Like, I'm sure you've been in the studio with them, into meetings with them, shows with them. In the process of you working on your music, so what was something that you learned? Like, it could be a life lesson, it could be something you've seen, you don't want to happen. Like, you know? Don't hate.  That's what I'm talking about. So, you seen them have a lot of haters, I guess? Hey, guys, we're on a new episode of Talk of the Town, today we got a special guest. What does that mean? Explain to me what that means. Jack you or clapping? Oh, it's up. Okay. Okay, okay, okay. So, how'd you get into music? I was younger. My older brother. I got older, got older, started going to the studio and then I just went in my room and then just wrote a song. What was the first song you wrote? You remember it? You dropped it? Well, the first song you recorded? Yeah. You dropped it? It was me and my brother. My sister and my brother's friend. So, your brother still rapped? Yeah. Okay. So, when did you start singing? When I was younger, my older brother was rapping, old song. I got older, got older, started going to the studio and then I just went in my room one day and just wrote a song. So, when did you start taking it serious though? When we dropped PSA. Okay. That's my... So, you started taking music at that time? So, not even no more parties? I was taking it serious but like... Remember that stuff? That's why I'm a chore, then just know I got my lane. So, you found your style on PSA? Yes. All right. So, did you always know music was your thing or was it really influenced from family or like... Not yet. So, what was going to do what... If it was the music, like what?  I wasn't thinking about music at first. So, music came in from family and stuff? Yeah. So, I'm sure you've seen all your friends do music, D-Thing, Ney and everybody. How was that?  So, like, what's some lessons you learned because when they was just starting, you wasn't really starting or you was just about to start. So, what was some lessons you learned like while watching them? Like, I'm sure you've been in the studio with them, into meetings with them, shows with them and the process of you working on your music. So, what was something that you learned? Like, it could be a life lesson. It could be something you've seen. You don't want it to happen. Like, you know. Don't hate. That's what I learned. So, you've seen them have a lot of haters, I guess? Yeah.  I was going to say, because y'all three, y'all seem like y'all super, super support each other. So, like, let's say, like, what's some tips you would give on how to support your friends, I guess? Because I feel like support is ready.   Being there through the bad times and then, like, how do you feel like that they motivate you? How do your friends, do they motivate you? Like, what I just said, they do that. So they there through the bad times too? Yeah, so when people say you're going up, like, what does going up look like for you? Like, because I know even people always say, Bando up next, Bando up next. What does that look like to you? Being next. Or being going up. Like, what does that look like? Like, numbers, streams. So is numbers and streams important to y'all?  No label help. So it's literally all y'all. So that's why it's like super, super important. I was gonna say, so when y'all was coming out, you and your friends, y'all was talking hot and stuff.  Being that so many people was coming for RPT? Yeah, of course. You feel like you had to hold it down? So like, um, so like, what, like, have you ever heard the name of the song? Old Tom? I was gonna say like, what was the first, I don't want to say the first song, but like, when he was like, nah, because I know it's not, you don't go to the studio purposely to diss people, right?  Like, nah, it's about that time. I don't remember the name of it. Not the song, but I'm saying like, what song was that song where it was like, it's about that time? Was it PSA? Oh yeah. Where you had to come back?   Like, I believe, I watched that, so I'll be seeing, seeing people all the time, all the time. I'm not saying they're grim, but...  You just, by the way, like, what they saying? The way that they commenting and supporting and stuff. That's how you know. I was gonna say, like, where do you feel like most of your fans come from? You feel like a lot of them from the city, or you see them from other places? I think a lot of them. At first I thought it was coming from the city, but then when I really started paying attention to my comments, my YouTube comments, I really see it's all over the world. That's all over the world now. Okay.  Cause you be talkin' hot, bro. I got a song to cut it, and I switched it up with. I just feel like when I post it, when I do Trilers and stuff to songs like that, they don't like it. Trilers and stuff to your other songs? Trilers and stuff. So, okay. So you feel like the fans want you to be this way? Alright, so, but you do plan, you do plan on switchin' it up though? Yeah, yeah, I just like this. I was gonna say, do you feel like that's gonna stop the money in the long run? I don't know. That's gonna really show them like, oh yeah. Like if it keep me disrespectful, you don't think that's gonna stop bread? No. So, do you think that the hip hop police is real? Yeah. So if you was able to just make music, and you could never do a show, you'll be okay with that? That's what I'm sayin'.  So like, okay. I feel like they're gonna stop y'all from doin' shows that stoppin' bread. So, you feel like that's unavoidable? Like, what you gotta do is what you gotta do.  Oh, okay. So yeah, so your Honor Radar Freestyle was good. Went up 100k plus views. Then you made a song. Was that the plan to make that a song? No. So you just saw it goin' up on YouTube? And he was like, gotta shoot this or I gotta record this? So you see how you just, what made me do certain songs?  So I'm gonna show him this now. And I did that fat. I personally did that freestyle. I never did nothin' else. After I saw it start goin' crazy, I said, alright, now I'm gonna do a little song. Okay. But that wasn't the initial plan to drop that as a song? I say a lot of fans are saying that you're consistently dropping now. What is consistently dropping looks like? You feel like you gotta drop once a week?  I'm dropping consistently now.  I just gave my fans what they wanted. I'm about to say, but what does consistency look like to you? Like if they gotta drop at least once a month, twice a month? You gotta drop more. Three times a month? No, you gotta drop more than that. More than three times a month? You think that's consistent?  Droppin' three times a month? With the Vids too? Or just tracks? Some got videos, some just on old platforms. Okay. Alright, so you're not signed, right? Are you signed? No. I was gonna say, okay, so, what's your favorite part of being an artist? Like is it the studio or is it like shootin' music videos? Videos. Sometimes it could be the studio too, or the whole gang in studio, videos for the most part. What makes videos so fun? Just look at them. Everybody is just good vibes. I'm about to say, like y'all be going crazy with the dance moves.   I feel like y'all gotta do a tutorial on how to do some of these moves. Or that just be the vibe or the energy that they're. That's just us. Regular? So y'all be teed up on the regular? Okay. So how do you go about picking your beats in the studio though? Or you have to like... I just go to my Gmail. Most producers, they just send me beats to my Gmail.  No, no more. You don't look up like Mando type beats? Yeah, sometimes. I don't know how to be really like... I just... I don't know how to be really like something. YouTube is not 100% you don't like something. So do you think if I'm like a producer that I fit to? Yeah. Yeah? Like who? Elvis. Elvis is that nigga right now. I'm gonna say how you... I need this. Like hour two probably next day. I'm gonna say so you was picking on your samples? Yeah. You picked the harmful sample? No. Oh that was just like... Wait, wait, wait. I said he ascended to me. And I didn't do it. I knew like feelings, like I get it. That's how I was feeling. That's how I was feeling. Okay. And then... So you said they pick... they send you beats and stuff like that.  It's going crazy. It's going crazy?  How long? We want it to last. So is it like you need a sample beat right now to lock in? Or are you trying to do original tracks on the side too?  Yeah. So right now it's a sample. So I'm just gonna rock the sample, beat, wave all the time for me. Okay. So you been working on a project? Maybe. More singles? Yeah. More singles right now. I'm gonna say will we ever get an RPT tape? Yeah? Confirming this? Nah, I can't tell you when though. So definitely confirm. So y'all been like playing it like wanting to do one? Or you think like the timing just gotta be right? Nah, yeah. We see everybody keep asking for it, keep asking for it. So yeah, it's all I did and we got it. And it took... It's in the air. It's in the air? Heard it? I about to say so this year he was nominated on Tuckertown Awards. Most improved. Rookie of the year. You feel like those fit you? Yeah. You sure? What other category been though? What other category feel like you... Why do you want to be in that category? That's just who I am. That's who I am.  Yeah, they just know it. But I feel like people feel like you're improved. I feel like niggas... Remember a lot of people that's not from the city don't even know about that stuff. So a lot of your fans like you said that's tapping from other places don't really know. So I feel like rookie... Bro. Because y'all be yelling people's names. Nah, but... But yeah, I feel like you improved this year.  A lot. And I feel like, you know, you've been holding down. You feel like you're rookie status. You feel like we was missing anybody? Because I about to say a lot of people from your side rapping now. I feel like we was missing people. No? I know. I'm missing a lot of people. My friends is mad. I ain't going on. Which one called? But yeah, you ever got it coast on or somebody reposted you that surprised you? Or you saw somebody in your likes or your story views that was tapped in that surprised you? Like... No? Not yet? Or you want to be checking that stuff? I do, but I ain't going on my story music. They got like 2,000 people. Who got time to lose school? I'm about to say... It's like your second page. So how your page got deleted? People were reporting it, so you think? I don't know. I was going to say, what do you feel like is your biggest accomplishment this year? 5 million views? Yeah, 5 million. Everybody saying that's the New York who I smoke. Yeah, New York who I smoke?  But yeah, you said the consistency? Yeah. For sure? I'm going to say, and what should your fans look forward to 2022? Go crazy? 5 to 5, drop 5. I'm going to see it all. What's your favorite song that you have out right now? I'm feeling it. Because that was really hard for me. And what song do you feel like is most slept on? Most slept on? That's out right now. Now you're unreleased. Why do you feel like that song slept on? Because it's regular like, regular. I'm going to say, what's like expected? Like you expect to get like a 100K? Like that's right? No. I'm going to say, so I'm so... How do you feel about like when your songs get leaked though? I feel like that don't happen to you a lot. But I see that happening. It could be good and bad at the same time. It could be good and bad at the same time.  You're not sending out tracks anymore? I'm going to say, and like what motivates you to like keep going? Like keep going to the studio? But say, so how did you pick your manager? Like how did you know that you wanted this to be a manager? I was working together for that. In the beginning, you knew it was option thousand shape. It was right enough. I was going to say, all managers and artists is option thousand shape. Yeah. I was going to say, so like what do you think is the key qualities to have in a manager? Like as an upcoming artist? You're not having a manager on this. I know a lot. Like the manager, be on the artist, but the artist has to be on the manager too sometimes. Yeah. Both ways. And I was going to say, what do you feel like is the hardest part about me? Upcoming artists in New York City at that? Is that annoying that it's a lot of y'all? Yeah. But say, so what do you think makes you stand out? What does that mean? Okay. So you feel like that's how you stand out from everybody else? And are we going to get a project 2022? Like from you? For sure. You got any plans? Like any crazy drops for the new year? I'll be previewing music on live. Yeah. I got more than that. More than what the people see. How many songs, how many songs do you think you got in the tech right now? A lot. A lot.  So like if people wanted to, you doing features right now or you going to hold it down? I'm focusing on solo drops right now. Okay. Yeah, feature here and there, but I'm mainly focusing on... I'm going to say because you did a feature with the pop Lottie boy? Yeah. Was that like your friend? His block. I was young, I used to love it. Okay. I knew him already. Yeah. And then stuck in my ways going up too? Yeah. Yeah, I feel like that was a good song. I feel like that's a slept on song. What do you feel like is your most slept on song? You said every other shot. But you think you got another one? I'm stuck in my ways too. Yeah. Yeah. That's a fact. So what should we look forward to top of the year? Let the people know. What should we look forward to? What are we about to see? I could look forward to it. Just a solo drop. I think that's a lot.  Yeah. Now I stop. Now I stop. Okay. Every other day they going to be a little band will drop to another song too. All right. So tell me where to find you. Where to find your music? You can find me on Instagram at Bando P.T.'s. Go to my YouTube channel at Bando P.T.'s. See where my music is. That's where all my music is going to be gone. Apple Music, Bando G's. That's where my music is going to be going to.


