Yes. Hello. Good morning. Good afternoon and good evening. I'm Yvonne Hadz-Pietro, Director of Public Affairs at the International Fertilizer Association, and it is my great pleasure today to moderate the second webinar of this new plant nutrition innovation series co-organized by the FAO and the International Fertilizer Association. And it is, by the way, also, again, a privilege and honor to have with us Dr. Chah, Director of FAO's Plant Production and Protection Division. But before we start, let me just briefly remind you of a few housekeeping rules. The whole webinar will be held in English, but interpretation is available in Arabic, Chinese, and French. And you can find it, by the way, at the bottom bar on your screen. During the webinar, if you have specific questions for any of our panelists, please write them in the Q&A box and preferably be not in the chat box. Again, the Q&A box is important here because otherwise we get questions to both, so Q&A box. And the webinar is also recorded. And if you would like to watch it again, of course, you can review it from FAO channels on YouTube. Today, we will take a closer look into one of the most important sources for plant, human, and animal health, water. Currently, agriculture accounts for about 70% of all withdrawals from freshwater worldwide. And this makes climate change impacts and water scarcity one of the major concerns for agriculture. Actually, when we talk about ensuring future global food and nutrition security, well, this is very much a question of improving on farm water management. Much of the extraordinary growth in agricultural productivity achieved during the past 50 years has been powered by applying plant nutrients and increasing irrigation from surface water and groundwater sources. And what we will see also today is how closely water and fertilizer management are linked. The process actually of nutrient uptake, nutrient accumulation or nutrient depletion is very much related to transport processes in water. And we will hear today how fertilization can help sustainably grow more food in changing climates. Our eminent speakers, by the way, from the research and private sector, will explain what fertilization exactly is, how it works, and how it can be optimized. And we will also learn about the variety of high performing technologies and best management practices that exist to help farmers around the world make use of fertilization methods and make sorry, make better use actually of fertilization methods. And now it is my great pleasure and really an honor to hand over the microphone to Dr. Jung Jung Chia, the director of FAO's plant production and protection division, who will inaugurate our event today. Dr. Chia, the microphone is yours. Okay. And thank you very much, Yvanna, the facilitator, and dear FAO colleagues and the friends from International Public Life Association, AFA, ladies and gentlemen, good morning, good afternoon, and good evening. I'm really very pleased to welcome all of you to the second webinar of FAO, AFA, Sustainable Plant Nutrition Series, hosted jointly by FAO Technical Network on Sustainable Corrupt Production and Agriculture under the International Fertilizer Association. I can see this seminar series have been most welcomed by a lot of audience and made considerable contribution to supporting sustainable agricultural. Taking this opportunity, I would like to brief you the FAO's new strategic framework, 2022-2031. This is just endorsed in this month, in last month, in a 42-second FAO conference. The main narrative is transformation to more efficient, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable agri-food system for better production, better nutrition, for better environment, and better life. Aligning with this one, FAO now in processing for support, green agricultural. So what's the definition for green agricultural here in FAO? Green agricultural is sustainable agricultural that ensures food security, improve human welfare, creates opportunity for employment, and the work for all. Without depleting natural resource, well, maintaining health functioning of the earth ecosystem, and the law, and also in the future generation. So this definition and this P now is promoting green production and protection. So what is green production? Because this is the fundamental approach for green agricultural by producing more with less, through optimization and minimization. What is optimization? This means optimized or positive aspect, a lack of structure, functional energy, and the service of a production system. So what is minimization? This means minimize a negative aspect, such as losses of crop yield, and the biodiversity, risk of high and the hazardous pesticides, and the usage of agrochemical, including chemical fertilizer, and the chemical pesticides. In particularly, now everybody knows that we are facing the major challenge for water scarcity, security, and the overuse of fertilizer. Everybody knows that. Agriculture owns for over 70% of global water with the job, and also too much fertilizer applied, which they are using efficiency 30 to 60% result in soil, water, and the air quality deteriorated due to too much reactive natural. So this collaboration collaborative weapon is just a fate and the support, the need of crop production become a more efficient and optimizing the use of water and nutrient while minimizing contamination for misuse or overuse agrochemicals. It is well known that for irrigation and effective and efficient knowledge to produce more with less. Although for irrigation is not a new technology, but they are now a new combination of technical solution that allow nutrition and water be more supplied to the crop with a high precision in terms of times and space. This means precision for irrigation and fertilization. So optimizing crop nutrition water need is a foundation to obtain in perceived plant nutrition and the high nutrient use of efficiency in irrigated crop system, in particularly for horticulture cropping system. Also, everybody knows that this year is internationally a year of fruit and vegetable. If you are an organic stakeholder to place emphasis on innovation to agro-food system that improve healthy and sustainable food production and reduce risk of scarcity resource. For irrigation is a key technology for fruit, vegetable to achieve higher productivity and improve nutrient use efficiency. I would like to take this opportunity to mention that a new flagship publication on opportunity and the challenge for the most scale sustainable farming in six U.N. language will be launched in upcoming September. Dear colleagues and friends, the long-standing operation between FAO and AFL, way before there's a dream the signing of new MOU that now have been endorsed by both organizations. We