I am supposed to take one hour of psychrometry and we will look at it mostly from the point of view that you already or at least I would say that you should as far as possible try to emphasize that at least in this part of the course if you are teaching students that you should have the students practice psychrometry through the steam tables rather than you know telling them to go to a psychrometric chart. So, once they are confident with the steam tables and they know that the psychrometric chart is usually drawn I mean normally at one atmospheric pressure then they know that you know they can always come back to steam tables and do whatever calculations if the ambient atmospheric pressure is not one atmosphere because if you go to a hill station for every around 1000 or 2000 meters in height you know the pressure drop significantly you know close to 10-15 percent and then no longer your psychrometric charts you know as they are right now can be applied and you will need a psychrometric chart which is you know made for that pressure. So, it is better if you just go for steam tables at least in this course and then if necessary I am sure that if the students will take a class on refrigeration and air conditioning they will you know be very well versed with the psychrometric chart I think that should be the overall you know guiding principle when you talk to them about psychrometry if it is going to be a part of thermodynamics. So, let me just begin and go over things fast. So, I mean normally if you know begin psychrometry again standard way to start is you go for the TS diagram of the water substance and draw a typical pressure line and then you can tell the students that you know as far as normal air is concerned it is just not absolutely dry and maybe only in you know very much in the interior of the country the weather is reasonably dry, but you know close to the coast there is lot of moisture and they know what moisture means you know and that they sweat mostly a lot of it because of moisture and you can tell that the state of a water inside or in the surrounding air is basically it is vapor and once it is vapor it means it is a kind of superheated liquid sorry a superheated state of water and if I would try to plot it on a TS diagram it would be somewhere here the state and then you can tell them that this pressure line which on which probably it is lying is a very very small pressure I mean or a very pressure which is of very less quantity I mean compared to one atmosphere this is the value of this pressure is pretty negligible and this is the pressure at which water vapor is existing in the atmosphere as if you draw this then I think a lot of things become very clear and you know after this I do not think there is too much if you just continue with this diagram there is not too much that we can you know go wrong by when you are teaching psychrometry. So, I will just draw this pressure line on which water vapor is existing and this is let us call this line as PV where V represents the or some kind of subscript for vapor. So, this is how we begin with telling where the state of water vapor is and once you say this you say that now the pressure is so less that if you mix this with regular dry air the dry air at one atmosphere reasonably behaves like an ideal gas and water vapor in superheated state and at such low pressures also can be reasonably approximated as an ideal gas and if this is again emphasized then you realize that they can be told that water vapor will follow as long as it is in the vapor state most of the properties of ideal gas then only between steam tables and ideal gas relationships you can derive a lot of psychrometry and hopefully that should be good enough as a part of this course. So, if we begin by saying that the water vapor pressure is PV then we say the net pressure at any location is P let us say it is P total that is made up of pressure of dry air plus PV. So, at any point this P T is the total atmospheric pressure or the barometric pressure and this is made up of let us say two components and here probably you can tell them about things that they have learned in chemistry that is Dalton's law of partial pressures. So, if you have many gases which do not react and if they are mixed and if they are all behaving ideally then they will exert pressures in proportion to how many molecules are there of that gas and that is what is the Dalton's law of partial pressures. This is what will happen that I can just then add the pressures of the two components and say that is the total pressure. So, this is if you emphasize this I mean that would be good enough and then you can just come back and you know write down ideal gas relationship for each of these. If you had written them in terms of molar or in terms of moles then I would have said number of moles of dry air times. So, let me just write this times universal gas constant times the ambient temperature divided by some volume that we are considering. So, this is this is number of moles of vapor multiplied by ideal gas constant divided by same volume. So, this is using the ideal gas law P v is equal to N i v and I could write it in terms of mass basis where I would say that this is in a particular volume mass of dry air times specific gas constant for dry air. So, this is capital V it is not specific volume once this is set up then what you can of course, tell them is that and they should know this that for any gas a specific constant is just the universal gas constant divided by the molecular weight. So, at this point if you have already taught them combustion or if you have if they know about mole mass ratio then you can go ahead and you know roughly you can derive what the molecular weight of dry air would be and this is mostly based on telling them that you know dry air is mostly made up of nitrogen and oxygen. And though there are small components of other species these are negligible and just considering nitrogen and oxygen you can derive roughly that the molecular weight of dry air is around 29 it is 28 point something, but you can put it as 29 and for water it is you know it is just H 2 O. So, it is just above 18, but writing 18 is good enough and if you can if they would of course, know all this because of their background in chemistry and at this point you know it is just to reemphasize what the specific gas constants would be for water and air.  So, once this set is done I think we can then it is just ok to go ahead with telling them of the various terminologies in psychrometry. So, the first terminology that they should be aware of is something called and it is always good to just stick I mean a lot of times I mean I am sure if you have taught this you must have taught a lot of times I see the students just remember some kind of a formula for specific humidity using point 6 to something like this. So, if we just stick to the saying that specific humidity is just you take a particular volume then the mass of water vapor or M V upon mass of air that is the definition for specific humidity. Then I think a lot of things if they remember only this then that is good enough and if I just use now ideal gas law I can go ahead and write it in terms of partial pressure. So, now you know I know that P V sorry P V is equal to M V R U by M V T and I will just write M V is P V V by R V by M T. So, if I just substitute here this would be P V by V R V by M T and for mass of air it would just be mass of dry air I should write it would be P air V by R U by M air T. So, this P goes off the V goes off the R U goes off and I am just left with M V by M A P V and this is 18 upon roughly 29 P V by P A would be roughly 0.62 P V by. So, I am sure all of you remember this relationship, but rather than students remembering such a relationship it is ok if they remember you know just the basic definition of what specific humidity means. And then as long as they remember that they have to use steam tables and ideal gas relationships they cannot go wrong. I mean everyone would know roughly what is the mass or molecular weight for water what is the molecular weight for air. So, you know getting this 18 upon 29 is not going to be that difficult at all for people and what it should be and once they get the number they will obviously remember, but rather than trying to remember this as some formula you know it is always good to just tell them to remember that it is just a ratio of masses and that is good enough. Of course, people sometimes write this as 0.62 P V by P A is just 0.62 P V by P total minus P V. This is another way people write this because the pressure in air we already discussed Dalton's law we discussed that the two pressures add up to the total pressure and hence the pressure of air is just the total pressure minus the wave pressure. But I would say that you know if the emphasis is on ideal gas law and just the pure definition you know it just takes one minute to come up to this formula and there is no need to remember anything more than that. If the next concept that is normally taught is what is called as the dew point temperature at this point it is again best to go to the T S diagram and remind them that this is where the state of water vapor is. It is lying on a particular