have ejected it in the opposite direction. Comet Halley is also one of the items that are called short period comets. Any comet that orbits the sun in less than 110 years is a short period comet. Anything that takes longer is a long period comet. And both of these comets that we're expecting these year this year are long period comets. One of the differences between the two is that short period comets have passed the sun a number of times and each time that happens they lose some of the volatiles in them. The long period comets may take 40, 50,000 years before they pass the sun again. So that makes them live longer. Of course on occasion some of them can pass a planet and get captured so that the length of time is much shorter. Halley's comet was also found to have a magnetic field. The first such object that was kind. What this indicates to me is that it must have been part of a larger body maybe almost planetary size. Something that broke apart with the inner core being reserved for a magnetic field. And that relates us to the question of where do comets come from? Some astronomers think they're leftover material from the formation of the solar system not just our solar system but from other locations as well. Kind of like the after births of the solar system. This is the head of comet Halley. About 1910 when it made a close approach to the earth our planet passed right through the tail of the comet. People were really upset. They had done a spectroscopic analysis of the elements inside the comet. And they found that there's arsenic vapors inside the comet.  Lucky they didn't have the internet back then. Because there were all kinds of hucksters who made comet pills and they tried to sell them to people. Buy our pills now and you'll live. There were many people who committed suicide because they were worried about dying from this poisoning from the comet. You know some pieces of water that have been collected they appear to have come from comets. Another thing that comets might harbor is bacteria. Not the bacteria we have on earth but bacteria that might float between the planets. Remember the big commotion back in was it 2006 about the piece that came from Mars. When they looked inside with an electron microscope they found what looked like tiny fossil creatures that may have existed on Mars. Well we can use radio telescopes to study interstellar clouds. And we find that they contain stuff like amino acids which are necessary for life. Alcohol definitely necessary for life. And all kinds of important things. So if you have diseases and stuff that can incubate inside or on the surface of comets you know we might have some of our flu strains reaching us periodically. They could easily filter through the atmosphere and make us sick. The black death for instance could have been come from comets. There are three main parts of a comet that will help us understand these objects better. We at the center of a comet is what's called the nucleus looks just like an asteroid only when it's far away from the sun it presents a solid surface to us. Underneath the layer of the solid surface are all kinds of volatiles. As the comet was orbiting the sun it released a lot of dust that spread out and as it left the vicinity of the sun the dust settled down again. There might be a layer of a couple feet thickness covering these volatiles. On occasion an impact or a storm from the sun might release some of these volatiles and it will ignite this furnace on the comet itself. So you can have a solar flare, an impact all kinds of ways to release material from the surface of this particular nucleus. And when that happens here's what the comet looks like. It looks like it's developing an atmosphere, material that's bubbling off the surface but the gravity of the comet is still strong enough to keep to retain these particles. Most of them are about the size of a grain of sand but there are some larger particles too. So this is called the coma. There are some comets that approach the sun not too great of a distance away and leave without developing anything more than a coma. They don't remember anything after that. Okay, as a coma develops eventually the particles exert enough influence so they can escape from the gravitational field of the comet. And when that happens particles from the sun take over. Sunlight has pressure on gas particles and there are protons and neutrons, electrons that come from the sun and they push against this material and they force the coma backwards.  Anything larger than a grain of sand is a sporadic meteor and sporadic meteors come from the asteroid belt. Occasionally you have collisions in the asteroid belt and the particles that break off can be some big chunks, little chunks, they spiral inward and eventually encounter the earth. And these are the objects that can land on the surface. Most asteroids are found between the area of the planet's Mars and Jupiter. This is in the area called the asteroid belt. Sometimes there are collisions in the asteroid belt and that will make the asteroid appear like it's a comet because a coma and a tail develop. So astronomers sometimes have a hard time distinguishing between the two. Is there a comet or an asteroid? Tastes great, less filling, tastes great, less filling. Watch the Super Bowl. I miss those commercials. So here's a collision that was photographed with a Hubble Space Telescope of two asteroids that collided. You can see material coming off one of the asteroids, forming a tail and elongated object. So this could be called a transition asteroid, or a transition comet. All depends on if this is dust or some kind of volatiles that have been hidden inside the asteroid. This is the third part of a comet, it's a tail. Comets have two tails. One is a dust tail and one is a gas tail. The bluish colored object is the gas tail. It always points directly away from the sun. The dust tail is seen curved to the right and that's produced of these tiny particles that bubble off the surface of the sun. It always points along the direction of the orbit. And as I said before, each time a comet passes the sun, it loses some of the material on its body.  So all Earth has to do is go inside this orbital area and you have a meteor shower. So each of the meteor showers we know of on Earth were produced by polluted comets. Has nothing to do with drunk UWS students. Extra credit for laughing at me. So the two types of dust tail is dust, is dust and gas. One always points away from the sun and it's affected by the pressure of sunlight because sunlight has strong enough to push against gas but it can't push against the little bits of soil. So nucleus, coma and the two tails. There are some comets that actually develop more than two tails and when that happens it's a matter of geometry. You're actually looking at the tails forming a cone. So when you're looking edge on to the cone, it looks like there's two tails, plus one in the center. There was a beautiful comet named West back in 1976 which developed all these different tails that made it a beautiful site as it rose over Lake Michigan and it got a little too close to the sun and it split into four different parts. So when it comes back in about 40,000 years you'll have four individual comets approaching the sun. Okay, before the space age began in the 1950s astronomers used comets for natural space probes. They followed the path of a comet throughout the solar system and they monitored the way the tail behaved. If it waved, they waved back. No, if it waved then they knew that something was affecting it, some unique particle. And for like a gas tail, sunlight can be the culprit but for a dust tail, there had to be a larger particle more powerful and this gave them the idea that there was something called a solar wind. Particles being emanated by the sun. And the first observation of the solar wind was made by American satellites which went into orbit around the sun. Here's comet Morehouse. You can see the swiggles in this tail. You can kind of tell that there are two different effects. There's a short stubby tail and there's one being affected by larger particles. This one is called comet Merckers, 1957. You can see the gas tail and the dust tail. The gas tail is on the left and you can see it being discontinued halfway up. So there must have been a shock wave that carried all this material along. Obviously it's not caused by sunlight. This was comet Brooks. Again, you can see all the squiggling in the tail. And once the space age began, they could make a direct analysis of some of these comets. They could have flybys, bring sample returns back. And in some cases, even use some of the missions a multiple number of times so they could visit various different comets. The first attempt to visit a comet was made by the United States. And this was the ICE mission. S-E-E, ICE, get it? The way the ICE mission worked, it was hovering at a spot between the Earth and the Sun where the gravitational effects cancel themselves out. Now at this particular time, comet Halley was scheduled to come and return to the vicinity of us. And the United States didn't have any money. We were at the end of the Vietnam War and all kinds of stuff was being canceled. We had the two Viking landers on the surface of Mars. And those people want to save $40,000 so they cut them off instead of continuing to send back pictures. I think that's criminal, real waste. So there was an attempt to combine a U.S. mission with a European mission, but the United States canceled out. Again, the bean counters in Washington kept hemming and hawing, trying to cut funding. There was an attempt to donate money by amateur astronomers. They wanted to have an amateur mission go to the comet. But Congress turned that down. They said NASA cannot accept funding. So the United States was left out of it. Instead, some of the scientists decided to use an existing spacecraft. They wanted to see if they could use a gravitational assist of the moon and fling it in the direction of a comet. Not comet Halley, but another comet. And that would then be giving us a feather and a cap. We could say we launched the first spacecraft to a comet. So there are a number of liberation points in the Earth-Moon system where the gravity cancels each other out. This elliptical thing you see here is one of the points between the Earth and the Sun. Once you get into this halo orbit, it'll stay there forever without being disturbed. We have a number of important satellites at that location. And its opposite point at the L2 position is where the successor for the Hubble Space Telescope will be located on the back side of the Moon, basically. So it was decided with the thrusters themselves, they could eject the spacecraft from this halo orbit, fling past the Moon several times, and then make their way to comet Geo-Ko-Bene-Zinner. It could fly through the tail of the object and be close enough to manage a flyby through the tail of