What is Hatnin' Magnet Sights? So, top row Magnus, a few weeks ago when the Age of Ultron Trailer was released, I did a reaction video. I will post the link in the description box so you can go check it out. When I did this reaction video, off the cuff, no practice. I did an impression of Ultron.  There's a lot of compliments and I got comments and all your voice was epic, all your Ultron voice was on point.  I was like, wow. Thank you, thank you very much.  They kissed the ring and I said, okay, I'll do it. So this is my live reaction to their trailer, their announcement trailer for Shabba 3 of my own voice. Now be warned, I get amped when I see myself doing stuff, like when I, there's a few different things I've been on in TV and when I see myself, I react the same way as I do when I see hot shit.  So let's just see how well he put me together here, let me make sure the sound is up, of course I'll put the link in the description so you can go support them, subscribe and watch the official trailer. Alright, here we go, alright. There's only one path to peace, your extinction. The voice of the Shabba, I believe. So good job y'all, y'all doing your thing, I appreciate you asking me to do that. I've also done a voiceover, I did a Hulk Hogan impression for a guy that's got a radio show, and I did a commercial for him, and a couple other people asked me to do a couple of little things here and there. So if you liked it, post your comments below, I appreciate your support too, and I will be back today with more reaction videos. One million, well, I can't even talk, one million subscribers, woo!


Hi, I'm Realtor Sara Morrow with Cell State Ace Realty. Today I'm joined by Kristin Fleckenstein of Hammond Appraisals. Kristin's father, Dawn Hammond, established this long-launded-based family-run business in the mid-70s, and after putting in her 2,000 hours required for licensure, Kristin became an appraiser herself in the mid-90s. She and her husband have run Hammond Appraisals ever since, and though she serves both Denver Metro and Boulder County, she especially loves scoping out and valuing the historic and unique homes of Longmont. She's been married for the same 30 years that she's been in business. She's got three sons and an adorable grandson, and they're a huge Colorado sports family. She's also an avid golfer, who I am just delighted to have here today. Kristin helped me through a really difficult time, and I cannot recommend her professional assessment and conduct enough if you are looking to come out on top when valuing your home. Kristin, thank you so much for being here. Hi, Sara. Thanks. You're welcome. Let's dive right in. Why don't you tell us a little bit about Hammond Appraisals, the business, how you got started, and what you love about your role. Sure, sure. Hammond Appraisals is a small family-run company. My husband and I are the current active appraisers, and my father, Dawn Hammond, started this company in the 1970s here in Longmont. In Longmont, small business, family business. So your maiden name is Hammond. It is. Okay. You're the second generation. I'm the second generation. And the verdict is still out on the third potential takeover. Is that? Correct, correct. My oldest son is considering. Cool. Okay. Okay. So let's just dive in. I mean, the burning question really is, like, what's an appraisal? I get that question all the time. Sure, sure. Well, an appraisal is a professional opinion or estimate, actually, of the market value of a house. Cool. I don't have an idea of opinion, but it's a professional coming in and doing an assessment to get as close to an estimated market value as they can. Yes. So can we talk about, because as a realtor, I do what we call CMAs for people of time. I generally do them for free. CMA is a comparative market analysis, but I'm strictly using recently sold comparables or comps. And I know that there are BPO's, broker's price opinions. I don't really consider myself a BPO person because a bank doesn't call me up for my expert opinion. I think the banks have their, like, managing brokers and their very, you know, esteemed colleagues do that, people who have been in the business maybe longer than me. But then there's also an appraisal. So maybe you can tell us, like, what really is the difference between, like, my CMA, a different broker's BPO, a price opinion? And then I assume, I always assume that appraisers have this, like, quiver of tools, this arrow quiver full of just, yeah, you use comps, but don't you use a lot of other factors? Yes, we do. I would say the level of detail is what differs among the three. The CMA is probably the least detailed. Broker's price opinions sometimes, appraisers do broker's price opinions as well as realtors. And then an appraisal is the most detailed. I see. So there are differences between BPO's and appraisals. You being someone who does both, it's just really the level of detail and granular assessment. Yes. Yes. Can you give us a sense of some of those factors? Like, is it true that, okay, this person lives on a busy road, deduct 5,000 points from Gryffindor? Like, are you putting price tags on features of homes? Well, it varies for every property. It varies for the market we're in. And it is big. An appraiser bases our adjustments on the market and what we're seeing for those things. And that's part of the sales comparison approach, which we're using comparables like you would. So would you say that's like 85, 90% of what you're doing? Like, because when I do it, it's just the comps. That's the only thing I'm really taking into consideration. I guess the finish is, I guess the age, I guess the average price per square foot, which is above grade. I know you're looking at all that, but like, are you saying that the comps really are the heaviest factor? Typically speaking, yes. You know, if a property is an income producing property, typically a two to