pressure line that is at T V it is a very small value and this is where the water vapor is in. So, if at the same pressure the water is just cooled down sorry the air is just cooled down then this is of course you know this is where the temperature is right now and at this point you can tell them that this is the temperature of both the water vapor as well as air and this is something which is normally measured with a thermometer and this is what is normally called as the regular temperature or the dry bulb temperature. So, this is where things are as they are existing and if you start cooling the water vapor or the air down then the pressure is the same, but the temperature starts going down and this is how normally dew points are measured you know you keep a vessel and you start cooling it down slowly and see when condensation occurs. So, this is what is occurring here that at the same pressure as I start cooling down the temperature start decreasing and I just move along the same pressure line like this till I reach some point here where you know the water is just become saturated and it will start condensing out and this is this temperature is just the saturation temperature corresponding to P it is pretty straight forward that I drew a curve like this and this is the existing temperature which is much much more than the saturation temperature that is why it is a superheated state and once I start cooling it down obviously, at some point I am going to reach the saturation temperature and the saturation temperature is nothing, but the dew point temperature for that PV. So, if I had a different PV I would have a had a different you know dew point temperature and of course, now at this point you can tell them that they should take out the steam tables and realize that you know for most of the low pressure the saturation temperature is given. So, if they have the steam tables knowing PV you can immediately get what the dew point temperature and at this point you can draw various PV curves like this. So, at if I draw a higher pressure line here then let us say this is PV 2 then obviously this pressure is more, if this pressure is more then here the specific humidity is more because PV is higher and if I go along this pressure line then the dew point temperature is definitely going to be a higher value. So, the more the moisture in the air the higher the dew point temperature will be until you get up to this line here where you know maybe the air is completely saturated with water vapor at this point completely the dew point temperature is the same as the existing dry bulb temperature. So, if you draw via this diagram I mean the concept of water dew point temperature is you know they do not really have to think too much if they have the T s diagram of water pretty much clear in that way. So, various pressures various dew point temperatures till you reach this and obviously beyond this you cannot put in water into the air because it will just start condensing out. So, you can tell them this is the maximum capacity of what the air can contain. So, beyond this at a particular temperature I cannot put in more water vapor than this vapor pressure. If I want to go higher then I need a higher temperature. So, I will need to heat the water or heat the air and then put in try to make it you know gather more air because now I can go to a higher vapor pressure here. So, if this concept is also told to them that beyond a particular vapor pressure you cannot just push in water into the air because it will start condensing out. So, I think that is something that can be well explained just by using a T s diagram. Yes, so depending on what your so if I draw this I mean which pressure? So, if there is a particular vapor pressure then there is a particular dew point temperature corresponding to it. So, if I if there was more if so if the air was more moist the vapor pressure would have been higher and the dew point temperature would also have been higher because corresponds. So, this is let us say P v 1 this is P v 2. So, if the air is relatively dry then there is lesser water vapor in it and it corresponds to this lower pressure line and let us say this is the dry bulb temperature. So, this is the existing temperature at any place is that clear and then if I am on this pressure line then to get to the dew point temperature I have to cool down till I reach the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure line. And obviously, this temperature is low compared if I have a higher pressure let us say I am existing here definitely the you know specific humidity is higher in the air I come down till I reach the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure. Obviously, this temperature T 2 is greater than T 1 this is the T you know this is the T axis. So, the higher the water vapor if the overall pressure is the same it does not matter this water vapor pressure is what matters and as long as you reach the saturation temperature corresponding to the vapor pressure you have reached the dew point. So, the air pressure could have been anything it did not matter it was all depending on the saturation temperature corresponding to the vapor. See the total you see this is what is assumed normally the total pressure is rarely assumed to change that is because overall the pressure is around one atmosphere people believe that PV is so negligible that overall P does not change it does not really matter. And in general if something changes there is enough you know pressure this small pressure differences to just create a small flow that overall pressure would not change. But that is not of concern here it would not change the dew point temperature of course what will happen is let us say that I come here and I start condensing things out then you know I can start condensing things out and then I would have to move along the saturation line and keep on condensing. If let us say you keep a body which is at a temperature below T 1 then first initially the air will come up to T 1 and then it will start going below T 1 and you start condensing out all water. So, you would move down in PV and PW and let us say I remove all the water and keep it separately and still the air is there and I bring it back to the older temperature obviously I would have gone to an even lower line here and if I bring it back. So, my PV you know star would be even lower than PV 1 because I would have removed all the water I mean that is pretty straight forward I would have made it even more drier. In fact this is a reasonable way of thinking what happens in an air conditioner you just put it over cool coils remove the water and now it is become even drier. So, you have actually moved to a lower PV line that is exactly what you have done in air conditioner which one yes see if the regular atmospheric pressure is the same then higher PV would have been higher water vapor pressure or more moisture or more RH we will come to RH. The right side of the bell cow yes the line will completely the saturated vapor line is not it? Yes this is the saturated. Saturated vapor line yes X is equal to 1 that is dryness fraction is equal to 1 here X is equal to 0. Correct. So, particularly on the dryness fraction line sorry X is equal to 1 saturated line. Yes. The point is 100 percent saturated dry. Correct. Yes. Vapor is 100 percent saturated dry. Yes. But in the definition of dew point temperature what you have studied is the temperature of when which the first droplet of water begins to condense. Correct. So, just 100 percent dry temperature may be taken as dew point temperature sir. Yes. So, unless the temperature has reached the saturation temperature you cannot condense out finally this is the same temperature line is not it? This is completely saturated liquid this is completely saturated vapor once it reaches here only then you can achieve this state. So, that is the same temperature. So, finally it has to be the same dew point temperature it is the saturation temperature. Yes for this vapor pressure this is the boiling temperature that is for sure. So, if the pressure was reduced so much that is where it would have boiled. So, it is already superheated it is beyond boiling. So, the next concept is what is called as degree of saturation. So, again you draw the T S diagram. Now, this is addressing that other question. So, this is where we are this is the vapor pressure line on which we exist and this is the dry bulb temperature the temperature of the surrounding and here is water vapor in superheated state. So, as I said you know you can have different pressure lines here. So, this would mean more moisture. So, at any point if let us say you are here obviously the air can take more moisture it is a it is available that you can put in more moisture into the air. So, you can actually put in steam and try to increase the moisture of air and a lot of time this is done. So, I mean it is not done probably at least in Mumbai it is not done, but in wherever in air conditioning in the US etcetera where it is very dry weather you know if you just try to cool an existing or sorry a heat an existing atmosphere in dry condition. So, it gets very cold in the winter and if I just put a room heater all you have done is