Hello, let us look at how we can estimate the values of range payload diagram for a long range transport aircraft. We have taken Boeing 787 Dreamliner as our baseline aircraft for this tutorial. But the same method is applicable to any transport aircraft or for that matter any aircraft. Before you go ahead, I would like to remind you that you should do the tutorial only after you watch the video lectures regarding the procedure for the range payload diagram. Because here we do not explain anything, we assume that you have already seen the tutorial, so we straight away proceed with the calculations. Once again let us look at the color scheme in this presentation. The general instructions would be given in brown color. The values specified by any specifications of the aircraft will be shown in the black color which are very few in this particular tutorial. The values which are assumed from sources that are considered as our basic information sources are shown in the blue color. The calculations to be carried out would be highlighted by the red color with this pause symbol. So wherever you see this symbol, you are required to pause the video, do the calculations and then only move forward. Otherwise, you will not be able to practice. Remember, aircraft design is best learned by doing things and by calculations, not by just listening. So it is very important that you do these tutorials along with the video as we go. The values which are calculated are going to be shown in this dark blue colored font. And towards the end, we will do a comparison with the values quoted in an online source which is going to be used as a baseline source for us. Those values will be shown in the green color. Moving ahead, let us first have a quick look at the typical weight built up of an aircraft and I am going to give you the values in pounds and kilograms. But I am going to use the values in pounds to do the calculation towards the end. Normally we work in the SI system, but we are going to make an exception in this tutorial. The reason is that the numerical values for this aircraft are given as whole numbers in pounds. So it is easier to remember and easier to do the calculations rather than converting them into kilograms. But for your appreciation, I am going to show you the data in both the units. However, when we proceed with the calculations, we will do the calculations only with pounds. So the first important parameter that we need to know is the maximum ramp weight MRW which is 478,000 pounds for this aircraft. And then you have the maximum takeoff weight which is 2000 pounds less because 2000 pounds is the fuel that is earmarked for engine startup and warm up and the maximum landing weight specified is 365,000 pounds. The maximum zero fuel weight is 340,000 pounds. The operating empty weight or the weight of the aircraft with the basic structure with the crew members and with the operational items is the operating empty weight 239,200 pounds. The aircraft cannot be operated with a weight below this. Below this weight, you have to add payload and fuel till you can maximum hit the max takeoff weight limit. Or if you are counting in the fuel consumed during the warm up and engine out, you can also load up the fuel up to the maximum ramp weight. The number of passengers which is standard in this aircraft is 224, although it can carry more passengers but for a standard analysis, it is 224. And the weight per passenger as specified in the standard documentation is 210 pounds. This includes the weight of the passenger plus the permitted baggage. Total weight of the passenger plus their baggage is 210 pounds. And the maximum fuel capacity of this aircraft as mentioned in the source is 32940 US gallons. If you convert US gallons into liters, the number that you get is 124691.5 liters. Let us look at some calculated values. So based on the values which I have just flashed, you would be able to now do some basic calculations to get the values. So the maximum payload weight will be the maximum zero fuel weight minus the operating empty weight. It is called as MPW and in this case it is also specified as 100,000 pounds. The maximum fuel weight is estimated by multiplying the capacity of the fuel in liters with a standard density value. So the maximum fuel weight comes out to be 217, 418 pounds. This is a number that we need to remember because we will be using this number in the future. The payload weight plus fuel weight that means the combination of payload and fuel that you can carry is only up to maximum takeoff weight is what you have permitted minus operating empty weight which is the minimum. So the difference between these two is the summation of payload and fuel that you can carry and that for this aircraft is 236,800 pounds. Now if you add the maximum payload weight of 100,000 pounds and the maximum fuel weight of 217,418 pounds, the number that you get is approximately 317,420. So it is clear that you will not be able to operate at maximum payload and maximum fuel weight together and that is why we need to have a tradeoff that is why we need to draw this range payload diagram. Now let us look at the weight breakdown of the aircraft when it is carrying the maximum payload. It is a very important operating requirement and airline would like to never compromise on payload because payload is what gives it profit. So they would like to know the breakdown at maximum payload. Once again we will look in two units. The ramp weight is already known 478,000. Now the fuel which is consumed in warm up and taxi is specified as 2000 pounds and therefore the takeoff weight that means the weight at the end of warm up and taxi is the weight which is allowed to be carried on the wheels that is 476,000 pounds. In this the payload is 100,000 pounds which is 224 passengers at 210 pounds or 95.2 kgs each 47040 another important number which we will use later for the max payload case. So if you are carrying maximum payload with all passengers since you can carry 100,000 pounds and the passengers and their baggage occupies only 47040 pounds therefore you are able to carry cargo of 52960 pounds which is to be carried in the belly of the aircraft. Now the fuel that you can carry for this particular mission would be from the zero fuel weight you know you have to take out the maximum payload weight and you will get the value of the fuel that you can carry that is 136,800 pounds. Now with so much fuel you would be able to move a particular distance which we will calculate and the operating empty weight as we all know is 239,200 pounds. The source of the data is the same as mentioned in the previous slide and also in the bottom of this particular slide. Let us look at the design mission profile of Boeing 787-8 for which this particular calculation was shown. So the first segment is the takeoff segment that occurs at sea level. We do not consider any credit for the distance travelled in this particular phase because you are at the same airport. The next segment of the mission is the climb which occurs still a height of 37,000 feet where the Mach number is 0.85. In reality this climb is actually in 3 or 4 separate phases. So takeoff ends when you reach the obstacle height of 35 feet and climb ends when you reach the cruising Mach number of 0.85. In between there is one level flight acceleration then there is a initial climb to 1,500 feet then there is a climb to 10,000 feet then there is a climb to the cruising altitude and then there is a acceleration to the Mach number of 0.85. All that we are combining together into this one climb just for simplicity. Once you reach the cruise Mach number of 0.85 at the specified cruising altitude of 37,000 feet then you can do the first leg of the cruise which is 272 nautical miles in a level flight. So you maintain the cruising altitude as 37,000 feet and you cruise at a Mach number of 0.85 which is basically 488 knots true airspeed. Then you do a small climb of around 4,000 feet from 37,000 feet you go to 41,000 feet. The reason for this is that the aircraft is now lighter because it has consumed quite a good amount of fuel in segment number 3 the first cruise segment. So the desired altitude or the optimum altitude for the next cruise segment would be higher because the aircraft is lighter. So you climb up to 4,000 feet. So there is a small climb segment there will be some distance travelled and some fuel consumed also in this segment and then you do the next cruise which is 5,245 nautical miles at the same cruise Mach number of 0.85 but the altitude is 41,000 feet. And then actually you do not just do a level flight you also do a deceleration but we are including that thing in one single cruise segment for simplicity.  So then you need to have enough fuel for about half an hour of hold at 5000 feet near an airport waiting for the airport to be available. So you need to you may not do this every time and sometimes you may do hold more than 30 minutes but you need to have a provision for minimum 30 minutes of hold. And then there is a possibility that when you come into land there is some issue maybe there is a visibility issue maybe there is some other issue. So you have to miss the approach and divert to a diversion destination which is supposed to be located at around 200 nautical miles. So you need to have enough fuel for a diversion to 200 nautical miles while flying at a Mach number of 0.535 at a height of 22,117 feet. These numbers have been obtained by the manufacturer based on their assessment of what would be the most optimal altitude and the Mach number for carrying out the hold under the standard ISA conditions. After this you have the approach and land. So this is the design mission profile of Boeing 787-8. Now let us look at the detailed breakdown of weight consumed or fuel consumed, distance travelled and time taken in all these small segments. So the first one is the warm-up taxi out segment which as I mentioned does not get any credit for distance. The fuel provision for this segment is 2000 pounds. This is above the maximum takeoff weight in this particular aircraft. So this only adds up to the ramp weight and the time given for that is approximately 10 minutes. The next segment is takeoff which happens in about 1 minute. Again we do not worry about the distance travelled but we do have to consider a good amount of fuel which is gone. So that fuel is approximately 458 pounds during takeoff. And then we have those multiple climb segments adding all of them together you reach a height of the cruising altitude of 37,000 feet in about 27 minutes. But during this time you travel a distance of 1, 26 nautical miles but you have also consumed the aircraft also consumes 9395 pounds of fuel. Then you have the first cruise segment which lasts for about 335 minutes. And in this particular segment their distance travelled is 272 nautical miles close to around 5000 kilometers and the fuel consumed is 61772 pounds. Then you go