Hello everyone, I am Prashant S. Malge, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics Engineering, Vulture Institute of Technology. Today we will see a random test method for determining the test set required for testing a circuit. The learning outcome. At the end of the session, students will be able to explain the random test method for choosing the test. In a previous lecture, we have seen the path sensitizing method for determining the test set, but determining the test using path sensitizing concept becomes difficult when the circuit becomes larger. For example, if you consider a n variable function, there are 2 raise to 2 raise to n possible function. For example, here if we consider a 2 variable function, so the 2 variable there are 4 possible values. So for all these 4 combinations, the output of a circuit may be all 0s to all 1s. So there are these 16 possible functions. So 2 raise to 2 raise to 2, there is 2 raise to 4 equal to 16 possible functions are there. At end every time our circuit is implementing one of the function, but because of some fault may be any of the 15 faulty circuit gets implemented. Now consider the XOR circuit. Here let us consider all possible faults such as stuck at 0 and stuck at 1 on wires B, C, D, H, K and F. Now if in the above circuit, if wire B is stuck at 0, that is B stuck at 0, which function the circuit will implement, pause this video for a minute and write your answer. Now you might have written the answer. We will see what happens when B is stuck at 0. When B is stuck at 0, now suppose if we consider the output of this circuit for input combination 0 0 0 1 1 0 and 1 1. As B is stuck at 0, that is this wire W1 is stuck at 0, for first 2 cases it is ok, the output will be or the actual input applied will be 0 0 and 0 1. But here although we are saying 1 0 as input applied, but as B is stuck at 0, actual input goes is 0 0. Therefore, we get the output 0 and here in this case 1 1, but instead of that as B is stuck at 0, that is W1 stuck at 0, the actual input is 0 1, so output is 1. So, the function is in actual function implemented will be 0 1 0 1, that is F5, that is F is equal to value of W2. So, actually in case of XOR function, F6 function is to be implemented, that is the output should be 0 1 1 0, but instead of that a faulty function F5 is implemented. So, in the same way we can consider the fault on each and everywhere and we can see or can find out which faulty circuit gets implemented because of that particular fault. So, here is a summary of all these faults. So, if B is a stuck at 1, the function implemented is F10, that is W2 bar, C stuck at 0, the function will be W1 and so on. So, as here we see there are B, C, D, H, K, so there are 5 different wires. So, each wire may have a fault stuck at 0 and stuck at 1. So, in these cases it may implement any of these 9 faulty functions because H is stuck at 0 as well as K stuck at 0 implements F15. So, once again here is a summary of the functions. Say for example, if a fault is D stuck at 0, the function implemented is F0, if the fault is K stuck at 1, the fault is F2, faulty function implemented is F2. So, if the fault is K stuck at 1, the faulty function implemented is F2 and so on. So, now here we can test the circuit by selecting the test randomly. Let us assume that the first test selected randomly is W1, W2 equal to 0, 1. So, W1, W2, 0, 1 should produce an output 1. So, with 0, 1 the output should produce 0, 1. It means if the output we are getting is 1, it means that the function is F0, F2, then F3 and F10 out of these 4 faulty function is not implemented. So, the first set distinguish the good circuit from the faulty circuit. So, out of the total 9 faulty circuit, we can say that these 4 faulty circuit is not implemented or the fault corresponding to these particular functions is not present in the circuit. Now, suppose randomly selected second test is W1, W2 equal to 1, 1. This produces the correct output at 0 and if it produces the correct output at 0, it means that the other 4 functions like F7, F5 in which case this 1, 1 should produce 1, F7, then F15 and F3 is not implemented. Although this F3 is already distinguished by the previous test vector 0, 1. So, additionally these 3 faulty circuit gets distinguished by the second test. And suppose if I consider the third test randomly chosen is 1, 0 which will produce the correct output as 1 and if it produces that correct output it means that this F4 and F12 these 2 faulty circuits get distinguished from the good circuit. So, these 3 randomly selected tests. So, in this way these 3 randomly selected test distinguish all the faulty circuits possible faulty circuits in the. So, these 3 randomly selected tests detect all the faulty circuits in the faulty circuit that involve in the faults. So, these 3 randomly selected tests detects all the faulty circuits that are involved in the faults listed in the table. Moreover, here we have observed that the first 2 test themselves have detected maximum number of faulty circuits. So, this suggests that it is possible to use the random test method for determining the test set. In general if you look at these particular functions the first randomly selected test will distinguish 8 of the faulty circuits. Because suppose for example, we are considering this fault correct circuit is producing output 0, then in first randomly selected test 8 of the functions which are producing the output 1. So, these faulty circuits get detected in the very first test. So, in a randomly selected second test remaining 4 out of remaining 8 rather the 4 out of remaining 8 will also get detected. So, this way it is possible to derive the suitable test set by selecting random test. The probability that the first few test detects a large portion of all possible faults is very high. Specifically in a circuit consisting of 2 variable functions the probability that each faulty circuit can be detected by the first test is p 1 is equal to 1 upon 2 raise to 2 raise to 2 minus 1 into 2 raise to 2 raise to 2 minus 1 that is 8 divided by 15 that is 53 percent. So, this is the ratio of the total number of faulty circuit that produces an output value different from the good circuit to the total number of faulty circuits. Because in case of a 2 variable functions one of the function is the correct function and the remaining 15 may be faulty functions. So, total faulty functions possible are 15 out of that 8 can be distinguished with the first test. Therefore, the probability of detecting faulty circuit by the first test is 0.53. So, in case of a n variable function the first test detects 2 raise to 2 raise to n minus 1 out of 2 raise to 2 raise to n minus 1 possible faulty functions. So, with m test the probability that a faulty circuit will detected is p m is equal to 1 upon 2 raise to 2 raise to n minus 1 into summation i equal to 1 to m 2 raise to 2 raise to n minus i. So, when i is equal to 1 this is 2 raise to 2 raise to n minus 1 say for example, in case of n equal to 2 is 2 raise to 3 that is 8 8 by 15 plus next time in i equal to 2 it will be 2 raise to 2 that is 4 minus 2 2 raise to 2 is 4. So, 4 by 15 when i equal to 3 it will be 2 raise to 2 raise to 2 that is 4 minus 3 1. So, 2 by 15. So, this way the probability can be calculated. So, thus the random test works particularly well for the first test for the circuits that do not have high fanning. The simplicity of this random testing is one of the attractive feature. So, this is the effectiveness of a random testing thus random testing finds very effective for testing some of the circuits. Thank you.