four unit property, then typically a two to four unit income producing property. Income producing. I was trying to hear the word comparable in there, income producing. Then we have what is known as the income approach. And then we calculate how the income generated income will produce value. So are you only looking at that from an investor standpoint or also residential? Residential as well. And sometimes even on single family houses and condominiums, if it's in a highly, highly rented area, then that may also factor in. I've heard about desktop drive by, what are the different types of appraisals that are out there? Well, a desktop is strictly completed from our desk based on maybe MLS data, tax assessor's data, and... And comps. Exactly, yeah. And then a drive by appraisals is pretty much what it sounds. We stop in front of the house from the street and do an exterior only inspection from a public road. And then a full appraisal is when we go out to the site, measure the property, go through the interior, and it's obviously the most detailed. I see. So you're using the land assessment from the tax assessor's site. Are you using photos ever on the desktop or the drive by versions? Or is the inside of the house really reserved just for these full appraisals? If it's available, we will use that information. Sometimes it's available from us having completed an appraisal before on the property. Sometimes it's sold recently and then we have information on MLS data. So you do use all sources you can when giving a value of a home? Or do you try to keep it like if it's desktop, if a desktop is ordered or a drive by one is ordered, are you not supposed to use all those sources of information or do you just use it no matter what you can find? I use it no matter what I can find. Use everything you can find. Absolutely. I think it's better when I have more data. Sure. I just didn't know if maybe you couldn't because what if they did a rehab and you couldn't get in there. I didn't know if there was like a rule about, well, we're only doing a desktop or we're only doing a strictly drive by. No, I think that more isn't better. Absolutely. More info is better. Okay. That's good to know. So I guess I also am wondering when you assign a value to a home, let's say single family here in Longmont, three bedroom, two bath, is that a range? Or are you giving like $1 sticker number? It is an actual number. A suggested list price. It is. It is. There are certain cases where we may provide a range to a client, but ultimately we also give a specific assigned value. Is that usually like a suggested list price or is that up to the realtor? I would say that's up to the realtor. Okay. You're just strictly value. Absolutely. Okay. And can you tell us like, who is, I know you work closely with realtors, who is your client though? Is it generally a bank that orders the appraisal on behalf of a buyer and then once you get that appraised number that's what goes in with the contract, with the deadlines, with the purchase, or do you also work with, I assume you work with investors and sellers and divorcees and you must have a whole plethora of people, but is it mostly buyers? I would say, well, not necessarily buyers, but mostly banks or yeah, banks and mortgage companies for purchases and also for refinances. I would say a lot of our business is also coming from attorneys, sometimes for estate valuations, sometimes for divorce valuations, and then sometimes we do appraisals for pre-listings if a realtor feels like they want that extra bit of data. So if I'm going to list a house, I'm going to save everybody the trouble, I'm going to get a sense of the value, and then that just makes me kind of more valuable for knowing when I go in with my eyes wide open kind of thing. Sure. I like that idea. I might steal that idea. So I want to just sing your praises. Hammond was there for me through my divorce and you came out to my property and I'm so grateful and you did a wonderful job. You came very highly recommended from one of my favorite title reps here in town. And I guess, yeah, what's it like, tell us a little bit about, you know, you're going into people's homes, you're one of the few others other than us realtors that really poke around and really look at the condition of the home, the finishes, the flooring, the drywall, the outside, the inside.  Yes, I would say I'm a people person, I do enjoy, you know, that's one of the biggest joys is going out and seeing different properties and, you know, exactly, exactly, but I also, you know, I love the old houses, so I really enjoy getting to see some of the nice old houses. You've probably seen most of the homes in Longmont. Not surprisingly, no, but I've seen Fairmount.  Yes, yes, definitely, and I would say, you know, the Boulder County is probably our strongest area, but I do a lot down in the Denver metro area as well. So you're across the whole front range, really? Yes, I guess so. Mostly serving Denver metro and Boulder County. Exactly, exactly.  Well, and again, the how much just depends on the market, the location, the, you know, the neighborhood itself. But yes, condition is definitely a big factor, particularly as we're going into a slowing market, it becomes much more important. So let's talk about that. So when there's, obviously when there's less people moving, there's less business for all of us. It's not just us realtors, it's the appraisers, the lenders, the title reps, everybody, but what does that mean for you? It sounds like it's the lender-requested appraisal orders that slow down. Do you find that, like, it seems like people still get divorced, people still have the states, people still die, is that job security for you? Does that become more of the percentage of your business? It does, it does. And definitely, it's kind of what gets us through the lean times. So most definitely. I want to talk a little bit