in for a step climb which is approximately 7 minutes. You climb from 37,000 feet to 41,000 feet. During this climb you travel a distance of 56 nautical miles and you consume 1487 pounds of fuel. Then you do the second cruise which is a much larger cruise almost double of the previous cruise. This also lasts for almost double the time 645 minutes. And in this particular segment you cover 5 to 4, 5 nautical miles and the fuel consumed is 98,329 pounds. So a large amount of fuel is consumed in the first cruise and in the second cruise and also in the climb phase. Once you finish you reach the destination now you do a descent. The descent segment takes around 21 minutes and the travel the distance travelled is 129 nautical miles. The fuel consumed is 436 pounds. Notice that the fuel consumed in descent was neglected in it is neglected when you do the initial sizing because of the approximations in the procedure. But good amount of fuel is consumed in descent almost as much as that you consume during takeoff. Once you do the descent you reach the low altitude and then you do an approach which goes for about 2 minutes. During approach you are already in actually almost at the airport. So we do not count the distance travelled but fuel consumed is 328 pounds. And then finally you have landing in and taxi, landing and taxi in. Fuel consumed during landing is actually neglected. So we do not worry about fuel consumed during landing. But in taxi of course there is some amount of fuel consumed and the whole time taken is about 1 minute and no distance credit is to be given. So if you add all the numbers which are mentioned above as far as the accept the first segment, accept the warm up and take the extra out segment which is not really counted. If you add all the other segments you get a total mission fuel of 172341 pounds, total distance travelled of 838 nautical miles and total time taken of 1050 minutes. For the mission. Now remember that we need to have fuel for diversion. So for this aircraft the diversion fuel is 500040 pounds. The diversion distance as I already mentioned is 200 nautical miles and the time taken to divert is 39 minutes. Then you have 30 minutes of holding. During holding you are circling over the airport. So you do not have any distance credit but you do consume fuel and the half an hour of flight consumes 3620 pounds of fuel for this aircraft at approximately 5000 feet under ISA conditions at the landing weight. And finally we have fuel as a reserve fuel which is meant for either the fuel which is blocked in the pipeline or the fuel that is to be made available for any navigational errors or any weather issues. So for that what we normally do is a certain percentage of the mission fuel is kept aside and never consumed that is the reserve fuel 8617 pounds in this case is the reserve fuel. So with this information which has come from the document uploaded by CMOS on the Piano website let us do some observations now. So the total cruise distance that would be travelled would be in the first cruise, second cruise and let us also include the distance travelled in the stepped climb as a distance in cruise. So that would be if you add the distances it would be 2722 plus 56 plus 5245. So at this place I would like you to pause and calculate this number it is a simple addition. So with this you will know that the total distance travelled in the cruise is 8023 nautical miles. Remember this is only cruise to this we have to add the distance in the other non cruise segments. Let us look at the total cruise fuel. Total cruise fuel would be the fuel consumed during the first cruise during the stepped climb and the second cruise that number I would like you to pause the video and do the calculations to get this number that number would turn out to be 161588 pounds. So so much of fuel is available for you to do the mission. So now we know how much fuel is consumed in the cruise and we also know how much is the distance travelled in the cruise. So what we can do is we can get an approximate value of the specific range in nautical miles per pound during the cruise segment. Remember we have included the stepped climb inside cruise. So we are not distinguishing between first cruise second cruise and stepped climb we combine them together into one big cruise. So this number would be the distance 8023 divide by the fuel in cruise 161588. Please pause the video do this calculation the number turns out to be 0.04965 nautical miles per pound. So in this tutorial we will assume hence forward that unless specified this particular value of the this particular value of the SFC of the of the specific range would be used in the calculations. Now as I mentioned during other segments other than the cruise also some distance is travelled. So as far as the aircraft is concerned it is a part of the range. So what would be the non-cruise range it would be the distance travelled in the climb descent phases and that would be 176 plus 129 that is 305 nautical miles. I hope you had paused the video and done this calculation. Whenever you see the symbol whenever you see this particular symbol whether I say it or not you are supposed to pause the video and then do the calculations. Finally let us look at what is the fuel consumed in the non-cruise segments that would be the fuel consumed in the takeoff in the climb in the descent in the approach and the landing and taxi in that is the part of the non-cruise part of the mission. So that would be 458 plus 9395 plus 436 plus 328 plus 137 which would be 10754 pounds. So that much fuel is consumed in the non-cruise segment and the distance that is travelled is only 305 nautical miles. So these numbers have to be remembered because we are going to keep these so there are some important observations. Fuel for warm-up and taxi out is 2000 pounds but remember this is out of our calculations because this is additional to the maximum takeoff weight in this particular aircraft. This is the one that adds up from the maximum takeoff weight to the maximum ramp weight in our case. Fuel in the non-cruise segments is 10754 pounds as we just calculated. I am writing this again so that you can remember you can note down this and you can remember this number because we will use this number in the calculations that follow. The contingency fuel is the fuel for two contingencies the holding and the diversion. So for hold it is 8620 pounds given in the document and diversion 5040. So if you add them together in every flight you will have to carry a contingency fuel of 8660 pounds. And the reserve fuel will be a given fraction in this case 5% of the mission fuel. So in our case it is actually 0.05 into 172341 which is our mission fuel weight for this particular design mission that turns out to be 8624 pounds. So this number will keep changing depending on the mission. For the design mission this number is 8624 pounds. So my suggestion is that these numbers you have to note down what you could do is just take a picture of this slide and keep it next to you so that when you do the calculations this information is always handy with you. So this is the basic range payload diagram for general aircraft and for 787 the design mission involves 224 passengers at 210 pounds each. So the green line in the screen represents the condition for the range with the payload equal to the design payload. So in this diagram the x axis is the range and the y axis is the payload. So this is the diagram that we are going to draw for Boeing 787. First let us understand the various components. So the first point which we need to look at is the point O. Now O is a very trivial point it represents zero range and full payload. So here what you do is imagine that you have the aircraft with operating empty weight and you have you put in the full payload that you can carry and then you just stay at the airport that is the operating condition corresponding to point number O at which the payload weight is the maximum payload weight. That is the only condition which is applicable for point number O. So the range will be zero and also the aircraft weight will not be the max takeoff weight because you have not added all the fuel you have added zero fuel actually. In fact you have added the contingency fuel you have added the reserve fuel but you have added zero fuel for the mission and therefore your range is zero. The next point is point A which is a very important point as far as an airline is concerned airlines are very keen to know the value of this point A for any aircraft that they operate. In fact when they compare two aircraft seldom their comparison is based on this particular point A. They would like this point to be as high as possible that means as up as possible and as far as possible. So what is this point? This point corresponds to harmonic range. Harmonic range basically is the maximum range that an aircraft can travel with full payload and so much fuel that now you cannot add more fuel even though your fuel tank is not full but you cannot add more fuel because you have hit the maximum takeoff line that is the harmonic range. The next point is point B which corresponds to another inflection where B represents the point where your fuel tank is full and the aircraft weight is also equal to max takeoff weight. So you just add enough amount of payload so that fuel weight plus payload weight becomes equal to the maximum permitted fuel in payload weight that can be carried by the aircraft. So this particular point corresponds to MR which is the range with maximum fuel and for point number B you have one important input which is how much range it can travel because now you have reduced the payload but you also need to know what is the payload for maximum fuel that is PMF. So the payload for maximum fuel is obtained directly from the range payload diagram. This is an important number that we need to calculate for our aircraft also. The next important point is the ferry range or point number C which is where the graph touches the x-axis. The ferry range is used to ferry the aircraft from origin A to destination B. Some applications of ferry range are when you are sending the aircraft for maintenance or when the aircraft is being delivered. One option is that you can install some additional tanks they are called as pannier tanks inside the fuselage to increase the range further but that involves expenditure that involves approval etc. So suppose I would like to know how far my aircraft can travel with zero payload and full fuel then because such flights are done very rarely and under the very close supervision then what we also permit as a special case is that we permit the reserve fuel to be consumed because we do have contingency fuel. So contingency fuel is to be carried but reserve fuel can be merged with the mission fuel. So the mission fuel here will be equal to the total fuel capacity of the aircraft without any internal tanks minus the fuel for