Mr. Wicker was a strange old man. When I was a child, I lived in the picture-perfect definition of American suburbia. Across the street from my house lived Mr. Wicker, an elderly man who was all alone, rotting away at the same rate as his estate. He wasn't the stereotypical get-the-f off-my-lawn-you-no-good-stinking-kids geezer, but neither was he the let's-go-fishin' and I'll tell you about the good old days because my grandkids aren't around type. Mr. Wicker just was. He would sit on his porch and watch us, day in and day out, smoking pipe after pipe. I recall asking my mother once why that was all Mr. Wicker would do and why he never interacted with anyone else or had visitors over. She explained that sometimes when people come back from the war, they aren't the same as they used to be and that sometimes people bury themselves away because it's more comforting for them like that. I sort of understood at the time, but it didn't change the fact that his creepy stare and weak, slightly open-lipped and half-toothed smile would nudge me the wrong way. Every kid in the neighborhood felt the same and so the part of the sidewalk in front of his house was detoured as much as possible by the youth of the cul-de-sac. If the word pedo is possibly springing to mind, I'm afraid you'd be wrong, though that may have been preferable. He never called out to the kids, never offered us cookies or sips of beer. He would just sit there quietly and watch us pass by on our skateboards and bikes. The sidewalk there was in pretty poor shape as well, so we'd often fall off and get scratches or bumps. But even though he saw it, Mr. Wicker would never offer a band-aid or some help. He just puffed, puffed, puffed away on that old pipe. So imagine my surprise and discomfort one day when my parents answer the phone, only to tell me that tomorrow I'm going over to help out around Mr. Wicker's yard. He had said he was offering $50 per day worked, which was quite a lot of spending money in my preteen brain. But the aspect of how I was obtaining that money still cut through and ruined the short moment of lottery ad dreams dancing through my mind. It was yard work at the end of the day. I huffed and pouted and complained about why I had to do it and why Mr. Wicker's family wasn't taking care of it, but my parents informed me that his family was busy and it was a nice thing to do for a man of his age and ability. The next day, I was walking across the overgrown path to the old man's porch. He was seated there and gave me that weird smile he always had. Hello there, Jonathan. He remarked softly. Lovely day, isn't it? Hello Mr. Wicker. I responded quietly. Yes, it's very nice out. Well then, let's get to it, shall we? Suddenly, Mr. Wicker rose out of his rocking chair and pulled out a cane I hadn't noticed earlier, before quickly making his way down the steps and around the corner of his house. He moved so much faster than I was expecting, so why did he need my help? The backyard was just as much of a mess as the front. The grass was high enough to scratch at my knees in some places, and lawn ornaments resembling animals peaked out from the cover of the blades, startling me as I passed them. In the very back, next to the fence that outlined Mr. Wicker's property, was a shed in the same state of disrepair as his house, after trying to open the door and failing. Wicker beat at the grass for a moment and kept on yanking, before turning to me. Jonathan, would your mind open in this door for me? It seems to be a bit stuck. I sighed under my breath. Yes, Mr. Wicker. I replied as I approached the door. I wrapped my hands around the handle, feeling flakes of rust fall off against my hand. Grudgingly, I began pulling it open in large yanks, stumbling and almost falling backwards on the last large tug. Thank you, Jonathan. Mr. Wicker did his signature smile technique and entered the shed, but I wasn't concerned with that. My attention was fixated on the cluster of old nails sticking out of the shed, just about penetrating my spine. Goose bumps wriggled all over my body and my back became arched as I was jammed between the door and the nails coming out of the wall of the shed. I slowly moved myself away and came out from behind the door, while still holding it open. Mr. Wicker, I called out, you have some nails sticking out by the door. They almost got me. The elderly man wobbled out, carrying out a pair of head shears. He looked around the corner of the door and gasped. Oh, I'm so sorry. I should have warned you about that. I used to use those to keep the door open. He took hold of the door and motioned for me to back off before shoving the door against the nails so that it was stuck open. It's been so long since I've been out here. Completely forgot about it. He tried to give me a lighthearted smile of apology, and for once I accepted it. It seemed reasonable enough, considering that everything he said rang the bell of truth to various volumes. My first job was to take the shears and begin cutting down some of the taller areas of grass around the outside of the estate so that it could be cut later without clumping up in the mower too much. I took a deep breath as I was given the hefty hedge clippers and began doing as I was told to the best of my ability. Snipping and clipping, I wandered the property randomly trimming sections of plant life that rose above my knees. Even with my hat on my head, the summer heat was starting to boil me alive and the sounds of other kids playing and laughing next door began to form the desire to rush in my heart so I too could be free to spend my day as I wished. I looked up to see where Mr. Wicker had gone to and sure enough he was just standing on his back porch now watching me work. The temptation of freedom built up until I could no longer resist it. I started to hurry along, clipping the grass faster and bumping into hidden objects in the lawn, stumbling here and there. Then as I approached a section of vegetation by one of the oak trees, something flew out from the tall grass at me. There was a howl and my face was scratched by whatever had jumped out. I shouted and stepped backwards, tripping over a tree root in the process. I landed straight on my side, scraping up my left arm pretty hard. But I was jolted back onto my feet as the shears came crashing down next to my hand, mere centimeters from sticking through my palm. I swallowed the lump in my throat, staring in shock at the clippers. Then my eyes turned to see what had leapt at me in the first place. The growling and hissing came from a scraggly looking cat with patches of fur missing and scratches all over the bare spots that I could see. It hissed at me for intruding on its territory before scampering off up another tree by the shed to leap over the fence and into another yard. Now calmed down a bit, I looked to see Mr. Wicker still watching me from his porch. As soon as my head turned towards him though, he suddenly found the ability to walk again and hurried over to me. Jonathan, are you alright? Yeah, I'm fine, there was a cat.  He shook his head, then looked around to see what I had gotten done. You've gotten a lot done today, why don't we call in, you can come back tomorrow for more. It's getting pretty hot too. I was about to protest and ask if he was really sure but the $50 bill he was holding out to me answered that in an instant. I forced a moment of gratitude between the pulses of pain coming from my arm happily accepting the bill and beginning to walk home. Looking over my shoulder, I caught the old coot watching me yet again before wandering off into his shed. My parents naturally asked what happened when I came in the door and then scolded me for not being more careful when working with equipment because that's parents for you. Though the pain was subsiding and I was all bandaged up now, I was still bothered by how he had just stood there and watched me. The next morning I was back over to do some more work. Mr. Wicker gave me his typical weird old smile and led me to the shed again. He asked me to open it again but this time I was much more careful to avoid the nails. He almost seemed upset by this as his brow furrowed and his smile turned upside down. He entered the wooden shack and came back out with some gardening gloves then pointed over to the nearest tree.  Go get it down. His command was gruff but I didn't talk back. I could see the small animal just laying limp on a branch and that was a few feet above me. There were a series of branches leading up to the one in question so I did what any other 13 year old boy would. I started climbing. As I began getting closer I got a whiff of the cat. It stank to high heaven. No surprise considering the state I last saw it in. In order to get a hand on the cat I had to turn around and reach outwards to the branch. I was careful not to wake it up and gently but quickly placed my hand on the back of its neck to lift it up. My tug did not move it. Confused I pulled harder. This time I noticed the roofing nail sink deeper into the cat's corpse hiding in its mangled fur and the trails of dried blood that stained the branch initially hidden in the midday shade. The revelation made me lose my grip on my supporting branch and my other hand slipped as well. And so down I fell. Six, seven, maybe eight feet to the ground. Another crash onto my side and the wind was knocked out of me instantly. I was coughing and gasping for breath and after a few minutes of lying there a shadow stood over me. Mr. Wicker stayed silent until I began to stand back up and shuffle around him as he continued to give me that weird smile. What's your deal? I screamed.  I then booked it out of there across the street and straight into my house. Once again my parents asked what was going on and I told them the truth that Mr. Wicker asked me to climb a tree to get a cat down that he had nailed up there. And once again my parents barked at me for not asking for a ladder for not being careful and that I was being ridiculous about Mr. Wicker nailing a cat to a tree branch. They demanded that I go back over and apologize to him immediately and finish the job but I refused. I kept myself locked in my room even missing dinner so that my parents wouldn't try to drag me back across the asphalt to be that sadist play toy. The cycle continued. My mom came up to tell me the next morning that Mr. Wicker had called and actually apologized since he should have been the one responsible for me and was going to be more hands-on as our guardian. Wait. Our? Yes. Because he had gotten my best friend Jeremy roped into this charade. But there was a glimmer of hope to this. Perhaps Mr. Wicker wouldn't try anything with two kids since we could corroborate our stories and maybe the jobs would be less dangerous if there were two people doing it instead of just one being watched by this weird old man. Jeremy was already waiting for me holding a shovel. His face read the same level of discomfort that I felt in my gut.  Ah, Jonathan. Just in time. You've used one of these before, yes? My stomach was already doing flip-flops seeing him bring out the mower based on the last two days. It tied itself in knots upon realizing that his people watching meant he had definitely seen me mowing my lawn dozens of times, which meant I had no way of denying my use of the device. Mr. Wicker just gestured for me to go over to it. My daughter got this for me last year. I used it too much, but it's got that button start mechanism thing. Oh, and be careful. It clogs up easily. With one hand in his pocket and the other on his cane, he hobbled back onto his porch to gaze down upon us, probably hoping for some sign of injury to Gokat. Jeremy walked up close and whispered to me, Hey, you're right. You look pretty bruised up. Blame the old fart. Be very careful around here. Jeremy gave me a look, but nodded and walked off to do whatever he had been asked to do. I started up the mower similar to the one my family had and began pushing. Slowly, the backyard began to be tamed with Jeremy tearing up weeds in myself evening out the grass. Occasionally, though, there were landmines hidden in the lawn. Loud noises would sound from the mower and I'd immediately let go of the handle as a large rock or small lawn decoration would go flying out the side.  By now, Wicker had me worry that he had strapped a bomb to the underside of this thing ready to detonate it at any moment. Soon enough, as Mr. Wicker had said, the thick grass had clogged up the mower and now nothing was coming out of it. I turned off the motor and then just stood there, looking at the man in charge. He wasn't sitting down anymore, instead he was up against the porch railing gripping it tightly. I could tell he was watching me and that made me concerned about cleaning out the Yo, John, what are you doing? Jeremy came over and pointed at the mower, clogged up. Huh? Yeah, yeah, but wait a minute, come on man, this old fool's paying us 50 bucks a day. My friend was already kneeling down, reaching into the blade's opening. We can't be messing up. The mower started. Jeremy screamed and I screamed before trying to pull him away from the machine. He was crying for help as blood and tears were pouring from his body. His fingers were all snapped like baby carrots, either broken off by the blade already or dangling by fragments of skin, some stretching too thin and falling off as well.  A homemade device was clenched viciously in the geezer's hand and saliva foamed at the corners of his mouth. His eyes were wide and excitement, satisfied with the current horror show going on before him.  My heart was thrust into deeper despair as he dropped two more bills on the ground before us, Jeremy's leaking blood staining the money. Good work, boys. Obviously after this, Jeremy was hospitalized and Mr. Wicker was rightfully taken away. He was going to be put into some kind of home, hopefully far enough away that I'd never have to hear about or see the miserable old bastard ever again. My parents begged for my forgiveness when they heard about what happened, but at this point it didn't matter. Mr. Wicker was smiling the entire time he was taken away. He was a strange old man, but he had gotten what he wanted.