focus on data sharing and the promotion of international code of contact for sustainable use and management of fertilizer. This code of contact provides an adaptable framework and all that is set of practices that serve us, guidance for private sector, policy maker, farmers, and the researchers for the different dig holder, directly or indirectly involved with fertilizer on how to be more efficient along the fertilizer methodology. This new partnership agreement with EFA comes at opportunity time to can build to enhance technological technological technical innovation for better production, better nutrition, a better environment, and a better life in FAO's new strategic framework. Together, we will promote a more inclusive agro system where opportunities for small holder farmers and agro members are enhanced. In conclusion, FAO has made commitment to the transforming food system to make them more efficient, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable. Our partnership with EFA, we should bring this closer to reaching this goal in the coming years. I'm looking forward to the presentation by Professor Monia Rossing from Jordan University of Science and Technology. Mr. Dubey Ross, Vice President of Agronomy at Netafim University and Dr. Katya Harris, Research Manager and Special Chief of Plant and Nutrition and SQM. I thank you very much. I look forward to very successful and fruitful webinar. Over to you. Cheers. Thank you. Thank you so much, Dr. Cha for this very interesting introduction and for setting the scene and reminding us that precision, fertilization, and fertilization are actually really the three bases of sustainable agriculture and also for pointing to the code of conduct for sustainable management of fertilizers, which indeed is a very useful framework, not only for farmers and policymakers, but also for the private sector. As you mentioned, we are now looking forward to our three guest speakers. It is my pleasure now to introduce Professor Monia Ruizan from the Jordan University of Science and Technology. Professor Ruizan specializes in soil science and irrigation and his main line of research is nutrient recycling in agro systems and wastewater treatment in reuse. Professor Ruizan will talk about the immense value of vertigation for farm adoption. Professor Ruizan, you have the floor. Thank you everybody and welcome to all participants. Well, my presentation will go through starting by the definition and go through the advantages of vertigation with emphasis on water and fertilizer use efficiency. And then I will go through what are the best management practices for vertigation to fulfill and achieve all the advantages and objectives. So let's start by the definition. What is vertigation? Well, simply it is a simultaneous application of nutrients and water through the irrigation system. But we have to keep in mind that when we inject this fertilizer into irrigation system, it has to go through all components of this vertigation system. That means they have to go through the main irrigation system through the filtration system, the injection system, the irrigation pipes, the drippers down to the crops. So all these components has to be managed successfully and efficiently and effectively to get all the advantages of vertigation. Most important prerequisites for successful... Juanil, we cannot see your presentation. Why? It's shared. Okay, try again. Okay. Yeah, I think there must be a technical problem. Let's see how we can address it otherwise with the back office. Let me see. We just shared it and... Maybe they have a problem, not you. That's fine. Should I share it again? Yes. Yes, please. Okay, let me... I think I have to leave and then share it again, right? Yes. Because I can't see the icon share. It disappeared. There are new mouse. Put it on the screen. No. No? Yeah. Yes. Okay, now... Ah, there we see something. No. But it's not a presentation here. Why sharing the screen? Do you see my screen now? We see your desktop. Okay. But it's not a presentation. Yeah. Okay. Out comes. The presentation mode, yeah? Yes. Can see it now? Yes. Very good. Yeah, you might want to start again, you know, with your slides. With this slide? Yes. Okay, fertilization is simply... This is a simultaneous application of nutrients and water through the irrigation water. But we have to keep in mind that by injection fertilizers through the irrigation water, the fertilizers will go through the filtration system, the injection system, the irrigation pipes, and then through the drivers and down to the crops. So, all these fertilizers have to be component, have to be managed very properly, efficiently, and effectively to achieve the successful fertilization. In fact, the most important prerequisite for successful and efficient fertilization is the solubility and compatibility of fertilizer. So, this is the most important one. It has to be even part of the definition. It's injection of soluble and compatible fertilizer with each other and with the quality of irrigation water. So, simply, fertilizer must be totally soluble in water. It has to be compatible with other type of fertilizer as well as with the quality of the irrigation water. So, let's go through the main advantages of fertilization. First of all, by fertilization, we can control exactly precisely the rate, time, and placement of fertilizer application. We can save energy, time, and cost. We can reduce the soil compaction because we don't have to introduce heavy chemicals or heavy machines into the field. It's also possible with fertilization to apply all other chemicals such as pesticide, herbicide, and insecticide. So, this will save a lot of time, energy for the farmers and increase the income. It's suitable for application of small amount of micronutrients. As you know, we apply a few amount of micronutrients to one denim or one hectare. So, no way we can distribute these efficiently or homogeneously to a large area such as hectare or denim. So, the best way is to do it through the fertilization system. Again, we can with fertilization work in a wet field whenever the plant cannot permit the laborers to get into the field. The fertilization is the most suitable for such conditions. It's very important for immobile even though the fertilization started with mobile nutrients, but it is actually very important for immobile nutrients such as phosphorus and others, because we can minimize the contact between the added phosphorus, for example, and the soil. And then we are minimizing the absorption, precipitation, fixation, and this will positively affect the fertilizer use efficiency. And also, fertilization is the most appropriate management techniques for cultivating saline soil, shallow soil, or problem having soil. Let's say it with fertilization is