contingencies remaining all fuel is available for the ferrying of the aircraft. This is permitted because ferry of the aircraft is done under very special approvals and permissions. So it is allowed that it is assumed that you may not require any fuel for any other reserves. And then we have the point D which corresponds to the design payload weight which in this case is 224 passengers at 110 pounds each and corresponding to that particular thing on the diagram you also have a design range. So now what we are going to do is we are actually going to calculate these points O, A, D, B, C for Boeing 787-8 and then we will compare the values with those quoted in the literature. So let us first do the calculations for the design mission. So the information is going to be presented to you in three separate columns. The first representing data which is the input information. The second calculations which are numbers or procedures to be calculated and finally there will be another column which will contain the results of these calculations. So I would request you to pause the video whenever you see the pause sign and then calculate the result of that particular specific step and match it with the value that has been mentioned in the results column. So first let us look at the data that we will need to calculate the range payload diagram for the design mission. This is remember point number D. So max takeoff weight 476,000 pounds operating empty weight 29,000 pounds. The design payload weight which we calculated was 210 into 224 which is 47040 pounds. HDF stands for the handling and diversion fuel. This is not a standard designation this is the number just I have given that. So do not quote me anywhere and say that what is the HDF of your aircraft. In our calculations HDF stands for handling and descent fuel which as you know is 8660 pounds. So in each mission so much fuel has to be kept aside from the total fuel available in the fuel tank for this particular contingency. Then NCF is the non cruise fuel that means the fuel which is consumed in all the non cruise segments which as you know is 10754 pounds. NCR is the non cruise range or the range obtained in a non cruise mission that means the distance traveled in all other segments put together added together is NCR. The reserve fuel fraction is given as 0.05 and we have also calculated in the previous slide the cruise specific range or CSR as 0.04965 nautical miles per pound. Let us do some calculations now. First we need to calculate what is the design fuel weight or fuel weight in the design mission. That number will be obtained from the maximum takeoff weight you take off the operating empty weight that would be consisting of fuel and payload and from there you subtract the design payload of 47040 you will get the value of the design fuel weight. So to do this calculation I have put in the numbers for your convenience for the values of MTOW, OW and DPW. Now you can pause the video and calculate what is the design fuel weight of this aircraft and that number turns out to be 189760. Now let us move ahead. The mission fuel weight is going to be 1 minus reserve fuel fraction into the design fuel weight minus the handling and diversion fuel. So essentially 5 percent of the fuel is rep kept reserved for contingencies as I mentioned to you navigation fuel blocking the pipeline and also for missed approach etc. So that number can be estimated by a simple calculation. Please pause the video and do the calculation. It will be 1 minus reserve fuel fraction into the design fuel weight that we have just now obtained minus the fuel that is we kept aside for holding and for diversion. So with that this number is 172405 pounds. Now so once you have this value of the mission fuel weight you can now estimate how much fuel is available for the cruise mission. So cruise fuel weight will be the mission fuel weight minus the non-cruise fuel because from the mission fuel available to you 172405 you are going to do 10754 pounds of consumption in non-cruise phases. So therefore you know that for cruise you have 161291 pounds. Now since you know the average cruise, you know the value of the average cruise specific range 0.4965. So you just multiply how much is the fuel available for cruise with that number and you will get the value of the distance that we travel. So the distance traveled in cruise is 8008 nautical miles but remember that 305 nautical miles can be traveled in the climb in the descent phases itself. So that number we need to add. So finally what we get is that we get the total distance to be 8313 kilometers. In other words the coordinates of point number D are if you look at the first one is the value of the range and the second point is the value of the payload. So x and y. So the point D has the coordinates of 8313 nautical miles and 47040 pounds of payload. Moving ahead let us calculate for the harmonic range. As I mentioned harmonic range corresponds to range with no compromise on payload that is a maximum payload. So for this again we have three blocks the data, the calculations and the results. The data block is very much the same except that there are certain new things. We know now that the maximum payload weight is 100,000 pounds. Earlier it was 47040 but now the maximum payload weight is 100,000 pounds because we are looking at harmonic range where the payload is the maximum payload weight. The handling and descent, holding and descent fuel remains the same. The non-cruise fuel remains the same. The non-cruise range remains the same and the reserve fuel factor also remains the same. And we are also assumed that the value of the cruise specific range also is the same. So to do the calculations first we need to find out what is the fuel weight for this particular condition. Earlier we had calculated the design fuel weight for the design mission. Now we will calculate the fuel weight available for the harmonic range. Now that will be quite simply the maximum takeoff weight minus operating empty weight which corresponds to the total of payload and fuel. So from there you remove the maximum payload weight of 100,000 pounds you will get the fuel weight available. So I have put the numbers for your convenience. I would request you to pause the video and do these calculations. The number comes out to be 136,800 pounds. Now once again we have the same formula for the mission fuel weight which would be wine minus reserve fuel fraction into the fuel weight minus the fuel for contingencies of holding and diversion. So the numbers inserted in the formula are as shown on the screen. Please pause the video and do this calculation to get the value of the mission fuel weight for the harmonic range. The number turns out to be 121733 pounds. So if we know the value of the mission fuel weight you can calculate the cruise fuel weight which will be the mission fuel weight minus the fuel that is required by the non-cruise segments. So non-cruise fuel that will be 121733 minus 107584. Once again pause the video and do this calculation. This number turns out to be 110909. So so much of fuel is available for cruise and each pound of fuel gives you 0.04965 nautical miles of range. So therefore you can get the value of cruise range as the cruise fuel fraction, cruise fuel weight into the cruise specific range. The answer is 5510 nautical miles. So therefore the next thing is the total, you know the total range in the in the harmonic range case or the harmonic range that would be the cruise range CR plus the distance travelled in the non-cruise segments. So it is 5510 during the cruise plus 305 during the non-cruise segments. So it comes to 5815. In other words the coordinates of this particular point which is point number A they will be 5815 would be on the x-axis that is the range and we know that 100,000 pounds is the coordinates on the y-axis because that is a maximum payload. Moving ahead we look at the calculations for range with maximum fuel. Once again we have data calculation and results blocks. In the data the first numbers are the same. Fuel weight now is the maximum fuel weight because this is the condition for range with maximum fuel. Holding and descent fuel will remain the same, NCF will remain the same, NCR will remain the same, RF also will remain the same and we assume that the cruise range also remain the same because even here the aircraft weight is equal to max takeoff weight. So therefore whatever improvements you get in the fuel consumed during climb and descent that improvement will not be there because this is the max condition anyways. So let us look at what is the value of the payload with maximum fuel condition that would be the maximum takeoff weight minus operating empty weight minus the mission fuel weight which is actually the maximum fuel weight. So with that you will know how much payload you can carry. This number will be 476000 maximum takeoff weight minus 239200 that is operating empty weight remaining will be payload plus fuel. Payload is to be calculated fuel is 21748. So therefore pause here and calculate the value of PMF turns out that PMF is 19382 pounds. Now once again the mission fuel weight will be 1 minus RFF into MFW minus HDF. So what we have done here is we have just taken maximum fuel weight subtracted from that the fuel consumed during the descent and diversion sorry holding and diversion segments. So you should pause now and you should do the calculations the value comes out to be 198320. Moving ahead the fuel available in the cruise segment in this case will be cruise fuel weight that will be the maximum fuel weight minus the non-cruise fuel 10754 which is consumed in other phases. So let us calculate this number and get the answer for what is going to be the total fuel available for travelling a particular distance. Turns out that number is going to be 9313 okay. So 9313 is basically 187566 which is the total crew fuel available into the specific range of 0.04965. So the total distance travelled would be the distance travelled in cruise that is 9313 plus distance travelled in non-cruise segments which is 9 which is 305. So that is 9618. So therefore the coefficients for point number B would be 9618 on the x axis and 100,000 on the y axis. Finally we look at the last calculation which is for the ferry range. So remember that again there are 3 columns the first one is data. So here operating empty weight is known maximum fuel weight also is known. Now the payload for the fuel ferry range is 0 because ferry range occurs with 0 payload and also the handling and diversion fuel is also available. So we assume here that we do not keep any fuel for any holding or for diversion and also we do not carry any payload. So the entire fuel is available for the mission. The non-cruise fraction still remain the same and the non-cruise range also remains the same because we are assuming everything to happen at the same cruising altitude. The CSR value will be 0.04965 again. So