QuickBooks Online 2024. Bank rules. Same vendor filter by amount. Get ready and some coffee because we get things done on schedule with QuickBooks Online 2024. First a word from our sponsor.  Like our accounting rocks product line if you're not crunching chords using Excel you're doing it wrong. A must-have product because the fact as everyone knows of accounting being one of the highest forms of artistic expression means accounts have a requirement the obligation a duty to share the tools necessary to properly channel the creative muse and the muse she rarely speaks more clearly than through the beautiful symmetry of spreadsheets. So get the shirt because the creative muse she could use a new pair of shoes. If you would like a commercial free experience consider subscribing to our website at accountinginstruction.com or accountinginstruction.thinkific.com. Here we are in our QuickBooks Online bank feed practice file we set up in a prior presentation opening the major financial statement reports like we do every time the reports on the left hand side within the favorites we're going to be right clicking on that balance sheet to open a link in a new tab right click the profit and loss otherwise notice the income statement opening link and new tab right click in the trustee tb to do the same if you don't have the trial balance in the favorites you could search for it let's tab to the right close up the hamburger and then change the range we're going from 010124 tab 033124 tab on the months so we can see that and run it let's tab to the right close the hand boogie again so we can boogie down with the range change 010124 tab 033124 tab selecting the drop down we want the months and run it one more time tabbing to the right closing the hand boogie so we have more room on the dance floor to boogie going from 010124 tab 033124 tab selecting the drop down months run it to refresh it okay let's go back to the balance sheet we've been thinking about of course our bank feed now looking at some more complex rules with regards to the bank feeds so if we go back to the first tab you will recall that basically when we set up the bank feeds we went into the transactions tab and we went into the chart of accounts and we basically removed or made inactive in other words many accounts including many of the expense accounts so that as we add the bank feed information we can assign it to specific accounts creating those accounts as we go customizing our chart of accounts that works great and the rules work great as long as there's basically defined payments that we're making to one vendor but of course when we have situations where we're trying to break out the payments to multiple accounts multiple departments or possibly we buy different things from the same vendor then we get more complexity in terms of just trying to automate the system i can't just say i want this one vendor going to this one account because if i buy equipment versus supplies then it's going to go to a different account and you might also have a situation where you buy inventory for example versus supplies and whatnot so that's what we'll deal with now some more complex rules with possibly more than one straight line item within them if we go to the bank transactions we've been creating rules of thus far the rules on this tab we want to create the rules as we go the better the rules the more automated we can make things the easiest rules are for payments to like Verizon which was the phone bill for example where we simply have one condition that needs to be met if you see Verizon that's who we pay for the phone company apply it to then this account based on whether or not the description or bank text contains Verizon but this time we're going to be saying that we might be buying supplies versus equipment so we're going to set another rule for that so let's go back to the bank transactions and let's actually set up our our items in excel that we're going to imagine for our scenario so i'm going to say this is the date this is the amount this is going to be the amount that flows through for the bank feeds description and let's say on let's do it in february this time on two four uh two uh let's do it in march we don't have as much as oh three oh two and uh 24 let's say the amount is 78 dollars for let's do home depot this time home depot would be the description and the bank feed text might have a bunch of jargon right within uh the bank feed and then let's say on three uh eight 24 we bought another 105 from home depot and then the bank jargon would be different right we're gonna have different bank jargon and then on three 15 24 let's say we bought 2700 from home depot and let's say on the bank text and then on three uh 21 24 we bought another 307 a lot of sevens let's put a nine i'm liking the seven from home home depot dot dot dot dot dot and then on three uh 23 24 we bought 3600 from home depot all right so now the the the thing is here that we we might imagine that the smaller things that we purchase from home depot are going to be supplies and i can say hey look i'm just going to dump them into the supplies account but the larger purchases might be those that we're going to have to put on the books as a fixed asset and therefore we might want a rule which at least limits those larger ones from being automatically posted so i can review them to see whether or not they should be put on there as an asset versus being put on there as an expense so this would be a common rule and this is a common kind of procedure that we might do it like from an audit standpoint looking through the supplies account to see if there were any large purchases which possibly should have been on the books as an asset and then depreciated rather than just expense and this is one of those things you can't really get away from in the united states because of the income tax meaning the tax code will require you to capitalize certain things typically meaning putting them on the books as an asset and then depreciating them as opposed to just expensing them so we'll set a limit and say if it's over a certain limit now that limit's going to be arbitrary and may differ on based on the size of the company a larger company might have a larger dollar limit why because the dollar amounts are going to be immaterial possibly for decision making under a certain threshold so in other words the rule as to whether you should put something on the books as an asset versus expensing it is really whether or not it's going to have an impact on multiple periods into the future but in practice if it's a minimal dollar amount you would want to do the easiest thing typically which would be typically just to expense it if it's going to have a material impact then on decision making we put it on the books as an asset so let's save this i'm going to say file save save it and then do it and then i'll save as and put it into here let's put it as a csv file a csv that's the type of file we can upload to quickbooks csv file so we'll say okay and then we'll go into quickbooks and let's bring this on in for our practice data into the checking account selecting the drop-down upload from a files select the file and we want then this 665 which should be the number of the presentation we're on continue drop down into the checking account continue yes one column date format month month day day year year year year yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah so we have the date date call description description bank amount amount looks good except that these should be negative notice i put them in there on the wrong way they should be negative now note i could go in and adjust it but i could also reverse it i can just say reverse it right here and then it makes it negative which is cool so i did that on purpose just to just to show you that let's add them all and then continue and so five have been added movie b to the end and so it has been it has been done all right so then we're going to go back on over let's say these are going to be on the transactions we're going to say this is money out this time and we're looking at these home depot ones particularly so now i'm just going to simply make a rule that if it's over an arbitrary number like a thousand dollars then we're not going to apply it to we're going to have a different rule so let's first think about the ones that are under a thousand because that's probably the ones that we deal with more if we go to office depot all the time for supplies we're probably usually under under the rule that we're going to need to to increase it to a fixed asset maybe so and then so i'm going to go into this one first and sarah this is home depot and that will be the vendor just like we normally do we add the vendor now we might add a different vendor you could add a different vendor for one that's under the threshold and one that's over so that you can break out the the things that are going to fall under supplies versus fixed assets or you might just use one vendor for both of them i'm going to use one vendor for both rules this time so we'll say save it it's going to go this time it's going correctly guessed correctly good job quick books into supplies and materials i'm not going to assign it to a class and then we can make a rule for it so the rule there are rules here needs to this is going to be for under let's say a thousand dollars one thousand this is the rule for it's if it's under a thousand money out rule for the checking account all conditions must be met which is important because we will have more than one this time we want the bank text as long as it contains home depot just like normal but then we'll add another rule which will be an amount rule saying it has to be uh less than less than one thousand dollars less than one thousand dollars now note that like if i say it has to be less than a thousand dollars here and then next time i say that it has to be over a thousand dollars you might say well what would happen then if you made a purchase for exactly a thousand dollars well first of all that's not likely but i mean it's possible so so you could uh you could make another rule which which was exactly for a thousand dollars or i i believe the way quick books does it is if two rules would be applied the first rule that you make uh is the one that quick books is going to is going to take so if you made this for for one thousand one then and then you made the next rule uh that's going to be over a thousand dollars go into a different account for one thousand then the ones that have overlap will fall into the first rule that you made i think that's how quick books will work it but i think we'll be okay there because there's probably not going to have a lot of purchases for exactly one thousand so three of them have been applied so it looks like it's it's doing what it should be doing this is what it's going to do expense account supplies uh i'll leave that as is what i could say this should be a home depot and okay let's save it and check it out it says something's wrong you can't put a dollar sign in the rule name all right i guess is what they're thinking get rid of the dollar sign and then save it all right i also got rid of the comma i got rid of the comma and saved it okay so then and here it applied the rule out to these three this one this one and this one so if i was to automate the rules i can then add these i'm going to say check check check and then add those in so we'll say confirm and then if i go to my balance sheet and we run it then of course within the checking account for march we should have the decreases as is normally the case with the expense type forms for the home depots there they are the other side go into the supplies account we're going to go over here and then run it and then on the supplies we've got within march there's our supplies that we have been purchasing from home depot all right let's go back now the point is it didn't apply the rule so if i had automated this it wouldn't have just like dumped these two larger purchases into supplies which is an often place of error that people make right because if you're doing your taxes for example and you can imagine if this was even a larger dollar amount if it was like you know ten thousand dollars or something like that thirty thousand dollars that you paid to office depot and then it pulls into your expense as an expense