Alright, I'm going to go ahead and help Dr. Mohamed with his slides. So Dr. Mohamed is saying that most women in Nigeria give birth at home. And Prof says especially in the north and it is the preferred option in developing countries as he said it. However unplanned home birth attended by traditional attendance has been shown to increase maternal and newborn complications. Planned home birth, Dr. Mohamed we really can't hear you, it's really breaking up. Planned home birth increases access to midwives by 56% and it prevents a lot of complications such as maternal mortality and decreased deaths. Alright, so to continue the introduction here, the things that improve planned home birth, informed choice and shared decision making, respect of culture and preference, improve safety of home births and improve quality of home births. But they need midwives positive and I think that's a great point. Here is the problem statement. Unplanned home births are very prevalent, but they may result in complications. Alright, sorry, just had to let Dr. Mohamed know that his sound is very choppy. I'm sorry, Dr. Mohamed. So we do need to look at planned home birth interventions and I'm glad to see that you utilized one of my colleagues research here, Dr. Janelle Komarowski. But this rarely focuses on the midwives attitude to promote choice of birth. So objectives are to determine the effect of planned home birth educational intervention on midwives attitude towards planned home birth practice in Nigeria. Here's the methodology. We looked at the design, the randomised control trial. The study location was Sokoto, Nigeria. The population was midwives. Great, they had a 226 person sample. The instrument was a validated questionnaire and they use SPSS to achieve the data analysis. And Dr. Mohamed says, we design intervention to educate them on the need for planned home birth. This slide is quite small, but you can see the methodology continuing with the description of how the data was organised and how the midwives were placed in two different arms of the study with the intervention and the control study. And this video recording will be available with the slides for you to look through. And I'm sure Dr. Mohamed would be happy to put his email in the chat box so that anyone that wants to can follow up. So the intervention was planned home birth, promoting safe home births in the midwifery model of care. The investigator was a nurse midwife and here's the delivery method and this. So he says that randomisation was there to assist. Randomisation was to achieve a balanced group. Wonderful. Here are the learning objectives. So there was sessions on knowledge of planned home birth, including introduction to concept, evolving evidence, the midwife's role. And also demonstrating a positive attitude towards planned home birth. And I think we can all think back to when we've worked with colleagues that are not quite as confident or have as much self belief in planned home birth as we may. So Karen saying we used to run workshops for couples. And Dr. Mohamed says the intervention was to the midwife. So there was a very good over 200 sample of midwives that were involved in this study. So they had lectures, slides and quizzes to develop knowledge and attitudes that were positive towards planned home birth. Dr. Mohamed says the module focused on teaching what constituted an ideal planned home birth practice. Sorry, I skipped a slide. So here's the methodology continued. Talks about the post test, the follow up and three month follow up. And the trial flow chart was excellent. So that is really excellent. As somebody that's a doctoral lecturer, I'm impressed that you didn't have to exclude anyone from the study. So it worked on the consort design. So we can all look up the consort now and make sure we know what that is. Here's the data analysis that was prepared. There was an independent tea test and a chi square test. And then an independent tea test. And then there was a linear mixed effect model for the intention to practice planned home birth. And the data collection was at three time points says Dr. Mohamed. There was no significant differences between the intervention and the control group regarding socio demographics. So here's the age qualifications, ranks, health care, and the units. And at the baseline, next page, midwisened both groups showed a week to moderate but positive levels of attitude change towards planned home birth. That's fantastic. The results and discussion. Here we are. And this will also be obviously in our recording. This is just demonstrating that there was a week to moderate change. So well done. Oh, that's very impressive research right there. That's a lot of work for you and your team. And here's the results and discussion. And as I said, this will all be recorded. So you'll be able to look at this at your leisure and maybe think about instituting something like this where you live. Here we go. The tests within groups. There was a significant change in the mean attitude within the intervention group, but not in the control group, but there was no difference in three months follow up. So participants in the intervention were more favorable towards planned home birth compared to the control group, compared to the control group at the immediate post intervention and three months follow up. So between the two groups, the participants in the intervention arm were more favorable towards planned home birth practice compared to the control group. That is really excellent. So well done for that. The summary of the findings were that the midwives in both groups showed a week to moderate, but positive level of attitude towards planned home birth practice at the baseline. Planned home birth education in so-called Nigeria was effective in promoting a positive change in the attitude towards planned home birth practice within the intervention group and between the group. And then a wallow says midwives in the planned home birth group were more favorable than planned home birth towards the control. Yeah, we saw that from your data. That's excellent. In conclusion, Dr. Muhammad would like to say the findings of the study indicate that planned home birth is effective. Sorry, planned home birth education is effective in promoting a positive attitude towards planned home birth practice among midwives in Sokoto, Nigeria. Midwives who receive planned home birth education in the form of interactive lectures about evidence and the benefits of planned home birth, the midwifery model of care and vignettes on the consequences of neglecting women's choice of birthplace demonstrates a more positive attitude towards planned home birth practice compared to the baseline score and against those in the control group. Practicing midwives were offered the opportunity to learn and share their experiences in planned home birth practice. The randomized control trial and interventions used in the study may be replicated by other researchers. The findings will inform the health service administrators and policymakers on the strategies to promote attitude note change and foster cultural acceptance for planned home birth practice. And Dr. Muhammad says, planned home birth education is effective in promoting a positive change in attitude. And I think that really brings together when we heard yesterday from the World Health Organization, that's exactly what we heard from them. When women's choice or given choices and midwives are educated, then it really makes a really big change in families' lives and knowledge sharing. And exactly Dr. Muhammad, this RCT could be replicated wherever we live across the world. So further research on home birth, planned home birth should include all providers with all maternity caregivers. And planned home birth education requires an ongoing follow-up training to sustain its effect for future planned home birth practice. And exactly without informing policymakers, this is not going to change. I know we heard a lot in the chat while we were waiting for the microphone test about all the differences all over the world where sometimes home birth could be illegal, or it's normal, or there's such a wide range of attitudes towards women's choices and families' choices and shared decision-making. So planned home birth is a collaborative practice and we should incorporate into the continuing education of all midwives. Here are Dr. Muhammad's references. And I don't know if you saw my question. Dr. Muhammad, could you put your email in the chat box now so that I'm sure some of the wonderful listeners would like to hear about this from you as well. And Prof says, of course, I support Dr. Muhammad's conclusion. And yes, we've got your references here, but could you include your email if people have got more questions for you? Oh, and more references. Excellent. And I know a lot of the people that you're referencing here. So these are some wonderful references that you have. If you could put your email in the chat, that would be fantastic. And I think Baptiste has a question if he can type in the box. And Dr. Muhammad, thanks you. And thank you so much, Owalo. We're very sorry about your sound conditions. And I'm going to hand back to Elisa so she can finish up the questions and then the rest of the slideset. And thank you so much for your patience with this Scottish American midwife interpreting your data. Dr. Muhammad, a grateful praise for you. And I'm sorry about the internet. Thank you, Jane, for the assistance. And thank you to Owalo. And yeah, the questions Baptiste had a question earlier. And I'm going to fast it in chat again. How do you manage the complication in especially the second stage of labor, of labor in home birth? You can use public chat, Dr. Owalo to answer. Owalo, I don't know if you can type in the questions. Baptiste says to be able to practice home birth, is it due to civilized setting or other method? I need some clarification for its effectiveness. And Ethel asked about the education. How does it include one, two and three delay? And Karen asks what complications you are talking about? Dr. Owalo replies, plant home birth is part of community midwifery practice, sometimes called the midwifery. And Elisa, did you see the comment from Karen? At 36 weeks all women have a home assessment. That's fantastic. They look at the home setting. And Dr. Muhammad said to reply to Ethel included measures to minimize the effects of delay. We lost the feedback. So just so I think everyone know, we're going to wrap up in a few minutes. And I'm going to, at the moment, thank everyone. And apologies again for the sound. And thank you Dr. Owalo for the presentation. And to Jane for the assistance. Thank you very much. Please send your selfies to info at vidm.org for the slideshow at the end. Thank you, everyone.