just heated the room is already dry and you will feel your skin really not able to take this kind of dry weather at that time people would actually start pushing in moisture by you know pumping in steam into the air and it is necessary because your skin cannot take it otherwise it becomes too dry. So, that means at any point if things are dry I can still go on putting more and more moisture into the air. So, at that point if I put more moisture obviously the vapor pressure is going to increase. So, I will now move from this vapor pressure to this vapor pressure at the same temperature. Obviously, I can heat an increase I could have moved up also, but let us assume that I can move at the same temperature to a higher vapor pressure. So, I can go on and on and on till I reach here. So, you can go on doing this till you reach this point and at this point you are saturated again you cannot put in more water vapor because it will start condensing out the air cannot take it. So, this obviously is the saturated condition corresponding to the DBT to the dry bulb. So, this is an unsaturated condition here this is an unsaturated condition this is an unsaturated condition I move through various unsaturated conditions till I reach a saturated condition. So, every time I am trying to keep the temperature same and pump in more and more water vapor to increase the moisture content in the air till I reach saturation. Obviously, here I will have some omega 1 that is specific humidity I will have some omega sorry I have called as Pb 2 some omega 2 which is higher specific humidity finally, I reach here I will get some other omega which let me call it as omega saturated. So, at a particular temperature I will have a vapor pressure which corresponds to the saturation vapor pressure corresponding to that temperature. So, there is two concepts. So, one is the saturation temperature corresponding to you know the current pressure that will lead me to what is called as a dew point temperature and there is a saturation pressure corresponding to this temperature. So, this vapor pressure line goes like this here. So, I have moved along different vapor pressure lines till I reach here. So, this is the saturation pressure corresponding to the current temperature. So, this is so corresponding to this I will call this as PS this is saturation pressure corresponding to P. Obviously, corresponding to this PS there would be a WS. WS would have been just of course, now I am writing the formula, but you know PS upon P minus PS. So, there is something called a degree of saturation is just omega existing upon omega s as far as I know they should be. This is what is called as a degree of saturation. Obviously, if you are if you have reached the saturation pressure your degree of saturation is 1 you cannot increase it. Otherwise, omega will be always less than omega f your degree of saturation would be less than 1. So, there is a saturation temperature corresponding to the current vapor pressure that is dew point temperature. There is a saturation pressure corresponding to the current temperature which is the saturation pressure which is normally I will call it as PS and corresponding to that I will get an omega s that is specific humidity and the ratio of the specific humidity again is the definition degree of saturation just ratio of specific humidity current to the saturated one. The saturated one is at the saturated pressure. So, most of these definitions are just going to be ratios. So, the next definition is again a ratio and it is a very commonly used parameter it is relative humidity. So, this is just defined as if I take a particular volume then what is the mass of water vapor right now upon what will be the mass of water vapor in the saturated state. Again corresponding to that saturation pressure now if I take put the ideal gas law here. So, we had that PV is equal to MRT. So, and then PS obviously, if I take at the same volume this is what I am doing if I take a ratio here this is RV is same at the same temperature I am getting the saturation pressure. So, obviously, MV upon MVS is just going to be PV upon PVS and normally people will use this for the definition of relative humidity this is going to be a ratio which is less than 1, but lot of times people express it as a percentage. So, expressed commonly as a percentage. So, RH would be just PV upon PVS. So, I mean again just to emphasize this is your PV you are here this is PV this is PVS you have moved along this till you reach here RH is just the ratio of this pressure to this pressure multiplied by 100. So, finally, we are just talking of either the saturation temperature corresponding to a pressure or the saturation pressure corresponding to the current temperature. So, between these two most of our definitions are done I mean whether it is the dew point temperature whether it is degree of saturation or whether it is relative humidity and definitely the relative humidity is going to turn out to be a number less than 1 if I am multiplied by 100 there it will be a number less than 100 and you can say if it is very close to 100 relative humidity is very high that means I am at a line which is very close to saturation and hence you will feel that the moisture is very humid whereas, if I move further and further away it is going to be very dry. So, between I just by this diagram it is good enough they know that all of these quantities can be just you know calculated using the steam table you pick up the steam table go to the current temperature in the room see what the saturation pressure is you will know immediately how to calculate the relative humidity or for the current vapor pressure get the saturation temperature you will know what the dew point temperature is. So, that is the good. Is it more easy to express in terms of specific humidity? So, I mean you will have to justify why do you say that? Because again it is a ratio of pressure but when I say that quantity of moisture divided by quantity of air isn't it more easy. So, let me try to see why you are doing this see whenever I am or you know going to do calculations regarding mixing of air at that is at that time the specific humidity is going to be the far more easy quantity to deal with that is because when I do calculations regarding moist air I will take everything in terms of per kg of dry air in which case how much quantity of moisture is there per kg of dry air it become very easy to me I take one stream of 2 kg of dry air with so much omega that is specific humidity another one kg is another omega 2 if I mix them I know what is the water here I know what is the water here I can just add them because I know it in terms of per dry air. So, at that time for such calculations it is very easy to deal with but if you just tell me the omega specific humidity just like that people do not know how far away from saturation I am. So, as far as weather and atmosphere and how much humid I am feeling that omega number is not going to give me a feeling whereas, a number between 0 and 100 gives me a good feel of it you know 100 means it is really humid. So, to tell the weather relative humidity is definitely the way you know the quantity to use but if you are going to do calculations using for mixing of moist air if relative humidity has been given immediately calculate the omega because all calculations are best done with omega if you are doing mixing calculation otherwise to tell the weather I think relative humidity is really one of the best ways to tell how far away or how immediate. So, you know we have done various concepts here and then finally, there is what is called as the wet bulb temperature again this is a concept that is used often and you would see that in psychrometric or in whenever people are discussing psychrometry they will tell you what is normally called as the wet bulb temperature and there is another quantity they will define normally as an adiabatic wet bulb temperature because the regular wet bulb temperature is defined in terms of just some heat transfer coefficient and mass transfer coefficient and they would not involve thermodynamics in it and hence they will say this is regular wet bulb temperature and what it is is that if I have a regular thermometer so, this is let me draw the T s diagram again to see what is happening. So, here we are at a particular p v now what I can do is this air I can you know out of this air I can start reducing let us say the temperature and one way that normally happens and if you have been in dry weather you know that there is something called as this cooler you know. So, you have this fan with some curtain of air in front of it and it blows air it will work in dry weather that is because what you are doing is you are essentially pushing in water into the air air is reasonably dry once you start putting in water if and the vapor pressure is pretty low once you put in less quantity of water the water will use up energy from the air to dry up and it will become water vapor. So, as it is using up you know water vapor sorry energy to dry the temperature of the air will drop down because it has lost energy in you know converting this water into vapor and that is why you will start feeling cool. So, this is the regular