Hali, too. And this mission was pretty successful. The problem is there were no cameras on board. So we got no pictures, but we do have information as to the elements that were in the tail of the comet. There was a whole amount of space vehicles that encountered Hali. There were two missions from the USSR. There was one from Europe, and even Japan pitched in and launched two missions. I mentioned before that Hali's comet travels in a retrograde orbit around the solar system. So if you wanna fly next to it, we'll have a slow flyby. You have to have a way of reversing the direction of your spacecraft. Well, the USSR, which is now Russia, decided they were gonna launch their two spacecraft towards Venus. In the vicinity of Venus, they were gonna release some landers which would make down to the surface of the planet. And then they would release some balloons that France had brought along, and the balloons would float through the atmosphere about a third of the way around Venus so they could learn about the atmosphere. And then the mothership would take off towards comet Hali. The European Space Agency also had a mission which was gonna photograph the comet. And Japan actually launched two missions but didn't have any cameras on board. So the United States, in the short end of it, did not send a vehicle to comet Hali. And again, that's a shame. If you ever go to Disneyland in Florida, they've got this Tomorrowland, and they've got this fancy spaceship that's supposed to demonstrate how advanced we're gonna be. When comet Hali comes next time, we're gonna go visit it with a spaceship, and that never happened. So here's a little diagram of the lander which made it down to the surface. And here's the balloons released and the mothership up on top making a flyby of the comet. This is the lander itself. The pressure on the bottom of Venus' atmosphere is so intense that it can crush a vehicle within a half hour. Also, the temperature is hot enough to melt lead.  So Venus is not a nice place to explore or visit. This was one of the first Japanese space vehicles sent into orbit around the sun. It was an engineering test vehicle to see if they could just build it and launch it. It was followed by a second one which was a little more advanced. But again, these two really got that close to comet Hali. It was just a propaganda stunt. The European mission was named Giotto and in order to avoid the dust that was being emanated by the coma of comet Hali, it had to fly backwards with a heat shield protecting it. Then there were cameras inside here with like a periscope mirror shining over the edge so it could get a decent picture of comet. This is the first image that was sent back. It showed that Hali's comet is one of the darkest objects in our solar system. It's kind of potato shaped. The direction towards the sun is on the left. So when the solar particles strike the surface, they produce fissures or something to release some of this interior stuff and that pushes outward to develop a coma and then gets pushed backwards to develop the tail. When the space vehicle flew in front of the comet was a time when they found out that it also has a magnetic field. So the first comet found was a magnetic field. We've now found asteroids that have magnetic fields too. But this was a surprise to scientists. They're still wondering if Pluto is gonna have a magnetic field when the probe flies past it. Another image showing the material being emitted from the nucleus going into our short coma and then forming a tail. Another mission to a comet was called Stardust and it went to a comet called Bild 2, not Wild 2, but Bild 2. This particular comet was thought to come from the Kuiper Belt, which is just beyond the orbit of Neptune. Somehow it got ejected out of the Kuiper Belt and made its way towards Jupiter where it got ejected into its present circular orbit. So scientists wanted to see what this comet was like. They took along a collector, which you see on the bottom here. It's like a solar panel or like a tennis panel. When the bottom container opens, the panel can slide upward and it's got some kind of gelatin inside which can get sticky particles from the comet. This is called aerogel. I've got some in here if you wanna pass it around. Aerogel is the next thing in the building construction industry. It's gonna be used for insulation and for all kinds of different things. The aerogel is, in these little containers, it's kinda like a jello, except when you look at the new product when it's first made, it's kinda like a smoky, hazy thing. But it's got a lot of substance that can hold stuff. It can act like a shuttle heating tile so it can keep the hot and cold separate. It's almost like a styrofoam type of thing. So you can put crayons on top and they won't even melt, even though you're using a Bunsen burner or heating from the bottom. Very good properties. When the mission was launched, scientists almost skipped a heartbeat. They took their first pictures of the moon and the image was completely blurry. They looked like some moisture's gotten on the lens. So they wondered if they'd be able to get any pictures at all. Now, this was pretty common to military satellites. When the early spy satellites were launched, they found that if there was moisture on the lens, they could dissipate it just by having a slight electrical charge over the front end of the lens because this is caused by atomic oxygen being released from the lens. But they kept turning the spacecraft back and forth to the sun to heat it and back to the darkness of space to get these temperature extremes.  So the optical problems disappeared. This was the nucleus of the comet as a vehicle approached. You can see it looks a little different. Well, it's a larger nucleus. So the comet has enough mass to pull itself into a circular shape. You see a lot of craters and what looks like putty on the outside. This is a nice picture. There's a sun. There's a nucleus. And there's a little bit of the coma being formed on the side facing the sun. Okay, so the spacecraft folded everything up and released the capsule, brought it back to Earth. And this was the highest speed object ever to enter the atmosphere of the Earth at the time. Even faster than astronauts coming back from the moon. The sample retrieval was over Utah. That seems to be the latest place. There's another comet which appears to be having sunward emission, but it's shaped more like a bowling ball, not a bowling ball, but a bowling pin. So here the capsule landed all intact and they were able to take out some of the aerogel. Here you can see some of the particles entering the gels and like substance. These are actual pieces of the comet. At this particular time, NASA had announced the ability for people to go on the internet. They could use a virtual microscope, the focus back and forth to try to locate and plot some of the hundreds or thousands of particles that were inside this material. They were kind of eager to get the job over with. From the information that they gathered from the comet particles, it appears that when astronomers had suspected all along, is in fact true. The outer comets from the Kuiper Belt just beyond the orbit of Neptune and the Earth cloud, which is on the extreme edge of the solar system, have must have formed in a warmer region. Which means that when the solar system developed, the sun ignited in what they call a Titori phase and that blew a lot of the material in the outer parts of the solar system. So the particles indicate that they formed in a warmer region. Another mission was called Deep Impact, which was launched to the comet temple one. This had a mother ship and a penetrator which you see on the left. For this particular mission, JPL gave us the opportunity of having all our students enter their names for the mission. The names were put on a little thumb drive, which was placed on board the impactor. So we can say we smashed a heck out of that comet. One of the objectives was to see if there was anything future astronauts and astronomers could do to divert the path of a comet if such were ever discovered. So there's all kinds of telescopes watching the probe leave and there's also cameras on board the impactor watching the comet get larger and larger until it hits. The impactor itself was made mostly out of copper. The reason for this was they wanted to make a spectral analysis of the material blown off the comet. And if anything referred to copper, then they knew it came from the impactor. They wouldn't have to worry about such material coming from a comet itself. Here's a mother ship making its flyby and still photographing the impact. This mother ship has been used several other times to study other comets. So they're getting debux words. He is a comet traveling from just outside the orbit of Mars down to Jupiter and back again. And the orbit of the impactor and the mother ship trying to catch up with it. The impactor was actually launched and positioned in front of the comet. So the comet would have to catch up with it. No sense in trying to steer towards the comet. You might miss and then you wouldn't have anything. So here's from the mother ship, the comet getting larger. You can see the coma and a short tail. Now you can see the nucleus. You can see all kinds of land formation, all kinds of ridges, mountains, craters. When this vehicle made a second flyby of the comet, they were able to pick out the crater it made and was about the size of a football stadium. We had set up telescopes outside the campus. We wanted to make some observations before the impact and again after impact to see if there was a difference in the activity. This was on a weekend so we invited the public to come down but nobody showed up, just our students. Here's the impact itself from the mother ship and this is what happened. It was the same weekend that the acuity building used for igniting their lightsaber into the sky. So we had light pollution just about where the comet was going to be appearing. Some of my students got so upset they went down to talk to management and they say, why do you use this to us? And they said, well, there's a law that if there's a flag flying above a place, it has to be illuminated at all times at night. So they fell volunteer to go down with flashlights and shine flashlights on the flag tongue and cheek but it didn't work either. Hubble Space Telescope showed that there was indeed a change in brightness before and after. Okay, Deep Space One, I believe was the last, one of the most recent missions to Comet Morelle. It used an ion drive, the same kind of drive that's currently in the asteroid belt. Investor getting series investor. You can burn these things for years at a time but you get very low thrust. So it's approaching the space vehicle, hunting it down and this one looks kind of like a bowling pin again. As we approach, you can see a little more detail and again, I wanna remind you that short