But today, she will talk to us about who owns the robots. So we often talk about open code. This is pretty much what open source is about. And I found it very interesting to have someone talk about open hardware. So welcome, Gerardin. Thank you. Thank you so much for the invitation, Nina. I'm really, really excited to be here today. And I'm also really excited to be speaking directly after Renata. What an amazing keynote and what a tough act to follow. I think one thing I have going in my defense is that after we heard about some of the things that are very wrong with our state of information society and democracy today, I can give a little bit of hope and brightness and talk about some of the more hopefully empowering technologies that we are developing today. So my talk is entitled, Who Owns the Robots? Who Owns the Robots is also the title of a paper written by Richard B. Freeman, who is a professor at Harvard University. And in this paper, he discusses the necessity to involve workers in the ownerships of the machines that are going to replace them inevitably, which is a very recommendable paper and a very important topic that is not exactly the topic of my talk. It's kind of an adjacent topic. Because when we talk about our information society today, it's not only important to look at who owns the data, who owns the data that drives our societies and our AIs, but also who owns the machines. Of course, these are questions of power and distribution. And what I want to talk about today is how open hardware can be used to empower and democratize. So I'm sure that you have come across different definitions and different projects of open hardware. I still hope to be able to share with you some maybe new and current examples. But just to start out with the basics, of course, open hardware is not a specific type of object, much like open source software. It refers to a set of design principles and legal principles that can refer to a number of different kind of objects. It can refer to robots. It can refer to chairs. It can confer to computers or even houses. And as in software, this set of design principles basically describes how an object needs to be licensed in order for it to be studied, for it to be modified, for it to be distributed and basically reinterpreted by anybody who wants to work with this set object. So kind of creating blueprints that we can share with the rest of the world. And ideally, although this is not the case in all projects, but ideally, open hardware uses available components, works with available and local materials, works with open infrastructures and open source design tools, so matching the software side with the hardware side in order to kind of maximize the idea of the concept. Open hardware is not a new idea, but it's become something that's increasingly developing and it's brought about with a shift of the way that we produce today. So basically, open design and open hardware has been around as a concept, but is now enabled through the open and distributed manufacturing tools that we have today. So you could kind of see it philosophically a little bit, that common-based peer production was first something that we started thinking about in our digital context in regard to software, but we now see the second wave moving through physical space. Of course, philosophers and economic professors like Eleanor Ostrom have written fantastic things about the idea of the commons and why this is an important concept within our society, and many people see open hardware a little bit as a full circle to this or open distributed manufacturing. So the idea that common-based peer production was something that we started out in the material world, the general idea of the commons, a shared space, a shared resources in a society, and then we took it into the digital and virtual space with software and with digital information, goods and products, and now we're taking it back into the physical space. So with the maker movement gaining such traction and the availability of 3D printing and other distributed design manufacturing, this has really gained traction. And there's of course a lot of critique in this movement as well. I'm sure you're all familiar with the idea that the maker movement has been criticized highly for its wastefulness, its use of plastics to create more rubbish in the world out there. So there's a lot of attention to see how can the maker movement actually really contribute to a more ecologically sustainable future. Maybe many of you gathered that made, went bankrupt, and I think there are a lot of reasons why that is so and a lot of arguments around that, but maybe one of them is because so far, made sort of with a more commercial end of the maker movement that was the face to the customer with the make affairs and the magazine kind of failed to connect the dots between the playful tinkering and educating kids, which is great about how to build robots and the sort of, yeah, elitist communities in Western societies with the idea of where open and distributed manufacturing can actually be most impactful and most needed and actually solving some of the world's problems, which is what I think the maker movement should be doing. At this point, I always love to quote a good friend of mine, Bilal Gabib, who is an amazing human, who has set up different maker spaces around the world and raised the question that with all this technology that we have at hand today, with the ability to 3D print all the things that we want to design and print, we need to sit back and reflect and consider what is it that we want to make in order not to fall into this trap of wastefulness but to fall into a space where we can actually create meaning and add useful resources to the world. So I first came into contact with the idea of open hardware when I stumbled across a project called the open ecology movement and basically their idea was to look at what are the most important machines for humanity? What are the machines that we need in the civilizations that we have created today and to create open source blueprints for those and to create what they call the global village construction set, a modular DIY, low cost, high performance platform that allows the fabrication of 50 different industrial machines which take to build a small sustainable civilization with all the modern conflicts necessary so everything from a tractor to a refrigerator and so forth. And when I first came across this, I thought like, wow, this is just freaking amazing. What a great idea. What a fantastic idea to do this. And when I started looking into it a little bit more, I became kind of, well, let's say like, it was a little bit of awakening where I thought like, oh, okay, this is a great idea in theory, but in practice, none of these machines have actually ever been built except maybe one in a farm, I think somewhere in Nebraska. So the idea of actually how to move from the blueprint and the idea and make this something that people can actually build with local materials, there seemed to be a gap in the middle. But this is a number of years ago and now with the technologies that have developed that I just introduced in the last couple of slides, this has changed. And the idea of not just creating these blueprints as a concept, but actually putting them into practice is happening more and more. You should check out also what they're doing. They're actually really trying to build these machines now and in different settings and sort of evolving the project. But by now, there are a whole bunch of different platforms out there that attempt to create global communities to enable people to share these open designs to create open hardware. And I just wanna share a couple of those with you. Instructables is kind of like the get-up for open hardware. So a community of open design, yeah, open design tools and instructions out there from really like simple stuff that anybody can start making any day to really complex things. There's Thingiverse, which is MakerBots design community for 3D printable things. I think it's one of the largest communities with 3D printable design instructions, of course, or also open source and creative comments licensed designs. Another really fantastic project for the especially open source world is Apropedia, which is created by a bunch of people that I'm gonna speak about a little bit more in my examples. It's a site for collaborative instructions for sustainability, poverty reduction, and international development through the use of appropriate technology and also seeing how you can use and reuse certain things and localize them and adapt them. So all built on a Viki, it's a really vibrant global community and I highly recommend that you check this out. And I think this is also something that's really important in this movement of open hardware that this is no longer like a playful exercise for elites in the West, but it is really a global movement adding a lot of meaning, especially to societies that maybe lack resources and access to other forms of technology. I just wanna give you two examples from the Global South, as it's called. One of them is Materia Brazil, which is an open source database of materials created by a bunch of fantastic people in Brazil. As the title says, but it's available in a bunch of different languages and it's a very, very useful and practical catalog of different kinds of fabrics, building materials, all kinds of materials out there and how you can produce and create them with, again, open source instructions. So there are all these platforms out there that share their ideas, but there are also communities that convene and come together. So maybe some of you fancy a trip to Cameroon next year, I can definitely recommend attending the Africa Open Science and Hardware Summit, which is a grassroots effort bringing together researchers, technologists, hackers, educators, but also trying to bring in government officials and the more business-y startup community just to connect the dots and see how some of the innovation spaces that exist on the continent, the open labs, the bio labs, can contribute to the research and citizen science processes and how they can unite their powers to create more effective open designs. So why is this important, especially in our day and age? I just wanna highlight two of the aspects why I personally think that open hardware is a very important topic and a very empowering topic in our day and age. I took this photo in a space called Agloboshi. It's part of the capital city of Ghana, Accra, and it's one of the largest scrapyards in the world.  