about the opposite of that, which was around the spring summertime when we were at that peak of the market, at least here in Boulder County, when we had, we had, we heard a lot of the home didn't appraise or we're going to hold our breath till appraisal. Can you talk a little bit about what that means? And typically, you know, that's something that probably a mortgage company or a realtor is going to say because, but it generally means that the appraised value was not as high as perhaps the contract price. So an offer was put in, but shortly thereafter or maybe even a few weeks after the appraiser comes in and says the value of this home is under what you offered at. Correct, yes. And it sounds like you don't have to then deal with that, with that out, with that fallout, but, but generally do you, how do you deal with it? Like, do you ever go for, do people fight you on that? Like, how do, how do people try to persuade you? Sure. Well, typically most banks or mortgage companies will have their own requirements and, and sometimes they will request us to look at more market data. They may have comparables that we didn't use that they would ask us to look at, so we can, you know, perhaps change our, our opinion. And that is allowed, right? Like, hey, check out my comps or do you disregard that? Like, well, I think that that's a lender by lender, bank by bank. Yeah, exactly. Exactly. I got to tell you, I feel, I feel privileged to even know you because as you mentioned, realtors are not the ones hiring their appraiser. Buyers and sellers don't get to, like, call you up really. It's through the bank. That appraisal doesn't mean diddly until the bank says we ordered this and we say this is the value, right? Like, I can't just call you. If a mortgage is involved, then no, you know, an individual cannot hire the appraiser on the bank. The banks all have formal processes. Sure. And there are middlemen. Absolutely. And as a matter of fact, mortgage brokers can't order their own appraisers. Oh, interesting. You know, there's a very formal process that the banks have for making sure that everything's above board. I didn't know. I do appreciate that standard because it could become being a realtor is already complicated enough. We don't need the wild, wild West when it comes to valuing a property. But I do appreciate what you said, because one thing I tell my buyers all the time is like value is simply what a buyer is willing to offer and what that sellers willing to accept at any given moment. Like, of course, you give us a price, but there's already just so much complication in what the value of a home is. And like you said, like the market trends just shift and ebb and flow so fast that it keeps your job, I'm sure, very interesting. Yeah, it really does. It really does. The value you assign today, it sounds like that's not the same as what it's going to be in a few months.  Something's not as accurate as it would be. So I hate to ask for, like, what's the expiration date? But like when you order an appraisal, how much what if that divorce takes another year to finalize? Like, how do you deal with the changing values and the changing market and something that like, yeah, but that's expired now. That's gone now. You're not going to get that much for your house. You don't have to buy him out for that much. Like, how do you deal with that if it takes time? Well, oftentimes, you know, for like a divorce, sometimes we are asked to update our values or one of the parties may hire or retain another appraiser to do a new appraisal. OK. So, like, just because I got one doesn't mean my ex couldn't have gotten his own correct until we came to an agreement. Correct. Got it. Well, that's an interesting twist. I didn't think about. But yeah, the market, too, obviously, is going to have their say and that's going to win over the two parties, I assume. Can you tell us what the cost? What is the average cost right now of an appraisal? And if you were to go back and do like an updated version, do I have to pay that same full fee again? And for us, you know, typically an expiration, I think for banks, typically they like to have an appraisal that's within the last six months. You know, for other purposes. Max in a market like this. Right, right, right. And cost of an appraisal, it varies depending on the type of property. If it's an acreage, if it's a big custom home, things like that. So I'd say that appraisals range.  It is pretty. It is pretty affordable, you know, I know you can go in and get it done in an afternoon for the most part. But like, when you think about how important the thing that you're doing is, like, why do people block at that? I mean, why? Obviously, you can't charge an arm and a leg because here I am doing something similar for free with my BPOs and my CMAs, but it's, I don't know. I just, I think it's interesting that one of the more important pieces of the contract is a thousand bucks or less. It's always kind of interesting to me because then, you know, when you think about even the, even the inspector is sometimes more. Sure, sure. I think I'm pretty much out of questions. I did, I did want to ask how do people get in touch with you? How do they find out more about your business? And, you know, can you tell us again where you serve so that I can refer you? Sure, sure. Typically, we serve anywhere, you know, like pretty much from Castor-Wack to Fort Collins, those counties. And we do have a webpage here at Wendepraisals.com. And then you can also reach us via phone and email. Awesome. Well, I'll put those up on the screen. And I just so appreciate your time today, Kristen. Thank you so much. But I did want to ask you one more thing. So you mentioned attorneys and estates. Sure. If someone I wanted to just ask, because this, like you said, seems to be kind of the thing right now, do does the family agree ahead of time to get the appraisal and