it's going to look outsized right it's going to look off so setting a rule for those kind of supply shops is is fairly common and then these larger purchases we may we may then want to discuss with our accountant to make sure that we're grouping our fixed assets in the proper type of grouping we talked about that a little bit before i believe if we go to the balance sheet over here you will recall if we make large purchases then they're going to have to be going into a fixed asset type of account typically and we want our fixed assets to be to be tied out to the sub ledger which which will break out in detail hopefully the the assets that we actually purchased not just grouping them as machinery and equipment but saying we bought a forklift we bought a computer we bought whatever whatever it is that we bought and so that we can actually identify and then give the related accumulated depreciation to it so in order for that to happen we probably want to be attaching the purchase detail possibly to the form that we are we're adding for large purchases to make sure that it can be put on the sub ledger as cleanly as possible most likely by the CPA or accountant at the end of the year within the tax software so that's why oftentimes you might not want to make a rule for the upper half that applies automatically we might still make a rule for a suggestion but maybe i wouldn't have it record automatically so i can at least check it and then possibly add as an attachment the purchasing documentation so that it will be there so when the when the accountant does the process at the end of the year they can see what was actually purchased in detail okay so that said we'll make another rule so this is going to be Home Depot again this time it's not going to go into supplies it's going to go into machinery and equipment the fixed asset account on the balance sheet and so let's and then we could add the attachment here to the file as we do this which would be great but now i'm going to create a rule for it and i'm going to say this is Home Depot over 1000 and this is going to be a money out rule contains all description i like to use the bank test text does it have Home Depot that's the first condition second condition it's going to be an amount condition this time less than or greater than greater than uh and we'll say 1000 so we have that overlap between the one dollar right because if it was 1000 and one dollar we have we could have a purchase that falls under both rules it meets both rule conditions and in that case i think it'll default to the prior rule given the fact that we created it first i think is how it will work let's go ahead and test it two of them are being applied it's going to be an expense type of form not an expense account that's the form that will be used category machinery and equipment an asset account Home Depot and then down here like i said i would make sure not to confirm it because i would like to to double check the larger purchases most likely and then possibly again add if i could as a pdf attachment uh to it the purchase forms so that my accountant has that at the end of the year oftentimes you might also have finance information when you purchase largest large equipment and so one way that you might give that information to your tax preparer to do year end adjustments would be to attach those forms to the purchasing documentation so let's check that out let's go ahead and save it and so there we have it so we can confirm these two i'm going to confirm roger that and then if i go to the balance sheet run it again and we go into the checking account for march then we have all those happening these two are going to machinery and equipment and if i go back then the other side did not go to the income statement but rather to the machinery and equipment now again when you give your file to an accountant at the end of the year to help you to prepare the taxes at the least and possibly help you with your financial statements they can drill down on the machinery and equipment because they're going to have to put this on the books in order to do the taxes and record the depreciation expense normally there's not a lot of information in here because we don't purchase a whole lot of machinery and equipment because by by its nature it's something that's going to last for a long period of time so there shouldn't be a lot of detail in here and then the accountant can look in here and say okay there's machinery and equipment i can see it was bought from home depot what i would really like to see is what was actually purchased so if it was like a forklift or something i can put the license plate number or whatever on it the identification number on it i can break out between multiple things that were purchased if we purchased you know five different pieces of fixed assets i would like to identify them separately so if we go into this form and we had added as an attachment that that documentation then that should make the the the whole depreciation kind of issue recording of the fixed assets easier on the accountant and you can kind of do that as you go and and reduce one of those kind of things that will most likely come up if you have a a good tax preparer which is they're going to ask you could you give me the purchase documentation so i can properly put this on the fixed assets depreciation schedule rather than just putting it under a generic machinery and equipment was purchased on this date because if you put it on the books as a generic machinery and equipment was purchased it's going to be more difficult to identify later on when you dispose of different types of machinery and equipment right you can kind of figure it out you'd have to go back whenever five years to when you purchased it and see when you know when you purchased it and what it was that you purchased maybe but that's not the way you want to do it you want it you want to put it on the books on the sub ledger so that you can identify what was purchased 10 years later when you dispose of it so you can properly take it off the books as well as the sub ledger all right so that's the general idea if i go back to the first tab we can of course track these rules within the rules over here and we've been creating all of our rules the better we get these rules down the easier it will be and you can see this is rule number 12 versus rule number 13 like i say if one of the conditions of a transaction meet both the conditions of rule 12 and 13 i believe that quickbooks will default to to applying the first rule which was in this case under 1000 so in this case if we had a transaction from home depot for a hundred and one dollars it would meet both conditions because this one we actually made a condition of 1001 under 1001 or something so if it was a thousand dollars i should say then it would meet both conditions and it would fall into this rule so that's one way you can you can deal with those overlap kind of situations without having to make three rules right you don't need another rule possibly to say well what if it's exactly a thousand dollars actually i'm not sure if a 101 wouldn't meet both rules because this one was under 101 and this was over a thousand but if there was a situation where it met both rules then then i think i like i said a little apply the first one so i think that's how it works anyway let's go to the balance sheet and this is where we stand at this point in time so just to check that out if you're following along and then here's the profit and loss and so this is where we stand with a good old p and l i think the easiest thing to check is the trial balance which is basically the balance sheet on top of the income statement if your numbers tie out to these numbers great if not try changing the date it's often a date range issue and then you can drill down to the source document and change the date on the source document if you need to


Hi, and welcome. My name is Jean-Gabriel Bunkier, and thank you for coming to my CNI session. I'm really excited to be talking today about the Digital Commons Network, which we've been working on for the better part of 2012. We launched version 1.0, the version you're going to be seeing today in November, so a little more than four months ago. Where do we begin? How do we start with what is the Digital Commons Network? Well, basically, we're bringing together the content from hundreds of repositories in a meaningful way to make the materials collected more valuable. I will not say that we were the first to recognize the value of a network of repositories. There's literature that speaks to the benefits of connecting repositories together that predates our work by at least a decade. We are, however, in an interesting position to try something rather unique. You see, B-Press hosts an IR software platform called Digital Commons, and we serve the IR needs of some 300 or so academic institutions. Those institutions have 650,000 works collectively. The fact that this is a single shared platform puts us in a unique position to create a network across these distributed repositories. But let's take a step back and talk about the problem we're looking to address. Libraries. Libraries are making significant investments to build valuable collections in institutional repositories. They are gathering previously published works, checking the rights on those works, and adding them to their repository. They are also publishing original scholarship of both faculty and students. Journals, working papers, monographs, conference proceedings, and other scholarly works. The basic problem is that these valuable collections are just islands. Pockets of research, if you will, not connected to the research taking place at other institutions in any meaningful way. This is not just a problem for the small institutional repositories or the small colleges, if you like. Joan Gisecchi, formerly the Dean of Libraries at the University of Lincoln, Nebraska, expressed a clear need for linking repositories in the conclusion of her 2011 paper titled, Institutional Repositories Keys to Success. What is particularly interesting is that she's associated with one of the most successful IRs in North America. By that I'm talking about digital commons at University of Nebraska-Lincoln. It is the second largest repository in North America behind Michigan's Deep Blue. It has more than 60,000 articles and gets more than 6 million downloads a year. So what's interesting here is that even the largest repositories from the large academic institutions see the need for a network. Many of you may remember this paper. It was written by Davis and Connolly. The title of it is Evaluating the Reasons for Non-Use of Cornell University's Installation of D-Space. I would like to point you to the language that faculty use to describe the IR. They see it as a single island, isolated, and unique. The point is that it's not just libraries that feel isolated. The island problem is a big issue for faculty as well. And faculty, they are needed to participate as contributors in these institutional repository initiatives. So, IRs need to be connected. They need bridges. In January, there was an interesting discussion about the network on the live license listserv. I was most struck by what Robert Pilliker from Columbia University had to contribute. I should note that Columbia does not use digital commons. In defending the value of a network of repositories, he said, cross discovery could enrich small collections and provide additional local incentives to OA for scholars. Shouldn't we seek to leverage the work and success of others? And at the same time, provide better access to the OA scholarship, to the broader community? When it comes to expressing the benefits of a network, I think he's hit the nail on the head. Incentives for faculty to participate. Leverage the work of other IRs and provide better access to scholarship. Pilliker's email serves as an excellent opening to talk about the goals of the digital commons network. What are our goals? You see them here. We want to help expose the hard work that IR managers do and the great scholarship that they gather. Remember that we're talking both about all of the rights-checking and uploading of previously published works, as well as the publishing of original scholarships such as journals, books, and conference proceedings. We also want to create a single resource that makes it easier for scholars to find research in their discipline. We want authors to have the opportunity to have their research found next to other research in their discipline. Notice how the word discipline is becoming central to the goals. Why do we care so much about discipline? Well, really, we could tie that back to our founders who are faculty members from UC Berkeley. And one in particular, Erin Edlin, continually reminds us about how faculty think. They care most about themselves and then they care about their disciplines and only then are they interested in their institution. So if we want the repository to matter more to scholars serving them, then scholarship in their field matters to them, the discipline matters to them. So we started thinking about creating the network in 2007 and we believe strongly that it should be centered around discipline or subject.  