period commas come from the Kuiper Belt, which is just beyond the orbit of Neptune. Pluto travels in and out of the Kuiper Belt during its progress around the sun and that's one of the reasons why it was demoted from planet Earth. Usually there's a collision in some of the Kuiper Belt objects and they'll send a comet sunward or Neptune can perturb some of the objects and send them towards the sun. Long period comets come from the Oort cloud which is halfway between our sun and nearby stars. Okay now, some of you may wonder how do astronomers know that sporadic meteors come from the asteroid belt? You know, the random flashes you see in the sky once in a while. Quick, make a wish, make a wish. Well, in the 1950s when the space age started, our government spent a lot of bucks, big bucks buying these Baker and Uncameras. They're extremely fast. They're like 1.0 or 1.2 for fastness, effectiveness. With that, within a few seconds you can photograph all the stars you can see with the naked eye. Later on they went on the market and you could buy them for a song. But inside these refractor type cameras was a rotating shutter with a blade constantly turning. So as a picture was being made of a certain part of the sky, if you saw a shooting star or something flipped by there would be a break in the path. And if you know how fast the shutter is moving, you can calculate how fast the object is moving too. So astronomers know how much of a speed an object would have to have if it's coming from say the asteroid belt towards the earth. That's a fairly easy procedure to calculate. But each of these dashes is caused by the shutter. That's also how they tried to determine some of the early satellites, their speed and stuff. Then we have a satellite called SOHO between the earth and the sun. It's been up there for quite a while and it's discovered over a thousand comets. You can go on the SOHO website and periodically some amateur will say, I found a new comet.  But you might be lucky enough to have one that comes out of the range of the sun and you can see it in the evening sky. So this is what SOHO looked like when it was being launched. It has four different cameras in wide angle, regular angle, white light and infrared, I believe. And it constantly observes the sun. And it's again got this halo orbit between the earth and the sun. So if there's a strong solar wind coming from the sun, we've got instant warning because it can send messages back to us saying, hey, watch for northern lights. Watch for effects on your electronics. So here's one of the images, the sun is blocked out and here's a comet heading towards the sun. Look at the bent in the tail, that's a gas tail. So it's moving so fast that the actual tail is being bent by sunlight. When the comet came around the other side, it didn't reappear. So scientists think it collided with the sun's surface. Here's another image, the wide angle one. Up on top you can see a comet heading down towards the sun. That one disappeared too. So there have been a number of comets that have struck the sun, apparently, with no ill effect on the sun. Then you have the current mission that's on its way to a comet. This was launched by Europe. Again, it uses solar electric power and it's going to bring back a sample return from an actual comet. On the way it made two flybys of asteroids, this was Lutisha, which is the largest asteroid flown past so far, and Steins, which is just a smaller object. It's going to release a lander which will settle down on the surface and bring back a sample to Earth. Notice the spindly arms and legs because there's very little gravity on the surface of such a body.  Okay, so let's get back to comet Ison, which we started with. In general, comets can have up to three names connected to them in terms of the discoverer. If there was a team that discovered, three names can be connected to it, like Schumacher-Levy-Nein and so forth. There might be independent discoveries within minutes of each other because when you discover such an object, you have to send it into the International Astronomical Union and they will determine which name gets attached to any of these objects. Well, comet Ison was discovered by two Russian astronomers and their name isn't connected to the comet. Instead, they connected the network that they used the telescopes from to name it. And that's the International Scientific Optical Network, I-S-O-N, that's where Ison comes from. Comet Ison, once it was discovered, the orbit was calculated and it was found that it's one of the sun grazers. There seems to be a whole bunch of comets that are sun grazers, which belong to the Kreuz group, as it's called. Apparently, the Kreuz group was part of a larger object which broke apart sometimes in the distant past. And periodically, some of these objects are still coming by. And the first indication was that it was gonna smack dead on with the sun. What would happen when Ikea Zecki appeared in 1966? 1966, it was also scheduled to hit the sun. That was a sun grazer, too. But once they were able to finalize the orbit, they found that it was gonna be close, but no cigar. So this one is gonna come less than the diameter of the sun to our native body in the sky. And that might be close enough to break it up. So when it leaves the sun, it can be in the number of pieces. That's something that they're watching for now. There was also a satellite called Solwind, or P78-1, which was an excellent sun observatory. It photographed many comets that approached the sun and some of them hitting it and stuff. But this was shot down during the Reagan administration when they were testing their Star Wars concept. They launched a rocket and just blew it out of the sky. There was some ill-feeling among astronomers when that happened because it was in perfect working condition. After it was destroyed, all we had left was Solomax, which you may remember. It was one of the first satellites rescued by the space shuttle and put it into a higher orbit and then left to decay when it came back. So the question now is, where is this range comet from? All the comets we have cataloged travel in either elliptical or parabolic orbits, which means that they're bound for the gravity of the sun. This particular comet is only the second one I know of that is approaching in a hyperbolic orbit. A hyperbolic orbit is one of escape. If you have an outward hyperbolic orbit like the Voyager, Pioneer, and the Pluto probes, they're never going to come back. But if you have an inbound hyperbolic orbit, it means that it's coming from another solar system. So it's entering our solar system from interstellar space. Where was it formed? What star was it formed with? What kind of views has it seen? Were there planets around the star? It must have made several trips around the parent star. What kind of stories could it tell? These are all interesting things that astronomers hope to find out. And one thing that's really interesting is that the first indication is that the comet has kind of a greenish color. There was one other comet with a hyperbolic orbit that approached us about two years ago. It also had kind of a greenish color. So is there some material between the stars that produces this kind of coloring? That's something that they're looking at too. So comet Lovejoy was a photograph from the space station. This is actually the edge of the earth with the comet poking up. This one survived its close trip to the sun. The same year, again in 2011, we had a comet called Elenin, and that broke up and it got too close to the sun. This was the object that they were talking about, the Mayans causing a destruction because it's gonna hit the earth and all that stuff. Well, we showed them, didn't we? Okay, five minutes, that's good timing. Anybody else wanna have a picture of Saturn? If anybody is interested, I can send you an email message whenever we're gonna observe some of these comets. We'll have some telescopes set up straight out here. And hopefully, this next one won't fizzle out. You know, right, except you're in my class in spring. And well, this first comet, I'll be able to tell you in class, but in the fall, you might not be in a class, so I can still get word to you. They're talking about maybe by Thanksgiving, real long time, with a telescope. Probably October is what I saw lately. And if it does become visible, it might be as bright as the full moon, which has a magnitude of what? Minus 16, really bright. So you should easily be able to see it during the daytime skies. Oh, I love to hail bomb. What's that? I love to hail bomb, it's too easy. Yeah. So what was the magnitude of it? How will this one- Well, I was never able to see it during the daytime. But at Lakeland, we could easily see the two tails. And I would say it was a minus negative, maybe minus one. But if this works out the way it's scheduled, it should be much overshadowing that. I would suspect it was part of a larger body at one time, just like some of the asteroids that I found with magnetic fields. There's part of the center maybe, and something exploded, could be. Just like the moon Ghana made, which orbits around Jupiter, it's the only moon with a magnetic field so far. And they detected apparently salt water under the surface. And that's being used to generate electricity and the magnetic field. It's a long period. NASA figures I have is 20 to 40,000 years. And... Is it deterring the time frame for ice then? If it's better before or after the October, November observation will it come again? That's a good question. Because it's in an escape orbit now. It's going fast enough so it could leave the solar system again. But I think personally, this would be a good time to prepare like a cluster of instruments to crash land on it. So if they survive, this could be an interstellar spaceship for us. It could send back information because our spaceships would never go that fast. No, that's just my idea. Collections? No, that was that Aline that I mentioned before. The one that disintegrated. Right, it was supposed to swing around the Earth by disintegrated before that time span could happen. In other words, if it didn't disintegrate, it would still be approaching this area. Awfully close to the sun. The sun could divert it in any direction and you never know what might happen. Good question. Right, like the comet that struck Jupiter, they were wondering if it was going to be loose enough like a dirty snowball so it would just melt as it entered the atmosphere or if it was going to leave blemishes on the face. Again, for that impact, we had telescopes set up where the observatory used to be, Bruce Grover's Observatory. And we had the public asking, do we look through it? We didn't know if we'd be able to see anything as it was. We didn't see anything but there were large blemishes on the planet. So apparently they were all solid bodies. And one of them, when it impacted the cloud layers of Jupiter, it interacted