much easier and can control the cultivation very, very positively. Reduce the water and nutrient leaching below the root zone. This is very important for water and fertilizer use efficiency. Leaching is very minimum. Losses with other means, volatilization, runoff. All these ways of losing the fertilizer are very minimum. And this, of course, will affect the use efficiency. The final one is for sure the yield and the quality is improved by by fertilization. And this has been approved by research and by grower practices. Let's see how the fertilization can enhance both water and fertilizer use efficiency. First, fertilization, it will save water, save fertilizer. Then even for water scarce country, water rich country, this is also very positive and it will improve the use efficiency of these two important inputs in agriculture. And again, also, we can protect these. When we approve water and fertilizer use efficiency, we can minimize the accumulation of some of these nutrients in the agro ecosystem, in the soil, in the water. And even we can avoid the accumulation of these nutrients in the agriculture products in another one, our food, which is very important for the public health issues. But when we talk about use efficiency, actually, there are several components for use efficiency. Okay. And sometimes there are some confusion, actually, when we talk about this use efficiency. Therefore, let's define and differentiate among these components of fertilizer use efficiency. First of all, the first one we say agronomic use efficiency. This is actually measures the yield per fertility or per fertilizers added. Okay. And this is usually the increase in the yield per kilogram added. But we have also another component, which is the recovery efficiency, which measures the nutrients uptake per unit of nutrient added. So we can define this like a percentage of the applied nutrient. And we have a physiological use efficiency, which measures the yield per unit of nutrients uptake. And this is very important component, which can only be improved by fertilization. We can see later on. And we have finally the partial factor productivity, which measures the yield per unit of added fertilizer. And this is actually the, can be an indicator for the efficiency or the effectiveness of the long-term effect for the fertilization and our management in general. Let me see now go through what are the fades and what will happen when we apply fertilizer. When we add fertilizer to the soil plan system, they will undergo different physical and chemical reactions in the soil. And these reactions are actually affected by all soil factors, such as pH, acidity, microbiology, nutrient management, all other activities. And by product of these reactions, they will deliver some nutrients that can be considered and available to the plant. We can call it an available pool. Okay, available pool. But even this available pool in the soil, they are not all the time are available to the plant because they are subject to be lost by leaching, volatilization, denitrification, erosion. They can be fixed back to the microorganism by weeds, can be precipitated, etc. So only part of this available pool will be taken up by the plant, will be taken up by the plant. And this actually is measured by the recovery efficiency, which we have just defined, which we had definitely, nutrients uptake. This is the percentage that we can take it up by the crop after the application of certain amount of nutrients. Now, even the amount taken up by the plant, it is not necessarily to be reflected to the yield. In fact, some of the taken up nutrients can be negatively affecting the yield or sometimes positively. And this year there are so many crop and soil factors that can determine the crop yield based on the nutrients uptake. And we call this actually the physiological use efficiency. And in just a simple example, the crop can absorb more of the nitrate and accumulate nitrate in the soil in the plant. But this will not be changed into protein, for example, or into a positive parameter for in the crop. So this can be very precisely managed through the application or through management of the time of application and the application toward the end of the growing season of each crop. And the overall system here, it will be defined by the agronomic fertilizer use efficiency and the factor of productivity. And all these components can be improved by fertilization the best way. Now, the major question is, is fertilization is a water scarce country only or are pressurized irrigation system a must for fertilization? Well, as you know, if you remember, the fertilization started in 1960s and actually they started in a water scarce country in water scarce country. So farmer in these countries or in this region, they were given only small amount of irrigation water so they could not even cultivate all their land.  But with this drip irrigation system, the conventional fertilization is not appropriate, not suitable, it's not efficient. So the farmer has to switch to the fertilization. He has no way only to switch to fertilization to inject all his fertilizers through the irrigation system. And this can be seen in water scarce country. They started in Israel and some other countries in Jordan. And even we were not having any problem to convince farmer to go to fertilization because he himself was convinced and find out it's much better to go to fertilization so he can grow more land per the amount of water given him by the government. But let's face it, when we talk about pressurized irrigation, when we talk about drip irrigation, the management of fertilize is very challenging because here we are talking about very small soil with area and we have to dealing with very small root area. The root are very dense in this small area in the land. This is the zone where we are going to apply fertilizer. So we have to be very accurate not to over fertilize. And in this small area also the depletion rate of these nutrients by the root is much faster. So this has to be affecting also the management of application of fertilizer. And under this condition, we expect all the time that the actual concentration of nutrients in this area are not for sure are available to the plant because the availability or the absorption, this is a function of the activity of the ions rather than the actual concentration. And the activity if we are dealing with the very root solution, we say okay, the active, the activity is equal to the concentration. But in fertilization, this is not the case because we have so many other ions. So we have an ionic strength that will decrease the availability of this and the activity of these of these nutrients. So we have to keep this in mind. And to do so, we have to precisely manage and determine