So this taxonomy we created has three tiers to it, has more than a thousand disciplines, and if you count all the sub-disciplines and sub-sub-disciplines, the third tier, you get over a thousand disciplines. We started with something from the Academy of Science, as I might have said, and then added to it. The digital common subscriber community started to use the taxonomy in 2008 and they did so because they could start to build a discipline-based browse experience for visitors to their individual repositories. So each article loaded into an IR individually or by batch for that matter can be tagged with a subject. In this case you're seeing engineering as a top discipline, aerospace engineering as a second discipline, and then the third discipline aerospace with aerodynamics and fluid mechanics. So it's pretty simple to use. A submitter just clicks to tag a submission, an article submission, with a discipline, and most of the scholarship in the repositories are tagged with discipline now. I often get a good question when I talk about the network. Excuse me. Sorry about that. I often get a good question when I talk about the network. So disciplines are changing and they're always new disciplines, so who decides? Well, for the moment there's a committee of B-Press that considers and implements requests to add or remove disciplines to the network. We're looking for members of the community to take over ownership, and once that community has been formed we'll hand off ownership once they're up and running. All right. So in 2012, early 2012, with half a million repository articles collectively tagged by discipline, we finally decided that it was time to build a network for cross-discipline discovery. And the top disciplines, well essentially the top tier has 10 disciplines and you'll see them there on the right, architecture down through social and behavioral science. Now if you look at the colorful graphic on the left, what is that? Well, formally this kind of graphic is called a sunburst, but we refer to it as a discipline wheel. And it allows for graphical browsing. But before I jump in and browse it with you, let me explain a little what you're looking at. So there are 10 colors that make up the ring and each color represents a different top level discipline, or discipline. For example, law is the peach colored one, engineering is the green, and that little sliver there of brown, that would be architecture. We chose to give each of the disciplines independence from each other, so each could be or would be more relevant to its individual community. The inner ring, you'll see that there's three bands. The innermost ring is a top discipline. The middle ring represents the second tier of disciplines. And the third tier, or the last outer ring, is the third tier of discipline. So you'll see, for example, law only has two disciplines. That's just the way it is. Alright, so I'm ready to give you a quick tour. So we'll jump off the presentation and we'll go to the live site now. Alright, so this should look sort of familiar from the screenshot. Here we have the discipline wheel. So I talked about the color and I talked about the three rings. There's also another organizational principle to the discipline wheel. The disciplines are ordered clockwise by size, or more precisely by the number of articles within that discipline. So the law commons, the peach one, has the most articles today, and therefore it comes first. And the smallest one, the architectural commons, the brown one, has the fewest and comes last. You see, as I hover here, I can be invited to explore. I can also click down. So let me show you what happens when I navigate on the wheel. So I clicked on the peach color there. And you'll notice what happened was that I'm now in peach. I'm fully in peach. And those sub-disciplines are now more easily navigable. I can go around. Some of these really little ones over here are tricky to get to still. But it's certainly a lot easier than when I was looking at the wheel of all of the disciplines. So let me jump down now. I will go explore constitutional law. I will leave the graphical browse and enter what we call the commons or one of the individual commons. In this case, we're at a commons called constitutional law commons. Now, before I dive into all the things on this page, what I'd like to do is just describe a little more about how the navigation works between the commons and hierarchically in between the graphical browse and the actual commons of the content here. So I'm going to open up this view here. And the default is to have this view open. It was closed because I closed it earlier, but the default is to have it open. And you'll see there's a list of the related disciplines here that I can jump to. I can also use the cookie crumb to go up to law, the law discipline itself, which is up one level and we'll see. Now we see the sub-disciplines on the left. And you'll see there's the number of articles within each discipline here. It's ordered by largest to smallest. I can jump down to international law. And now I'm in the international law commons. I can jump to accounting law. I can hierarchically climb back up to the law commons. All right, so that's a little bit of how you navigate between the disciplines within a larger discipline. Now, how do you get back to that graphic? Well, that graphic lives right here, the graphical browse or the discipline wheels, we call it. So I click that button and it took me back to the graph and it took me back to the view that I came from, which was looking graphically at everything that's in law. If I want to go back to where we started when we started this view of the digital commons network, I would click here in the center and now I'm getting this wider view of all of the 10 disciplines. I can come over here, this is the green one for engineering and I can explore engineering the same way. All right, so I showed you law, now we're looking at engineering. I showed you a little bit how the navigation works. I'm going to close this window to limit a little bit what we're looking at. And the idea behind closing and opening that window is that we imagine that folks will have interests on different levels. Some may be interested in engineering while others may be interested just in computer engineering. If computer engineering is the thing that you're interested about or if you're interested in robotics, I'm going down another level here, then the idea is this is the page you care about and you might not care about the other pages. So you close that window to only look at what's going on in the box. All right, so I'm going to climb back up to engineering, which is the top discipline for engineering and describe a little bit about what's going on now on the page. Not the navigation, but what's going on on the page itself. So here we are at the engineering commons. As I mentioned before, each of these subject repository views is called a commons. So in this case, it's engineering commons. And each commons has a default browse view. So while we support text search and faceted search, we decided that the default should be on browse. And I'll show you what I mean. So if I come up here and type in a search term, I'm now in an area where I can search or do faceted search. I'm now interacting differently with the commons. I can go back to the graphical here and I can graphical browse here, or I can go back to the browsing experience, the page browsing experience by simply clicking on that header. So what is in here? Well, I should start off by saying this is only full text articles. We decided not to include anything that was a metadata-only entry or that had restricted access for one reason or another. And for the moment, we're also not including images, audio, or video files or data sets for that matter in this version of the network. And our thought behind this is at least for why we decided not to include metadata-only or restricted access is because we wanted readers to have the experience where if they found something they're interested in, they would always have access to it. So that's kind of the philosophy behind this. And you'll see this in the header here, open access. We want to make sure this is all open access material, full text material, powered by scholars. So this is always a scholarship or stuff created by scholars, faculty, and students, and then powered by university. This is an important theme that we are collecting the materials that universities have themselves collected. So they're the ones that decided that vetted and decided to include this particular object or this article in their own repository. So when we are bringing it all together, these have been curated. They've been vetted by the library. Now, the other point to take away from published by universities is this is the university scholarship. It's not the press of scholarship. It's published by the university. They own it. They control it. They can take it and do what they will with it. It's theirs. All right. So what do we have just under that heading? We show you the number of full text articles. In this case, just about 31,000 in engineering. The number of authors, 35,000. And the number of downloads to date, which is about 6.5 million. If you scroll a little further over, you will see that there's a link here with the number of institutions. So I've told you there are about 300 institutions that use digital commons. 100 native them have content in this commons called engineering. So if we take a look here, we can click on it and it will open up a window and it will tell us which institutions in fact are participating in this engineering commons. And if you hover here, it will show you the number of objects and of course we could click here and we would go to, in this case, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's repository to check out their 5,000-plus articles in engineering. Hit the back button and it's a little slow on going back. All right, here we are. So what else should I tell you about the layout and the design and how we built it and why we built it like this? What you'll see on this browsing view of the commons is frankly a lot of lists. So in the middle, you'll see recent articles in engineering. I'm on the right-hand side, you'll see the popular institutions followed by popular authors and then even a list of popular articles. So you have four lists here and if you add to it the 108 institutions link to explore the institutions, that way there's essentially lots of ways to find out what's going on in engineering with the participating digital commons universities. Why did we do it this way? Well, because we want to make the content easy and interesting to explorers. And when I say explorers, what do I mean? Well, one of our most important audiences is the author or the potential author. These folks are not coming to the network with a known item search. Rather, they are looking around to see what authors are here or what institutions are involved. They want to see what kind of papers they might find and they want to know what the network's all about. This is not something who's deterministic, they're exploratory. So that's an important thing to understand about what we were doing. The next thing to understand is that there's an awful lot of branding. So you'll see in new papers, we have a number of new papers from Nebraska, some from University of Wollongong and Carnegie Mellon is there too on the recent articles in