you know cooler that you know obviously, such coolers will not work in humid weather because already things are pretty humid and you want to put in more water into the air you know people are already feeling sticky you will start feeling stickier and that is not going to help too much whereas, if I have let us say this temperature this thermometer and if I you know surround it or you know put one let me change the color here. So, if I surround it with some kind of a wet cloth and push air on it then what is going to happen is if you know the state of air is somewhere here obviously, it can take more moisture and what it does normally is that if I push it over some wet cloth or wet region I mean that is completely saturated and normally that would have been saturated at the dry bulb temperature just before I begin anything. Now, once I start pushing air though it will it will know that there is water here. So, it will start absorbing water from this week and some water will get into the air. So, what you have what happens is that you move to a higher vapor pressure line here because you have put in more water but to vaporize the water because water in this cloth was in water form. So, you have you are going to vaporize it if it has to mix with the water. So, what it does it picks up some amount of energy from the air itself and some amount from the cloth and the cloth temperature drops down and the air temperature also drops down. So, that means that I no longer I am going to be at this temperature this is my dry bulb temperature I would have moved to a higher vapor pressure line but at a lower temperature because now the air has lost energy its temperature is going down. So, I will move like this. So, I will move in a sense between this line and this line. So, everything basically happens within this one is the saturation pressure it is this line here it is just the extension of the saturation pressure line at constant temperature and this is the same pressure line. So, I will move to a higher vapor pressure. So, I will move to one of these lines in between there are so many lines in between till I reach saturation I will move to a higher vapor pressure line, but at a lower temperature and this will keep on continuing I can go on moving moving till I reach. So, I will go on you know the temperature will keep on reducing and the vapor pressure will keep on increasing till of course, you know once I reach here I cannot cross this barrier because now I have reached a saturated state. But at this point you know you have reached a lower temperature and you have reached the saturated state corresponding to the lower temperature and this point normally would have been called what is the wet bulb temperature and if equilibrium is reached then the temperature of the temperature of this wick here this green cloth that I have drawn is the same as the temperature that this air will achieve only once it has passed over it. So, that means initially I will start going down and as the air starts passing over this wick the wick temperature also will drop the air temperature also will drop and now I have reached a temperature which corresponds to this. So, this that means at this point no longer the wick temperature is going to go down because you know the air temperature also you know it cannot go lower than the air temperature at this point. So, what is actually happening is that once you have reached some kind of steady state all the energy that is required to vaporize the water from this wick is actually coming from this air and you have just a balance between how much energy is required to vaporize the water vapor is entirely coming in as you know the energy to go from the dry bulb temperature to the wet bulb temperature. So, that is what is happening in this whole process and you reach this wet bulb temperature. So, now you can show that this is a pretty unique point, but this is not thermodynamic in nature you have just used heat transfer to do this and there are various you know empirical relations available to have a relationship between because this will obviously depend on the vapor pressure you are right now if you are at a different vapor pressure you will have a different wet bulb temperature and obviously if you are at a vapor pressure here you are already at the wet bulb temperature. So, if you are completely saturated you can no longer go down to a lower temperature or a higher vapor pressure line. So, when you are completely saturated your wet bulb and dry bulb temperature are same otherwise depending on the current temperature and current vapor pressure there will be a wet bulb temperature and there are empirical relationships and I have not copied any one of them here, but one of the famous equations is what is called as a carrier equation which relates the wet bulb temperature to T v and the driver. So, again if you show this on the T s diagram people will have a good idea and they will know between what limits you are operating overall the dry and dew point temperature, the saturation pressure and the wet bulb temperature. Once this is done you can probably tell them a brief about the psychometric chart the psychometric chart is normally drawn with dry bulb temperature here and omega here overall you realize that if I knew the temperature the total pressure and T v I can get omega correct because it is just going to be T v upon T t minus T v I can get take the steam tables get P s and if I know P s using the steam tables I can get P v upon P s and say this is R h I can use the steam tables and get the dew point temperature. So, basically if I know these three quantities I know all my other quantities and of course, even degree of saturation which is again ratio of omegas at T v and P s. So, that is conversely if I know let us say P t and T and I am always going to use P t and T because you will always have a pressure gauge and a temperature to measure ambient temperature and pressure and these are two of the most common quantities people will give you you realize that you require only a third quantity I will either I will require P v or let us say someone did not know P v, but they knew that I could take a vessel keep on cooling it and see when you know dew starts forming on it I know that the dew point temperature. If I know the dew point temperature I know that it is the temperature which corresponds to the saturation temperature of P v. So, if I know the dew point temperature I know P v immediately because I just have to go to the steam table figure out at the dew point temperature what is the saturation pressure correct. So, I will just go here I do not know what P v is, but I know what this temperature is I know what this temperature is I know what this temperature is, but I just go to the steam table find out what is the saturation vapor pressure corresponding to this temperature this better be this one. So, the moment I know P v you know that I can solve everything similarly you know if I know R H that is also good enough because I if I know the temperature I know what is the saturation pressure. So, you just go to the steam table get saturation pressure corresponding to D B T. So, I know that is this line if I know R H R H is just P v upon P s. So, P v is just R H into P s obviously, I will put this as a fraction less than 1 not express it as a percentage. So, I will get P v once I know P v again I know all quantity. So, dry bulb temperature and you know the pressure are normally given if I know what is P v I can find out everything I cannot normally get P v, but if you get give me R H that is slightly difficult to find, but always P D P T is pretty easy to find out and W B T is also pretty easy to find out if I know W B T I can get using the carrier equation what is P v and then I can go ahead. So, knowing these two quantities and P v is good enough and to get P v either I should know dew point temperature or I should know wet bulb temperature and that is good. I will get all other quantities required for what I want and then I can go and draw this psychrometric chart this is W this is B B T. So, obviously, if I look again at this T S diagram I take a particular temperature here this is T this is S I take a particular temperature. So, I will know that I can get an omega here I can get an omega here I can get an omega here and I get an omega which corresponds to this which is the saturation omega. So, for every temperature with the I can get a saturation omega.  