the best source and the best rate and the best placement and time of application. And this can be achieved through the adoption of the 4R-fertigation stewardship approach. And what do we mean by 4R-fertigation steward? This is the implication or the application of the right source, right time, right rate, and right place of both fertilizer and water and irrigation water. And by adoption of this 4R concept, we are actually, we are going to have an efficient and a sustainable system farming system because this is the foundation of the best management practices. By doing so, the farmer he will have profitable farming and he will has products that are economically feasible and friendly to the environment and as well as socially accepted. When we talk about 4R-neutron stewardship, we have to focus in choosing the right source, right rate, right time, and right placement. What about the right source of nutrients and water for 4R-fertigation? Well, the source must be in the right combination with all other R's because we don't have one recipe for the 4Rs. We have, we might have one combination for these 4R, but we don't have one recipe because this is a very site and crop specific. So we have to have the right combination with other R's. The source of 4R had to be soluble with low salt index. The source has to be compatible with the irrigation water quality and we have to consider what are the accompanying ions associated with the nutrients itself. Although this is, you know, get with the competition among companies to promote their products, but we have to be, you know, transparent by explaining what's the positive or negative impact of the accompanying ion associated with these nutrients. The feasibility, accessibility, and affordability of the source, this is very important for the farmers. If the farmers cannot afford these sources, there is no meaning of introducing such source to the market. The source also must have, all nutrients are in balanced way and it has to be also suitable for chemical and physical properties to enhance the fertilizer and water use efficiency. When we talk about the rate of the nutrients application, for example, here, if we look at the annual crop, for example, as you know, the growth cycle will go through, let's say, major three phases. It will start by very low rate of growth and then vigorous growth rate and then the growth will slow down again. So actually the water and nutrients requirements are, you know, varies drastically between these or among these growth stages. So we have to select the right rate that will achieve the maximum biological and more importantly, the maximum economical yield, the maximum economical yield to be sustainable for the farmers because the maximum economical yield most of the time is lower than the maximum biological yield. So we have to consider all these factors when we are going to give the recommendation for the farmers what is the best rate of application for his site and crop specific situation. As for the time of application, as you know, the dynamic of nutrient absorption varies from crop to crop and from plant to from nutrients to nutrients. For example, nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium, sorry, nitrogen and potassium, they are absorbed initially at very slow rate and then they will follow up by vigorous or higher or a rapid increase during this vigorous growth stage and uptake peak up during the fruit sitting, fruit development just after anthesis or flowering. If we look at the phosphorus, calcium, magnesium anymore or less, they have a relatively constant absorption rate during the growing season. So we have to take this into consideration. We have also to look up for the potential of mineralization, especially for nitrogen, mineralization, precipitation, absorption and how they will affect the the nutrients availability in the plant and for other nutrients also such as leaching, volatilization, all these soil processes that might have the big impact on the losses of nutrients from the soil plant system. We have also to consider what is the major mechanism of movement, is it by mass of law, by diffusion, by interception. This will also determine what is the best time to apply a certain nutrients, also the physical properties, chemical properties such as CEC, soil texture and soil acidity and etc. As for the placement of fertilizer in vertigation, we are placing fertilizer very close to the root, very small area. So the higher rate of application might induce a fertilizer's ban and even they might inhibit the root growth because this is a very confined zone and the fertilizer they have also a salt effect. So we have to consider these soil properties such as the texture, water holding capacity, the nutrients buffer capacity. We have to look up on consider the dynamic of nutrients in the soil, the potential losses also in the soil and the mechanism of movement. All this has to be considered when we are going to determine what is the right place to apply it. And very important factor is the method of vertigation. Now we have drip vertigation places for example fertilizer and water within a very small width soil zone and we have a different injection system and all these different systems they will vary in their impact on placing these nutrients in the soil plant system. If we look at this picture for example about the effect of soil texture on the water movement in the width zone, the coarser the soil, the wetting front or the width zone will have deeper but narrower as you can see from the picture. This is here in the medium texture soil and with the heavy soil it will be even much much slower. And if we look at the effect of the charge of the nutrients and the soil textures about movement of nutrients you can see here in the picture in coarse texture soil the phosphorus yes it is immobile it will accumulate mostly mostly in the service soil followed by potassium for example ammonium and later the mobile nutrients will be in the very below foot wetting front such as nitrate chloride urea with medium also it will be shallower and with the fine texture soil such as clay soil even shallower. So we have to consider this especially when we are talking about sandy soil we have to consider the potential for contamination of groundwater with nitrate or the chloride or with other with any other nutrients or potential for contamination. Fritigation can also be a practice with treated wastewater when we talk about scarcity of water we usually mean the quantity and the quality we have saline water we have treated wastewater or we have all kinds of unconventional irrigation water and in fact fritigation this is the best method of managing a treated treated wastewater because when we are dealing with treated wastewater we are dealing