with the magnetic field and it followed the field lines so that there were northern and southern lights on the planet. So maybe this had a core with a magnetic field too. Maybe ice time was projected off of a, like other solar system that I may have left. Would it be some way of projecting? It was traveled in as to where it came from. And then the word that star may have been back to one or two million years ago as it came off of that star. Possibly. There's some talk that the Sun might have been part of a cluster that was formed from a large galactic cluster. And that would have caused all the stars inside to spread outward. But the Sun would have orbited the center of the Milky Way galaxy at sea of, once every 250 million years, and it's about seven billion years. So it would have gone around about 21 times already. And during that time, you couldn't tell one from the other. And who knows how long the comet was in the solar space. That's a good question. From another angle. That's a good question. The Kuiper Belt is like a donut that goes around the Sun. And the Oort Cloud, which is composed of material that was ejected to that location, was initially also kind of a flat plane. But because the plane of our solar system and the plane of the Milky Way are almost 60 degrees to each other, these objects have been torn into a spherical shape. So it's a spherical cloud now. And they argued for that because the comets are coming from all different directions. So it's gotta be a spherical shape. And in regards to your answer, it's hard to tell if this was a star above the plane of the galaxy or below or on the same level. But I'm sure they're trying to figure something out. But on the same plane. When all the planets formed, that it was formed out of a disk which kind of flattened out. Like when you're on a chair and you're spinning, you can do this without getting sick or like an ice skater when they hold out their arms. Eventually the cloud starts like this, but the centrifugal force pulls the center out. So you have a flattened plane and that's where all the planets move in. Except for Pluto. That's one of the reasons why it was demoted. Because it was 17 degrees off the plane of the other planets. It could have collided with something in the Kuiper Belt or it could have been an escaped moon from some place. But there are all these possibilities.  It's just my idea, I don't know. You could build like a solar sail and just sail it into the path of the comet. That might be the fastest way of doing it. And then just let it collide with it. I'm sure there are other propulsive techniques you could come up with. Like a solar plasma, which kind of acts like a cushion.  And not that thing, you know. Right. That's one of the things. That's one of the things they're watching for now too. There was some talk of building a, like an automated observatory on the lunar surface so it can scan in all directions from the moon. This thing is the moon is one fourth of the diameter of the earth so there's a less chance of that happening. But it still could. Yep. It didn't hit any satellites, did it? Have you heard anything? All these interesting things we're talking about. I can back out into space and all of our planets. It could break up as it gets too near the sun. And then what do we see? I don't know, are there many pieces that break? Like this one, let me go back to this one slide. It showed the, one of the previous comets breaking up into about half a dozen pieces. See?  Well, if this is a plane of the planets, the comet is coming from the top and it's swinging real close to the sun and then going back out. So it's not really coming close to any of the planets here. When they say it's about as far away as Jupiter, like Jupiter would be about over here. And it's not really going by Jupiter, it's still pretty far away. Normally, like with Schumacher Levy 9, which struck Jupiter, it formed a string of pearls as they call it. Instead of scattering in all different locations, they followed each other, each in its own orbit around Jupiter, but they ended up in basically the same place while Jupiter just orbited or rotated underneath it. Maybe. Yeah.  Little sun, when is that gonna get more exact? When will a person go exactly to that? Good question, good question. Maybe they'll find additional observations that were made before the two Russians found it and they'll be able to add that in so they can refine the measurements a little bit. But I'm sure they're, now it's been found, a lot of astronomers are monitoring it and tracking it. And it shouldn't take too long to find out some more details. I don't think so. They might be mad that they're not named for it. There's other of the two comments that I mentioned before that also was named after the place that discovered it, not after the people, the one that's coming next month. Okay, I guess 10 after eight. I could stay here all night and talk. We have been working on this for a very long time. It's been a long time, but we've been working on this. It's been a short time. But it's been a long time. And it's been a great time for us. And it's been a great day. I'm sure it's been a great day. But, yeah, we're not sure if we're gonna be able to find the data that we're gonna get out of here. But, yeah, it's been a great day. I'm sure that maybe, maybe the right side of the map is gonna be able to find out


Hey everybody I'm Lance Coyke and this is the one arm offset loaded single leg deadlift with a contralateral load. Okay so the load is opposite the leg that's working. Single leg deadlift, contralateral load. So I'm gonna be on my right foot. The weight is over here on my left side. I know where the balance point on this stool is so I'm gonna lie in the front of my ankle up with it. That just ensures that my foot stays flat throughout this exercise. First move just like a deadlift. I got a kind of RDL till I'm back down here and then I bend my knee just a little bit, just a little bit until I get down to the weight that I need. Okay I'm gonna then initiate with a push through my feet and then allow my hips to come forward to stand up rather than trying to bring my shoulders back and turning my back on. Okay and just to come back down I reverse it because the rep isn't over yet and then I bend and good. So I get a lot of nice glutes there on that one because it's heavily loaded. I get some ham string too as well to help me initiate the pull. The contralateral load is nice because it gives me a sense of balance. So I need to oppose this. I need to find my stability with extra weight on one side and no weight on the other side. In doing that it changes my center of mass because the weight now becomes part of me and to keep my balance I need to be able to shift myself over into the working hip. So note if I don't have the hip mobility, the hip internal rotation, if I don't have hip mobility to get over there and stabilize myself this variation might be the wrong choice. Okay this is a nice one it seems cool but it's okay to hold the weight on the same side if you're lacking the hip mobility to control it when it's on the opposite side.


On the Sabbath of August 4th in the year 1263, the synagogue of Barcelona was host to a royal guest. James I, King of Aragon, had come to address his Jewish subjects. The king attempted to persuade the congregants to convert to Christianity. When the king was finished his speech, Rabbi Moshe Ben Nachman, the Ramban as he's known in Hebrew acronym, Nachmanides, stepped forward to give expression to the feelings of his co-religionists. After a preliminary demonstration of respect for the crown, the rabbi addressed the king with the following words. I am amazed the words said in our presence to convince us that the Nazarene is the Messiah were said by the Nazarene himself when he brought this same message to our ancestors and tried to persuade them. They refuted him to his face with a perfect and strong rejection, despite the fact that it was he who spoke, who knew and could argue his claim that he is divine in accordance to your opinion. Better than you can today. Now, if our ancestors who saw him and knew him did not heed him, how then can we believe and heed the voice of the king, whose only knowledge of the matter stems merely from the hearsay of distant purporters who had no personal contact with him? The simple words of Nachmanides reflect the clarity of vision, the calmness of spirit, and the solid conviction of the Jews' rejection of Christianity. Throughout the ages, the Jews faced hardship, persecution, sometimes even death as a result of this rejection, but the Jew was not moved. The Jew went about doing whatever he had to do, patiently negotiating the various obstacles the hostile Christian world threw into his path, but it never occurred to him to join that world. Being a Jew was as essential as life itself, and even more than that. When being a Jew meant death, the Jew went to die accompanied by his wife, his little children, and a simple love for his God. But to embrace Christianity? Never. It happened, however, in certain phases of Jewish history, that many Jews seem to have lost this resistance to Christianity. We live in one of those periods today. Hundreds of thousands of Jews have joined the Hebrew Christian movement. This wave of apostasy, as well as those which preceded it, comes on the heels of another wave. A Jewish conversion to Christianity, whether it takes place on the individual level or on the communal level, follows a breakdown of the Jewish educational system. Most converts to Christianity had little connection to their Jewish heritage before they converted.  Why? What is it that the Jew knows about Christianity that inspires him to reject it? How can the Jew be so confident to prefer death over conversion? The traditional Jew may know very little about Christianity, but the little that he knows is far more than enough. The Jew knows that Christianity rejects the fundamental beliefs of Judaism. The Jew knows that Christianity calls a man God. All the philosophical explanations offered to justify Christian theology are wasted on the Jew. These simple facts cannot change. The Law of Moses is not Christianity and the God of Abraham is not a Trinity. His faith in the God of Abraham and Moses inspired the Jew with the confidence to reject Christianity.  