to get it, you know, sorted? And then again, how long does that typically last? Sure. And for estate appraisals, not all estates are required to have an appraisal. And I don't know it's not my area of expertise as to why one house needs it and one house doesn't or family. But typically, typically that appraisal will then be done as of the date of death. That's kind of my question. Yeah. So that kind of that, that doesn't change. I see. But you, you just like with the divorce would need to go and update things if it's been a while since you did the original and then that since till they pass. Correct. Like if you take, if she doesn't die for a year or two or three, obviously you need to make updates. Well, and actually, typically we're hired after the death. And we go back and we look at comparables that happened in the year prior to that date of death. I was thinking you were part of the estate. No, no, some, some big estates may do that. But typically when we've been involved in the state appraisals, we are hired after the fact. Got it. So if you're getting a mortgage, if you're dealing with death in the family or if you're planning a divorce, Hammond appraisals has got you covered. Thank you so much for your time today, Kristen. You're welcome. That's the property.


Happy Friday, everyone. Welcome back to Geeks are sexy. We're doing our third interview of the day And one of the things I love to do is I love to bring you great stories about businesses here in town But I also want to show off a little bit that that as business owners we help each other out We coach each other only help new businesses come along now Michelle Davis is our next guest and she she's no stranger to you guys on this audience in this audience and on this network Because you're watching here at the same time every Friday and multiple other shows on this network So so that she's no strange as you guys She's not new to you guys, but she does have a new venture that she's talking about And so one of the things I'd like to do with this show is bring people on who are thinking about starting a business Or have a new business and kind of pull the threads on how do we help make how we as business owners help Help each other make our businesses successful So if you're a business owner you're thinking about starting a business You'd love to be a guest on the show you want to want to get your fix and show all your friends You can go on live internet TV and get a nice little YouTube video out of it for your business later on Let me know we'd love to have you on but we're gonna start with Michelle And Michelle has a new venture. She's looking at and it's I don't want to sell it short because it's a new kind of concept But essentially it's a private gym right and so why don't you why don't you could tell tell us so much better About what this is. Why don't you tell us what this new venture is? Okay? well, thank you Jason for having me on your show absolutely and For all you guys out there, you know, this is like the best show ever on WC OBM So, you know, you need to tune in every single month to every month every month. Yes, but yes So my venture is I'm gonna have a very elite gym and it's exclusive basically personal training and wellness and health and nutrition And also having a little spirituality and support mixed in at the same time So as a broadcaster, I've been broadcasting for the last 10 years It's taken me a while to find my niche in the business world as a broadcaster You know, should I broadcast about sports? Should I broadcast about fashion or rock and roll? And so I kind of went through all of these changes and phases in the broadcasting industry and found that fitness really fit Well with me not only does it help me as a person learn and I get to explain things that I'm very passionate about Which is health and nutrition, but also guess that I want to interview and I want to find out how they made it in the fitness industry How they evolved in the business world and being a bodybuilder. You don't really make a living as a bodybuilder It's more as what you're going to do to improve other people's lives. It's really much more of a fitness competing competition bodybuilding. It's it's really more of a passion project It's it's a it takes dedication. It takes discipline at the end of the day It doesn't pay that well unless you're at the very top tier, right? Absolutely a lot of the people we know a lot of people who do this in Las Vegas They really it's love of the game, right? Yep, right? And I think that's one of my questions for you is why are you starting this gym? Because we get down to marketing messages and we start pulling those threads on how do we do those marketing? What are those so you know the nuts and bolts of what are those social media posts need to be? What are those TV commercials need to be? What are those flyers need to say? It's all gonna come back to your why yep, and and you've really kind of encapsulated that is this fitness is very important to you It is and you're true And I think that's the sense of what this gym is about this gym is for people who are in fitness For the love of the game, right? Whether they're whether they're competing or not Well, and actually it's a it's going to be a place where people are gonna have Challenges and I'm gonna be their accountability coach Okay, make sure they're gonna live up to their goals So every single week we're gonna go over and project the goals that they want to accomplish whether it's weight loss or nutrition Or breaking a bad habit or something that they want to focus on Where they know that their mindset needs to change and they need someone to help them do that and the thing I find that's really captivating with fitness for me is that when I Unfortunately lost my sister to breast cancer. I found that having a women's support group. It really really helps Change the person that they