with water that can have some chemical organic and organic pathogens some component that are or that have a big negative impact on the on the human health as well as on the environment. So mismanagement of treated wastewater it will have a catastrophic effect on the soil plant system and in the agro ecosystem in general. So we have to use very precise techniques to deal with this treated wastewater with in our case the fritigation is the best one because with fritigation as we mentioned initially we can control exactly the source the quality of this treated wastewater we can control the the rate of application the time of application and the placement and with this we can maximize the positive or the advantage of using treated wastewater and minimize any adverse effect on the environment okay. Treated wastewater most of the time they are saline so we can deal it as it is also a saline water and with this saline water the management is very important especially in earth and semi-earth environment because with for example if we are dealing with salinity of treated wastewater of one-day cement and if we are going to apply also some fertilizers into it to have a balanced fertilization the fertilizer maybe even the salinity can increase up to two-day cement so if we will continue irrigate every day or every irrigation so we are going to keep the salinity in the soil is about or I mean about two-day cement all the time but this is not the case all the time most the farmer they will irrigate for example every every two irrigation or every three irrigation as we increase this frequency of fertilization the wider fertilization then the higher the concentration of salt in the amount of the treated wastewater of the saline water will be applied to the to the feed which is very very very bad to the cropping system if we started here with two if we irrigate every then the EC will be four that means the first irrigation will be the EC is salinity four the second irrigation zero and then four and then zero and etc but if we irrigate even every four irrigation the EC they will came up into seven which is very slim so imagine we are exposing the plant in the first irrigation to a water with salinity of seven and the following three irrigation the salinity is zero this will have a very big impact on the plant it will not be able to to adjust and to adapt to the such salinity because we are going to keep any exposure in this plant to to to salt to salinity shock one day and then the first irrigation and then to to zero this will not allow the liquor to have and to develop its own osmotic adjacent to salinity it's much rather to keep irrigating with with with high saline water then and keep alternating very saline water and then non-saline water this will not give the plant the opportunity to develop to develop its own osmotic adjustment to the to the system uh this is the same thing for the nutrients especially for nitrate as yesterday yes excuse me you still have two minutes i'm afraid that you know you have other speakers if you if you could slowly summarize your last points i have only one more slide okay great great wonderful thank you the nitrate will follow the same thing like the the salt because it is highly mobile and highly soluble uh similar to the nitrate insert conclusion fertigation is a powerful tool for developing best management practices of both nutrients and water enhances yield quantity and quality will enhance water use efficiency and all component of fertilizer use efficiency for our fertigation is towards ship this is the foundation of the fertilizer best management practices and this is a site and the crop specifics so it has to be changed from one side to another and from one crop to another fertigation can be practiced with all kind of irrigation water quality and with this thank you very much for your attention well thank thank you so much munia for this extremely detailed and an excellent introduction to fertigation and summarizing basically the multiple the myriad of benefits of fertigation and how all this can be combined and optimized through the four our nutrient stewardship principles and now our next speaker will develop a little bit deeper into one specific irrigation method micro irrigation and discuss what it takes to increase micro irrigations uptake and use worldwide uh we we have with us uh dubi ras um dubi ras is the agronomy director of nita theme and israeli company that develops drip irrigation systems and through its 17 years with nita theme dubi has overseen large scale projects in israel but also in many other countries worldwide and enabled small holders and large companies to maximize their crop yields um and also their environmental printliness while minimizing waste and harmful ecological effects um dubi the floor is yours thank you uh dubi your microphone is off we can see your slides yeah thank you very much and sorry for that it's kind of sentence that we hear every day at least a few times so thank you very much yvonne and thank you very much munia for your presentation and i would like to thank uh f.a.o and ifa for having us in this seminar so my presentation we talk about micro irrigation the efficient sustainable environmentally friendly method of enhancing yields um okay so that's me i'm i'm dubi ras i'm a farmer for the last 40 years i'm working at the fin for the last 22 years i did many large scale project in india in china working with many small holders in china by the way for socializing sinjan province i had done a lot of subsurface drip irrigation there for four years and it was in 2000 so it's quite okay um so i think the world uh need for food is growing everyone knows this and then we are there all of us in the same place uh there will be 20 50 about 10 billion people and we need to create more food um the resources are limited and and when we talk about 2050 so we really will have 25 less water than what we we need to be shorter and four billion people we will be living under severe water stress so these numbers are from the f.a.o so i guess they are right and we have less land in a way so we need to create more food on less area and less water so as uh professor monies said we must be much more efficient than what we are today and how we use the water and land today so if you look on these uh graphs and and and it's clearly said actually that that we are not using it in the right way so 70 percent of the water fresh water go to agriculture and from this only 20 percent are irrigated in in the right way and from this 20 percent 77 percent it is still at the flood irrigation which is you know it's a very wasteful way and i'll show you a few things why but in way it tells us that we need to to be more efficient but use a use of water and and the land when we look on