So we in Europe ship tons and tons of electronic waste to African countries, such as Ghana and Togo, and they end up there with people working on them in the most ridiculous conditions. I could have made also just like a kind of photo show of what it is like to be in Agloboshi with people burning the plastic off the copper wires with their bare hands and no protection in order to get to the copper. And it's a very interesting space because you can really see how a whole economy and industry has developed around this with also a lot of exciting innovations happening within this space, but it's also really shocking to see not just how our oceans are drowning in plastic, but this is also how we're treating other countries around the world, especially countries where we're telling people not to come here from and instead polluting their environments with our consumer goods. So obviously ecological aspects really matter when you think about open hardware and this idea about creating locally with local resources and local carbon footprints in mind. There's some really great initiatives out there like for instance Precious Plastics which was started by a guy called Dave Hackens in 2013 and is basically a set of different machines for plastic recycling that he's created and created blueprints to Precious Plastics now is a really vibrant also global community with people having built these machines and tested them all over the world. The machines include a shredder for instance to shred plastic waste into flakes, an extrusion machine that you can process these plastic flakes with and create lines of plastic that you then can use for instance as filament in 3D printers, but also an ejection machine and things that you can mold new shapes out of. Precious Plastics as I said has become a global community and is a fantastic idea but it also raises some of the questions that I want to get to at the end of my presentation to leave you with in terms of scalability and the actual sort of ways that we can use this not just to maybe create examples of how we can use open hardware to recycle and improve our ecological situation kind of like an art project but really something that we could put into scale and create impact with. There are also people out there like Oisa Folliebebe who is an engineer from Togo trying to find ways to work with plastic waste in a creative way. He made the spider robot which basically moves exactly like a little spider from discarded printers that he found in Togo where we put I think about an estimate of a half a million tons of e-waste each year. So a very, very small country with a lot, a lot of e-waste and you can check out this BBC article about him, about Oisa where he's interviewed and there's a little video of him which is really cute when he's like, yeah I found all these printers and I built the spider robot and I printed these 3D parts for it. Oh and that 3D printer I also made from waste materials and then the interviewers asked him but where did you learn how to do this and he's like the internet and I think that's a very obvious example how empowering such technologies can be if people have access. So if people have access to the internet and if people have access to technologies and these design blueprints, sorry that they can work with. So having the access and having access to these technologies is important but having policies that enable us to work with such technologies is also important. I want to tie into what Renata said here about the ability to open your device and your right to repair which is a really, really important topic and a really important intersection between the digital rights topics Renata was speaking about and the open hardware movement that I'm presenting to you today. We need to move away from the throw away consumer culture that we have today and it's fantastic that some of the European countries like Sweden have made advances with this by for instance introducing this tax break on repairs for clothes, bicycles, fridges, washing machines, all kinds of things where they've basically reduced the VAT and have encouraged citizens to go back and repair things but we also need the legal rights to open up our machines and not have like full fit or guarantees on a product because we want to try to fix it ourselves. I'm sure most of you are familiar with the Fairphone and the Fairphone idea which is sadly not the best working phone in the world but a fantastic idea and a project that I always hope many other companies will take inspiration on but it's also something that we just need a better regulation for. We need to understand better which resources are used in our devices under what conditions they're being mined. We need to have perhaps a kind of traffic like system to guide consumers to products that were made in a more ethical fashion and products that allow you as a consumer to repair, to open, to learn from them, et cetera which is something that I really hope that the European Union will take inspiration from Sweden and will put into practice and something I hope that you would all help us to lobby for. So some of these are some of the ecological aspects why I think that open hardware is really important. I want to just skim through some of the aspects why it matters socially as well. As mentioned, this matters particularly in some of the countries which are low in resources, in machines and in other systems that we enjoy here. This is a Microsoft that was designed at MIT an open source Microsoft that is being used in Kenya today in different clinics, veterinary clinics that is open and adaptable. Maybe many of you are gathering also have read the articles of the last week so I don't want to talk too much about MIT today because it doesn't deserve its women. But of course it's been the producer of many such technologies that have gone around the world. But as I've pointed out already, these technologies don't just get created in high class research institutions in the West but also in many, many other countries around the world. I mentioned Apropedia. Apropedia is partially created by the people who have an organization called Field Ready and Field Ready uses 3D printing around the world to create medical devices.  They got kind of famous because they supplied the whole of Haiti with umbilical cord clasps after the earthquake and there were no deliveries of medical supplies happening. But also things like this little otoscope which is this device that you can look into the ear with that you see in orange up there. And creating medical devices that are locally available but also not the standard size fits all is a really, really important and empowering aspect. Generally with a lot of medical devices, of course they don't see the individual. They see an off the shelf solution that is produced in some factory and any kind of customization would be seen as too expensive. So this idea of open hardware and the maker movement is a huge opportunity to create medical devices, customized devices that are really individual and empower the individual who needs them. I'm just gonna skim through a couple of initiatives. This is a picture from Made For My Wheelchair which is a fantastic project initiated in Berlin by the FabLab community here an organization called Able and Make Here Industries. Basically brings together the people who need these adapted customized objects, the people who are sitting in wheelchairs with the makers and with the engineers to design things that they might need and then put the open source blueprints for those on their website and in their community. So this lights project, how to light up your wheelchair and make it more visible at night was one of them. But also this open source transport device that you can attach to your wheelchair in order to make it what we like to do now with our bicycles, the transport device and not just a mobility device. I'm really proud that a lot of these initiatives on open health devices are gathered under the umbrella of caribos which is a EU funded project that basically brings together, like I said, the maker communities, the people who need these customized healthcare devices, the people that uses the patients and the medical experts. The portal is going to be launched next month and it's going to be the world's largest repository of open source healthcare devices which an NGO that I have up, this Global Innovation Gathering is a part of. So yeah, so I highly encourage you to check it out once the platform is up and running but you can already find examples on it now. So again, I just want to sort of, I think I'm going to skip over this example for the sake of time because I know the next speaker after me needs to go and catch a flight so I'll cut it a little bit short. A last initiative I want to point you at is the MakerNet Alliance. The MakerNet Alliance came into being when organizations like Field Ready identified gaps in the economic system today. So the maker movement is out there and it's doing great things and it's creating a lot of these open hardware blueprints but the people who actually need them often don't know about this and also the local vendors and producers of materials also don't know about this. So how to connect the dots to actually create value chains which the maker movement and open hardware is involved in but also create local benefits and they ran a couple of pilot projects that I just want to share with you very quickly. This is Michael and for those of you who are going to be watching the Africa Haptrip movie at the end of the day today, you might recognize him in this movie. Michael is a fantastic person who currently works with Medicine Sans Frontier but also ran this pilot project for MakerNet in Kenya. So you see Michael here with a number of different devices. Basically what they did is to create a kind of hackathon with hospitals in Kenya and the makers to see what is it that people need there and they came up with a bunch of different things. One thing that I think is really exciting is kind of small and you wouldn't necessarily identify as a digital innovation. There's this little wooden thing at the side there. Does anybody know what it is? Shout it in. It's a fetoscope. So it's like one of the oldest medical devices that's used to listen to the heartbeat of the baby and the mother's womb and there's a shortage of these. So what Michael did is he 3D printed them but then he ran different tests to see what materials these fetoscopes should be made out of and of course would transport sound better than plastic. So he found a local carpenter to produce these fetoscopes from the 3D designs that he made and thereby created this local value chain that I just spoke of including the local materials and the local handicraft people. What Michael also did is he started reverse engineering bits that were broken in medical devices such as this oxygen pump which had a broken valve. So he reverse engineered this valve and 3D printed it and thereby fixed a machine that would have cost at least $500 to replace and would have taken weeks to get to Kenya with a really simple hack basically. He did the same thing with these suction units used in a maternity ward in Kenya where he 3D printed those little bits that were broken from resin and thereby also repaired the suction unit for a couple of dollar costs instead of having to import another high class medical device. So I wanna leave you just with a couple of questions because I think those examples show how powerful these technologies can be. But especially in the case of those devices in the hospital in Kenya, it brings up a lot of questions around our ability to do so. Again, the legal ability to repair such machines rather than just doing this as a hack in a place where maybe it's the better solution but what about the liabilities behind it? People like Field Ready, also people like Michael these communities working on it, they would love to find ways to see how their 3D printed products or how their things that are made from open blueprints especially used in medical contexts can still be reliable and how they can be made liable as producers to really give the consumers the security to use these products the same way you would with something that's bought in a store. So how do we create such systems of liability that work with such design principles and such products, that's one question. How do we create the legal frameworks that allow for such systems of repair is another question. And then how do we enable such projects to scale and really create the impact that we need is another really big open question. And with that, I wanna say, oops, thank you very much. And if you're interested in all of this, please feel free to check out the Global Innovation Gathering and get in touch. Thank you.