Love and the awareness of the God of Abraham fills the Jew's heart and soul. Perhaps he cannot articulate how he knows the Law of Moses to be immutable, but he knows it, nevertheless. Some Jews who walk with God may find it difficult to point out the faults in the various arguments presented by the missionaries who attempt to justify their worship of Jesus. Nevertheless, these Jews know that worship of a human being is idolatry. But in our generation, when so many Jews are disconnected from the simple faith of their ancestors, it has become necessary to articulate and to explain the Jewish rejection of Christianity. In the following presentation, I will try to articulate the traditional Jewish viewpoint. These words are not written to replace a genuine connection with authentic Judaism, but rather to encourage it. As a Jew, you may have wondered, what went through the minds of our ancestors when they went to die for the crime of rejecting Jesus? It's possible that your interest in this subject was sparked by the increased efforts of missionaries in recent years. You may have found that their campaign to save your soul has reached alarming proportions. This may have served as an inspiration to you to learn more about the traditional Jewish response to missionary claims. In any case, I hope that you will find this presentation a starting point for your research in this field. Now, some of those who watch this video may be Christians. As a Christian, you may have wondered why it is that Jewish people have such a resistance to Christianity. Why is it that most Jewish people don't even bother to read the Christian scriptures? Do these Jews think that just because they were born into their religion, that their religion must be right? How are these people so confident that they are right? These and similar questions may have been troubling you. The purpose of this presentation is to answer these questions. I hope that you find it helpful in understanding the traditional Jewish mindset. If you are a Jew who has embraced Christian beliefs, please regard this as an appeal to your innate sense of honesty. Don't take me at my word. Check things out for yourself. Please acquaint yourself with the richness of your heritage. Find out what it means to be a Jew. Find out what it means to be chosen as God's witness to the world. As King David says in Psalm 34, verse 9, Taste and see that God is good. Fortunate is the man who takes shelter in him. Judaism and Christianity are both belief systems. Each has its own way of looking at the world. Now these two systems are fundamentally different from each other. Only one of these systems can be correct. Judaism and Christianity are mutually exclusive. The foundations of Judaism are the events of the Exodus and the Revelation at Sinai. These establish the relationship that the Jewish people have with God. These events also establish the credibility of Moses as God's prophet. The Jewish people worship the God who revealed himself to them at Sinai. The Jewish people follow the teachings of Moses, the prophet of God. The Jews of all generations accept this belief system based on the testimony of their parents. A Jew is born into a nation which worships the God of Sinai and lives by the teachings of Moses. It's through the testimony of this nation that the Jew learns the belief system, which is Judaism. Christianity has a dual foundation. First, Christianity believes in the prophets of Jewish scripture. And second, Christianity is founded on the life and teachings of Jesus. The Jewish prophets are the ones who proclaim that the Messiah is to come, and Jesus supposedly came and fulfilled that prophecy. The miracles that the Christian scriptures claim were performed by Jesus supposedly established the credibility of Jesus at his message. The person of Jesus is worshiped by Christians as a God, and the teachings of Jesus form the belief system of Christianity. Christians of all generations accept this belief system based on the testimony of the Christian scriptures. Judaism and Christianity clash on several fundamental points. From the Jewish perspective, the important differences between the two belief systems relate to the nature of God and to the teachings of Moses. Number one, who is God? Judaism worships the Almighty God. Jews believe that God is not a physical being, nor can God be represented by a physical being. God is not constrained by time or space. God is all-powerful and all-knowing. God is one. The Jewish belief about the oneness of God is described by the term absolute unity. This means that any plural number cannot be used in describing the essence of God. This is the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. This is the God who spoke to his people at Sinai. The focus of Judaism is on God, the life of the Jews devoted to this God. Christianity worships Jesus. Christianity believes that God is one at the same time that he is three. The Christian God consists of the Father, who roughly parallels the Jewish God, Jesus, and the Holy Ghost. These three are considered by the Christians to be co-equal members of the Godhead. The focus of Christianity is on Jesus. The life of the Christian is devoted to Jesus. Number two. What are the teachings of Moses? Well, Judaism believes that the law of Moses is a living law. It is a law which can and should be followed by a nation, a nation which includes all types of people. The law of Moses is applicable in all generations and in all situations. The entire revelation of God at Sinai includes more than that which is written in the five books of Moses. The five books of Moses only contain the general structure of the law. Moses also received from God and transmitted the definition of these laws. These teachings of Moses, which clarify the law, were not recorded in the five books, but rather these were retained in the collective memory of the nation. As a static body of law, the teachings of Moses require living people to apply them to a practical life. Moses taught the nation the methods that they are to use in order to render the law applicable to every situation. When the Jew does not know how to apply the law to a particular situation, he consults with his teachers, who are familiar with the methods of application which were taught by Moses. The Jew finds practical guidance for daily life within the law of Moses. Christianity does not recognize any teachings of Moses which are not recorded in the five books. Christianity rejects the Jewish testimony regarding those teachings that Moses received from God and were not recorded in the five books. Christianity believes that many of the scriptural teachings of Moses are no longer relevant. Christianity does not see in the law of Moses a guide to practical living. Today, some Messianic congregations have begun recognizing the binding nature of the law of Moses. These people are also beginning to realize the importance of the defining teaching of Moses. However, this is not the traditional Christian position. From the Christian perspective, the important differences between the Jewish and Christian belief systems concern notions about atonement and the Messiah. How does one achieve atonement for sin? Judaism accepts that the only method for expiation of sin is repentance. If one sincerely regrets his sins, confesses his guilt before God, and redirects his life towards God, then God forgives the sin. There are many actions through which one can express the attitude of repentance. Prayer, charity, and bringing offerings to God's alter or legitimate expressions of a repentant heart. In some situations, God commands us to bring an offering to give expression to our repentance. But it is the sincerity of the repentance which ultimately achieves the reconciliation with God. Christianity believes that the only method for atonement of sin is through blood sacrifice. The only blood sacrifice which Christianity recognizes is the sacrifice of Jesus. Through worship of Jesus, Christians hope to connect with the blood that expiates their sins. What is the role of the Messiah? Judaism believes that the Messiah will be a human king. In the time of the Messiah, there will be universal peace. The temple will be rebuilt in Jerusalem. The Jewish people will return to the land of Israel. Through the reign of the Messiah, everyone on earth will be united in their worship of the God of Israel. The Messiah will lead all of mankind in the service of God. Christianity believes that the Messiah is a human God. Christianity believes that the chief role of the Messiah is to die. Through the death of the Messiah, the world is redeemed of its sins. According to Christian theology, the Messiah will come a second time. When the Messiah returns, then all those who worshiped him will be rewarded, while those who rejected him will be punished. These are the basic differences between the two belief systems. Judaism and Christianity differ on their understanding of the essence of God, the teachings of Moses, atonement, and the role of the Messiah. Judaism and Christianity have different beliefs concerning these basic matters. Only one set of beliefs can be true. Christian missionaries spend much energy in an effort to convince Jews that the Christian belief system is the correct one. All the arguments of the missionaries are wasted on the knowledgeable Jew. In order for the Jew to be convinced that his belief system is correct, he must be sure that the testimony of his nation is true. If the Jewish nation is bearing true witness, then any belief system which runs counter to its testimony must be false. If the Jewish people are telling the truth when they testify that God himself revealed himself as an absolute unity, then any belief system which denies the absolute unity of God must be false. If the Jewish people are telling the truth when they testify that Moses taught them the details, definitions, and practical applications of the Torah's laws, then any belief system which denies this fact must be false. It's not necessary for the Jew to examine the testimony of other belief systems to know that Judaism is true. For the Christian to be convinced that his belief system is true, it's not enough to be sure that the Christian scriptures are reporting actual events. In order for the Christians to know that his belief system is correct, he must also determine that the Jewish nation is bearing false witness. If the testimony of the Jewish nation were true, then even if Jesus performed all the miracles which the Christian scriptures attribute to him, he would have no credibility. If indeed God revealed himself at Sinai as an absolute unity, then anyone who advocates worship of a Trinity is advocating idolatry. No miracle, no matter how spectacular, can serve as justification to worship an idol. In order to be a committed Christian, one must be convinced that the Jewish people are bearing false testimony.


I didn't communicate that much, but interestingly I developed this talent for music and I started to pick up the piano and I excelled really quickly with that. And now that I look back, I know I developed a little bit of autism at that time and you know how devastating that is and that stress and insurmountable stress just ate away from me from the inside and that turned into a disease and had a, became a digestive disorder all sort of colitis which was incurable.  I couldn't even focus on my day-to-day tasks because I was just so tired a week and most of the time I was just sleeping. And that went on for days, weeks, months and years.