So, if I know a temperature I can get a saturation omega and this is let us say this is increasing temperature this is increasing W. If I have a higher temperature I have a higher saturation omega. So, I will have this various saturation omegas and I will just draw a curve like this through them. And since this is the curve corresponding to saturation omegas it is the curve corresponding to when it is saturated at that temperature. So, it means it is the curve corresponding to 100 percent relative humidity. So, this is what would normally be called as the R H 100 curve. Now, I can similarly draw an R H curve for different omegas that is because I was sorry different relative humidity. So, all I have to do is say let me say relative humidity 90 percent. I will find out saturation I will find out vapor pressure take 0.9 times of it take calculate omega at 90 percent relative 90 percent of saturation pressure and connect all the points I will get a 90 percent R H. And hence I can draw various curve these are what is that yeah sorry I mean I have drawn things here I am sorry it will always start from the end here put R H and omega and T. So, there is one more quantity which is very important when you compare conditioning and which normally people will use we will put H here. And this is because whenever you are doing all kinds of mixing calculations the enthalpy will by default come in it is an open system process you mix things. So, the H calculation is something which people often do and they will put it on that curve H various H curve. And what you have to know is that you will just say that you take 1 kg of dry air if you know the state of the air you know what is omega. So, for 1 kg of dry air you will have omega kg of water. And you just add the enthalpy of this and the enthalpy of this to get the total enthalpy. Now, the enthalpy of this I can start you know 1 kg m C p delta T I can start put 0 somewhere. So, you already for all of these energies and enthalpy that some base you have to put. And you normally know and in most engineering calculation with air and water I will put the base at T is equal to 0. At this I will define the enthalpy of air as 0. So, here if I am just going to measure the enthalpy of air or the temperature is just greater than 0 I will just put it at C p. Of course, things will change if you have sub 0 temperatures and then you will just write it in terms of negative enthalpy or shift your base somewhere else it does not matter. So, it is up to you normally we will talk about positive temperatures that is above 0 you will put C p T for your enthalpy of air. Similarly, if I have water vapor I know it is here and at this point you can explain to people that here also I normally put the enthalpy 0 at saturated liquid condition at 0 degree this is a very common thing that people do. If I put 0 here then if I want this enthalpy obviously, I will first have to go all the way here this is just h f g and then I have reached vapor state. So, I will use whatever is C p for vapor into this T minus 0 this is if I am I was going along the p corresponding to 0 degrees here and reach this temperature. If I move along another line here like this you can show that the specific enthalpy for all these points is not different. So, for example, I need to go let us say to this temperature along another pressure line. So, there is this pressure line it has a different saturation temperature here which is higher than 0 degrees let us say it is 10 degrees. So, now how do I get the enthalpy for this point what I need to do is first I take water at 0 degrees I heat it up to 10. So, first I have to C w that is C of water 10 minus 0. So, first I have heated the water up to 10 degrees then I need to convert it into vapor. So, then I have to add h f g corresponding to 10 degrees because h f g varies with the temperature and then finally, I have to go from 10 degrees let us say dry bulb temperature is 30 degrees I need to go C v 30 minus 10 and only if I add up all this I would have gotten the correct enthalpy starting with the base correct or you know at this same temperature here I have the saturation vapor pressure line I can get directly the enthalpy edge from steam tables. Now you can tell students that they should do an exercise take the steam table take the 0 degree saturation vapor pressure line here I am starting with h 0 right here this roughly corresponds to 2 5 0 1 the h f g at 0 degrees and I will have this enthalpy as 2 5 0 1 plus C v times T minus 0. I will have this enthalpy corresponding to this calculation and I will have this enthalpy directly from the steam table it is the saturation enthalpy at. So, you can tell them to do all this calculation what happens is roughly in this regime since air or water vapor behaves like an ideal gas you will realize that h in a very good approximation is a function of temperature. So, whether I calculate using this method or this method or this method as long as the temperature is same your values of enthalpy should not be too much off they will be off because not really an ideal gas, but and especially close to the vapor dome is not really an ideal gas, but you can still tell them to do this exercise and see that the specific enthalpy is same. And once they are convinced then the easiest formula is to go for this because you have to remember only 2 numbers 1 is 2 5 0 1 which is h f g at 0 plus C v times T and this roughly people take as 1.88 and that is 0. So, once they know how to calculate edge then all you have to do when you come here with this line here is that I can get if I know the omega and a particular temperature I can get the enthalpy then I can join lines of same enthalpy and get equal enthalpy lines and that is something that you do not know. Then enthalpy this sign of enthalpy because negative. Correct. So, I mean it is up to you whether you want to work with negative enthalpy is it is up to you. But negative enthalpy is a stored energy. You should not think of it like this I mean I think you have already seen enough of this curve it just you are measuring some kind of thermodynamic quantity from a base. If you want you are free to shift the base to minus 100 degrees and do all the calculations from there. So, that is your freedom as long as you do it consistently there is going to be no problem because finally you will realize that I need to heat air from this to this I just need the difference that is all I need. So, and one thing which probably does not affect this course, but I have seen it affects lot of time in refrigeration courses is some refrigeration courses they will use this R 12 and they have a particular base for entropy. And some other books have another base for entropy and yeah it is the most common sensical way to look at it. We are used to what is called as 0 degrees it is just you know imbibed in our memory that 0 is some number which we figured out is where ice melts and we have used yes. So, you do you want to use 273.15 is the question it is up to you see the question the thing here is people always work in units which they are most comfortable with and this is you know I am not the person who is making standards here, but you are right if everyone decides that let us throw away Celsius and Fahrenheit scales and let us work only in Kelvin scale probably it will be simpler and if you work only in Pascal it will be simpler, but even now you will see some people work only in bars some people work only in tors. Similarly, if you go to US no one knows what Celsius means they still talk in Fahrenheit now I mean is that something that I have a hold on I do not have a hold on. From the triple point no it is in most of the engineering calculations people put it as 0 degree. So, that is what is the most common you know yes. During rainy seasons yes when we switch on the air condition in cars the dribble the dribble temperature comes down and no moisture formation, but when we are not switching on the AC the dribble temperature actually increases, but moisture is formed on the glass yes. So, this is the inside so this is the inside of the car is it not. So, definitely when you are you know at this temperature let us say you are saying that you are at saturation basically what you are doing is you are exhaling out water vapor and most of that is going to go and you know condense out onto those screen and when you are using an AC you are actually drying out things because you are you know condensing out the vapor elsewhere and putting in dry air and that is why once you have dry air inside the car you anything which is vaporized will just get sucked into the air and it will vaporize and then you are again condensing it out somewhere in the AC machine and that is what is happening. So, whenever you have dry air any existence for example, you know you know for sure that let us say you leave out some amount of water in the room and overnight and let us say it is fallen on the floor. Next day if you come and see it is totally dry you know dry you know that the weather was dry it just got sucked into.  The AC cools it down to much lower temperature yes and is supplied to the car at a higher temperature whereby the relative humidity has come into a lower value and hence that air can absorb. Correct. So, that is what I am saying the AC is supplying you dry air. But I mean what I am trying to say is on the cooling coils it has reached saturation. Yes. But later it gets heated heated to higher value as it comes into the inside of the car. So, that is why the R H value lowers and then able to. Yes. So, what you are of course saying is that if there is a heater along with it then it happens. No, see not all ACs behave like this. Without the heater itself the relative humidity lowers because the inside body temperature or whatever adds to the temperature. Yes. So, what you are saying is that you have actually removed the your cooled it and then heated it. Then that is always possible and that is the best solution in this case but that is not possible.