Beirlie, 24 hours after the People's Democratic Party opened the sale of nomination and expression of interest form for the 2023 general elections, the Northeast Business Forum has purchased the form for former Vice President Atiku Abubaka. Speaking shortly after receiving the presidential form, Atiku said that in 2018 some young men contributed money and bought a nomination form for him and that he was emotional about it. He added that the challenges before Nigerians are enormous and that its unity is threatened. He stated that the economy and security were in bad state, adding that the challenges require the unity of everybody within the country. We're joining us to discuss this is Baba Shaladig, we're a political analyst and Dayo Kayodi, a political technocrat. Thank you gentlemen for joining us. My pleasure to meet you. Great. Thanks for having me. Great, great, great. Baba Shaladig, let me start with you before I go to Mr Kayodi. This is not the first time the Vice President has been vying for this office. He's run for this office many times and again he's throwing his hat into the ring in fact one of the first persons to pick up this form. Even though many others who have indicated interest within the party are still consulting, he seems to have put his foot forward. I remember the video that was trending when he was asked if he was certain he would be able to pick this ticket up. He did answer saying, when has he never gotten the ticket? Now this has raised a lot of concerns for people as to the internal democracy within the People's Democratic Party. But let's talk about the man, Attico Abubakar. Okay, thank you once again. Attico Abubakar actually has been contesting for this position since 1992 under the platform of Social Democratic Party. And he lost to Moshew Dabiola that time. In 2007 to this, he has been trying to contest for this position. Being the former number two man in Nigeria, he has the experience to contest for the position that is a qualified person. They have been in Nigeria, been in the position and he has the understanding of Nigerians. But the main question is, will he be able to deliver as a president? And for contesting for this position for the past 1993 up to this time that we are talking about 29 years ago. So by next there is going to be 30 years that Attico Abubakar has been running for this position. The question now is, has he always been reviewing his political manifesto? I did the same thing that he has been talking about, has he been able to upgrade himself? And another question that we have is looking at his age. By this time next year, by the time we will be contesting the election next year, Attico Abubakar will be about 76 years of age. If I'm not wrong, yeah, we should be about 76 years of age. So at 76, looking at the participants of the president who came in at 75 or 76 too, looking at the age and what is happening under him, we remember how this must pay more than one year outside Nigeria for medical attention. Because at that age there are a lot of things that happens to people who are over 70 years, medical attention. So with the man be able to deliver at 76, it's a question that I cannot answer. That depends on all Nigerians to determine if he's able to deliver at 76.  That means at the age of 80, the man will still be president. Let us look at all the people who have been president in different countries, not only in Nigeria, but in different countries that are over 70 years of age. How many of them have been able to perform very well? You have a Joe Biden in the US, don't you think he's doing a great job? Don't forget, the inflation in the US has escalated under Biden. And a lot of African Americans are actually complaining about him now, most especially in the aspect of the economy. And they are also blaming him also in respect of what is happening in Ukraine. So a lot of things, although the president has a final decision, but the people attached to the president also has a role to play. But as a president, the final decision lies with him. Whatever you do at that time is what happens to the country. So whether Biden is at the age of 90 years, the question is, has he been able to supersede the last president of the United States? What we're talking about, Tarticu, let me go to Daya Kayadi. Mr Kayadi, I heard you trying to interject, but then my question is, the former vice-president recently has been making a lot of statements. He did say that if the PDP does not pick up or does not win the elections come 2023, he and those who are elder statesmen in the party will retire. And that means the PDP might fail and wrap up in 2023. He also did say that he talks about his age, that he will retire in no time from politics come 2023, if, again, he's unable to pick that ticket. So he's making a lot of statements about his age, which a lot of people look at, but should we be considering his age? Again, I want to throw this in. The president that we have in power now, President Mohammed Buhari, has been, in fact, the only person who has always wanted to be president. Four times he tried to be president. And finally he got the chance. But then Nigerians are looking at themselves, wondering, why did we even vote for this man? Because if you were so eager to be president, you should have been able to give us something to hold onto. So if we have another person like President Buhari being so eager for office, should we, again, throw our weight behind that kind of person? Okay. Thank you for the array of questions you have asked me, and I will be picking them one after the other. But before that, let me first of all appreciate those young business guys from the North East that have collected or paid for that form is excellency article, if you understand, for this presidential election. Now, the first thing is, for them to have collected that form, it has made them to be part of each. That means to say, along the line, they can tell is excellency from a vice president of Nigeria article that look, these are the things we are looking for. These are one, two, three that are the aspirations and expectations of the people from you. That is to say that article is not there as only himself, but as representing the interests of the people that collected that form for him. That is one. So, it's talking about his health and age. Ever since, how many times have you heard about article going for medical tourism? He's not a president. He's not the president of the country. No, no, no, sir. I just want, no, no. He's not the president, so we're not following his health trip stories. But when you become president, when you have to go for a health trip, it's our business because we have to be informed. But he's not our president, so we are not interested in what he's doing with his health. And even if he were going on such, it would not be news to us, would it? Are you with me? I am. I know what I am saying. You allow me, I'm building a case. You allow me to learn, please. Okay. Now, we have taken a lot of assurance. Now, going for health tourism in Yoruba, they always say something. Oh, do you not remember? I mean, I don't remember. Oh, do you know more about in Italy? That is, it is in the money that you'll be able to identify which eyes will take you some money till night. All right? Now, if you're also talking about age, if you're talking about age, for goodness sake, today, today I met a man. It's like a father to us in my neighborhood. That man is 83 years old. He's a child, he's come from Lagos, Waititi. That is a man. So that means to say, the body metabolism of every individual, will bring another age made of particular side by side. He might not be able to be as agile as he is. Okay. I have seen younger guys that cannot go on 100 meter dash as far as I will go. I am even older than with about 15 years. That is also a sign. This time around, we are talking about, let us put people that are really prepared in political offices. Not all those that are going there to represent some people's interest that, okay, you, I want you to go and consult for this position. But it is somebody who has been consultative for this position because he knows that he has the similarity for their office. No, I am not trying to make a say for him. It sounds like you are campaigning for him already. Who have been watching all these people of the sideline. So far so good, so far so good, I strongly believe that article, it should get there. And then with people like us, we are going to put him on the stone according to the needs, aspirations of the people. Okay. After Nigeria will move forward. Why? Is it God's experience as a vice president, ever since there have been upgraded itself as a gas development project, development activities in the old world, this Nigeria. So what are you talking about? So I want to ask a question quickly so that I can go back to Babashala. The people like you would put him on his toes. Where are people like you now when we have a president that everybody seems to be complaining about? Why are people like you not putting President Bahari, the one who is still in power, on his toes? Yes. I will answer that now. Now, I am sure you will not be following me for the past years and some other people like budget and all that. There is no doubt about it that when this president was coming in, actually everybody wanted a change, but never defined that change. Never defined that change. And it is not difficult for people to not be telling him this, but we have defined the needs and aspirations of the people. The aggregate of our needs, we have defined it. And let's say I'm sure the people that voted for him will have made him to understand. And now he has also known that there is limit it can do outside the people. The moment he knows that, and we also know our audience, that our president is not a president of his own, but a president for the people. That way we always be monitoring him and then be telling him from time to time the needs and aspirations of the people. All right, because of time, let me go back to Baba Shala. Baba Shala, let's look at, again, I'm looking at what the PDP chiften is capable of bringing to the table. Now, just as I said, a lot of people expected Mr President to dam the consequences for the want of a better way to describe it and steer the ship of Nigeria to the promised land. Now, this has not necessarily been the case. Who's to say that Vice President Atikwa Bubaka, who's not been able to win for how many years, will be able to pull the kind of weight that he was even able to pull last in 2019. We saw how close the call was. But then the Nigeria of 2019 is not the Nigeria of 2022. Neither would it be the Nigeria of 2023. How certain is the PDP that this aspirant and, of course, we're not talking about him as if he's been given the flag already. But what can he really bring to the table that would make Nigerians look in his direction? Okay. If I could look at the antecedents of PDP, I would tell you that the PDP is not different from the HPC. However, things can change. Women's base can change. They can have a new set of people coming into the political party to re-engineer the party and come up with a good manifesto. Well, like I do tell people personally, I am no longer interested in the manifesto. I am not interested in what you have been able to do before or what people say about you. Now, in 2023, if PDP is actually interested in taking over that position through any of his candidates, it means that they need to be able to achieve the political party structure. They need to do a lot of things by, for example, we need to start seeing their hands. Now the political party is silent. Since 2019, hardly do we hear of PDP again because it's like the opposition party has gone to sleep. The opposition party is no longer interested in what is happening to Nigeria's. All they do now is not in a word. They make us to let people know that they are still existing. If they actually want people to give them the recognition, if they actually want people to vote for that political party, they need to do more. They need to cry when the people are crying. Look at the cost of wealth, the economy, the inflation is on the high side. Nobody in PDP is saying anything. So is that the political party that we actually want to support for 2023? I can't even answer that question. But it all depends on who they present as their own candidate. If they present a candidate, if they present a candidate that is better than the candidate of APC, maybe PDP will come back to position. But if not, I doubt. All that remains to be seen. But I want to say thank you. Thank you so much, gentlemen, for being part of the conversation. There's a lot that's going to play out in the next couple of months. Thank you very much. Thank you all for staying with us on the show tonight. As we wrap up for the week, we'll bring you our weekly round off of the show, and you can be part of the conversations that we've had all through the week. Don't forget, you can watch our show's replays on YouTube Live. Of course you can go to Plus TV Africa and Plus TV Africa Lifestyle. I'm Marianne Cohn. I will see you next week on Plus Politics. I don't think that we really have any crisis within the party. What we have within the party is the ambition of the two individuals that have decided to take the government postage because what is about the crisis now is how to deal with 2023 and 2024. And you all know that the government is not planning to run for a third time now. And the government is not planning to run for any election now. But those people who have the ambition to run for 2023 and 2024 have had to take the government postage and specializing in to resolve the... to reconcile or harmonize the structures of the party that what we are having is that three people have decided for 2023 and 2024 and try to factorize the government to what they call harmonization or integration. In respect of the APK proposed March 26th National Convention, there was already a notification letter in that regard reading to her, reading to her next by Bunil-led Traffical Committee of the party which of course meets the 21 days notice as required by the law. So if they are working with that direction then the party can see with the position of the law who are ahead with the national convention in this month of March. But however, of reason we heard about the plans of some leaders in the third party to replace the government of different states Bunil with that of the United States counterpart Aruba Carconi-Belu as the party's chaotic chamber. This is according to a separation of government where we fight on channel television. Remember I said the ball into the accords? Any attempt to go by this direction no matter how smart the party leadership is we hold the chance of APC to conduct this party national congress as planned in this month of March. We don't understand why the people of Shaibu and Roba Cycle who want us to change the go-posts at the middle of a march before they came to People's Democratic Party to sit for help. We have already conducted congresses at the world level at the local government level and at the state level. Officers have won a election and have been married. In fact, we had aspirants who were preparing for congress to be candidates of our party for a few weeks to our election before we had to speak to our people. Even some of them threatened to go to court.  You don't know him. After helping him you understand who he truly is. Today, it's Oshomili Andrews vindicator. Well, let me just say that to a very large extent Soludo has a personality that is different from an experience that is different from the experience of so many Governors in the country. Because of his unique background as former Governor for the Central Bank of Nigeria and so he's an economist he's the first class, you know, graduate from the University of Nigeria and Superman Economics. He is somebody that has also received back a lot of international awards from international institutions because of what, you know, of his achievements as Governor of Siberia. And so there is a lot of, a lot at stake in the Soludo, you know, Soludo as a Governor of Anandra State. And what is critical is that a lot more people if Soludo fails then it will be difficult for people from Nigeria to begin to make a case for people with the kind of pedigree that Soludo has.