the takeoff weight is going to be operating empty weight plus maximum fuel weight which would be 239200 plus 217418 that comes to 456118. The fuel weight is maximum fuel weight which is 217418. So we do not have to do any calculations. The cruise fuel weight will be the fuel weight available totally minus the fuel consumed in the non-cruise segments. So that was 2026664 pounds. So therefore if you assume the same value of the cruise specific range you just multiply that number with this particular fuel you will get the range S100261. Remember that some distance is also travelled in the non-cruise segments. So that is a non-cruise distance NCD and that comes to 305 nautical miles. So here we use NCD and NCR interchangeably they are both the same. So point number C turns out to be 105666 and 0. So if you now create a table where we can draw the range value diagram of this aircraft. Some fixed numbers which we need to know are first mentioned on the top. Let us look at point number O which is a trivial point which corresponds to maximum payload corresponds to zero range. So the payload is 100000 pounds. The fuel weight is 0 hence range is 0. The takeoff weight is basically the operating empty weight plus the maximum payload weight which is equal to the zero fuel weight 339200. Then going to point number A this corresponds to the harmonic range. So in harmonic range the payload is maximum payload 100000 pounds. Takeoff weight is 476000 pounds which is the maximum takeoff weight. The range is 5815 and the fuel weight is 136800. Then we come to point number B which is the point with the fuel tank full and maximum takeoff weight condition. So the numbers takeoff weight and fuel weight come automatically from the nature of the data and then the range is 9618 as we just now calculated and the payload by back calculation would be 19382 pounds. And finally we have the ferry range or the range which corresponds to zero payload. So you use the full fuel but you have zero payload and the takeoff weight is actually around 2000 pounds lighter here. So therefore it will travel little bit more distance. So it is 10566 nautical miles total distance traveled. And finally we have point number D which is our design point and for that we already know the value of payload and we also know the value of the range because we have just calculated this. Let us see how our calculations compare with the quoted values. This graph is taken from the Boeing 787-8 sample analysis by Dimitri Simos using piano software where the points O, A, B, C and D are marked in the green color. And here is the calculation that we did for the design payload range as well as for the other points. So now let us see how do they compare. If she plot one over the other you can see that there is a very good comparison. There is a very good comparison. So for point number A the range that we calculated is 5815 and the range which is quoted is 561316. So we have around 3% difference. Payload is not actually calculated is known as 100,000 pounds. So there is no error in that. For point number B we know that the payload is nothing but total number of passengers 224 into weight of passenger plus baggage that is 210. So there will be no error in the payload calculation. It is a trivial thing but the range that you get is approximately, so you can see it is less than 1% error. For the point number C which is the ferry range, actually here there is some difference about 5% difference in the value that we calculate and the value that we estimate and similarly there is also a 1% difference in the payload. And for point number D we already know that the payload is 0. So there is no big achievement there. But the achievement is that you are able to get the design range within 1% accuracy. So we conclude that there is a very good match observed with all the quoted values except for 5% variation in the case of point number C. Now before I end I would like to acknowledge two people who have been very instrumental and helpful in making this presentation. The first of course is Dimitri Simos who has provided the sample data for piano software online. But for this information we would not be able to do the detailed calculations as we have done. And secondly I want to thank Nomanuddin for helping me in creating the presentation, doing some calculations for me and also plotting the chart that you saw. Thanks for your attention.


This is a roly35s I recently picked this camera up for a hundred bucks online without knowing if it would work Now that might sound kind of crazy to do but I did some research and I looked at the photos And I saw that the lens was still in the casing in the ad and the person said it seemed to be broken now I kind of doubted that it's a fully mechanical camera and Mechanical cameras tend to work and I order a lot of cameras online without knowing if they'll work or not The mechanical ones almost always do. I had one Pentax Spontmatic that didn't work But I know the problem. It's just a little bit. I haven't really figured out how to fix it yet But I know what the problem is anyway So I didn't know if I blew it or not if I've wasted a hundred bucks But I had a good feeling it would work out Day it came worked perfectly and so I got a three to four hundred dollar camera for just a hundred bucks I was incredibly excited to shoot this camera So I quickly loaded it up with film and today I want to share that role of film with you guys Now I have some mixed feelings about that role However, those feelings aren't so much about the camera. It's more about that role I shot some challenges I faced and some adjustments I would make going forward So without further ado, let's take a look Okay, I'm gonna try to make this really quick because I've got a lot of work I want to do but I really want to keep pushing myself to try to make a video every day starting today So let's get into it. This is the first shot. I took with the roley as you can see I actually missed my focus, but I think the kids kept moving around They didn't understand that they have to stay still and so they were moving in and out of my Zone that I was focused into so the way a zone focusing camera works is that you can't actually Focus like with a rangefinder or an SLR basically you're Gaging the distance and you're setting it to the lens So if you think they're five feet away, you set it to five feet, etc now The problem is if you're shooting at a shallow aperture like let's say f 2.8 or something is That it's really gonna be easy to miss your focus if you're shooting at f 16 or higher FAA etc. You actually have more leeway because you have a greater range of depth so It was the last day of school. So I brought my kids some vintage cameras, which they went absolutely nuts over They were a little disappointed when I told them they couldn't actually get the film for it but I Thought it would be a cool thing to collect for them and they did shoot film this Session and they absolutely loved it. They went nuts over it. So it's really exciting. It's really exciting seeing them go Crazy over a 70 year old camera The girl in the middle is holding my 70 mark 2 and she was going crazy over that too But they especially really liked the retro cameras So I was really disappointed to be honest with this initial role And that's because my images ended up overly dense so with film you're actually recording information on that negative and The more information you record or the more you expose the denser that negative actually is and Remember it's a negative. So if it's dense not a lot of light gets through Therefore areas are gonna be very light because it's getting more less exposure if and negative is very thin A lot of light gets right through Personally, I prefer a dense negative and I think most people prefer a dense negative to a thin negative Ideally you're gonna be spot-on with your exposure, but if you overexpose a little bit kind of gives you a Safety net I guess you could say So normally because I always process and diaphine. I kind of know what Speeds diaphine will push different films to so for example, even though Triax is an ISO 400 film Diaphine overexposes it by about two stops and actually it's almost three. So usually it's at 1600 that's what the manufacturer actually recommends you shoot it at but what happens is if you want a denser negative 1250 is a good way to go. So that's what I did But I think I made the mistake of also compensating by overexposing manually as well not just rating it differently and I ended up with those dense negatives that Were a little too dense and the thing about dense negatives is that I have found personally that it prints well in the dark room But it becomes more of a challenge when scanning it So I was just really frustrated, but I Scan these in a hurry and didn't have that much time to look at them And the more time I spent looking at them the more I realized I actually really liked the images this camera produced Here's a shot a few shots in Venice As you guys can see with the dense negative it it's a little bit less contrasty Whereas Triax can be extremely contrasty. It's known as a contrasty film. I Wanted to kind of push the limits of the camera, but also my own skill So I challenged myself to freeze action and get sports shots with the camera That's really not built for sports photography. I think this image. I actually overexposed even more So you can kind of you can kind of tell the difference between this shot and this one and These blown out areas right here. I think that's because it's just so dense that not much light on the scanner was getting through See here, too. I have a blown out area One thing I like to do I'll go back one thing I like to do is embrace a camera's quirks So this camera has its own focusing even though I did challenge myself to use it For something. It's not great at I also like to embrace what it is good at or embrace its flaws or limitations So if I have a camera with zone focusing, I'm usually not trying to shoot at like f2.8 I'm usually using it at f16 or higher and just going for as much depth as I can get Here I think I was at f22 However, this guy was walking into my shot, which I actually wanted But it wasn't he was too close to actually capture him in depth Right there. You have my RICO 35 another camera. I'm testing right now I have not seen film come out of it yet, but I really love this camera I wanted a close shot of it, but this camera doesn't have a Very good minimal focusing distance. It's actually I believe three feet same with this RICO so you can't really get that close and that's a problem, but Usually you wouldn't use this camera for like macro photography. It's something you're gonna use for street photography. Most likely Here's my friend Sonia Here I think I would actually backed up exactly three feet as best I could measure and I was able to shoot at a very low aperture and still get her in focus, but here I Don't know