Good day fellow investors! This video will be about how investing usually works and how boring it is, how time-consuming it is and how difficult it really is. Investing is not the walk in the park, it's not playing tennis with your peers, investing is playing the U.S. open. And that's something I want to show you how usually you work hard to find nothing. But that nothing is a small milestone that compounds over time because investment knowledge compounds over time. Let me show you an interesting story about a very interesting stock that ended up being nothing. I spent six, seven hours to look, to read, to put the whole picture together to end up with nothing. And this will be a very interesting story for all of you who are your own investors, do-it-yourself investors, to see okay this is what investing is. Mostly a lot of work for nothing, but a great story and a small addition to the knowledge compounding that we do on this channel. The company is Global Ports Investments, which is a port management-owned company in Russia. As you know I have been researching stocks in Russia and I like to look at each one stock because I don't trust screeners. I need to know what those that look at the numbers, everybody's looking at the numbers. I need to go beyond the numbers. I need to go beyond the story. And this port operator in Russia is owned by Marsk, the biggest global shipping company. It's dealing with Vopak, a very big Dutch tank operator globally again. So it looks legit. APM terminals owned by Marsk, 30% of the company. They have ports in the Baltic basin and the far eastern port. And the fundamentals don't look good at all. So those looking at screeners would say oh this is a terrible business, high price to book, no dividend yield, high price earnings ratio, even negative earnings over the last few years. And if you look deeper you will see that the loss is due to the equity method accounting as they impaired Vopak EOS, the Estonian liquid terminal as the Russians aren't doing business with Estonia that much which leads to negative net income. So wouldn't come out in your screen as a cheap stock but the free cash flow is extremely high. And this is what attracted me in the story. Okay we have free cash flows of 300, 200, 150, 150 million US dollars on a market cap of 450 million US dollars. So that's a 33% free cash flow, free cash flow return which would say okay this is a great investment. Then I'm looking okay what are they doing with the cash and they say they are repaying debt. They say in the presentation that net debt is 800 million and it was lowered by 500 million in the last five years. So okay I say if with 150 million free cash flows they pay debt for another three years we are at 400 million, their interest rate is 89% which would lead to costs of 40, 45 million. So 100 million in free cash flows. I could expect the dividend of 20% somewhere in the next three four years which would bring to a re-rating of the stock and everything as the stock is at all time lows. However what they present in their presentation isn't really the case in reality because of a little trick. If I look at the balance sheet the borrowings long-term 941 million, short-term part of it 66 so the borrowings is still at 1 billion and over the last five years the borrowings didn't if you look at the annual report of all they didn't really go down by 500 million they go went down by 150-200 million so 30-40 million per year. And why is that? Because in the debt repayment that they are doing they are including on 1 billion they have to pay 90 million in interest and they are including that 90 million in interest per year into their debt repayment strategy. So it's not that they will repay 150 million of their debt per year and then half half it practically in the next three years start paying out dividends they are paying 90 million per year in interest rates so that's a cost and they are lowering their debt by 40 million per year. So it will take another 10 years with business as usual with good businesses no crisis in Russia no rubble strengthening or something like that to repay their debt which means that we can expect only something good from this in 10-15 years which is not the rate of return I would expect and this is okay I really read through everything to the company to understand is there some potential is there something the market doesn't see no in this case the company was overvalued in the past the market now sees it really clearly and gives it a fair price for the risk for Russia so after six hours a morning looking at this you say simply no and then you continue with your list where the majority is no no no no no and perhaps here and there you find something to watch put on your watch list and then you invest in it maybe at some point in time and this is what all the great investors were doing we discussed Warren Buffett's letters in a recent video and while doing that I was reading he was also in the 60s he was working through Christmas now we have more information so I don't really work through Christmas but I work most of the time most of the day and I hope to do that for 10-15 years because if you want to be the best you have to put in the best effort you don't win the US Open by playing a little bit with your peers after work you win it by dedicating 15-20 years of your life 10 hours a day training and people underestimate that if you want to really win in the investing game you have to do the same with investing the great ones dedicate that and that's what I'm doing and I'm very very happy that I can do it if you cannot invest a significant part of your time into investing then you have to think okay what are my what is my potential and what is my risk and where can that lead me because I get a lot of emails when what do you think about this junior minor about that junior minor about people that don't understand anything about mining how the cycle works what are the prices they just see a nice presentation a nice article somewhere and I think it is investable you really have to understand to go there and to get higher returns and that's something that's the main message of this video invest by thinking okay what are my limits what are my risks what is the potential reward and what can I do in relation to that how much time and am I willing to invest into my investing a to become good to read books and then accept the rate of return in relation to the time invested if you have absolutely no time index funds over the next 20 years expect four percent four five percent per year okay no time investing bonds three percent inflation minus two minus three so one percent if you want to balance the risk between bonds in the stock market if you have a little bit more time okay I'm going to find 20 good businesses and then focus on that portfolio balance through that portfolio learn about 20 easy businesses Facebook Kraft Heinz Beijing capital airport that we discussed things like that okay seven eight percent returns we are now there perhaps something will be do better Facebook has the potential so if you really want to go double digits 10 15 18 20 percent Buffett said Claremont Ray Dalio then it is full time five 10 years to learn and then you start compounding that knowledge so just put things into perspective where are you let me know in the comments where are you and whether your input time investing matches your investment return expectations thank you for watching and I'll see you in the next video


What's good, George Warrows back again with another video and yo, this is just insane breaking news. Uh, Tony Khan has released a statement saying, uh, he let go of CM Punk. CM Punk has been terminated, fired from AEW, all elite wrestling. Mind you guys, I was just out of baby shower for my homey gray. Shout out to my homie gray or what not having his second child. So I was just at the baby shower talking to the couple of friends that I was there or what not. I checked my Instagram. One of the homies sent me a DM saying, yo, CM Punk just got fired. Didn't want to believe it. So I go to Twitter, check out the AEW official Twitter page and there's the statement right there. And I couldn't believe it. So I hadn't really read it, but I saw enough. And I was like, yo, I reposted it on my Twitter. And this is just insane. All right, we're going to check it out together. This is just insanity, bro. I can't believe it. This is on the official Twitter page or AEW's Twitter page. A statement from all elite wrestling and Tony Khan. Um, all elite wrestling AEW has terminated the wrestler and employment agreements between Philip, Philip Brooks, AKA CM Punk and AEW with cause with cause effective immediately. Determination was confirmed today by Tony Khan CEO, general manager and head of creative of AEW. Determination follows a week long internal investigation of an incident occurred backstage at AEW all in, AKA brawl in with Jack Perry in London on Sunday, August 27th. Following an investigation, the AEW discipline committee met and later convinced with outside legal counsel before, uh, uh, convened with outside legal counsel before making a, uh, a unanimous recommendation to Khan that CM Punk be terminated with cause. Khan offered the following statement. Phil played an important role within AEW and I thank him for his contributions. Determination of the AEW contracts with cause is ultimately my decision and mine alone. Of course, I wish I didn't have to share this news, which may come as a disappointment to many of our fans. Nevertheless, I am making the decision in the best interest of the many amazing people who make AEW possible every week. Our talent staff, venue operators and many others who efforts are unsung by essential, uh, unsung, but essential to bring our fans great shows on television and at arenas and stadiums throughout the world. And that's it, bro. CM Punk is no longer in AEW. That is wild. I will say this.  