Anyway, it's almost three o'clock. I'm still in a robe, right? Why? Because the hotel can't find my luggage. Just thinking back in Seattle about to be a nice all day. I'm gonna go and venture out, walk around, go to a restaurant, have some coffee, because you know in Seattle they got all the best coffee out here. I was just gonna enjoy the day. I mean this could turn into a really interesting day because I mean I don't have luggage, I don't have clothes, so I might just have to walk to a random store in my robe and get clothes. And yes, I will put this on my stores if I were to do something like that. It's 319. Still no phone call. No luggage, but my sister, I was just talking to her on the phone and she mentioned something to me that I didn't think about. I told her I didn't have any luggage and she was like What did you wear last night? But to my defense, it's a suit. It dress shoes, so I wouldn't want to wear that again and have to walk around and all that and I'm not that desperate, I guess, to leave, but if it comes to that then maybe, but yeah, I didn't think about that. I really didn't shoot. Okay, I am that desperate screw it. I'm putting it on and we're walking. I can't be in this hotel. I'm having a hotel. Oh look, the phone's ringing. Let's see who this is. Okay, so Thanks to my sister, I got my dress clothes on. Uncomfortable, but gets me out of the hotel and I guess I'll just look like a Bishop or a deacon or something. Okay, so that was a bad decision. Going out, walking around, all dressed up. It's nice and hot outside. I Was looking for a restaurant. Couldn't find it. Siri. Siri for real? Literally, no idea. No idea where this place was at. I walked up and down out the blue Location thing on my phone was flashing right on top of the restaurant.  You guessed it, nothing. I said screw it. I'm just gonna walk back to the hotel and I turned and I looked and I saw that there was a really steep hill and anybody who knows Seattle They know, you know, there's a steep hill by Market Street and I was like now I'm not gonna make it to the top. I'm gonna pass out once I get to the top. I need to eat So before I went up the hill in my dress shoes, I saw this little French bakery and I was like, all right fine I'll go in there. It's really close went in didn't know what to get But I saw something and it looked like a panier. I don't know if I said that right But I was trying to be French and then I just walked back to the hotel or the room service And I still have no luggage. So what I think I'm gonna do is I'm just gonna get one of the clubbies To bring me my Yankees uniform and I'm just gonna wear that to the field tomorrow from the hotel. Why not? 8 o'clock Finally found my luggage. It was at Safeco Field this whole time Maybe they're trying to send a message say stay at the field so you can start getting hits or something I don't know


As more business to business marketers embrace social media, the question isn't how to reach just anyone. It's about how to reach the right people. Knowing and catering to your target audience makes all the difference in a social media campaign. Why is that? This is because content is a great way to reach and engage the right buyers, capturing their attention and building credibility for your business. Buyers and influencers have short attention spans regarding promotional social media posts. Too much sales-oriented chatter can be a turn-off. When leaders are online for business purposes, their goal is not to buy but to discover value. They want to learn about options, innovations and alternatives that can help them improve their business. Content for B2B can meet these needs, and there's no better way to get compelling content into the hands of the right people than with social media. While the endgame may be lead generation, cited by 71% of the respondents as the goal of their content marketing, getting there is a multi-step process. First, you must reach the people you want to read your content, appeal to their interests and get them to act. How does it work? Here's a quick four-step outline of how to put content to work for you, building awareness and interest in your products and services. 1. Start with strategy. Knowing where you want to get is step 1. Take the time to determine who you want to reach and why. 2. Create great content. It sounds like a no-brainer, but it all depends on how good your content is. Publishing compelling B2B content requires truly understanding your audience. See step 1. To position your business to business brand effectively, think about the mindset of your audience. What are their needs, concerns and aspirations? How can your business fit into that mental landscape? 3. Find the right format. Great marketing for B2B takes many forms, from white papers to infographics. What kind of content does your audience consume? Will they take time to watch a video or become impatient because they'd prefer to skim an executive summary quickly? Would they better engage with images? It's easy to extend the reach and lifespan of interesting B2B content by modifying it to multiple formats. Use tools like HiHello to consolidate multiple social media channels and create a digital business card. 4. Get the word out. Now, we, finally, get to social media. If you were tempted to tweet first and think later, you might be surprised that social media is the last step in this process. That's because it's the conduit to your content. Of course, social media will play into your strategy selection in step 1. You need to know where your B2B buyers spend their time. Most commonly, this is LinkedIn, Twitter and YouTube, but it might be different for your business. Once you know which social media channels you want to use, craft your posts to support the wide variety of formats you've developed. All your posts need to be relevant and add value. Invite conversation and feedback. Reach out directly via social channels to people you know who will appreciate great content. Do this well, and you'll benefit from the powerful bond between content and social media, two best friends in B2B branding. For more details, read the full blog post at newhorizon123.com written by Ann Smarty.


I just know that we missed you guys. So, I'm going to do her countertop in aqua and red. So, that's what I'm going to attempt to do for and with you all today. Why isn't mine this going? Oh, there it goes. So, that's what we're doing today. Let me pull up my, this so I can see what y'all's are saying. And hello. So, she, the cover photo for this video is kind of more what she's interested in. So, this was the first version I did for her. And I was like, it looks a little bit like one of those vintage bomb pops from like the ice cream truck. And she liked it for a while and then people were like, it's too much. And so, she saw this other sample that I did and she liked these bits but not the fracturing with the spray paint. So, I'm going to try to combine this finish with this finish, which look awfully the same in terms of flow. But I'm going to take out some of the red. I also deepened the red and I'm going to incorporate a little bit of this color, which I can't remember what it is. I'm not sure if it's almond or pale gold. New Waverly, Texas. That's not that far at all. What's up? So, I'm using my this, Istoyo resin mixer. I have it linked on the description box. To my knowledge, they haven't released this handy-dandy stand that I have. But hopefully that will happen sooner than later. Because I'm telling you, it's just a breeze to just set it and forget it. Did I just age myself by knowing that phrase? Do you guys remember that phrase, anybody? From like back in the day when I had like, was it like a rotisserie thing? I think it was like a rotisserie thing. Anyway. Super missed you guys. Haven't seen you in what feels like a whole forever. Hope you're all doing well.  Because I can't scroll on it. Because sticky hands. So, that mixer does a really good job at mostly mixing everything, but it can't scrape the sides.  What's up, Cat? Delaware. I don't know if I've seen Delaware in here for a while. Welcome. All right. So, my friend Tiffany, she's amazing, very smart, brilliant purple. Nope, person, not a purple. She's not a purple. Brilliant person. And she is often quite particular. So I'm going to try to do her proud with this finish because she wants it for her kitchen, which I'm super flattered and excited that she came to me to do it for her. What's up, Tim? So, I think based on my sample pieces, I'm clearing out from the chat to check out my sample images again. So if you're asking me as something, I can't see it. I need to combine this look with this look. Which in my eyes, they look super similar except for it has a little bit more flow as the darker colors is the base paint. I was a base paint resin. So it was a resin piece, but I spray painted over it with red. So you can see some of the design elements from the first piece. If you guys have followed me for any amount of time, you know, that I don't ever fully cover a piece if I'm using it for something else because I feel like I would be wasting whatever I used on the first layer. And I think it brings extra amount of depth to the piece. Hopefully that'll be better. So, yeah. Catch cat. Hello, Shannon. So I'm going to start mixing colors. I'm going to be using white opaque. Nope. White opaque. Translucent white. In fact, I'm going to use a white. I'm going to use pearl luster by color passion for this. G-U-D. I'm going to use a blue diamond, possibly a dark turquoise, either almond or pale gold, and possibly another turquoise. In theory. Is it Ashen? G'day, free spirit. Okay. So, I do have in between size cup. Translucent white, opaque white, and a lot. Blue diamond, Bermuda Bay, almond or pale gold, and a dark turquoise. And I'm going to need some clear as well.  We missed you guys too. Thank you so much for popping in. I hope you have a good trip to the doctor. So, let's start mixing color.  One, because I don't have that many titanium's in stock and you guys love titanium, so I'm not going to pull those from inventory. And two, lusters are great to use when you want a little bit of shimmer, but not really sparkle. I hope that makes sense. So, since the first one we're doing is translucent, we're using the t-tiniest bit of pigment, because we still want to be able to see through the resin down to our underpainting a little bit. Just some hues, some different tones. Erica, paint white, do you mean aluminum or titanium? Usually I would mean titanium, but I am running low on titanium, so we're going to be doing just the pearl luster from Color Passion. Okay, so this is translucent, so you can still see the color of the stir stick through the epoxy. The next one we're going to do is with the same pearl, but with a lot more pigment in comparison. And this is going to be our opaque. And the difference in opaque and translucent is that translucent, you can kind of see through it. It's a little bit cloudy. Nope, yeah. Translucent is a little bit cloudy. There's a haze. It's like a little bit if your windows were frosted a little. And then opaque is solid. You can't see the color of the stir stick through it. And then transparent is you can see completely through it. It may be a different color, but you have no distortion when you see through it to whatever's behind it. I love these colors too. I'm so excited, but also nervous. Okay, now we're going to mix up some Bermuda Bay by Just Resin. Pardon my jars because I'm a messy artist and I'm okay with it. This is a beautiful, opaque, non-luster pigment from Just Resin. All these pigments, by the way, you can find on my website, artistildette.com. I'm sure Clara is throwing links in the chat as we go along and she figures out what colors I'm using. She's quick on it. She knows colors like I do. I'm so glad I'm not the only messy