on most of land uses for extensive crops we can see this when extensive crops we in syrians maize rice etc and you see it's about 87 percent or more 293 million hectares and when we talk about high-value crops it's only 12.5 a percent 42 million and when we talk about irrigation so the the micro irrigation irrigation is about 35 to 40 percent of the high-value crops with cash crops where when we can afford to do it the drip irrigation because costly and just one second and when we talk about extensive crops it's only less than one one percent and this is where we all have to look at because most of the grains are coming from this direction so when we talk about the irrigation system there are quite a lot and this is you know when you fly over united states or many other places like the Saudi Arabia you can see these circles of of center people so the center people is a machine it's an irrigation machine it needs a lot of water and pressure more energy and the efficiency of the water is considered to be between 75 to 85 percent so whatever we give some of it goes away when we talk about fly irrigation i did not show it here now i'll show it in a minute it's a little different so we have also micro sprinklers and we have we know how to define which kind of irrigation method will be right to the right crop and the and the lane so this is drip irrigation here we see integral drip irrigation which means that the dripper are inside the drip line but we can also talk on online grippers and there's a very big portfolio of products that we can talk of but drip irrigation rightly considered the most efficient way of irrigation today and let's see how maybe we can do it even more efficient in the way so from this picture you see very clearly this is a potato field in France irrigated with the drip irrigation and you can see that we irrigate exactly where we want you can see the uniformity without being a big agronomist you see a very uniform distribution of the water and the water are only in the root zone they are not like this when you see it here it's all over so this is when we talk about rice flood irrigation so we see the water all over and not necessarily all the plants are very happy in this condition while we do it there's a lot of gas emission coming also and also there's a lot of nitrate leaching because we push away fertilizer and I will show in a minute why so this short movie is explaining about drip vs flood irrigation and let's see what are the differences when we talk about let's see when we talk about flood irrigation so you see when you see it here there's a lattice field and then the fertilizer is going in spread fertilizer on the ground like usually with a tractor or a machine or by hand doesn't matter then the flood irrigation comes and what we see very clearly that the nutrients are going down we cannot really control where they go to and we see the nitrogen runs much faster because it's not absorbed like the phosphorus and potassium it goes down and that's what we call sometimes not that leaching and improvements with the groundwater contamination when we talk about drip irrigation fertilization or nutrition so we see the drip lines are here and the water plus the fertilizer are carried away through the drip line and they're going through the drippers we can control the volume of the water that we give we can control the how much fertilizer we give and you see that we can keep very nicely all the fertilizer very close to the root zone they are not leaching down because we know how much water and how much fertilizer we want so that's why in this way it's much much more efficient than flood irrigation and fertilizer what we need for irrigation system and you know it could be very different one to another from smaller it's bigger but in general we need the water source and we need some just a second so we need the water source that you see here and then we have a pump we have filters and fertilizer tank and some control system okay and then it goes to the field and you see drip and this is subsurface and we can see on surface we can do also have very small kids that are only on gravity we've got a friendly drip system but in general we need water source we need some kind of energy to run the pump or gravity and then filtration is very important because otherwise the dripper will be clogged and fertilizer for sure that's what we talk about we need good and soluble fertilizer to drive it through the drip system so this is what we need for irrigation system when we talk about you know I'd like to to talk about a bit about the innovation about things so rice is a very big crop it takes a lot of water and it's a very messy business to do this is in India where I've traveled for the last 70 years this is common practice so first you plow then you paddle you have to put water you have to to and make sure that the the soil is very compacted the water will not go down and then you seed by you plant by hand and you go fertilizer by hand and then you harvest it's very messy what we find out first of all we can grow rice on drip irrigation and we do it very nice and very nice yields and let's see what what does it give us to us and how we can make it much better so this is the you see here this tractor okay instead of all this messy what we saw before we can see here it goes here with two drip lines so on one pass I seed the rice I don't necessarily I save so much labor and so much time actually I seed the rice I put the drip lines in the same time I finish the move on the field I connect the three plans to the sub main and I start to irrigate and I can germinate the drip irrigation no problem so drip irrigation really changes a lot also with this very simple machinery but this is in a way innovative because I put a drip line on the on the seeder and instead of all the messy work that I showed before we just do it very quickly now we work on this for the last 20 years all over the world so what what we find out and after these 20 years and now we are very I would say proud and confident that we can go for commercial scale it's not trials anymore we know what we do and we know what happens to the environment because of this let's see what's going on with the environment we reduce the water amount we can save about 60 to 70 percent okay there's no gas emission I mentioned before so when the flood the the the feed is totally flooded the because of exclusion from the roots etc there's a lot of methane emitting out when we do it with drip it's zero it's lesser same people don't like to talk about it but rice absorbs heavy metals in certain areas not all over the world but and when we do it in drip again because it's aerobic condition not anaerobic nothing goes up with the arsenic we talk about efficiency so we we see that