Water shortage will be one of the biggest challenges in the coming years. It is due to a massive use and overuse that will continue to grow.


En na na miku liza, sana kamu mefika, Kuna muru na dai kuwaliku kwa keja, So si kuem Jinga, Nakiru liu bikshe sana, Naku kwa keja na funguim lango, Kuna nuguu inna fitu, Chinieek tanda aukingya Tcheki, Izipa ratuna zidzhua, Nakikpa tatu wangu niga na kupanga, Na kukaanga, Na kura, na kukaanga. Yei, kwa katsbasiya, Meni ma peti, Toku haekia, Yaa. Eh, sipa lahaki naskiya kaninge, Kwenaku ppumblesakigdu na kuntira. So that. Ahaa, na kaifekt flani kanazwa ondi imo That's our feeling right now Hey, just Okay, first of all, introduce yourself to the people before we get into all these red flags Ya, mi na itwa bullet king mi ni artist na fanya niko versatile, na zado hip-hop na zahimba na zado yan nijana na su ni imbe ba ya why not why not why not why not why not so baby girl why not why not so baby girl why not why not why die die die die she's a vibe, she's a vibe for real niki wanae sii skin kanta why die girl, ame ni sii kama tekana jiski afreshi every day when I'm listening ya Okay, sorry I've gotten kind of a way I'm not in the lead to it I'm having a good type and the hashtag is Thursday vibes So we're asking this on our social and Dr. Sumer took a dogo sign dofike malimin me fikan ezi comments But we can't say that you know you're supposed to be rich my guy you're supposed to be rich Sijwim bona life hi ja fika mali om e fika but you're supposed to be rich kupigaluku ebi disrespectfully this shows if he's not he's supposed to be but nashuku he may be kupigaluku ebi disrespectfully give me something else you do or kata bietu na penda na penda parties na penda parties na penda parties na penda parties So we're we can't say that I'm rich and you're supposed to be rich but you're supposed to be rich I kinda like that kinda slap when it's supposed to be but now you overdue a little bit Okay, alright So how long have you been in the game It's been like two years Guys, what's your tune I make a public apology So I'm a bullet king He had a mechanic He came to me in 2021 and I need to come March and I am seeing it now as he is on set So this is a public apology to bullet king, the world He accepted Now when he made a deal from today Nashuku liki asa I continue two years in the game Nilianza 2020 Safanko nangomakada Ni naku drive Jukunamitokapa kasema His haso kinda goes into what he sings So he was kwa kupita kastoma kastoma venya kwa wengi kwa buzz ni ni wapi What drives you What gives you the omp Do you write your own music? Ya, right I inspire Kitu zina happen kwa hud in my wood Mtanuwa Neshambali rasta bat okay Mamimdi onak So kitu nateki kwa hud na happen, vituna skia vituna rafkizangu anagodru napia kitu ni anagodru and how I feel Ya, when I feel design flan, I say Hito pa, kusisha kwa naze, naze, hini za kwa naze, hini za kwa naze. Sasa red flag, uli kwa what kind of space, what were you seeing around you, how were you feeling? Uli kwa muna red flag? Red flag li kwa inspired na, kuna hizi, itrenda wa sewa li kwa na do, apu kitambuktambu. Aga sa thisa hizi wana fanya. Hizi loyalty test. So nili kwa na napenda sana kuzi wots. So wuna pata, wuna pata na ma besta wili. Ui om sewa na interviewa na ako like. Wuna zapi gaya chaliyawu yu, u try kufi kuni ni. Kufileks na ek dogo na kama tengia box. Yo, that's a bad game. Ya, that's a bad game. Wuna skia hello beb. I'm like yo. Kwanza ni beb. Ya, ni beb. Ata atu janzaku, jaribu kumusuka. Box kumbia li kwa na ni? Dania. Iyendo li inspire. Red flag, nili kwa npenda kuzi cheki. So ni kawana man. It's a bad game. So last man, ni put out there. What was his key? Would you play that game? You would personally yourself? No. Kwanzini? Ata atu di acha. I think I know why. It's fine, it's fine. Ni matcha, ni matcha, ni matcha, ni matcha. I've been asking, okay. I've asked only one person so far. This particular question. But it is a political year. And I asked him. Okay. I asked him one side. But what I want to ask you is. Sini vijana. And possibly there's a lot of influence. I'm trying to choose my words. Can you tell? There's a lot of influence going around. So for example, since there are alleged stories of politicians or people in power using sisi-sika yut, just to cause chaos. I said alleged. Ni saw us have not pointed names or fingers. Allegedly. Umge kubali kuanda kwaizovitu. No na do anakule parasta because we gotta eat. Sendio? Hei. A mi personally mi sisianda. Kwanini. Okay, although naka baby boy fast. Kwaizovitu. But hei. Why? Mi sisianda juo. Okay. Unai zayanda kufanya violence. Upate. Wasi una try kuhat. Unai zapa tatam sefamili ako apu. Umge. Aw juu iso unai zayanda kuhat unutukumba unai. Nikawuna jihat. Umge. Ya. Yo mi. Think it through. Is this something that you've thought through? Ju me jibu. I'm not quite too deep. Ah! Adani jibu. Aga too heavy. Aga. Cannot be a man of few words on set. No! No, no, no, no. In fact, unendakuni mi ateni. Give me something. Nikuni mi ateni. Give me something of, something else you know. See red flag. Okay, let me do like a gang at home. Ah, it's fine. Ya. Bona uko single. Bona uko single. Bona uko single. Bona uko single. Bona uko single. Bona uko single. Bona uko single. Niki komba nambaw takikuni pera. Nandoi yi blue tooth ina daiku pera. Niki komba nambaw takikuni pera. Nandoi yi blue tooth ina daiku pera. Anashindi yanga. Joni kanili rogo. Niki patahuyu skumili na toko. Ina bidiniya ugetena nirudisoko. Kone ni nisi nanamin na toshamboga. Niti wewak too first. Kwesi sadisi wezi kuku approach. Niki kustix bano cheki nyoma. Niki kumbia niku fiki iwa na shout muizi. Niki chai kukuni ni nisha ni toozi. Kone joni ni nini na nase moko single. Bona uko single. Bona uko single. Bona uko single wewak. Bona uko single. Bona uko single. Bona uko single wewak. Niki komba nambaw takikuni pera. Nandoi yi blue tooth ina daiku pera. Niki komba nambaw takikuni pera. Nandoi yi blue tooth ina daiku pera. That was an act of violence. I don't know what just happened. All I told him was give me a track. Anything that's not that flag. O nasasa. O nasasa. Baide mtanda wa takete ke nasalamuza ko tukenda. Ya ya. Tad. Bum. Just because you have talent. Na sound fit. It will be later. Violent. Ya mtanda waza wungu nani pata. Kama bulletki. Bullet ni B double O. L E T. Tan king. Niko kila maali. Kila maali. Spotify apu music. Kila maali napa tango mazangu. Kuna zimi follow ISG. Wait. I think for this one. Because kuna mutua me whisper it to my ear. As if I didn't know what was going on. As I took it after it. Slowly. Bu. Let. King. Naya bu let ni B double O. L E T. King. That's on YouTube, right? Ya. I make one. Sosa ni kufuatitu. Ya. Okay, I make four tabas. Kwa liya YouTube, bullet king. Kila maali Facebook. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter. Nand patakama bullet king. But today we've gotten at least two subscribers. Two new subscribers, me me. Nani wungu ya manya me. Nani hopu me subscribe. I appreciate it. And at home please. Akuna talent. Although many. I don't even want to think about that anymore. Let's just come back with Stephanie and then wrap this day up. And thank God we are six feet above the ground. Thank you for coming, bullet king. Nani sali mi hatu. Kata. What sali mi habat? Ya na tu ma big shout out to my bro Phil. Nim say anani push sana. Anani sa idea sana. In koi jani. Ta huk sali mi ya. My dad, my mom. I know they are watching. Ya. My sister. Now fans water out itu. Na sali mi ya sana. And I love you. Ya. Awww. Awww. I like telling them that. We love you too. Wait, wait. Eh? Sasa na nani na red flag. Tenna wu me asa vitugani. Ma li joa wama va red. Anyway. It's alright. Hashtag is Thursday vibes. We will come back with Stephanie to finish it up. Na guapa ta kumambia ni rapia. I mean traumatine. Eh, eh, eh. Anyway. Just do for me red flag a little bit and then they can fade in with it. Ya. Ni besti ako na nacha tingi na manzi ako. Red flag. Besti besti na ushinda nga nacha liya. Red flag. Tumadotikite KBZ naiva na. Red flag. Natu mafebana udemai zinda nga na. Red flag. Ni besti ako na nacha tingi na manzi ako. Red flag. Besti besti na.