what happened. I missed it all the or maybe she moved I forgot to reset my scale Here I was hoping that at f16 I think or maybe f22 I'd be able to get the skater and focus and the background But it looks like I ended up focusing more on the background. I may have said it to infinity You guys can kind of see how I lose detail here. Here's Brixton. So I think the third day I took this camera out to shoot I kind of just took a walk around my neighborhood and discovered this old church. This church was built in the 1800s by Jebediah Kim. It's a Korean church now a senior citizen Place I don't know what you call it activity center. Here's Brixton looking handsome with his bow tie No Normally you would not want if you're shooting at a high aperture like an f16 f22 You can get a lot in focus and so you can't separate this truck from your subject by using you know Background blur so I shouldn't have positioned him here I should have positioned him over here somewhere where he wouldn't blend into the background And I think I knew that when I was shooting it The problem was he was in the middle of the street and I just wanted to be quick about it So after I spent some time looking at these images, especially when it wasn't way over exposed Like this wasn't as overexposed. I don't think I actually really like the way it renders It renders different tones. It has this great gradation. You can see even my blacks here Have Information in them. So what we can do My keyboard would work Can actually look at the histogram over here and you can see that my black my blacks Excuse me and my brights my highlights are actually all in the range of the graph, which is a good thing And yeah, I could add more contrast Here's as shot So yeah, it actually was a little flat in this image I did add some contrast, but if you can add contrast It's not the end of the world if you end up with a flat ish image Let's just see how it looks at strong Yeah, not that and it's still in the appropriate range. I would say this would come down to personal taste preference Maybe somewhere between medium and strong contrast would work best here. I'm testing My accuracy again and seeing if I can get at exactly three feet and here. I'm just trying to finish the roll. I Was really excited about this one Here's my friend Arielle getting coffee Brixton every time I turn tries to call for help and get away from me because I love them too much Here's Brixton chilling Brixton in front of a van This one was a focusing fail, which is too bad. All right. That's it So overall actually really really really like this camera It is fun to use using scale-focusing is kind of fun. Anything different to me is fun. I have shot thousands and thousands and thousands of images professionally on a digital SLR and Any new novel experience. I have a great time with and the reason I collect old cameras is not for the material Aspect I don't care about owning things, but I really genuinely love using these cameras It's just so fun to try different things Try different challenges and I really really admire the craftsmanship of these all mechanical cameras, especially Let's take one last look All right, so I really hope to share more images with you guys in the future I have an episode of some photography show coming out with this camera and use Look for that if you guys are enjoying this content Please like and subscribe you can check out more of my images at at retro grading on Instagram Or you can visit my website makemillman.com If you guys are looking to take dark room photography classes We offer classes for adults at barnstall art center in Los Angeles So if you're in Los Angeles, especially get in touch, I'd love to hear from you guys. All right guys Stay tuned for the next one


We've been doing all year and just string a bunch of really good bats together and we can go on some pretty good runs there and score a bunch of runs in an inning so just being ourselves for sure. Can't be that many times in your life you've doubled twice in an inning. No, I don't think so. I don't think I ever have. No. Did everyone compare yourself to the Red Sox? Obviously they've always looked at you guys two division leaders but what do you think in half of the season are you guys have played against them? Well, we've played really well. They're a good team. I think we're better but you know they're a good team and you know it's still got half the season left too so just need to keep it going and we'll be fine. Cool to hear New York, New York, get a Red Sox quote-unquote home game in London. Yeah, I guess you could say that's cool. Is it exhausting the way the games played out like this and you never know and you can get through an inning? Yeah, no matter who we had in the game pitching it, the lead didn't feel very safe. I don't know what it was, just a couple of crazy games like that. But our pitchers, honestly, they did a really good job for the circumstances. I think they did a really good job and just glad we scored a bunch of runs. You guys were kind of, I'm sorry, you guys came in here kind of not knowing what to expect. Cardinals, Cubs, come here next year. What advice do you have for the next season? Well, I would tell them to have fun and enjoy it, hydrate, hydrate and you know just I think it's going to be offensive again if two teams come back here again. Is there something at the stadium that makes it so offensive? I don't know, I don't know, I can't say other than the field is fast, I can't say, I don't know. How hard will it be? This has kind of been a weird eruption of the season. How weird will it be to get back to the season for the next week? I know, I know, yeah. I think we're all looking forward to getting home. I mean, it's been a good trip, but I think we're all excited to get back and get home and take on the match. Two games like you guys just had. Does that reassert you that it's a special group, special season? Yeah, no doubt. Yeah, I mean we've been doing it all year. I don't think any results here would have shaken that, but we just have a really good team and we just keep rolling.


In today's video, we have another massive Yu-Gi-Oh! collection. What's up, guys? We're back with another collection purchase, and as you saw in the intro, we have a lot to open up. This is actually a mixture of two separate collections. One is a very small singles collection, and the other is a sealed collection, so I decided to throw them together and make one video. But before we get into that, we do have a giveaway. I'll be giving away these three Ancient Sanctuary 1st Edition Ultrarayers. All you have to do is like the video, be subscribed to our notifications, let me know down below your favorite item from this sealed collection. They're singles and they're sealed products, so there's a lot of different ones you could pick. Alright, let's start off with the singles, because they're only like... I thought there was going to be more in this collection, because he just told me and he sent it to me, and I thought there was going to be more cards, but there's actually only 18 cards in here. So, I'm going to get these out real quick and we're going to look at them. They are nice cards, though, so they're pretty cool. Okay, there's actually more than 18, I think there's like 20-something cards. So, it's not a ton, but these are Edison Formats. So, it's all Edison Format cards. Hi, Rarity, Emma, we're talking some bangers here, so let's start off. We have one, two Icarus attack. These are from Dark Revelation 4, so obviously Dark Revelation 4 is a really rare set. Most of the foils out here are extremely expensive, especially if they're playable, like Icarus attack. It's just a really good card for, like, winged these decks and stuff like that. I guess this is a Black Wing card you probably run. Pretty amazing Icarus attack cards. Then, we have a couple more trap cards. We have a couple of Becqueting Light. These are used in Lightsworn and Edison. These are from TurboPak 2. Okay, these, I have had one of these in the past, but Lightsworn, I do have a deck, but I haven't maxed it out or anything, so I've never really used these. So, a couple of Becqueting Lights, that's pretty nice. And speaking of Lightsworn, we have three Ultimate Rare First Edition Solar Recharges. So, these are beautiful. They're from Light Destruction, the original set. They come in, I think, Ultra Rare and Ultimate Rare in that set. These are just really good cards. You draw, I think you discard a Lightsworn, then draw two. So, it's a pretty cool draw card for Lightsworn and Edison. And obviously, the Ultimate Rearers are pretty expensive because, you know, Ultimate Rare First Add, Light Destruction, very hard to set to find. So, very solid value on those. I mean, these are like the low end ones of what we're about to show you guys. So, get ready. Then we have a couple of Monster Reincarnation's First Edition from Rise of Destiny. These aren't actually that crazy because most of the time they have back scuffing on them. So, they go for Light Play. I had one that was like in beautiful condition. And it looked like it even pulled right out of the pack, but it had the back scuffing. Yeah, I couldn't sell it for like 35 bucks. It took forever. And I was like, man, this card's really beautiful for how cheap that is. I think people just don't realize how rare it is to find a Rise of Destiny card with a clean back. So, yeah, it's kind of weird. It's like, should that be near meant? Because it's like how the normal is? Probably not, but still. Then we have an Ultimate Rare Future Fusion. Here's a card I actually don't have in my Edison deck. It has a Dean corner. So, this might be a good one for me to not resell and keep and put it in my Edison deck. My Edison deck is like halfway maxed out. You know, half of it's maxed, half of it's like the $1 version. So, one of the cheap ones I have is Future Fusion. I think I have like a Dueless Saga. This is only a few dollars. This one is definitely more expensive and a lot cooler with the Ultimate Rare. So, that might be one I hang on to. I haven't quite decided yet. Then we have a play set of First Edition Necro Gardener from Tactical Evolution. Yeah, Tactical Evolution, really weird set. Quality control was wild on it, but beautiful looking cards. I guess this is Lightsworn. I don't know what other Edison deck is using Necro Gardener. I would assume it's Lightsworn. So, those are beautiful looking cards. Here's one I don't know. I don't know if this is Edison. Like, I mean, I guess it could have been used. I don't know what deck was using it. You'll have to let me know in the comments. Neospatian Dark Panther. I mean, it's a pretty expensive card. And that would make sense if it's actually playable somewhat. I don't know what deck it is, though, to be honest. So, Dark Panther, very cool, expensive card, but I really don't know where it's used. We've got a Thought Ruler Archvene, Ultimate Rare, also beautiful looking card. Thought Ruler. I don't know with that one either. I think that one, wasn't that Crossroads of Chaos? Then we have a Blackwing Armor Master, Ultimate Rare First Edition from Transit Crisis. Obviously, Blackwing's beautiful looking card. This did get a Starlight Rare print and a 25th Anniversary print, so it's been reprinted into the ground recently. But, Ultimate Rare is probably the best rarity anyway. So, very cool stuff there. Another nice one that's been going up is the Colossal Fighter from TurboPak. This card was, like, pretty cheap. We actually did good investing in this card in our $1,000 investment. For once, we actually had a good investment. Speaking of, I think the update is either already happened or is about to happen for the quarter. So, I'm pretty excited to see how we're doing, but I know this card's been going up and we spent, like, a lot less than what it's valued at right now, I believe. So, that's a nice Ultimate Rare. And speaking of good synchros in Edison, we have... I don't know if I ever said synchro on that. I think I said Ultimate. Maybe I said that instead of synchro at some point. You know, I do that all the time. Whenever you watch my videos, I'm like, I don't know what I was saying right there. We have the Ally of Justice Staster. Definitely got some wear on this one. So, it looks like it's been used, which is pretty cool. You always love to see that. That means people have been enjoying it. Ally of Justice Staster. Very good card in Edison. And one more synchro from Edison. We have...  