we increase water and solute efficiency by 150 percent because we need much less water we got very nice seeds depend on the right the variety dependent I'm not saying it's not it's not all the varieties but we do see a lot of good results indeed in many course just to to make it a little simple for people to understand one hectare of rice flood irrigation he emits about 470 kg of of methane and this is how it come to sea of time in a growing season okay so we say that one hectare is about two and a half cars when we you know compare for what happened to the environment and if we take 10 percent of the global rice production into drip irrigation it's as if we take down 14 million vehicles off road imagine the impact how much water we save how much less gas emission we have we talk about climate change you we know that gas emission is a problem and it has for us and and it's getting more because of this so moving a little of the rice to drip irrigation really will create a very big change is difficult it's a different mindset for many an ability to buy it but we will go to it later on how can it happen another thing that i would like to add because you know you can grow very nice yield but if there's no crop protection everything can go in vain and that's why we combine together the thinking of how we can increase yield and water use efficiency and fertilizer efficiency but still we need to do very good crop protection now when we look at these systems is it good to make crop protection at this for sure the apron creates a lot of pollution and this farmer i don't want to to i want to wish in good health because it breathes a lot of you know poison in a way and we can do it in a different way and actually what we did together with buyer and the idea that we mentioned it we can take the same system and drive through it crop protection and then we talk about a very small area we don't pollute we don't create any other problems and we use the system because we invest in a system let's make the most of it and this is we drive chemicals through and also beneficials in order to make it safe we've created a very small machine but a very simple one and you can imagine you take this can of crop protection chemical all you have to do you just switch it like this you don't smell it you don't measure you don't check anything it's a automatic system okay by by knowing what is the field what is the crop what is the the the insect or the on the fungus it is a problem we give very simple detail by application how much water should i apply how much should i dilute it in a way i finished the operation of driving the chemicals through the system i can rinse it automatically if i finished the can and if not there is an adapter i just close it i take it put it on the shelf and waiting for the next time so by this the farmer doesn't inhale or breathe anything and we don't create any pollution around and it's very very accurate and you can use it also for other beneficials today there may be much more biosimilars coming home or whatever so this injection device that can join any irrigation system we can do it very easily micro sprinklers it's again what we find out we can use it for a few a few things first of all is cooling you know this is a avocado in in a very hot and dry area so when it's young it has grip irrigation for irrigation but we create with micro sprinklers some kind of micro climate and today in some places heat waves are coming and you have very young buds and everything is going there because it burned so we can use micro sprinklers for cooling in the in the when the heat wave we can use the same micro sprinklers for frost mitigation okay if i'm if i'm seeing a frost coming i can use it all the time you see when it's freezing it's it's it's keeps the temperature within the leaves and so we use the same micro sprinklers also for frost mitigation so with one with one tool actually we look after climate change we can cool and we can keep the against the and we can do also plant protection the system is there we can apply it's like a spray actually you see them in the kind of pulsation because you don't want to use all the water in one time so we make pulsation but we can easily give the drive through the system a lot of plant protection a lot of hormones and there's a lot of interest and success in Italy with the big recess institute and gross association because we'd like to take it through the ground and of course you can do foliar application that's with this so the micro sprinklers we can play with the climate we can do plant protection and we can do also foliar application so again this is when we talk about innovation so it's it's existing it's not something very new but the idea how to take it all together and combine it to a good solution for the for the farmers and how can we speed up micro irrigation adoption so it's very good it's excellent but we see that still we talk about four or five percent that's all how can drive it ahead then I think that it's a clear we need some external drivers in order to make it happen it's regulation on water saving okay it's government subsidy scheme like you see here in India for example India by the way is leading by far and farmers are getting from 70 to to 90 percent subsidy scheme water allocation in some places where there's not enough water we need to start cutting no reason why in new california for example the grow rice and the other the upload hormones because there's not enough water so the government has to go inside and also organization like the FNO also organization like big off-taker if I talk to unilever Nestle all of all these guys they should be very careful about the way the resource all the products from others and by applying kind of policy that let's save water let's make it much more efficient in food production they can dictate and help also by finance to small holders that cannot cannot afford to buy the system and so this is my message to to the audience here and question if there will be later on so we can have it whenever thank you thank you so much to be this was this was extremely interesting I think everybody will agree hearing about all the advances in drip irrigation micro irrigation but also in particular you know your strong points that you made about the benefits when it comes to climate change and now our last speaker today Dr. Katya Hora she will actually complement all these presentations by taking a closer look into nutrient optimization and the practical aspects of improved nutrient management and irrigation techniques Dr. Katya Hora is research manager of Speciality Plant Nutrition at SQM she holds a PhD in evolutionary biology and she joined SQM's global development team as a research manager to exchange knowledge on potassium nitrate for