Juan Gallardo, thank you very much for being on WPC-TV. Thank you. Pleasure to be with you again. You are a leading Mexican businessman, but also you are one of the negotiators of the original NAFTA agreement, North American Free Trade Agreement. What is wrong with NAFTA? Most economists think, probably all of them will say it's been a great success, Donald Trump doesn't think so. So what's wrong? How can it be improved? I think first let me say I was not a negotiator, I was just, I had the privilege of coordinating the Mexican private sector in a very close teamwork with our negotiating team. And I think that NAFTA has been an extraordinary success. I mean, I won't go into any numbers or anything, everybody knows it and so on. It withstands any kind of analysis. But as any agreement that you made almost a quarter of a century ago, you look back on it and the world has changed and things could be improved and deepened and modernized and transformed and so on. So I think there's a very, very unique opportunity here today. But Donald Trump, of course, doesn't like, say, deficits. Well, I don't think you measure an agreement by the deficits. I mean, that is perfectly clear. It makes it, that is not the measurement in what you do. You should measure by volume. You should measure by jobs created. You should measure by chains of production. You should measure by internal contract, et cetera. From your point of view, how could it be improved? Well, I think there's several things. For example, the whole issue of transformation in the world, e-commerce, for example, obviously a big subject that can be deepened and improved and that wasn't even included in the first go-around for the simple reason it didn't exist. You know, the second, I mean, Mexico at the time and today has undergone major changes. One of the most important is in energy and in telecommunications. At the time, those two issues were not on the table. Today, they're not only on the table, they're being totally transformed. And locking them in with a further naft, I think, makes a lot of sense. Then another thing, which is very important, is the whole dispute settlement system. What we put together in the first go-around needs more teeth, needs more enforceability, needs more speed, needs more transparency. And I think that there's the opportunity to do that. Here you have at the table today a little over 700 technical people from three countries who know each other, respect each other, and who have worked together for many, many years and who can certainly come up with the solutions to this modernization transformation. So I think it would be absolutely absurd that three countries who have had the level of integration that we have had would not be able to find the steps ahead to further it and improve what was done. Professor, do you think that the absurdity will be avoided? I totally, I think it will take some time. There certainly will be some difficulties along the way, as we're already sensing. But I think that common sense will prevail and common interest will prevail. The big difference, you see, when we did the nafta thing 25 years ago, we were selling a vision. Today we're defending a reality. It's a completely different game set. I wish you the very best of luck in defending the reality. I'm sure it's in everybody's interest to have nafta. Win, win, win. That's the idea. Win, win, win. Thank you very, very much. Thank you very much for your time. Thank you.


So having an effect, neurotransmitter causing an action in an effector or causing another action potential in a postsynaptic neuron, we have an effect. But here's the thing. If you just dump neurotransmitter into the synapse and it stayed there, it would keep on stimulating an effect. Does that work for you? Dude, if you keep on stimulating an effect, you have basically no control. The nervous system doesn't work like that. So as quickly as an action potential can travel down a neuron and dump neurotransmitter into the synapse, it removes the neurotransmitter just as fast. That way, if I want to send the message again, I'm going to send another action potential and dump more neurotransmitter. I'm not going to end up with like, I'm going to send this really precise specific message, go, and then end up with this kind of oozy, like who knows how long it's going to last, how long is the neurotransmitter going to hang out in that synapse, maybe till it just diffuses away, see you later, it might take a while. I'm going to send the message and then clean up immediately after so I can send another message. It allows for more precise control to how do we get the neurotransmitter out of there. Well, there's a couple of strategies that we can use. Number one, here's our job. Get rid of the neurotransmitter. Strategy number one, reabsorb it into the pre-synaptic neuron, pre-synaptic neuron. That's a great strategy. There are little, possibly, receptors that can bind with my neurotransmitter and reverse the process. Dude, that was endocytosis, aka, yumpscialization. Just yumpscialize the neurotransmitter and get it back into that neuron. Do, you know, if you need to process it again or whatever, but you can actually reuse it if you want. It's one way to get rid of it, another way. Remove it, chop it up with an enzyme. Dude, let's throw some Pac-Man's in there. Here comes Pac-Man. Here comes another one. And they go, just like that, complete with those sound effects and they yumpscialize all the neurotransmitter and they go, oh, my, my, no more effect. The neurotransmitter's gone. We can also, there's one more. Oh, the glial cells can actually clean up. The astrocytes, the microglia, they can actually come along and help remove neurotransmitter from the synapse. That's one of the reasons why, you know, the neuron, the star of the show. But glial cells, whoa, there's 90% of all of your neural tissue is made up of glial cells. They're probably pretty important. And the act of removing neurotransmitter, that's a really important job. So now, we're going to take a closer look at some specific neurotransmitters, specific neurotransmitters that we're going to see throughout the rest of the course, acting in specific scenarios. So let's start out by looking at acetylcholine.