First Edition. This is a big one from the Duelist Genesis. This is a pretty expensive First Edition card. And it's just a crazy good card.  Pretty cool. So, Go Yo Guardian is always a really good one to see. I mean, it's kind of forgotten behind the Stardust and the Duelist Genesis, but it's really, really good. Then we've got a Lila. So, Lightsworn's First Edition. Very cool Lila. That is a nice looking card. I mean, Lightsworn's just have beautiful looking artworks. Very, very shiny. I like that. Speaking of Lightsworns, we have a Celestia. Lightsworn Angel. Ultimate Rare. That's also from Light of Destruction. Both of these make sense because they're, you know, Lightsworns. Then we're going to finish it off. We've got some pretty big ones coming up. We have the Hero Cleanos Ultimate Rare from Turbo Pack 2. I don't know if I've ever owned this one. This one, I remember Sean picking these up at YCS Minnesota and he wouldn't take my Secret Rare. I was like, the Secret Rare is better. This one's pretty nice. I'm not going to lie. Pretty nice card. There you go, Sean. We have three cards left. These are all huge cards. We have a First Edition Plague Spreader, which I don't know if you guys have looked at the price of First Edition Plague Spreader. You are right now. It's insane. Like the near mint, last time I saw it was like $7.50 or something. I mean, it could have changed. It's been like a month, but it was crazy. I was like, why is this card so much? I mean, it's obviously great in Edison and, you know, other things, but I mean, First Edition, I guess Crossroads of Chaos, First Ed, it's very hard to find. That's going to factor in because, you know, the First Edition boxes are only in Euro or pre-release a lot of different stuff. So pretty hard to find that card. Couple cards left. We'll do these together because they're both awesome. The Dragons. Judgment Dragon from Turbo Pack and Dark Arm Dragon from Turbo Pack. These are insane. Look at these.  Very, very cool. I don't have actually an Ultimate Rare in my Dad Deck. You know, really what I should do is crack my PSA9 that got a 9 twice and put that in my deck. I think I'm going to do that. That's actually a good idea because like, I mean, I don't need a PSA9. I might as well play it in my deck, you know. The thing I don't like about these Turbo Pack cards though is they're a little flimsy.  I pulled it. I tried to get it crazy value on the tin. Didn't happen. So you know what? Let's just play it. And I also just picked up these. So very, very cool. Judgment Dragon is one I've never owned until now, I think. Maybe one time I had heavy play. I feel like that was, no, that was, that was light destruction. Yeah, I've never had this Ultimate Rare. So that's really cool. So yeah, this Edison, you know, this is some crazy Edison stuff. I mean, really, really valuable stuff. Edison at the moment is insanely popular. The higher-earity cards are really popular. The lower-earity cards are really popular because people are getting into it. I'm pumped for the format. I really enjoy it. I like it because it's really complex and it's also accessible. I mean, the cards are pretty expensive, but accessibility in terms of like understanding how to play the game versus like nowadays is a little bit more tough, you know, with all the different, you know, summoning mechanics and stuff, which are not that hard when you like actually get into it, but it does take a while, you know, you've got to learn all the basics and everything. This is much easier. You take your old-school knowledge and you add Segros and that's basically it. But that's not all this collection. We still have the whole sealed part. That's a great start to this collection. I'm pumped. That's really, really nice stuff. Let's see what the seal collection has for us. All right, we got the first box open. We got a few Legendary Collection Kibus. Everybody loves Legendary Collection, especially me, and we bought a few of them. And that wasn't the whole first box. There's actually a box of something. I'm guessing singles. I don't remember there being singles, but I guess they're, oh, it's sleeves, baby? Wait, oh, there are a couple of singles. These are really sick sleeves. Check these out.  I was gonna say they look like Japanese sleeves. People would have been like, oh, yeah, you think? Okay, and then there's a few cards in here. Let's see what this is. There's still another box, by the way. This isn't it. What is this? This looks like Bandai back here. We have Dark Magician Girl. We have what in the world is this?  Those are insane. Those are crazy. And then, oh, what? Larva Moth. So many cousin moths. Look at all those cousin moths. That's insane. We got a Judge Man. We got Kunai with Chain. What is this? We have a, is that a Gate Guardian? What is that? That was a little different. I don't know what that is. I don't know what all these guys are. Is that the Wing Dragon? Maybe. We got the flute of Summoning Dragon. No, Pied Piper. The Piper. Something Piper. I don't remember what the Piper is. Silver Fang. Cool. Wait, Silver. He's five stars. Interesting. Catapult Turtle. We have two out of King Rex. Wait, he's five stars too. Okay, there's something. Yeah, Bandai is just completely different. He talks to me giant, I guess. We have, I don't know what that is. Oh, the Meteor Bee Dragon. Ooh, this guy's in the anime. He's like one of the dinos, obviously. Leogun? Is that Leogun with like wings? Ooh, Komodo Dragon or Komori Dragon? Komori Dragon. Komodo Dragon. Yeah, it's different. We have the Axe Tiger Axe. There we go. That's the, what is it? The Harpy card, whatever it's called. We have the, that's a Harpy. More Harpy. More, that's a Harpy lady. We got Mammoth Graveyard. Dude, these look crazy. Giant Soldier Stone. They look amazing. Mystical Elf. That one looks a little bit weird. We have the Celtic Guardian. Thousand Dragon. Gaia! The Dragon Champion. We have Baby Dragon. Baby Dragon looks awesome. I love that Baby Dragon artwork. Flame Swordsman. The Curse of Dragon. We have, now we have some trainers. Teya. Who is this? I don't know who that is. Yugi! Yami Yugi and Little Yugi. Joey. Joey! We got Kaiba with the green hair. That's classic. What's this guy's name again? Scale Guy? I don't remember. And then of course Tristan. There we go. I need to re-watch the anime. It's bad. Bad that I can't remember. Not that the anime is bad. I like it. Next box. Let's see what's inside. All right. We have a Gold Series 4 Pyramid's Edition. I'll just do it like this. So you guys can actually see it. It's going to be a little sideways. You might have to turn your screen or turn your head like that. You don't see it like that. Gold Series 4. Very cool. Then we have a Battles of Legend Lights Revenge First Edition box. This is one I've never actually opened. What is this? It looks like one of those things you put when you like open a box up and then seal it again. But I don't, it seems sealed. That's weird. I don't know why that's there. But okay. Battles of Legend Lights Revenge. Actually surprisingly expensive box at the moment because it's pretty old. It's like five or six years old at this point. There's not really anything crazy Minerva reprints in here. But you know, it's not worth that much. So pretty cool box, but not really crazy valuable there. Here's a big one. We have Legendary Collection Yu-Gi's World. This is First Edition. So you can tell because this is an actual card. It's not just a picture. On the Unlimited, they just have it printed on there. On the First Eds, they have a window with the actual card inside. Another way to tell on these is you just look and see if it says First Edition. On all like the Legendary Collections, you can do that. You can just look on the mini packs on the back. And if it says First Ed, they're First Ed, which is kind of a funny way to tell. But this is a really expensive product at the moment. And I haven't actually opened a First Ed in a very long time. So this might be a really fun one to open. It's definitely going to be a neg if we do because they're like 400 bucks, 500 bucks, something ridiculous. So they're very cool though. I mean, just amazing, amazing secrets in the set and a lot of awesome reprints for old formats. And then our last item is a Prophecy Destroyer 10, but we didn't just buy one. He bought 10 of them. So as you can see, we have 10 different Prophecy Destroyer 10s here. This guy was a huge fan of Prophecy Destroyer. It seems like anyone to sell them on. I was like, I guess I'll buy Elton. So he was obviously a Legendary Collection Kaiba and Prophecy Destroyer 10 because he had like nine of the Kaiba's Intendities or something like that. So turned into a pretty insane collection video. I kind of didn't realize all this stuff was in here, but I'm pretty pumped to open this up. And a lot of these will be seeing on the channel and some of that Edison stuff will be for sale. So if you're interested, just hit me up on Instagram, email, Twitter, all that different stuff. And thank you guys for watching. If you enjoyed it, don't forget to subscribe to the channel. Shout out to TomFo Show, Daxter, Tomato Juice, Puffins of Doom, Ernesto Dina, America Doisier, Supreme Stage 21, CJ, and then a Thai show Ian Moosa Jr. Barting Robert F. and Thomas McClain. Thank you guys for supporting the channel. I'll see you guys in the next video. Peace.