couldn't do themselves and in so many ways as a woman women need to come together and Empower one another so I found that you know, I want to train three to five women and I want to be their accountability coach Okay, I would love to do challenges and I'd love to have the winners win their money back if they win the challenge Okay, so now we got now we got a game folks Yeah, everybody loves everybody loves games and they love a competition And so I find that if you find something that's fun and exciting And and you can do something where you can change it up a bit and you can think outside the box and ultimately change your life That's kind of what I'm trying to come as an approach to not just being a personal trainer or nutritionist But actually being an accountability life coach that helps you succeed with the goals that you have in mind and To benefit that at the best that I can help you with well I've been I've been able to to watch you Grow with this over the last year since we've got to know each other as you got into fitness competition I yeah, you saw me right right at the beginning began the right co-point right at the beginning and and and you're articulating So well what I think was was a nebulous why for you a year ago You helped me without so much. We had a lot of coffees last summer Well, you really broke it down and you were able to ground me on where I needed to Basically look like a spider web in business on all the different Projections that I needed to take seriously whether it was okay I need to maybe look in this area to improve my game or maybe help the Aspects of my clients in this direction and so as a business leader you really really helped me kind of hone in on that Well, thank you. I appreciate that's what that's that's again why I'm here Why I do this show and and we were all sorry last year to hear about your sister We had a wonderful celebration of life last weekend right here right here at the studios and there was such an amazing turnout I had to leave early, but well, thank you for being there such an amazing turnout And so many so many people from our community who never even got to meet your sister who were here for you and your mom Hey, if you guys like this show give a thumbs up show you love, you know, we love that you guys are here on Facebook with us Hey, Lisa, I know there's so many people here that I want to say hi to yeah There's we're getting a really good turnout today on the Facebook live And so if you have any questions for Michelle, please please do the thumbs up We love to have that but You know if you have any questions from a shelf feel free to type them in we'll use the time to answer your questions I mean, I got a bunch, but we can talk all the time Scott I sent you some emails of my competition pictures. Did you get any of those? Maybe we can show the our audience So you got them. Yeah, throw them up there. We can keep talking while pictures are rolling up on the screen Yeah, so Again Jason, you've really helped me kind of look at all of the things in business that I need to take seriously So for me, it's it's opening up my own elite gym Yeah, absolutely and making it in a way where I can change women's lives in my life But also not not be evil or greedy, right? Well, we don't believe in that here We love we love money because it gives us freedom and opportunities, but but we also like to share the wealth There's some of those pictures. So yeah, I think you are on the left in this one on the left was March 11th and the one on the right was March 31st, okay? Oh, so those are two pictures of you So yeah, okay, those are two different competitions And so my plan now is to do that's the B side That's the reverse and so my plan now is to go through what is called a bulking phase where I'm gaining about 15 pounds And I'm eating tons of vegetables tons of fruit tons of whole grains lots of nuts and oil And I'm gonna come back with just a little more fullness in my legs in my back and in my arms It's great. So it's just it's a tiny little difference Honestly, no one else would be able to tell except me But I was able to win my class in the last competition. So that's something I'm really looking forward to going pro Congratulations. Thank you. So yeah, if I could help change other women's lives and at the same time Change mine in in a way where it's humbling. It's it's not egotistical. So this is my challenge This is my little flyer and okay, great I'm looking for three to five women if you're interested and you live in Las Vegas I have some great products for you to try I'm gonna be your accountability coach every week and this is something that's brand new for me So my phone number, please give me a call. It's at the bottom of the screen and also my email as well So I'm diving into this full-heartedly with with my arms open welcoming any ladies who would like the support of Changing their lives lose some weight feel great and have a support team too at the same time Well, and one of my questions for you about this that I think we've already gotten to is I want to discuss a business concept You called switching cost, right? There's a lot of gyms out there big gyms small gyms and you're looking for elite people who are looking to challenge themselves And they probably already have a gym, right?  