engineering. Popular institutions, you'll see Purdue, Kentucky, University of South Florida, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ustall State University, Western University, University of Iowa, working way up Cal Poly. Why are we doing this? Well, we want to give credit to the participating institutions for the work that they have done in building a valuable collection of materials. That's very, very important to us. The other thing you might have noticed is that every list includes links to participating repositories or to the full text of articles that are living in those repositories. There are no full texts anywhere in the Digital Commons Network. All the full texts live, continue to live, will always live in the individual repositories of the Digital Commons community. We wanted to take the explorers to the participant EIRs as quickly as possible so that they could interact with the great materials that the library have been collecting. And so far it seems to be working really nicely. I'm happy to say that 43% of all visitors to the Digital Commons Network go on to a Digital Commons repository site itself. All right. So that was the first part of the tour. I'm now going to take you back to the presentation. So we built the network with really three audiences in mind. So first we had the author and the potential author, and we wanted to give them an interesting way to explore research in their discipline so they would choose to participate more. For IOR managers, we wanted to give their work greater exposure. And then finally for readers, we wanted to make sure that they would find the network rewarding with every exploration or search ending in the opportunity to read the full text article without requiring any kind of login. That has been the reactions to the network from the scholarly community. I've plucked a few of the tweets that we found to share with you. The reactions are very positive. The comment on the top here is my favorite. I love the phrase, feels like the world was just giving me on a platter. This was exactly what we were hoping to accomplish. Also notice that the author understands that the network is a way to access the great content that the IOR community is uploading in their institutional repository. The author gets that the network is just a gateway to all the cool stuff that has been uploaded by libraries in the Digital Commons repositories. So the work of the IOR community is becoming, with the help of the network, a valuable resource for other libraries. Now they have access to a database full of vetted, open access, full text scholarly articles. Temple, which is not a Digital Commons subscriber, blogged and tweeted about the network, as well as did a handful of other libraries in the U.S. They like this new resource. The content that the community of IORs collected got attention from the library communities in Canada, Mexico, the UK, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, excuse me, Estonia, and Turkey. Pretty cool, I think. The Galileo Consortium, also not a customer, added the network as a resource. OhioLink, also not a customer, did the same thing. We've even been contacted by Serial Solutions because they have been receiving requests from members of their library community to have the network available through summons as well. So bringing together all of the scholarship seems on the way towards creating a critical mass of content and thus a real resource. So I wonder, would any single IOR be a resource in Galileo or OhioLink on its own? We were tickled pink that Little Ashworth Community College, also not a customer, decided to invest the resources not only to put up the network and point to the network, but to create a video tutorial for their patrons on how to use the network. And at a time when many of the community colleges and other small institutions cannot afford expensive licenses to databases, they are able to make this resource available to their local community. We got a call from a community college, not Ashworth, and they wanted to know what was the cost for using the Digital Commons Network, and when we told them that it was free, they just couldn't believe it. So we'd love to see the network shared by libraries as a resource for patrons. As the network is built upon a discovery taxonomy, we also get excited when specific disciplines are recognized as valuable by scholars in their discipline. So here's an example of the Commons getting called out as a resource. In this case, it's a second tier discipline in education called Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons. In this case, and this right in front of you, the Arts and Humanities Commons is included by the library at Pacific University in Oregon in a list of resource for patrons in its English department. Pretty cool, we think. So I'm going to take a step back now. I've talked about the network and how the network leverages the work of IRs and how it provides better access to scholarship. I've talked about how the organization of the network by discipline has an appeal to authors and potential authors. I've also tried to show how the design of the network into lots of lists encourages browsing and is particularly well tailored for folks who are exploring and deciding whether or not to participate as authors. There is, however, an important piece still missing. If the network truly intends to create real incentives for authors to participate, how does the network become known to authors and potential authors in the first place? Going back to the island and bridge metaphor, the island problem only gets solved for authors when they, when they're standing on the island, know that there's a bridge. They need to know that they will not be isolated. And from their perspective, the bridge is invisible or it's a one-way bridge as my son drew.  We need a real network. We need integration. We need connections. We need cross-linking. So I'm going to show you what I mean when I say integrated and cross-linking because we did that. Our starting point will be an article within an author's selected work site at Cal Poly's engineering school. All right. You notice that there's a box right in the middle with a little nice image that is our icon for the digital comments network that says included in mechanical engineering comments. So that means this author or another author who's curious about this author sees that and says, huh, what is that? Follows the link very quickly, super quickly. There we go. Jumps to mechanical engineering comments. This potential author might look at this page, think it's interesting, look at the number of papers and say, wow, popular authors, let me check out David Kennedy who's at Dublin Institute of Technology. Here are his papers within their repository. Want to go look at a PDF itself, open the PDF. What I want to show you is on the stamp cover page that the stamp, we create automatically stamped cover pages for all articles that are uploaded into the repository, which allows you to put branding and links to the network and to the repository. But in addition to links to the repository, I want to take you down here, even the PDF cover page has links to the commons in which the paper belongs. So in this case, I click there and it takes me back to the comments. In this case, a subset of mechanical engineering because they're being more precise, biomechanical engineering commons is now the discipline where we are. We have landed. The point being that there are links in lots and lots and lots of places within every digital commonsite taking them to the network and bringing them back from the network. If I go back up to the top of engineering I can show you a little more of those. So I'll dive into Cal Poly here as a popular institution and you see when I've done that, give me just a second. There we go. Here we are, works in engineering from Cal Poly. There we are, part of the digital commons network. It even says there are 30,960 works. And as I sort of navigate around and explore the sub-disciplines of engineering within Cal Poly, let's say I look at the authors who are in biomedical engineering and I see the number of works, I'm still invited always to go back to the broader community no matter how I navigate. So I might decide to look at the works instead of the authors, hear their works and I'm still invited to come back here. So we see this integration as key for authors because it tells them that a contribution is a contribution to their discipline. But it's also very valuable for readers because it means that they don't have to use the back button or open a new window and the experience of browsing within their discipline is fluid. They can go down to the content, around the content, back to the network. There are no dead-end for readers and this is true in two senses. In the first sense, they will have free access to the full text of any article at the end of their exploration and then every page has some interesting links to the pages that they might like. All right. Jump back now to the presentation. So I'm returning to the island and bridge metaphor for the last time to make a critical point. By integrating or cross-linking the network as widely as possible with each of the Digital Commons repositories we have created a user experience where the people seen and clicking on the links from Digital Commons to the network have made the connection between the two explicitly. The connection is key, remember, because otherwise many authors and potential authors wouldn't know that a contribution to their IR is also a contribution to their discipline. They wouldn't know that the network existed. They would continue to see their repository as just an island. Links from the Digital Commons site account for a quarter of all traffic to the network. That's the stat. I have 24%, I'm going to call it 25%. So the linking is clearly working. A good percentage of visitors to Digital Commons sites, the islands, are making a connection, that explicit connection with the Digital Commons network, and thus seeing that what they thought was an island is not an island, it is connected. There's a little note towards the bottom of the slide that deserves some explanation. We sampled the referral. Excuse me. Excuse me. We sampled the referral traffic data for several dozen Digital Commons sites and found that in every case there was more traffic going to the site from the network than the other way around. On average, there was twice the volume of traffic going to individual Digital Commons repositories than away from it, from the network, I should say. All right. The Digital Commons network creates incentives for faculty to participate by placing individual pieces of scholarship in the larger context of its discipline or demonstrating that a contribution to the IR is also a meaningful contribution to the discipline. So it really rewards authors for participating by connecting them to their discipline. And all of this is done explicitly because the very visible links in the repository to the network at every single place possible. So what more can I tell you about the visitors who come to the network from one of the distributed Digital Commons repositories? Well, here's an interesting fact. Visitors who come from the community not only have an understanding of the connection between the IR and the network, they are also significantly more engaged than visitors from search results. So as you see, folks who come from Google don't stay on the page very long, for a minute and 16 seconds, and don't visit as many pages, little less than two. Folks that come from other digital Commons sites, they stay much longer, almost three minutes, and visit more pages. I will leave it to you to think about why this might be the case. So now I'm ready to talk about how the Digital Commons network has fared in terms of creating additional incentives for faculty to participate. It has only been a couple months, but we have a few stories that demonstrate that the network is already having an impact with faculty. We've got tweets and blogs from authors, or their spouses in one case, sharing the good news that they are the top author, or have a top paper in one of the discipline Commons. So here's a fun example that I'll read to you. So apparently I'm trending, I'm a trending author on the Digital Commons for Electrical and Computer