This secret room discovered by homeowners held a historical secret.  Well, Alexandra Poulos didn't. She lived in her home in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania, most of her life, but she never had a clue that there was a huge secret right under her feet. But when some contractors she hired started digging beneath her property, they made a historical discovery. And they weren't the only ones who did. Homes with secrets like this ones have been found all over the country. Alexandra Poulos was tethered to her family home ever since she moved in with her parents back in 1974. And she suspected there was a lot of history here, because it was so close to Philadelphia. In fact, she told reporters in June 2018, when I was a child, I would have random dreams about there being other rooms in the house. I'd look it up on dream meaning sites and people always thought I just had a crazy imagination. It turns out, she wasn't imagining things. At the time of her interview, she was 43 years old and the owner of the property. She told reporters how her aging father signed the house over to her so she could rent it out to a tenant and manage the property. It was during that time that she recalled a neighbor telling her dad that there was another room underneath the basement, but she had bigger problems to worry about. The tenant called and told Poulos that the house's oil tank and walls in the basement had been damaged. So, she immediately hired workers to come fix the damage. But later that night, she started thinking about what the neighbor had told her dad and started digging around on the internet for some answers, and she found some. Poulos called one of the masons at Baldwin Masonry, who she had hired to fix the basement walls, and asked if he could dig deeper. Then she explained how she read online that another house in the area had a secret underground room and was convinced her home had one too. Intrigued by her request, the Mason stopped by the next day and did as she asked. A few hours later, Poulos' tenant called her and said, you're not going to believe this. They found it. To which Poulos exclaimed, you're joking. But it turns out that he wasn't. As luck would have it, there was a secret room 14 feet underneath the basement that was used to hide people before the Civil War. The room was designed to hide those people who had fled from their owners. They would often stop in this region before making their way to Canada. In that moment, Poulos realized that the secret room underneath her home was part of the underground railroad, so she reached out to the local historical society and learned that Lansdowne was home to well-known abolitionists. The room had been closed off from the rest of the house and basement to protect those who harbored the people making their way north towards freedom. But in doing so, these brave homeowners risked facing legal consequences. And yet they felt it was necessary to help others. They would even provide food and water to these wayward travelers. But Poulos' home wasn't the only safe house around. It was a treacherous journey going from the south to the north, and those who took the risk depended on the generosity of others to help them out. And they only moved at night from one location to the next to avoid being discovered. But Poulos' house isn't the only one with a secret room. There are houses throughout the states that are still around that hold these hidden rooms. But why did it take so long to discover these safe houses? Back in the day, catchers would force their way into suspected safe houses to look for people on the run, so it was vital to make these rooms as difficult to find as possible. It's why a lot of these homes were retrofitted with attics with partitions, outside access-only entry points, and whatnot to ensure that the homeowner and the people they were sheltering would remain safe. Many of these homeowners weren't rich, so the bunkers they provided were cold, dark, and less than comfortable for the runaways who sought refuge there. But given that those looking for safety had been treated horribly in the past, these secret rooms were like the Hilton. And Poulos' home was part of an even bigger network. To the east of Poulos' home, in the town of Harrisburg, was a home in the process of being demolished when a construction crew discovered a hidden room and a tunnel. It had been under the homeowner's property the whole time, and simply forgotten over the decades. According to the construction crew, after we dug that out, we were just standing around talking, and the whole side fell down. That's when we noticed the hole. So, the crew called the Middletown Area Historical Society to learn more about what was behind the wall, and who used the room by knocking the wall down. But again, this wasn't an isolated discovery. While renovating the Continental and owned by Frank and Patty Lyons, contractors stumbled upon a safe house once used by the Underground Railroad. Curious, Lyons used a ladder to climb 10 feet down and discovered artifacts that were at least 150 years old. Since then, he's been removing them one by one and in the process, embracing the past. Everyone always assumed that the Continental Inn was linked to the Underground Railroad, but they needed solid proof, which Lyons has been looking for ever since discovering the secret safe house. But there's a lot of rock and debris in the room that he needs to sift through before he finds the one thing he needs to prove that the inn was in fact used as a shelter. Lyons believes he'll eventually find Caribbean seashell amulets, which people on the run used to keep evil spirits at bay while traveling the Underground Railroad. But the town of Yardley where the inn is located has tunnels that link it to other safe houses like a house on Main Street, one at Lakeside Mansion, another at a mill, and one that runs towards the Delaware Canal. So, there are lots of houses in towns near or around Philadelphia that were essentially safe houses, and the stories behind them are unbelievable, which is exactly what people like Lyons and Poulos learned. Poulos discovered that her town of Lansdowne was founded in 1789, but nearly a decade earlier, in 1780, Pennsylvania passed the Gradual Abolition of Slavery Act. This meant that her state had adopted abolition early on, but unfortunately, Pennsylvania was still 50-50th on the issue. So, anyone who lent runaway slaves a hand had to keep them hidden, which is exactly what the former owners of Poulos' home did. But why did people call it the Underground Railroad? Despite being called an Underground Railroad, there was no railroad. It was more like a network of people who allowed former slaves to hide in the underground rooms of their homes, like the one under Poulos' basement. By 1850, the railroad ran from the deep south all the way to Canada thanks in part to a former slave named William Still, who established his headquarters six miles from Poulos' home and was dubbed the father of the Underground Railroad. Men like Still and Thomas Garrett made a huge difference by risking their lives to ensure the well-being of runaway slaves. Still himself ran the safe house network that went from Philadelphia all the way to Ontario, Canada. And one of his most valuable contacts was Garrett, who was questioned many times over about his role in helping slaves escape. It's not that he was breaking any laws, but the stigma around the issue at the time didn't make him very popular. Although northern people disliked the thought of slavery, many of them didn't want to coexist with Africans and African Americans, so life was tough for people even in Delaware County in Pennsylvania. Many had their voting rights taken away from them, and their movements were monitored by town officials. And if that wasn't bad enough, they were often assaulted or ran into race riots, which is why the Underground Railroad continued helping these people move further north, which upsets Southerners. Southerners weren't happy that the North had been helping their slaves escape, which led to the second fugitive slave law being passed that made running the Underground Railroad more dangerous, and yet, Still and Garrett's mission did not waver. But the difference of opinion between the free and slave states was destined to ultimately trigger the Civil War in 1861. And the movement was already having problems 11 years before that happened. Safe houses like the ones under Pulo's home were only 15 feet down, 9 feet wide and 9 and a half feet long, so they couldn't accommodate a lot of people long term. It's why so many runaways kept on moving, and it's a good thing that they did for both themselves, and those who helped them. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 stated that anyone helping slaves escape would get fine $1,000 and face up to six months behind bars. It's why the former slaves opted for Canada, whose laws towards blacks were far more merciful. Unfortunately, some allies paid the price along the way. In 1848, a complaint was issued against Garrett for helping a family of former slaves escape the state of Maryland. And while facing a jury of his peers, he gave a touching speech to appeal to everyone's humanity. One juror even begged for mercy, but the judge ordered that every dollar Garrett owned go to the master who had lost his slaves, essentially leaving Garrett penniless. But he swore he wouldn't give up, which put him in serious danger. Many of his enemies in the south put a $10,000 bounty to catch Garrett helping slaves escape. But despite a close call with a group of bounty hunters whom he invited to dinner to change their minds, Garrett was able to continue to fight the good fight until the Constitution guaranteed the rights of black people. But no one might have even remembered what Garrett did if it hadn't been for his friend, still. The reason we all know about what heroic pioneers like Garrett did for the Underground Railroad is thanks to still, who kept impeccable records of the events. In fact, after the Civil War ended, he wrote the Underground Railroad which provided a lot of the information we know about this incredible movement. And the room in Poulos House offers even more insight into this pivotal moment in American history. The safe house in Poulos home is a tribute to what happened before, during and after the Civil War. And now that it has been discovered, we're learning more about why the Underground Railroad was so important to ensure the safety of those who were looking to find freedom from slavery and persecution.