I think you've provided already provided a really great answer to if you're Looking for someone who's gonna hold you accountable who's gonna challenge you and that's not happening at your current gym Or with the current program you on maybe you're working out at home Maybe you're kind of self-paced cuz you know enough about this or you want to change it up and look at something different It's all about kind of quality of life your muscles get used to something or maybe you just kind of are feeling sluggish And you need to change it up I'm doing the one-on-one kind of gym where you get to play the specific music you like You get to talk about topics and get it off your chest We even get to have fun and make some smoothies at the end of our workout if if you'd like to do that It's all about changing your life doing different habits and conforming into your lifestyle into The learning experience the lifestyle change and ultimately it kind of comes down to TLC Absolutely Well, you heard it here first more more to follow when you're ready to open We're gonna have you back and and we're gonna maybe we'll go do a remote at your grand opening or something That'd be so fun. So you gave them all your contact information. That's great You can always contact us here at the show or at the network to get a hold of Michelle as well Thanks to Dane and Kendall who are tuning in love to have you guys stay here because Michelle's gonna stay right here We're gonna bring back Lucy and Shaytalia and we're gonna roll into our panel discussion talk about a few different topics a little A little bit broader aspect of things. So thanks for watching. We'll be right back


It's about implementation of Project Oberon Machine on low-cost FPGA. The paper has appeared in Xilinx Excel Journal, that is basically Xilinx-based, Xilinx-made journal that popularized FPGA technology and There are other papers related to it that I will talk about later So what is the first project Oberon? Yeah, Project Oberon was realized quite many years ago. I think it started about 92 as the next version of Pascal and Modula familiar languages and Expanded into fully pledged operating system that was operating with one megabyte of memory on the standard setting It was servicing all the input-output devices by itself and By the standards of its era and still as a programming environment It was quite advanced So it had a lot of things that similar to plan 9 like inline execution within the editor so you could just highlight the module name and function name to execute it and Thus create macros or programmable editors It also had the Tiled the window manager basically multi-pane window manager So it was fully graphical interface for programmers Its main advantage was that it was still very small Thus, it's suitable as a handbook for construction of operating systems and compilers So it has operating system inside a compiler inside That you can examine including code generator So and that the most important part for some people is that it goes from the lowest level programming that was available at the moment To the high-level software like windowing system So it's about 9,000 lines of code I'm not sure if you are aware like this is something that you can probably do in 100 days if you know how to write it So in terms of minimalistic design It's awesome. Yeah, it's not one of these processors that I talked about that are realized in FPGA like in the 200 lines of code like fourth machines but a bit higher level and It's both programming language there and operating system again, so awesome What about if somebody wanted to make it basis for even more expanded cores? So there are non native implementations for Windows Linux ARM And surprise surprise, I also found one in JavaScript So we have full of early emulator in JavaScript I will show it to you so that you can appreciate how this thing works in real time so I have a demo part even without FPGA and I kind of understand that for me the natural question would be if we proceed that far into giving a self-contained minimal tutorial on how operating systems work We would like to say why don't we make a tutorial how computers work and work from gates up? Yeah as as soon as it is feasible for a student to construct the machine on their own It makes sense so I would not go like from basic physics to To know to use this transistors and the sample processor via it's a bit tedious That may discourage our students, but now we have FPGA technology you can upload Softcore so calls so the gate description in relatively high-level language like very long or VHDL and Execute your computer as it would be Similar to how it would be described when you had a high-level description of a chip Yeah, so the principles are the same. It's just a little bit slower. Not by much though Yeah, so you can simulate the whole computer system You can tutor people about communications about protocols used at the hardware level Some sounds great for the people that are interested in understanding this are making some low-level stuff or low-level protocols Yeah but at least Mr. Vith that wrote this paper for Excel journal told that oh Our old computer system on which we started the Auburn project got Faced out. It's not it's out of life. Yeah, we only only have non-native systems. So I thought hmm now We have FPGA maybe I will have like lasting system on which I ported and it will be native Okay, that may be also motivation and The fact is that this lasting system is about 100 under the hundred dollars So it's very similar in setup to Papillio. It's about the strength of Papillio pro actually a bit weaker so it's part and three with what basically one megabyte of static RAM and PS 2 port SD card for communication for permanent storage So that's like minimal almost Arduino. Yeah Okay, so I just made the links here The only part is some of the images in in this presentation need to be replaced by grafts To to be put on the github. So I will probably do it tomorrow And then you can also follow all the links if you want to pursue this subject But now we can try the demo How the oberon system feels in real life So maybe I will just click it so I will take the full disk image and I will start it in I think we will fit this resolution here Okay, we just started it very well It tells it's oberon version 5 initially it has this two paints I Forgot how to resize it Correctly, but what I can tell that we can for example, select this code here and Use middle button to execute it Then we