He actually fired arguably their biggest star in the company. CM Punk and MJF, really they biggest stars in the company. Now MJF is really the biggest star in the company off top, but CM Punk was their biggest star. Whether the reactions he got was positive or negative. He was the biggest star. They literally revolved the show around him in collision. The reports were saying that the network wanted him on the show. They literally created a show revolved around CM Punk and Tony Khan let him go. For once, we can say Tony Khan actually had balls. He actually acted like a boss and got rid of the person he felt like was causing or surrounding themselves or involved in a lot of the issues. Now, do I feel like it's justified in him being fired? Honestly, from the reports that have been reported recently of the all in situation where apparently he came after he after they broke up Jack Perry and CM Punk, he came after Tony Khan. He basically had because he at one point he didn't he said he wasn't going to do the match with Samoa Joe. Samoa Joe, the reports are saying that Samoa Joe had to come out, you know, convince Punk to do the match. But apparently he was yelling at Tony Khan telling him that he quit, that he's done. And he was kind of getting in Tony Khan's face.  If that is true. Once again, I don't know. Wasn't there. I'm just going off reports, but the reports are saying that he wanted to quit. And he was yelling at you and getting in your face. You kind of have to.  Or if you want to quit, all right, we'll make it happen for you. And let's let's go back to how this whole situation started last year when he was at the media scrum and instead of Tony Khan stepping in like a boss and deviating the question, he let Sam Punk go in that infamous rant that caused all of this. I mean, granted, it didn't cause all of this. Obviously, there were some backstage issues they were having, but he brought it to the forefront in that media scrum and just buried everyone he had an issue with why Tony Khan was sitting right there and did nothing. Tony Khan should have then stepped up as the boss and said, no, we're not doing this, but he didn't. And ultimately, that's how we had the brawl last year. And it's just one of those things where it's like, if the reports are true of what Sam Punk did and addressing Tony Khan and coming at him the way he did potentially, then I think it's justified in letting them go. And honestly, you have to look at it from a business standpoint. I like Sam Punk. I don't think he's at fault for a lot of this. I think there's a lot of stuff Tony Khan needs to address. And I hopefully this is a wake up call for everyone in the back. But he has been the common denominator in every single issue. Every issue that AEW has had backstage that we've heard about majorly, he's been involved in it. This is their biggest show, literally their biggest show they've put on in the company. And he, there was another issue, another issue that I do feel like seeing punk could have possibly avoided, which brings up the point of, did we see him pump personally trying to get himself fired? Because it seemed like he didn't care. He didn't. It seemed like he wanted to get himself fired. When someone is out there the day of the show potentially going off a rumor saying they're going to quit, they're not even going to know show the first match. They're scrambling to see if they can get other people to go on the first match because Sam Punk doesn't even want to go out there now because of the incident with Jack Perry. Either you know you have that much power or you're trying to get yourself fired. I don't know. He's taking shots at Adam Page who hasn't said anything to him. He's taking shots at him, obviously off camera, that promo segment. He had off camera on collision, took shots at him. He's taking shots at it, well not necessarily an elite. When his first promo back he kind of worded it in a way because he can't, I don't think he can legally take talk about them or anything like that on air or something like that. So, but he's kind of sent his little jabs at them subliminally. So, and we haven't really heard nothing from the elite, you know what I'm saying? Not publicly, not on television or anything like that. So, I don't know what's going on and what's being said in the back. We're not there, but it does seem like Sam Punk didn't really give too much, didn't care.  You know what I'm saying? I think if the situation where Sam Punk addressed Jack Perry said you shouldn't do that spot, Jack Perry still does the spot and he says something subliminal to Sam Punk or whatnot on camera. You know what I'm saying? Tell Tony Khan, hey handle this. Take care of this to avoid any extra confusion or problems. But that didn't happen. And once again, this still goes back to Tony Khan. I get it. He's finally made a statement and hopefully the locker room understands that, but he needs to, if he's going to have this stance, you let go your biggest talent in the company. You fired him. This needs to be a message to everybody, including Jack Perry and anybody else. If you do something we tell you not to do and you still go out there and do it, we will get rid of you. And that's how that's how he needs to be. Legit because Jack Perry definitely went out there and did something he wasn't supposed to do and there needs to, you know, I believe he suspended as well, but there needs to be some type of repercussions for whatever you do in the back that you're not supposed to do. There needs to be some repercussions. So I will give credit to Tony Khan for this one instance, even though it took him too long to finally grow a set, I will give him this. He felt like he, there was only so much he could take and he let him go. He let him go. To his biggest star, he let him go. So it really comes down to how he moves for it, because this doesn't solve everything just because you let go of punk. He may be in the center of a lot of the issues they've been having. It don't solve everything. He still needs to make sure he understands that everyone else understands he is the boss. He pays the bills. He pays the checks. I mean, he writes the checks. So people need to listen to him. So I don't know, but this is wild. Like I said, I like seeing punk, but I have to call the spade a spade. He was he was the common denominator in a lot of these issues. And I do think a lot of the things come down to him not handling it as well as she should too. I'm not saying what the elite did was correct. I'm not saying what Jack Perry did was correct. They were at fault as well. But CM Punk also has to take some blame too. Because once again, if he never goes on that tangent last year at that media scrum, we may not even know none of this happened. If they just handle it backstage, if they handle it backstage, we may not even know none of this happened. I've always said CM Punk was wrong for addressing it then. That's where he messed up. And we thought things would get better, but ultimately it led to the same destination. This is insane. So comment down below. Let me know. Do you guys feel that what Tony Khan did was justified? Do you guys feel like it was about time? Do you guys feel like maybe Tony Khan should have gave him another chance? Let me know how y'all feel about that. Also, the bigger question, and I see people already bringing up the conversation. Do you think CM Punk will go back to WWE? Me personally, I don't think. I think WWE will be open to it, because it's all about the bottom dollar. I don't think CM Punk would do it, only because I think for him, I think this may be the last time we see him do anything wrestling related. I think it may be done for him wrestling wise. I just don't see him personally going to WWE. Not to say it can't happen, but I just don't see it anytime soon. But I do think WWE would definitely love to have CM Punk back. They were trying to get him back before he went to AEW. So I know now for a fact they would, but let me know. Do y'all think he'll end up in WWE again going forward? Me personally, I think he's gonna kind of just chill from wrestling. But let me know your thoughts and opinions on all of this. This is crazy. Appreciate all the love and support. Road to 150K. And I'm still young to be the huge wrestling champion in the world. Appreciate y'all kicking me. See y'all next one. Peace.