artist. Cool, cool, cool. Working so far, it's working so far. So now we're going to mix in some blue diamonds. This is a darker color. So I think I may omit the... If you guys ever run into this issue where it's kind of solid, just hit it with your heat gun a little bit and it'll, with a little heat and then it'll start to melt back into itself. We'll see. We'll see how dark these other colors turn out. Now, blue diamonds is one of my favorites. A similar color in other brands that we color. Carrie would be Appetite Blue from L'orese or Caribbean Dream from Color Obsession or Thornton Shimmer from Color Passion. So maybe on the dark turquoise. And I'm still not sure if I should use... I think I'm going to go with the almond over the pale gold. It just seems to be more tonally correct in the palette. Oh my goodness. Thank you so much for the compliments, you guys. That also goes for if it's a little bit like this. You can still use it. It'll mix fine into your resin, but it just makes it a little... You took time from your day to come see what we're doing over here. So thank you guys so much for that. Makes my heart happy. Dark turquoise is a must. Well, I'll see what I can do. I have that little bit still, so maybe I'll throw some in there. Might as well just mix it. I already have the resin allocated. So it's a little bit brown, but also has that bronzy gold kind of sheen to it. Okay, mix some dark turquoise. Mix some dark turquoise. I haven't even opened this jar in a while. Okay, I'm open. So it looks black in the jar, but you can see kind of on these rims. Nope. Yeah. Ridge. What color it actually turns out to be before your daughter picks you up. Well, I'm excited to have you for the next 20 minutes. Shy, what's up? We've missed you, lovely. That's true. Judy is absolutely correct. I always overload my pigments. I definitely make them last longer, but now I'm using as much as I am using. And then that's how you make them last longer. I'm just a glutton. All right, I'm also going to mix in something. Where did it go? What is this? Milky Way? Yes. No. JK. I have no Milky Way left. I don't know why I had this even on my shelf. My windows are open, so things are just flying everywhere. So the Milky Way is just going to give a little bit of sparkle in the areas where we want the red background painting that we did to kind of shine through a little bit. This isn't quite as much sparkle as I'd like, so I'm just going to put this into here. Sparkle. I don't know if Tiffany is going to want this sparkle, but she's not here to tell me not to use it. So basically I do what I want in this moment currently. All right, so I'm going to go back to my visual. So if you guys are talking to me right now in this moment, I can't see it, but I'll tell you when I get back to it. In the meantime, if you ask the question and someone with a wrench answers it, those are the mods. They're amazing. We love them so much, and they know what they're talking about. Also a lot of other people in the chat know what they're talking about as well. So in the reference that she said she liked, there's a little bit of a flow to it. I use that as a template to my flow. I hope that makes sense. Essentially, that's a little bit too much sparkle in those areas, so I'm going to put some clear over them. So if you put too much of any kind of glitter or shimmery pigment in your epoxy, it's going to kind of make it cloudy. If you see right here, it's not really clear with sparkle. It's cloudy with sparkle. So if you just throw some clear on top of it and mix it in a little bit, it will blend out some of that sparkle. So I'm also going to put some white. I'm going to be tilting this piece as well so that I can get the flow to be a little cohesive because during application, it always looks a bit sketchy. At least I have found, which is why typically I don't let anybody watch as I put color down and prepare to do a pour because they're just going to have questions that I don't have time to answer. I'm also trying to separate my colors with the whites and the clears because it appears that's what I did in the sample that was approved. I'm also putting down thicker areas of color because it seems like that's what she liked in the sample pieces. And if she doesn't like it, then she's just going to have to like it. I'm sure she'll like it. I'm toying with the idea of doing some of it as a dirty pour. I think I'm going to apply these colors and then see what I'm working with and evaluate from there about doing a dirty pour. So I go back to the comments. So now I'm going to just make sure there's no dry spots. Because when you start doing design elements, your resin is going to just part over the dry spots. And you don't want that. It's going to make your job more difficult if you don't have everything blended in a bit. I just realized I have this whole section right here and right here that's barren. That's okay because we have plenty of resin. I'm trying to only blend out certain colors at a time so it doesn't get kind of muddy like this. But in the sample, I did have kind of busier sections. So we can work with that. I'm actually switching hands to blend in the almond color. They don't want to contaminate which apparently this did. So that's great. Whenever you do samples for clients, it's super important to let them know that this is just sample size. When you go to scale, it's going to kind of read a little bit differently. So don't really get married to things looking only like they are on the sample piece. Because things will change when they kind of scale up to a larger surface. It's making a little bit more of the translucent white. I would do it. Or I'll just have to do it when he gets back in with the babes. Alright. Where is my alcohol towel? I'm going to mirror you exactly. The colors make you happy. The colors make me super happy too. I'm always a fan of aquas and reds together in any form or fashion. I mean they were my wedding colors after all. Just hitting with a little bit of heat. So I can see what we're working with. I'm going to throw everything I have left into a dirty pour. I'm not sure why. I feel like I want to do a dirty pour here, but I'm sure there's a reason. Calm down, big boy. White. Y'all, anytime I do an art piece or a sample piece, anytime I'm arting anywhere, it looks like a mad scientist is just trying to invent a new species or something. There's just stuff everywhere. And I'm just throwing things together sometimes. Anybody else have that happen to them? Or is that only me? It could be only me, but I'm hoping it's not. It's what we got. So as it stands right now, I think this is too crazy of a piece for a kitchen. But we'll see if we can salvage something. I really like that dirty pour that we did through there, that ribbon. But she kind of exed out those design elements on one of the other sample boards I sent her. So puppy's back. What did you guys get up to? Went up to the dog park. Oh, yeah? Which I don't think she understands the concept of, I'm free now. She just kind of stays and smells stuff.  It should be a little bit different when we take Bowie out with her. I am planning on tilting the countertop. I'm going to get to them before she installs them, before her brother installs them. So I'm going to show you in a minute the reason why I like to use translucent. Because the look is so fun. I'm waiting on this to tilt all the way before I bring it back. So see how that is ever so gently whispering through and around and over everything. It's still showing a bit of red in the background. Oh my goodness, I am dripping all over my finish. Oh well, we'll get that. So I like everything that's happening up here except for those dots that I just added. This part I'm not that thrilled with. So I'm going to hit it with some heat to get it to flow a little faster. Because when you add heat to resin, you're thinning it out. When you thin it, it goes faster. So I'm trying to do that in order to not lose what I have going on in this upper half. That just made me lose a lot of that almond color. Sometimes it takes a couple of tilts to get it going in the direction you want it to. So she said she wanted aquas and reds, but that's a really hard color combination to put together. Unfortunately, I'm going to try to make it work with red, but if I can't make it work, what I'm going to have to do is kind of just paint the red in as an accent, maybe after the fact. Like hand-painted in. Oh, with a counter that you can't tilt, I'm going to tilt it. It's not going to be installed, so I'll be able to pick it up and move it around. It's not going to be installed by the time I get there, so I'll have plenty of time to work with it pre-installation. If I have some gloss, I'm going to do another table version because it's due. I feel like you really don't have a lot of gloss. I have a satin. Yeah, for countertops, 34s are really, really nice. I totally agree. All right, so I'm going to try some satin apple red that may or may not work. Maybe too bright. You can't even see how bright that is from there. Where can you guys see best color? I don't know how I'm feeling that red. I'm not feeling it. What's up, Tabitha? Yeah, I don't know if I'm feeling the red. What do you guys think? Hey, can you take it out? I don't think Tanya is watching. It doesn't matter. If she is, she's here with me. If she is here with you. I don't think she's in the room. Can you fog it? So, oh yeah, Milky Way did change shooting star. Sorry. But on my website, I have it listed as both shooting star and Milky Way. So in the other samples that I did for her, she said that she liked these areas and did not like the fracturing with spray paint. So I'm hesitant to do a fog. And that's your resin is gonna resin. I know if I'm not feeling it, I'm not feeling it, but client wanted red. And I thought that I could make it work with some just peekaboos. I think that's working better than the top side red, the floating red. I mean, if he likes the red. Well, ultimately, it comes down to what, you know, the client wants. So I'm going to defer to what Tiffany likes. I thought she would be in the speed, but apparently not. And I will say the piece as a whole looks better. IRL than screen. If you work with resin at all ever, you know that. That's just how resin is. It's gonna look better in person than on screen. It would be cool if Tiffany was here. So she can be like, I like this and not that. Maybe I'll just set up a time with her to do that. If you don't like the red that sparkly could use, core red, devoid of sparkle. You could use any red. I like the red better than, you know, I like the sparkle red better than I would. The red without the sparkle. But you could use a core red. She wanted more of a crimson red. So I couldn't, if I can't substitute it out, but one could substitute it out. I hope that makes sense. No problem. Donna, have a great day. What's up, Christine? So I think I'm going to add some darker lines. I don't know if that's doing anything for me, but can't hurt to work it until you like it, right? This may be a suit question, but what do people do with their sample boards sell them as art? So I actually do sell my sample boards as art. You can do that or you can keep them as samples for future clients so that you don't have to remake them at any time. Let's say a client wants a Carrera marble, what's the word I'm trying to do? Conserving materials. I will let my clients purchase their sample boards for like $30 a piece if they hire me for the gig though. Yes, VAMP is absolutely correct. This is a specific color request for a specific client that wants these specific colors. So I can't really... I don't have that much.  