should see the amount of free bytes for example, yeah or We can you select this one with the right button and Oh, yeah, show the modules that are loaded Where they are in memory or how much bytes actually they are you see So it's pretty friendly. I would say as a programmable basis for programmable editor for something Yeah, it's pretty extendable almost like small talk, but simpler Okay, so we can go back to the previous Yeah, I think I need to go back So you can try the demo it's interesting and Then we can go on with the presentation So that's how oberon system is structured. So these are the Pink are core modules So the inner system is I think Under two thousand lines of code Then there there are graphic user interface elements and below that I do not show application elements that are respectively large In the code size, but you can examine this there is also a book that describes it You can check all the changes in the oberon emulator and now the question How you think difficult it would be to make a computer that just supports this system so the I was expecting some very very minimal processor like this fourth machines and I was surprised. It is in a way minimal, but like minimal For a minimal system, it is quite featureful. So it has if you will look at it, this is the The modular diagram of the whole system that was implemented to host the oberon So the first is the risk five top references both the processor elements and Preferral interfaces, so we have the typical advantage of FPGA that we can implement all the peripheral URLs we want in FPGA along with the computing elements and These are just elements of the processor. So this is Very simple risk machine with I think 16 registers some of them are reused as stack registers or program counter or Reserved for some kind of global pointer to the constants But you still have I think 11 registers that are usable in the program code, which is good enough It's way better than The x86 it's more like x664 AMD64 architecture It's 32-bit because like if you have just one make RAM it's probably sufficient and if you Read mostly about the processors that are minimal you see that maybe they have multiplier and maybe But this processor besides the main control core has multiplier divider for integers Also flow full floating point operations other multiplier and divider It still fits with an approximately 2,000 lines of code of very low code So it's pretty pretty economic way of describing something basic processing unit That can already do all the arithmetic operations that are most essential because building over it Some transcendent on functions is not that difficult really And then the peripherals below are basically RS 232. So serial interface. That's pretty standard mouse and ps2 keyboard also appear pretty standard SPI for driving the SD card and The file system. So that's the storage instead of disk drives and so on. That's pretty modern pretty useful in the video controller Well, I can say this video controller is limited to one resolution thousand by seven hundred But I also played with this this kind of board. So unfortunately until Spartan 6 You cannot regulate the frequency of the monitor and you have only four digital clocks So Yeah, you would have at most for for resolutions for practical purpose, maybe eight So you have to fix on one so Later versions have tunable digital clock manager. So you can work around that But the way the VGA or visual signal generation works you need to adopt in VGA standard the Clock frequency for pixels To your resolution. So there is no way around it So that that is pretty pretty practical constraint just it's low powered or old FPGA board because CSI clone 4 Approximately the same price has regulation of digital clock managers So I was very encouraged so you can have full like C compatible or Pascal compatible or Oberon Compatible machine because in the terms of the programming model. This is standard C programming model, really All the flow plus floating point So you don't need to implement it. It's usually the most the slowest part and it's small Okay, so Now I Did dive into code? So I will show you what I've seen So I do load it the code for the project Oberon from project WWW project Oberon call I unpacked it so first Project Maybe here and we zoom it so that it's more up and yeah So most of these things are actually elements of operating system like up tools graph inner operating system Or is the compiler net is networking stack outer is the outer operating system? Including some of the graphical interface And besides that there is risk V or risk 5v. So there is S3 risk install This is like the self-contained way of installing it to into FPGA the risk 5 very log which is actually the code for the processor and W32 I'm I didn't check but I think it's some way of hosting the simulation So I just unpacked the very long And checked it what is so there is Some kind of programmable memory. It's just four kilobytes Maybe microcode. I'm not sure But here is the meat. So how complex it is it is to provide the floating point unit and so on Okay, let's check it with tools I think I have here slot count That usually check the complexity of the code. Oh, I cannot bring this Unfortunately, okay, so maybe just let's compute the number of lines of code Of lines generally in the module. So you see these module are pretty small Yes, exactly It's actually under thousand if you just look at the meat and Let's see a video controller Well, not so nice thing is that you could have more comments here. So it's not a bookie But I will talk about it in a minute But this is like standard very long basically is trick of to counter implementation of controller that basically takes the bit from the RAM and Generates the signal for this particular piece. So it's mono Chrome monitor Because of the memory string basically one make is not really a lot for graphics memory so for