Welcome to JSA TV Europe and our live two-day event on 23 predictions. I'm John actually man joining me today is David Craig CEO of data since a liquid cooling coming ice your top David thank you so much for taking the time to speaking to us this has been quite exciting thank you it's been quite an exciting year for liquid cooling and the predictions even though we're gonna go through them the predictions look very good for the markets not just for next year but the years ahead but maybe before we jump into the future let's jump a little back into the past so travel to the past like the movie used to be what have been some of the major events in the sector so maybe within the liquid cooling space that have really shaped up the market this year in a different way yeah so I think I probably categorize it under two broad headings so one is there's the the chips are genuinely getting hotter now there has been that very significant increase and with the new generations of things like Eagle Stream with Intel and Genoa epic with AMD we're starting to really really push the limits of what air cooling can do but I think also more importantly is people are really waking up to the sustainability message and it goes way way way beyond things like simple electricity consumption when people actually start to really think about the true cost in the extended supply chain etc of you know real cash cost in and think harder about sustainability it actually becomes a very compelling case to move it's not it's not as risky as people think so that those are the big levers that are changing and really starting to bite yeah and special sustainability I mean there's so much conversation around regulation and how it's going to push forward the need for sustainability and then with that it comes so much transparency as well you're not going to be able to get money to build a data center if you don't think sustainability so that's right picking up on those thoughts so when you look into the markets into the year ahead 2023 and you look at the markets not just maybe with the liquid cooling business sustainability that is in the construction builds that sites what do you expect to see the most next year what's going to be the big topic I think there will be a few topics so I there's no doubt that there are recessionary headwinds out in the general economy however I do not expect there to be a data recession but nonetheless at times like this companies do become more conservative so notwithstanding the imperatives that exist to move forward I don't think they'll do it just because chips are getting hotter I think they would just delay the decision to buy those water chips and so I think the things that will drive it will be people actually recognizing that there is significant competitive advantage to be had because technologies like ours don't just allow you to use you know hotter compute they allow it to live wherever you want it to do to use less space and that's not really just a cost down message that's about enabling you to operate in more places to get closer to customers so I think there can be very very strong competitive advantage gains so I'm pretty confident that we'll continue to see significant growth I I think it'll be in very specific sectors and there will still be a lot of conservatism in the industry and we're 18 months to two years out of where the conservatism really kind of drops away but nonetheless there'll still be you know very significant growth from a small base and increasingly into a fairly significant base which is well in line with with what I've heard as well from analysts around adoption of these soft technology but you mentioned specific use cases of specific industries would you think it's gonna be the biggest adopter next year in terms of use case yeah so you know what we see in here in the market is that sectors like obviously so financial services are insanely keen on the whole sustainability message they are embracing GHG scope one scope two scope three they're being very clear that they want to be net zero by 2030 so anybody who's greenwashing anybody who's just saying can we blow the fans a bit harder is going to be out there so we expect financial services to be much more significant in that space health care is becoming more significant a lot of healthcare organizations are up rating their IT particularly as they want to adopt more AI for triage for patient modelling that kind of stuff because we're at the limits of what we can do in in more doctors more nurses more nurses it doesn't make sense to just keep doing more of that so if we can actually use the doctors nurses we have much more efficiently that's a much better investment so I think health care retail and you know it's kind of time for us to do 5g properly so I think telco also will start to embrace it and I think the issue there will be about how we help them reduce service costs and service intervals and you know help really reduce the cost of scaling which again is a pretty unique usp you know for for actually our technology is that we we don't just cool stuff down we actually we protect it monitor it and enhance its ability so those are some of the very significant sectors and obviously the cloud giants etc are embracing liquid cooling you know more and more and more all the time yeah financial services interesting because I remember a few years ago they were very reluctant to anything to changing anything and now they do seem to be the ones pushing everything ahead and your right is because of sustainability yeah they need that to show the investors as well speaking of you so your isotope so how are you guys going to be supporting all these on the ground so talk us through company expansion staff hires what's the plan for the company for the business yes so so for us so we completed a very significant series B investment this year I in late June 2022 I and we strategically set out to do three things with that one was to I was to raise initially 20 million actually is 30 million pounds and because we were heavily you know we were very attractive we wanted a truly international and and in led investment round and we wanted a key strategic so we ticked all of those boxes we've got you know Asian money American money and European money all came in and it was led by a very significant Singaporean impact fund called see impact it's part of the Tomasic group and organization there so that's given us you know significant means to do exciting things so we've already scaled up our organization this year by you know 10 to 15 percent we are we've actually got five more people joining us immediately after Christmas and we're scaling out in the US as well just now so we'll be opening new offices in the US early in the new year we're moving into new offices in the UK just shortly we're we're increasing also in enhancing our partnerships so we've obviously built some very significant partnerships over the years so I can't go into too much detail around some names etc there but one of the big ones was invent for example you know you're dealing there with a very significant player who became an investor in us so watch this space we'll be doing we'll be announcing a lot more in the not too distant future there I was going to say with so much office expansion and staff and horizon everything I guess another series will be coming soon another round I what we raised certainly allows us to to look ahead into kind of three years at least before we necessarily need to think about that the good news for us is that you know all of those investors who came in a very very keen to deploy capital so we certainly I'm Scottish so you know we don't like to spend money we're not keen on just spending money so we try and control our burn very very carefully when people when colleagues join us they've got a job to do they don't we don't just scale for scale sake and and we we grow more towards customer demand than building it and hope they come so we've been very careful in planning that the cash was designed to give us a proper runway but equally if we needed you know to deploy more for sound business reasons we've got a very very deep set of pockets that support us that would be very keen to deploy more capital if we needed it okay interesting so then I was going to ask if people want to learn more about isotope and reach out and maybe become an investor I don't know how can they can do so yeah so there's a number of ways but you know one I am very very available and I'm on LinkedIn I'm here my you know feel free to share my email address through any of the you know feeds et cetera that you've got here I'm more than happy to be you know talk to obviously we've got lots of contact groups on social and web and we've got a phenomenal team of people who are out there you know on LinkedIn et cetera so you'll find us there but we'll also be you know significant and major trade shows we were super super compute recently in Dallas you know we'll be everything from Mobile World Congress all the way through to you know all the data center ones et cetera throughout the year so we're easy to find I we're certainly very approachable so you know please please if any of these get any questions at all no matter what they are we just love to we'd love to hear from you skin touch with and then just to quickly finish I was going to ask so if you had to describe how you feel about next year in one words what word what you choose bullish bullish I like that I'm sure you have a bullish opportunistic year as well very nice well David Craig saying so much for talking to me and thank you to our viewers for tuning into JSA TV live don't forget to check our social channels for more content and until next time happy networking thank you thank you


What really sets the Auckland MBA program apart is the very deep, deep contact with the client. One of the differences of this program is that we are trying to implement entrepreneurial tools and techniques to the problem of globalization. We use techniques such as fast-fail, lean start-up, customer development and so on. Because those are the techniques that are aimed at reducing uncertainty. Businesses in New Zealand are very small and they need to have an agile tool that allows them to rapidly change their strategy. What students are using is the entrepreneurial approach. What we try to do is to teach how to do business within conditions of uncertainty. The idea is to generate quick knowledge in changing market environments that are supporting business decisions. This is not a study trip. In actual fact, we are working with New Zealand companies trying to help them enter an overseas market. So we work with real problems and helping those New Zealand companies build competences that otherwise they would not have. I believe there are so many advantages to have such a hands-on learning approach. First of all, students work in a team. Team work is becoming so important in today's global business world and will make them more employable. Another dimension about the steel approach is that every project is unique and the best students feel that they really learn and contribute to a New Zealand company. Different teams are working for different companies. Some of those companies are B2C, some others are B2B. So depending on the clients that they are working with, the type of activities will be different. Some are conducting focus groups with customers, some others are meeting with retailers, some others are actually meeting the distributors. Our students have a lot of management experience. They have middle to senior management positions, but there's a benefit to have a project such as ours. They can explore a new industry, they understand to work in a team and also in a very different context. Our students are actually already very successful professionals and where it really adds value is they're being thrown into an ambiguous, uncertain environment and finding out quickly how to find their feet and add real value. Another thing that sets this MBA program apart is we're working with real clients on real problems that are significant to the growth opportunities of the organization. So this is not trimming around the edges, it's deep impact.