Good afternoon, everyone. We're going to go ahead and get started. I'm here with Spike Curtis. You guys should have seen him yesterday on the keynote. And I'm Dan Berg. And we're going to take you through a session here to talk about security and services mesh. So what's the problem that we're all trying to solve? We're moving towards highly distributed systems. And those systems, especially moving into the cloud, are complex. They're complex to monitor. They're complex to manage. They're complex to secure. Why is that? Well, we're dealing with all kinds of problems. In our code, we're dealing with network problems, dealing with lapses in the network itself. How do we deal with that? We're building in retries in our logic. We're dealing with what we're building in. Retries, fault injections, directly into our code. We're dealing with authentication issues. Authentication, authorization. But as developers, we're building that into each of our services. We're building that into our code. So every single one has their own mechanism, their own complexities for dealing with that. How do you even observe what's going on in these highly distributed systems? So even understanding the services, how they communicate, what are the lapses in the network, it's very difficult, it's very complicated. So fault tolerance as well is another issue that dealing with a highly distributed system, you have to assume that every single one of the components in your system, it's going to fail. It will fail eventually. So how do you build in that fault tolerance? Again, as developers, you're building that into your code. You're building that into the logic. And it's very inconsistent. And at the end of the day, you got to deliver these changes. Your operations, you have to deliver into these highly distributed environments, into multiple different clusters, multiple different clouds. You need to reduce the risk as you're delivering that in. And it's very complicated to do that. So how do we do this? What is the service mesh that we do this with? And what we use and what we work on is Istio. And unless you've been in a vacuum during this conference or you just arrived this morning, this may be the first time you've heard of Istio. But hopefully, this is probably the 100th time you've heard of Istio. But Istio is a service mesh that allows us to connect, manage, monitor, and secure all of your services in your environments. So why do we have Istio? Why do we have this service mesh? Ultimately, it's to deal with the problems that we just discussed here. But in the end, it's about resiliency. Resiliency and efficiency, dealing with how do you ensure that each of your services can communicate and can communicate well and deal with failures in your environment? How do you manage, because it's so distributed, you've got a lot of microservices, you've got a lot of services in your environment, how do you manage the operations around them? And we wanna move, instead of individual configurations of each of your services, we wanna move to a policy-driven approach so that it's much easier to operate. You need the visibility in your environment. So Istio provides that fleet-wide visibility into all the services that are available in your environment and the policies for managing those. And definitely, you have to have security by default. And you need that security distributed down to the endpoints. So we wanna ensure that with Istio, all of your services are always secure from day one. And a lot of this is moving the complexity that we talked about earlier from your code and moving that out of the code and distributing that down to the mesh, down to the endpoints. So let's take a look at Istio. What is the architecture of Istio? Most of you have probably seen this, so we'll go through this very quickly. Istio is distributed into two main sections. There's a control plane and there's a data plane. And the control plane is the APIs and the management of that, of Istio. It has three main components, pilot, which is used for managing the routing of your environment, routing between your services. Mixer is responsible for collecting the telemetry, the metrics. It's also responsible for managing the policy, the fleet-wide policy enforcements and definitions. And Istio Auth is responsible for providing the security, the identity management and the security of your services, the mutual TLS. And that is all used to control and manage the functionality in the data plane. The data plane is where your applications actually run, where your containers, where your pods actually run in your environment. And the way Istio works is we inject a sidecar, which is built using the Envoy technology. And it provides that control point that we use for communicating from one service to another service. And it's all programmed using the control plane, the components in the Istio control plane. So that's the general architecture. We don't wanna go too much more detail in it. What we wanna do now is to hand it over and talk about what are the key things for securing Istio. We're not gonna do a general Istio session here. We're gonna focus on how do we secure this platform? I'm gonna turn it over to Spike to take you through more of that detail. All right, awesome, thanks Dan. So what I'd like to do is spend a little time talking about some of the security features that are available in Istio today. Then we'll do a quick demo, talk about some vulnerabilities and how Istio can help you mitigate those vulnerabilities. And then I'm gonna hand it back to Dan and he's gonna talk about the roadmap for the future. So, my favorite, the big mainline feature that we've gotten into Istio around security is the ability to set up mutually authenticated TLS connections for all of the workloads in the service mesh. What that means is that you can turn this on and without making any changes to your application code, you can encrypt the data and authenticate both ends of the connection. We do this in a really standard way. It's standard TLS and we're doing authentication not only of the server side but also the client side. So this is also interoperable with other implementations of TLS. So if you've ever thought about implementing TLS in your infrastructure, you probably know that the difficult piece is not actually getting support for the TLS protocol. That's pretty easy. It's built into basically every library that communicates over the network. But the tricky bit is getting the bootstrapping of trust, those security certificates into each of the workloads. And that's where we spent a lot of time in Istio is actually building out the infrastructure to deliver those secrets so that you can authenticate both ends of the connection. So we do that with a component called IstioCA and it is compliant with the SPIFI protocol which is a set of standards that we are currently developing along with the rest of the SPIFI community. But basically, this is a way to standardize the way we identify workloads in our environment. So each workload gets a SPIFI ID. We mint a certificate and then put that into the workload. Now in Kubernetes today, we're using Kubernetes secrets to mount those certificates and in other workloads like VMs, we'll have a node agent that will securely deliver the certificates to the workload. Once you actually have those certificates, then Envoy is responsible for bringing up the encrypted connection and authenticating both ends. And we also do a secure naming check. So when you make a connection to another pod in the mesh, we know what the service is that you're trying to connect to. We examine the Kubernetes API to know what service accounts are actually running that service and make sure that the pod that we're connecting to is actually one of the ones that is running your service. So we're doing a secure naming check is what we call it to make sure that you're talking to a legitimate authority for the service that you're trying to reach. Istio also has an ingress service and as a sort of standard feature of ingress, we can terminate TLS. This is a bit of a work in progress for us because we in Istio today allow you to insert a single certificate into the Istio ingress and serve anything up there. A lot of what we're moving to is having more than one service being able to be exposed by your cluster. And so for that, we need the TLS SNI and that's coming later and Dan will talk a little bit more about that on the roadmap. So the mutual TLS gives you the encryption piece and the authentication piece which is figuring out who you're talking to. In order to build a secure system, you also need an authorization component. So not just knowing who you're talking to but being able to answer the question, should I be allowing that request? And so in the Istio architecture, we use mixer for this. So when a request comes into an envoy, before we give that request to the actual workload that is serving that request, we make a check against mixer. And pass all the attributes of the incoming request and then mixer passes it on to one of several backends. There are built-in backends like whitelists and blacklists and a bunch of different authorization backends that are being built speak as we now. So once the check comes in, mixer renders a decision on it, returns it to Envoy. If it's okay, then it passes that request onto your service which serves up the response. If not, then it returns a 403. And we do a lot of caching here so it's not like this is happening on every single request. There's a cache that your local Envoy is keeping and then mixer will return back an answer and if another request comes in that has the attributes that were used to render that decision the same, then it'll just make the same decision and not pass it on to mixer. Mixer is also used for telemetry. And the reason that I'm bringing telemetry up in a security talk, in addition to the operational concerns that you have just of being able to debug your application, observability is super important from a security perspective. You have to be able to know what's going on in your cluster and you have to be able to see into it to have any chance of detecting bad actors if they are able to slip in. So Mixer supports Stackdriver and just outputting to the standard IO and again a bunch of additional logging components are being built right now. So your favorite logging backends hopefully will be supported with Mixer before too much longer. We also wanna talk about egress policy. Now egress in this case, we're talking about egress from the service mesh itself. So for connections in the service mesh, we have that mechanism of mutual TLS and authentication to know who you're talking to but you will often have services that wanna make external API calls to take advantage of other services. So if you're running in IBM, maybe you wanna make calls to the Watson services if you're running in GKE, maybe you wanna take advantage of some of the Google Cloud features. So you wanna be able to control what the things in your mesh are making calls to. So enabling the things that actually are used in your application and disabling the ability for your pods to make connections to other places. And the reason that you care about that is that attackers might be able to slip code into your pods through a number of vectors, maybe by corrupting your build system or maybe by corrupting some public images that you use in your system or maybe even by phishing your system admin or something like that. And when these things, when they come up, they often try and make a connection out to some command and control server or exfiltrate your data and you can shut that down by using egress policy. All right. So let's do a quick demonstration. What I'm gonna show is a cluster that is running Kubernetes and then we have Calico installed in the cluster as well as Istio and then an application that looks like this in the cluster. And this is gonna talk about mutual TLS and it's also gonna talk about authorization and the reason that you need both of these things in order to be able to secure what you're doing. So let's see. Get out a full screen. So I've got my application running in the cluster and it has very simple architecture. It is a microservice. So I've got a front end pod which is called the customer UI. So that's where people actually, my customers actually connect to and sort of see on the web. And that connects to a single microservice in the backend which summarizes that person's account. And then I have a database which is actually persisting all the account information. And then I'm not showing in the demo but there's a teller UI that the teller uses when I go to the bank and either withdraw or deposit money and that creates transactions which are processed in a microservice and that actually updates the database. So it's called YAO Bank, yet another online bank. And it's very simple as I said. It just shows me my account summary which is my current balance. So I had this running in Istio and I have mutual TLS enabled. So what that means is that