It was happening. So I don't have that much, like, freedom to just throw design elements in. Cool. Just dropped a whole bunch of stuff. Not my favorite finish, but we'll see what client says. I think I'm going to put some gold on top of it. She didn't say... What if I use copper? What's with copper? That's not a bit not important. I got distracted by copper. Oh my goodness. I can't even open this. Give up. V, I can't open it. Sometimes you just have to beat the devil out of it. Yep. Got it. Crushed it. Me no help. So if you guys are new here, hi, hello, what's up? I'm Erica. I have things over there. So we're our two furry babies. We're artists till death.  We're at 6 p.m. central. We're two days at 2 p.m. central. It's not always resin, but it's always art, and it's always a good time. So, I'm proud to say that earlier. Also, if you're new here, I am trying to soak out the propellant from my floating gold. So I put it in the back of a Dixie cup. See how it's yellow on this rim here? I'm trying really hard not to drop this on the piece. So it's yellow on the rim. That is because the propellant is yellow, and it's soaking into the paper of this cup. I do it on the backside instead of the front side, because usually the inside of Dixie cups are lined with wax, and so it's not going to absorb. When I stir this up like this, and the paint cracks, you can see the darker shade of what's in there. That's propellant. And that's going to make my lines or veins that I put on the piece crack. See how it's doing like this? So it's going to bloom, and it's going to crack. And I don't want that. I just want a solid, beautiful line of metallic floating paint. And so in order to do that, I have to have some of the propellant soaked out. The propellant has to be in there or else it wouldn't stay fluid for that long. Clear resin, just a little too tiny bit, but not a lot. I want it to be even close to 50-50. I'm just going to use what I have left of the Milky Way or Shooting Star resin. I have some new boards and coasters to show you guys in a minute, so I hope you stick around for just a second. And if you haven't subscribed, please do so. We're really trying to grow our channel and can't do it without you guys. That resin's just not going to do much because it was so... such a little amount. We'll take this. Read the comments. What? What? Tiffany has arrived. What dick-looking blob? Where? I don't see it. Tiffany's been here the whole time. She's just technologically challenged. No worries, Evelyn. All right, Tiffany, so you said... Okay, so you like the red bits, the aqua bits, the white. I guess maybe you're talking about this. I can move that. Oh, the shadow cast. This bit right here. Does the thing you're talking about move if I do that? Okay, so I can take this out. And I'm thinking about adding some copper. What are your thoughts on copper? I'll just put a little bit in and see if you like it. I'm going to do a close-up. We'll just put it over here just on the edge. Sorry for a moment. So we were testing that red. I don't know if you were here when we did that, but not sure I'm feeling it. I'm going to put less sparkle in the clear for my next sample. I'm probably going to do more of this color. We're going to leave out the blue diamond. Or are you talking about this dark blue? Two different kinds. But they're both aqua, so that's what that one looks like. I like the sparkle, but I didn't know if that would be too much for your taste. Both dark blues. But they're not blue. They're actually aqua. So you can see the green hue in them. Anyways, if you don't like that, then we don't do that. And so we'll put that color in. The base, that color. Translucent whites. And the aquas. Bye, Clara. I hope all is good. Thoughts on the floating copper? So I like the color. I like the color. So I like the floating coppers because or any of the floating colors that we use because they really catch the light. Totally up to you. I love it too. So on tomorrow's sample, I will do Sorry guys, hold on. Sorry for the weird movement. So on tomorrow's sample I'm going to rework this piece leaving out the blue diamond and the dark turquoise. I may work in some of this brighter red but I don't know if that's going to it probably will work better without the darker blues because these two colors look good together. You can't really see from the vantage point that you're at right now but a second ago you could see it. We'll leave that amount of the Milky Way slash shooting star. We'll keep the almond we'll keep the translucent and we're going to work with the flow a little bit differently and I'm going to work on a bigger board so we can get a better feel of the flow. I'm going to add some more of this actually right now because it's here and I can and I love it. Tiffany, that part that you didn't like the white speckle She's not going to get rid of the red. The those white circles that you didn't like like everybody was like suggesting that because it's pretty common thing to do in countertops but it's like my dogs are losing it in there. I feel like this needs to flow differently but this isn't a final piece so I'm not going to get that obsessive about little bits like that. I could play mess with this all day but I'm not going to do that. Do that color just more floaty. I have no idea what you're talking about. Not the almond blob. So you want me to take this part out because you circled it in the last reference that you did but I can take the copper out I mean not the copper the almond actually I think removing the almond on top of a dark red background with the copper floating would work really well. What if you put the red in the copper. Don't mix it all. Just do all this and then add the red in the copper and then blow it. Well the red's underpainted because we don't want purple. What's I'm saying put in the copper. So you would just see just a little bit of the red. Yeah that could work but she's I liked it in that one but it's a different pattern. So thinking about resins and patterns is I can will it to go in certain patterns I can apply it the exact same way but resin is going to do whatever it wants to do. This will actually look very different an hour from now and even tomorrow. Can I say tomorrow from now because it sounds like an hour from now or tomorrow from now. It's going to change because resin's going to settle and move and level off for hours. What's up Tia how are you doing? What you doing? I'm working out a sample piece for a countertop and the client is actually in the chat right now so I'm going over options while she's watching because she is actually in South Alabama. So since we can't get together and look at things in person I invited her to join us on a live and so now did Tiffany consider Dirty Pork? She did but she likes larger blocks of color from what I gather in the sample pieces that I've already done and she's kind of so this was the first sample and then we did this sample but she didn't like the spray paint bits and she did like the almonds and the flow is similar but this piece is huge in comparison to this one. Excuse me so once I get this to a larger scale it's going to also look different. So she likes the bigger blocks of colors but now since she's seen kind of the flow there's also more white in this sample which she'll also like. Okay so on tomorrow's live what I'm going to do is the larger patches of Bermuda I'll probably put some breakfast at Tiffany's which is this color but lighter and that will give some depth of tone because since we're not going to do the dark turquoise or the blue diamonds we'll need something brighter or darker but since she doesn't like darker we're going to have to go brighter. So we're going to do Bermuda Bay the lighter version of this color which is breakfast at Tiffany's which is appropriate because clients name is Tiffany we're going to back spray it with the dark red color we're going to mix some Milky Way slash shooting star in our clear and we're going to add more white and we're going to omit the almond and add more of the floating copper so that's the game plan for tomorrow the pups are playing very extra and um the resin is starting to set and I'm out of resin so I have to yeah there's no way I can finish filming today because there's too much happening in the house right now and putting on my reminders okay so 58 minutes ago but tomorrow so don't forget sixth central tomorrow alright you guys um I think this is great actually in order to show you guys how you can work with clients when you can't be right in front of them and oh it's at 2 p.m. tomorrow sorry tomorrow's at 2 p.m. central I forgot tomorrow's Tuesday I will tell I'll tell him Tiffany so yeah tomorrow's going to be at 2 p.m. central but the feed will be posted to the channel so you can watch it whenever whenever so yeah this is a good um video on how to kind of work with a client when you can't be right in front of them hope it helps somebody I could use Rhonda I don't know how much I have um oh sweet you're going to be okay so set your calendar for 2 p.m. tomorrow Tiffany and anybody else if you subscribe and hit the notification button hopefully it'll send you a notification that we're going live you want to go see what Bowie's upset about what's wrong do you I hope you I hope to see you what is that what Bowie wanted you don't want to share she's getting so big already you guys she also likes to flaunt that she has something that he wants anyways I hope you guys have an awesome Monday evening and um we will be back tomorrow at 2 p.m. Central for a rework of today's piece if you want to see the changes that we make I hope you guys tune in she is four months old and her name is canvas she's a husky-pom mix right Evelyn I saw it too anyways see it's like she has nothing he is like she's trying to beat what even is that guess my butt I think she figured out Bowie I think she figured out that's how Bowie plays you'll be able to see him both of them come down there Tiff it looks like she's just trying to pee on his foot so when Bowie plays he just throws his butt at people I think so TG I was gonna come over here and referee this but I feel like it's gonna make both of them tired look these choose right here this same thing this one same thing that in there same thing all that's the same boop boop boop but he wants that one one because she's chewing on it two because he likes them after they've been chewed on for a minute anyways you guys have an amazing evening we'll see you guys tomorrow oh I forgot to show you the new boards it may recognize this river board that we had a long time ago it will be on the website I submitted it tonight so hopefully tomorrow I'll be putting out a sale code tomorrow so y'all may not want to order till tomorrow anyways and then I also got some of these little trivets but they're cutty outies so you can just fill them and then flood them I think that that may be what I call this line of boards fill them and flood them these were damaged in transit but I also have fill them and flood them coasters what river table coaster what pretty cute idea it's already barricaded off on the edges of the coaster so you don't have to worry about resin flowing out but on the river boards you're gonna have to tape the edges anyways hope you guys like these new news I'll have them on my website tomorrow I'll send an email so keep an eye out and you guys have an awesome evening be kind to one another because you never know what someone's going through so Bowie can win this treat back he's got it he won it he won anyways I'm sitting out orders and we're answering emails so hopefully I'll get everything caught up within the next couple of days if you needed something from the website sorry for the delay everybody needs a little break every once in a while and actually I think I'm battling a cold as we speak you guys have an awesome evening and we'll see you guys next time bye do you find a new thing to chew on that it's not for you to chew on look at all these things you can chew on what about this one there you go bye bye