Hey, this is Brett and this 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland is stock number 22J54A. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Jeep and Jeep Grand Cherokee headquarters. This 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland has the 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine. It has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this Jeep is 100% ready to go. Ivory three coat pearl is the color and we're going to go all the way around in this video. Inside started up, take a look under the hood and you're never going to believe how many miles are on this thing and the shape that it's in. I shoot all my videos in 4K so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, options and cleanliness of the vehicle before seeing it in person. And if you like the video and how I do things here at Summit Automotive, consider clicking the subscribe button on my YouTube channel and then click the bell notification so you get updates every time I do videos here at Summit Auto. This one comes with the 20 inch painted and polished aluminum rims and it has open country Toyo HT tires. These are 26550R20s and they have probably about I'd say 60 to 70% of the tread left on them. Front fender is in fantastic condition, I didn't see any dents or dings on there. This one does come with the HID headlamps, the LED running lights and the LED fog lamps. The front bumper is in very nice condition. I didn't see any scuffs or scrapes or cracks on there. You get the chrome tow hooks as well as the chrome trimmed grille. The chrome Jeep lettering on the hood and that hood is in fantastic condition as well. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there either. Passengers side front fender is in very nice condition and the passengers side rim no major scuffs or scrapes looks really good. Ivory three coat has a lot of metal flake to it. Really a cool color, paints in really nice condition on this thing. As you go down this side of this 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland, take note of how clean those doors are, how clean the rear quarter is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. I take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the vehicle, hear the vehicle and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here so when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. If this video helps you do that, let your salesman know that you saw the video that it was helpful and that Brett sent you. If you like the video, you can subscribe to the YouTube channel in the upper right hand part of the screen. Back tires have just about as much tread as the front tires, maybe just a hair bit less but still over 50% on those tires. It does have full wheel disc brakes coming around to the back of the vehicle. The rear bumper is in great shape. You do get the dual rear exhaust, the rear bumper parking sensors, the towing package which includes a receiver hitch 4 pin and 7 pin wiring, LED tail lamps and that rear gate is in fantastic shape as well. Does have the power lift gate, you can see that that is working nicely.  Those seats do fold down for extra storage, I'll show you how that works in just a minute.  Actually beeps at you a total of 4 but on the third one it comes on down. Driver side just as clean as that passenger side, no denser dings on the rear quarter. You get the chrome trimmed roof rack rails and for full disclosure this back rim is in excellent shape as well. Down the rest of the side of the grand Cherokee the doors look really good, didn't see any dents, didn't see any dings. Paint is in nice shape, has heated mirrors, blind spot monitoring, built in directionals and chrome trims on the back. Inside the Overland package gives you the black leather interior, there are no rips or tears, you get Overland stitched into the backrest. Both these seats are heated and cool, no rips or tears on there. Factory floor mats, auto headlamps, get the nice dark wood grain trim, this one has the Harman Kardon sound system, the wood grain goes on to the door, power windows, power locks, power mirrors, power folded mirrors and I think the vehicle's got to be on for those to work. Memory driver's seat, we'll take a quick look at the back seats. The back seats are just as clean as the front seats, no rips or tears back here, these seats are heated on the outboard side. Very nice condition, factory floor mats, there are your heated seat buttons, two USBs and it does come with a 115 volt, 150 watt plug-in. These seats do fold down like that for extra storage and you can see just how nice and flat those seats go, which is really nice if you have to haul a bunch of extra stuff. That wood grain trim goes on to the back doors as well and you do get the child safety locks back here, the bottoms of the doors all look really good. Now the kicker for this Jeep Grand Cherokee is the miles, at least for me. So you can see that this one has 92,680 miles on it, so for the mileage on this vehicle it's in fantastic condition, you get the 7-inch LCD display, instrument cluster is very nice and clean, comes with the heated leather wrap steering wheel, has the wood grain trim on the top of the steering wheel, cruise controls on the right, Bluetooth and information center controls on the left and you do get the paddle shifters right there. This one comes with the 8.4 3C radio, you get AMFM and Sirius XM radio capabilities, you can see that the factory navigation system is working nicely and it does have AMFM and Sirius. You have your controls right here, including your backup camera, which you can check out at just about any time and that is working nicely as well. You have all your different apps on here that you can do and all that good stuff, heated and cooled seat buttons, climate controls down here if you don't like doing them on the radio and volume and tune controls, your parking sensors, you can turn those off and on, start-stop capabilities, you can turn those off, eco mode, sport mode, stability control, your 8-speed automatic transmission. Here is your Quadra Track 2 and Quadra Lift system, so you get four-wheel drive load, downhill assist, you get the select terrain with the snow, sand, auto mud and rock, you also have a neutral setting for flat towing and then you can raise the height or lower the height of the vehicle with those buttons right there. This one does have the keyless entry with the remote start, passenger side format is in nice condition as well and the passenger side seat is in very nice shape too. It does come with the panel roof, fixed glass second row, power sunroof in front, map lights, home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lane systems and then those are the sunroof and sunshade controls. 911 assist buttons in the mirror and we'll start it up and take a look under the hood, starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. We'll check out all those bright HID and LED lights up front here. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you'll have been able to verify the quality condition options and cleanliness of this Jeep all the way around inside. Now I think for 92,000 miles you can ask for a cleaner one. Under the hood we have the 3.6-liter Pentastar V6 engine, engine base very clean, runs very smooth. Once again this Grand Cherokee has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this Jeep is 100% ready to go. There is your emission sticker and you can see just how nice and bright those lights are especially those fog lights and I would highly recommend this Jeep Grand Cherokee from a quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this Jeep or one of our 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftones, three-quarter-tons, one-tons, you name it. We got to go to that website right there summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notifications to get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Auto. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe and my YouTube channel in the upper left to link to more Grand Cherokee videos like this one, the upper right link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those, check us out and we're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland in Ivory 3 Coat Pearl. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on my YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


created opportunities for comprehensive diabetes care. Two classes of drugs, GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2i, sodium glucose-co-transporter, two inhibitors, have demonstrated their efficacy in glucose control as well as cardiovascular risk reduction. While both can be used together, there is an ongoing debate regarding their relative advantages and limitations. We present a clinical perspective to compare and control these two classes of drugs and promote rational prescription in diabetes praxis. Keywords, kenagliflozin, cd risk reduction, dapagliflozin, dilaglutide, impagliflozin, GLP-1RA, lyriglutide, obesity, semaglutide, SGLT-2i. This article was authored by Sanjay Kholra, Subtarshi Bhattacharya, and Nagin Kapoor.