if I grab the IP address of the database, even though I actually do have network connectivity to the database from my laptop, so I can ping the database, if I try and make a request to the database, and notice that I have to use HTTPS here because I have mutual TLS set up in my cluster. What I get back is handshake failure. And that's because the HTTPS listener that is in front of that database is expecting an HTTPS connection and it's expecting it to present a certificate that proves that I'm part of the service mesh. My laptop doesn't have one of those, so I get handshake failure and that gets shut down. So we're already doing pretty well here. We're able to encrypt the data and also prevent people from outside the cluster from making contact to any of the microservices that are running inside the mesh. But there are still some vulnerabilities that we wanna be able to deal with that just mutual TLS is not going to help you with. So one of the problems is that we're not doing any authorization, we're only doing authentication, we're basically asking is the person that I'm talking to a member of the cluster and if they are, I'm gonna allow the connection. So that means that if an attacker is able to take over one of my pods by exploiting some vulnerability in the pod, they'll be able to make connections anywhere else in my cluster and be able to use that as a base of operations to start launching additional attacks and I don't want that. So instead of actually exploiting a vulnerability in my cluster, since I'm not a hacker, I'm going to cheat and use kubectl exec to show what it would look like if I was able to exploit a vulnerability. So I'm gonna kubectl exec into the customer pod and basically even though I didn't exploit a vulnerability from here on out, this is basically what it would have been like from what we know of the Equifax attack. So the attackers there exploited a vulnerability in Apache struts and then used that to install a web console and then use that web console to launch attacks in the rest of Equifax's network. So I'm gonna launch an attack against the database from here and notice that I only need to use HTTP because I have the envoy that will happily encrypt and authorize this connection for me. And I'll do recursive equals true and pipe that through Python's JSON tool so that you can see what information I get back. And so just from being able to exploit one pod, I'm able to connect to the database and I can get names, I can get account numbers, I can get balances. I basically owned this database from one exploit. So that's definitely bad. Another class of attacks is even though I may not be able to completely exploit a pod and get remote code execution, it's often easier to convince a pod to tell you something that you shouldn't know, to have it read out portions of its memory or read files from disks. So the heart bleed vulnerability that we had a few years ago is a good example of this where there was a vulnerability in OpenSSL and if you had a server that was running with OpenSSL that had a vulnerable version, then attackers could convince it to read out portions of the memory and that was used to steal certificates and secrets. So to simulate what that might be like, again I'm gonna use the Kubernetes API instead of finding on vulnerability. So I wrote a little program that just goes to the Kubernetes API and gets a set of secrets for a service account and I'm gonna grab the secrets for the summary service account. So when I do that I get both the key and the certificate chain as if I had stolen it. And now if I repeat that connection attempt and provide the key and the certificate, then I'm able to now connect to the database and I can do something sort of even more transgressive. So since I already know account names and numbers, I'm gonna change my balance. 1,000, that's a million dollars the creeps. Yeah, actually mistyped my account number. There we go, there we go. So now when I run that and go back to my bank account you'll see that I'm able to go ahead and just modify my balance at the bank. So again, we don't want that. So the way we're gonna deal with both of these attacks is in the same way it's by applying authorization policy. So in this case we're gonna use Calico application layer policy and I'll show you what the policy actually looks like, it's pretty simple. So we're applying network policy and just like in Kubernetes network policy we're gonna use selectors to select which pods the policy applies to. So this first policy just applies to the customer micro service and then I list a set of rules. So I'm gonna allow any HTTP method or any request that come in and better gets onto the customer micro service, no matter who it is from. For the summary micro service since that's not exposed to the world I don't want anybody except for things inside my cluster to talk to it and in particular I only want the customer UI micro service to talk to it because I know that that's the only person using that in my cluster. So I'm going to allow connections only from the customer micro service account. And then for the database I know that the summary micro service is the one talking to it so I'm only gonna allow connections from the service account from there. And I can select service accounts either by name or by labels if I have a lot of service accounts or you'd rather control your policy via labels. So once I apply that policy let's repeat some of these attacks. I'm actually gonna drop the JSON formatting because I don't actually get the JSON response back. I get 403 forbidden. So Istio does the check with the service account that's provided and the customer micro service is not allowed to talk to the database so I get 403 forbidden. Now I'm also gonna repeat this attack where I've stolen a certificate. And when I do that it also fails. Now you might wonder, well how do I do that because I actually did steal this cryptographic identity. Well in Calico I'm able to enforce that multiple layers so not just looking at the cryptographic identity but Calico is monitoring the Kubernetes API and it knows what pods are being run by what service accounts and what IP addresses those pods have. So it's able to verify against the network layer as well because I'm trying to make a request from a place that is not valid for that service account. I can shut it down. Let's jump back to the presentation. And one of the things I want you to take away from this is not only that authorization is really important but also the way that we've built security policy into Istio is based on Kubernetes ideas. So we're using service accounts for identities. All of the Istio configuration is stored as custom resources so you can look at them with kubectl you can use all your favorite Kubernetes API tools to look at what that config is. You can use your CI CD systems that are designed to talk to the Kubernetes API and push config into Kubernetes to work with them as well. And the way authorization policy is defined so Calico policy which I just showed is based on Kubernetes network policy and we're also working on Istio RBAC so if you don't like the network policy paradigm and you'd rather a role-based access control system then you can use Istio RBAC and that is designed to look like Kubernetes RBAC.  Thanks Spike. So that was pretty amazing, right? I mean all of that was done, keep in mind Spike didn't have to write or change any of his code. All those security features again were made available in the mesh and it provides a way to program the mesh and have it apply to all the endpoints making the developers much more productive. There's already a lot available today in Istio around securing your services. It's pretty rich out of the box already available today but there's a lot more work that we wanna do. There's more features we wanna add to this. Again, we want that secure by default. We want services highly secure by default. So some of the things that we're working on in the near future. So this first slide is all about what we're doing in 4Q. We're already in 4Q. You saw the snow yesterday so clearly we're in 4Q. So around mutual TLS. One of the things with the mutual TLS right now one of the problems is when you're in the mesh you're in the mesh. That means you're communicating mutual TLS between your services. But the problem is what if you have to call a service that's not in the mesh. It's not participating in the mesh itself. Therefore it doesn't have the capabilities to do the mutual TLS. Today those will fail. What we're working on and what we're gonna be delivering very soon is the ability to enable or disable individual services so you can have a service in the mesh be able to call a service not in the mesh. And it will disable that invocation from mutual TLS. So you can allow those external services to be communicated. The other aspect is as well, one of the key things with Istio is that we want and we allow for you to incrementally adopt portions of the mesh and the capabilities along the way. So as you grow and you mature and you start adopting more of Istio you can turn on those features. Well one of those might be mutual TLS. So you might have a cluster in which case you don't have Istio authentication turned on.  We wanna provide the ability that there's zero downtime to turn it on. Which is pretty impressive if you think about it.  We're gonna enable the ability to just turn it on with zero downtime and mutual TLS will be turned on across the mesh. A huge one for us right now is also SNI for the ingress. Spike was commenting on this earlier. This gives us the ability to define ingress rules into the mesh and use multiple different host names. Today we're limited to a single host for that. Authorization policy choices. We want to expand the different choices that you have to be able to authorize the identity of those services and more importantly users eventually. So right now we have basically service accounts but we wanna move towards role-based access. So our back as a way to authentic, authorize your services within the mesh itself and Spike touched on that a little bit moving towards the Istio RBAC or the way to define service roles and service role bindings using RBAC. OPA is another technology that we're looking at the open policy agent as well as the Calico unified policy two other ways of doing authorization within your mesh. On the open policy agent there's actually a talk this afternoon that Lemon who's my colleague on the Istio security policy team will be giving. So if you're interested in open policy agent definitely check that one out. And lastly on this slide basically drinking our own champagne Istio on Istio using Istio to manage the control plane for Istio. So managing pilot mixer and the CA components. Now moving forward looking into next year one quarter out we're looking at some other capabilities as well. So around mutual TLS the ability mentioned it a little bit but more work around interoperating with non mesh services. So services that are not in the mesh. But a key one is to allow you to work with clusters and services that are not just contained within a single cluster. So you have multi cluster services running outside the cluster. We want to enable the ability to authenticate with a common identity across multiple cluster boundaries. So that work is ongoing and user authentication. So right now in our examples that we were showing here you're authenticating and using the identity of your services so using service accounts and some of the other capabilities that I mentioned on the other slide with our back and others. That's still the service account so we're authenticating and using the identity of the services. But we want to enable the ability for you as a customer of Istio to use your users identity for defining and defining the policies and authenticating within the mesh itself. So it's your users identity that's gonna be coming using JWT in this case. Going even further with doing authentication and using different tools around that. We want to leverage the various identity management systems for from the cloud providers. So almost every cloud provider has an identity management system. We want to be able to integrate that into the service mesh and be able to use those identities as well. And then lastly leveraging external certificate authorities. Very much like the Kubernetes community is doing with secrets, we want to enable external authorities as well to manage the certificates. So that's basically our roadmap. If there's other things that you're interested in or you would like to see, please get in contact with us. There's multiple ways to contact the folks working on Istio. We have Istio users groups. We have a Twitter account. Definitely tweet us if there's more that you would like to see in the security of the mesh. Definitely reach out, get involved. Go out to the Istio.io site, start using it. Check out all the cool features showing how you can secure your services. But definitely get involved, give us some feedback. Thank you everyone.