Engineering, writes one author, M.D. Schmidt. For my graduate thesis on unmanned quadro-rotor control, over 5,100 total downloads and over 500 in the last month. Maybe I should dig up my notes and get the useless hunk of parts in my garage flying. So I like that one. Anyway, this is a little more academic. Here's a quote from the local paper in Australia. I'll let you read it. But my takeaway from this is, do you think Dr. Wilson will contribute more to the IR and sees the network as valuable? I should do. The Dean of the Graduate College of Marshall certainly knows about the network. He believes it will help him to recruit students. This is a great story here. Marilyn Bueller, the IR administrator at UNLV, was talking to her associate dean of research and graduate studies at the College of Engineering. She managed to get that discussion because she'd been sending along emails showing how the school was performing in the Digital Commons network. After the second month of getting these emails, the associate dean asked her to come be with him and the dean of the college to talk about how to better demonstrate the quality of the college in the network. She was invited to present to the department and to the executive board of the department, and the decision was made to capture and expose more of what the department had been producing. Marianne will take this experience and work with her liaison librarians to engage other colleges in the exact same manner. When she told me the story, she said, it's contagious. Once one comes on board, all the other colleges follow. Here's a similar story. Harrison Inifuku told me a great story recently, and he's the administrator at Iowa State University. In December, he presented the network to Steve Mickelson, the chairman of the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, and others as well in that department. He showed them how their rival, Nebraska, also a peer land-grant institution, was showing up more strongly in the network. One faculty member came up to Harrison and told him that he liked how Harrison was using competition to engage them. Iowa State created the first ever Agricultural Engineering Department in 1905, Harrison told me, and today it's like sixth or fifth in the country. Department chairman Mickelson and others were persuaded to act to capture and share more of their articles in their repository and through the network. Harrison began to collect CVs and post articles written by the faculty. When he returned to present again to the faculty on March 8th, he could show them the before and after slides.  Before Nebraska accounted for more than 50% of the pie, and by the time Harrison returned to present in March, three months later, Iowa State accounted for more than 50% of the pie. Harrison said he's talking to other departments too now, and he is simply overwhelmed by the number of CVs he has. So why are we not just another cross-repository search tool? I'm really taking you back to the beginning, the title of the presentation here. Well, because of BROWS, because of our decision to work with BROWS as the essential discovery mechanism. Because of discipline, this taxonomy, this three-tiered 1,000 subject to discipline taxonomy. Because it's only open access and full tax. Because it's integrated with distributed repositories at multiple levels. And because of the branding, it's designed to give credit to the institutions for their hard work. And we did all this to make IRs more successful. So one question I sometimes get is, well, how is this different from academia.edu or research gate? I'm not that familiar with those solutions. But I can tell you that in this case, the library plays a central role. So the content has been vetted, and the metadata are likely better than when faculty do this on their own. We know that when faculty do their own metadata that makes lots of mistakes. And so I believe that the metadata is better. The other thing that's important is that the content is owned by the institution for the communities that they serve. And that's an important distinction. We did a random sampling of several dozen sites to compare referral traffic to repositories. And we found that none of the places where IR managers spend time trying to be indexed matter very much. If you add all those places up that you think of, Open Door, Roar, WorldCats, Primo summons, you don't get close to the amount of traffic that the digital commons delivers. So we're setting our sites higher. We're looking at Google Scholar. Wouldn't it be cool if a network of repositories could match Google Scholar in terms of visibility? There were 600,000 objects in the network on January 1st, 2012. By April 1st, there were 650,000 objects, an almost 10% increase, or if you like, 50,000 objects in the quarter. We think that the digital commons network will have a million pieces of open access scholarship by the end of the year. Why? Well, it's growing at a rate of 50,000 a quarter today, but we see that rate increasing as the 35 institutions that have signed but have not yet to go live begin to add their content. And this includes schools like Clemson, Portland State, Kent State, and Yale. A few of these institutions have many of these space collections that they will be bringing over. When I arrived as important as Google by 2013, I mean in terms of traffic referrals. We want the network to bring as much traffic to digital commons institutions as Google Scholar does. And finally, we think that there are a few places, or a few commons, that will serve as destination sites for researchers, a place where readers will find experts and authors will find collaborators. Which disciplines? Well, it's a little hard to tell. We're still really, really early here, but this is kind of a fun chart that might provide perhaps a hint. It shows the relative rank of the disciplines over time. See how a few of them seem to be outperforming the others. We are keeping an eye on law and business for now, as it seems like they have an unusually high volume of traffic. Remember also how this is a chart that shows only the top level disciplines, those top 10. So it's possible that a discipline, a destination site emerges at a sub-discipline, such as economics, rather than at its top discipline. So finally, we have heard that there's interest in the digital commons network from the wider IR community. We are in fact in preliminary talks with a fedora site right now that seems to be going well. If you run a fedora, more a d-space repository, and you would like to be part of the network, please do get in touch with us. Here's a quick snapshot of what we might need to do to work together. So you would have to adopt our taxonomy, that three-tier 1,000 controlled taxonomy, and tag your content. You would have to give us access to readership logs and to email addresses for authors, to notify them when they are at the top of a particular commons. And we would need to both create reciprocal links so that we would link to articles in your repository and you would link back to the network. And then finally, we would need a means to share what to include and what to exclude. There are probably some documents or some collections that you would not want to have in the network, but we would need to know which those are. So there we are. I'm done with the presentation. I want to thank you so much.


In this video I want to solve a nonlinear system of equations, but I want to show you what it looks like if you have an inconsistent system So notice here. We have the equation x squared minus y squared equals 4, which is actually a hyperbola That you see here on the screen and then also the equation Michael's x squared. That's your standard parabola Which you can see right here So if you graph these things to scale we can very well see that there is no point on the green grab parabola and the yellow Hyperbola, so this should be an example of an inconsistent system We can see that geometrically very simply But how would you detect that algebraically as we try to solve systems of linear equations earlier in this lecture series? We often we get things like 0 equals 7 which of course is a contradiction which would indicate you have an inconsistent system That thing is still present, right? If you get an ink if you get a contradiction that means you're not gonna have a solution in that regard, right? But another thing that can show up with these nonlinear systems It could be that there's no contradictions that emerge But it could it could the situation could be that there's no real solutions If you have to solve an equation that has no real solutions that also would indicate inconsistency So let me show you how we could do that one here and I'm going to solve this you could do it by Substitution you could just substitute y equals x squared right here That would give you the equation x squared minus x to the fourth equals four This would be the substitution approach and that does require we solve a degree four polynomial It's by no means I mean it's something we definitely could do. It's not horrible But I actually think elimination works out a little bit better on this one because if we take the hyperbola x squared minus y squared equals four and we compare that with the Parabola, which I'm going to times the parabola by negative one Let's do a little bit of a massage into it first Let's move the y to the other side so we get x squared minus y equals zero and then times that by negative one Negative one on both sides. You're going to get negative x squared plus y Equals zero let's add those together So that the x squareds cancel And we end up with a negative y squared plus y equals four Let's just move these friends to the other side of the equation You get zero equals y squared minus y plus four and so as you try to factor this You're like okay factors of two that have to be negative one You'd have to take negative one negative four, which is negative five doesn't work negative two negative two is negative four That doesn't work. Okay. I'll use the quadratic formula So we kind of sing pop goes the weasel on our head here y equals negative b Plus or minus the square root now you go through the song there You're gonna get a plus one plus or minus the square root of negative one squared minus four times One times four all over two right Simplifying this thing here You're gonna get one plus or minus the square root of negative 15 over two and so this is this is the This is the point right here notice our discriminant turned out to be negative 15 That's less than zero that tells us there are no real solutions. So there are no real numbers There are no real numbers that will make this intersection happen if I want to graph this thing with complex variables Then we'll get intersections But for the real number system these things don't intersect and that's what we mean here by inconsistent because what does inconsistent mean? Inconsistent means there's no solution and in this context it means there's no real solution So if you have to solve quadratic equations with negative discriminants That's gonna indicate to you that you have no real intersections between your curves


Welcome to the Crypto Minute. 40k Bitcoin last year. 40k Bitcoin now. PayPal is launching a stablecoin. Disney's gonna build a theme park in the metaverse. The CEO of Barclaysville Management left his bank job to work in crypto. 13 years ago, the first Bitcoin tweet came out by Hal Finney. H&M is gonna use the metaverse for online shopping options. Are we in a ban market? Honestly, kid, at this point, even I don't know. Beware of the death cross. Look first, her past opens these daily sale volume on Wednesday. Bitcoin really got hammered. 11.6% of first time home buyers said that they sold some crypto as part of their down payment. DZ is now the richest person in crypto. For 700 million transactions have now been processed on the Bitcoin network. Cash app just out of the lightning network. NBA superstar Andre Agatala is gonna take part of his salary in Bitcoin. Mozilla Firefox started accepting crypto donations into the co-founder called Crypto People Planet Incinerating Pomsie Grifters. Bill Miller put 50% of his net worth in a Bitcoin. Inflation hit 7%, putting us out of 40-year high. Stop panic selling and feeding the whale. Bob Staggett, rest in peace. Keep stacking or whatever, and I'll see you next week.