frame buffer and That's all so it uses one clock and To count that does the standard implementation. I think I could have already shown it to you in in the clash in Haskell Yeah, and I will probably show it on Wednesday as a demo by basically doing a demo How to make your first FPGA project? It's very simple Let's look at the things that seem more complicated. So let's see at FP adder Hmm Also doesn't look very complicated. You basically have two Inputs the clock input and so on check whether it actually does something and Whether it stalls because it uses too much time it's pretty standard and This doesn't look like too complicated code for for computing It is only it had a comment. So about comment that it was really really unhappy You could structure is a little bit better. I guess Okay, now risk 5v This is the control unit So it also basically checks the operation code Here and depending of it decides what to do. It's also pretty standard very low code So so like if it's 800 and maybe I should implement it in Haskell and check out how it will work Yeah, and host a burn on on clash and on on my latest story, which is cycle 4. Why not? That's that's that doesn't look like a complex complex project. I should be able to do it next month But without comments this kind of reversing engineering, you know, it can be actually one first month or first two months Just checking out But okay, then I looked for the hins in the book Because there is a book on it No, no, no, I just checked there are just two chapters about risk system about the processor and Here if you look carefully, it's actually As far as I can tell almost littered code. So there is a lot of description what happens. Maybe sometimes Redundant maybe sometimes not but it is there. So you are not wasting time, you know Like by recovering comments There are even diagrams nice So we have it like 800 lines of code plus nice book and nice diagrams quite exhaustive explanation of the mnemonics in the assembly How it works with the registers By the way, it works on 25 megahertz clock on 25 megahertz Frequency, so it doesn't really multiply a lot I think you can make it more efficient this recap But that's for the people that are interested in like making the FPGAs run a bit faster There is even explanation how to do floating for inter-earthmeting or some kind of logical operations I'd say That should be good enough, you know, if you know very well to to construct the machine by yourself And also this fragment of the book is like a chapter and it's 20 pages Actually, there are two chapters So I mean I have at least entertainment for the next month Doing a similar thing and hosting over on on clash Yeah, so I for me this paper has convinced me that I should definitely go into the book at least this fragment and go further so that I check how complex is It to make a real processor even without cash when with that real pipeline And they're not that much cheating because you need to make arithmetic logical unit first anyway And then stall and pipelining we can talk about it at some point of time But yeah, that's not that critical. That's not that difficult if you think about Optimizing it is that maybe just making it so these are my my My final thought so I I still prefer tech book because with tech book I always have the comments next to get the code and here you either have a book or the code So the book is pdf very nice, but the code is no comment. So or barely any comments so I would prefer literate code but in length and Explanation exhaustiveness I would say it's one of the best introduction to make your own processor ever So it's way better in many regards than one of some of these minimal instruction set processors Where people do a lot of optimization there a lot of trick, but they will never go to floating point unit here So that's this kind of practical problem is skipped over and The simpler structure and you then can build a whole operating system over it, which is great The only thing I think I miss is real multi-threading, but well, nobody's perfect I mean this was just like a one megabyte of memory system By the way after loading all the modules of the basic modules with the compiler. I think it takes only a hundred kilobytes So it's kind of Comfortable as this level Maybe without memory management unit Yeah No nine K lines of code is Oberon code That's runs on the processor this processor is as we checked just now. It's actually better below 1000 Yeah They basically unpacked the archive of very low code There looks less self-contained Because it even includes the the the memory which normally you have to have some kind of starting memory But is it just for the machine hardware part or 100 K lines of code 500 So I can tell you there are minimal data flow processors in class in Haskell that are like 200 There are also between 200 and 2000 lines of code Very efficient force machines like J1 That basically do everything like integer alzmatics basic logical operation, maybe not floating point and They are CPUs that that's enough to model it. So in a way Hardware is maybe somewhat more difficult to design, but these things that you actually want to design in hardware May take less Code on the executable where you spend most of your time is simulation and debugging So most the most debugging pipelines include this set up simulation rigor Check that your simulation is is good enough Possibly co-simulate or make simulation of your software environment along with hardware check that It proceeds through the states in an appropriate way Yeah, so that I didn't talk about simulator it's actually and those thing is provided So normally you would have to have possibly Another that that amount of code as a simulator But if you have executable operating system on which you can check that it runs That also may serve as as a reference test because you know when when it stops and when it breaks