fertilization and field applications she's also the co-author of the book Nudient Solutions for greenhouse crops and has accomplished many other scientific applications on iodine and plant nutrition and agrodomic bio fortification Katya the floor is yours thank you Yvonne can you see my slides and hear me well thank you my thanks to the previous speaker Muneer for explaining that litigation is a science science based technology with a lot of knowledge and development behind it and do before impressing upon you the need for litigation for further sustainable crop intensification I will build on your knowledge so I will pass through some of my first slides pretty quickly and go on to some practical examples of how we use fertilizers in practice first just a few words on our company I work for to give you an understanding of what I come from SQM produces three potassium sources from the Atacama Desert in Chile potassium chloride is a commodity fertilizer and potassium sulfate and potassium nitrate are what the soluble salts going into specialty plant nutrition because we use solar evaporation bonds more than 90 percent of the energy for this process actually comes from the sun and we distribute our products globally now the word chemical fertilizer has been used mineral fertilizer we know organic fertilizers well the bottom line is that we have these 19 chemical elements which are transformed into mineral form before they can taken up by the plant in whatever form you supplied to the soil or to the water and of course the plants need water, light and carbon to produce the carbohydrates which are the basis of our food but these elements they are needed by the plants to produce that and moreover we also need these elements for our own growth and development so you could state that by feeding nutrients to the crop farmers are sure that food contains all the nutrients we need in our foods. Muneer showed you the four R of nutrition and I think the key characteristic is that we think in programs and not in products with retrogation you want to feed the plant and not the soil the nutrients have to be directly taken up by the plant for maximal nutrient use efficiency just in time for the crop requirements so often repeated daily application is best and they have to match the yield and the crop needs of the crop in any stage and very important and Muneer told you this each nutrient has to be in balance with the other nutrients in order to be taken up as most efficiently as possible by the plant. Now of course there are some statistics and IFA provides these statistics on the website also to FAO when you look at the fertilizers which go into vertigation there's five major sources of fertilizer salt which are suitable for vertigation and these are the main sources of potassium nitrogen and calcium which are the macronutrients the crop needs most of also they provide phosphorus sulfur now this constitute only one percent of the global plant nutrient consumption in volume a bit more in value but they are the fastest growing segment in the fertilizer industry and the total fertilizers are hardly growing globally but the water soluble are expected to grow on a yearly basis six percent each year now this growth corresponds with a higher production of fruits and vegetables under irrigation globally because we are still in need of more fruits and vegetables to provide everyone with a healthy diet and irrigation of course ensures a high quality and harvest security but with vertigation you can improve this even further an example here is chili where a hundred percent of all the growers growing fruits for the export market use vertigation with their irrigation system and you see that slowly over the years or rather rapidly I must say they increase the percentage of water soluble fertilizers from their total nutrient application with 90 percent which is it which it is today now fertilizers comes in bags and I give an example of mineral fertilizers because it's our business but they could be organic in a bag just the same calcium and nitrate potassium nitrate are the main salts when we talk about single fertilizer salts it's only one of these salts so one species of salt in one bag we also have NPK blends which contain a multiple like a recipe of these water soluble sources in one bag and these are calculated to provide the exact amount that each crop needs and they can be crop specific or they can be stage specific or a combination on the two of these two you can make them fit to a soil type or a substrate type of crop they can be tailored anyway you want with a bit of calculation now the initial investment to attach a vertigation unit to your drip irrigation once the drip irrigation has been installed does not need to be high and it can fit on the most basic of irrigation systems what you need is a barrel where you dissolve these water soluble fertilizer salts in and some form of injection system to feed this concentrated fertilizer solution into your irrigation system well depending on the scale on the operation and the targets for your crop you can additionally install some pumps or automated injection units and these are mainly installed to save time in labor for the growers but they can also be used to increase the precision of the application of your fertilizers there's more technology it's available on the market ranging from mid-tech to very high-tech they use sensors to measure parameters like acidity or salt concentration in a nutrient solution but also very importantly and I like Munir's part where he explained that you need to measure what you already have in your water what you already have in your soil what you would have for instance in your treated wastewater in order to know what you need to add with the extra fertilizers now these analyzes are currently mainly carried out by commercial laboratory as a service to the growers and then of course on the other hand you need to know exactly what your crop needs and this will give you a recipe which you will feed into your software and your calculators and your automated injection units now innovations there are many in propagation but we're not a new science I started developing more than 30 years ago so what is innovative now is the transfer of the knowledge and the technology that is there to enable this improved nutrient use efficiency for all farmers now I give you a simple example there was a question in the in the chat box on how would small-scale farmers technically not so developed farmers use vertigation well this is an example how you can do that the basis is calculation if you apply exactly those fertilizers that the plant needs this automatically will increase your nutrient use efficiency but at the same time also improve your yield and quality of your products so also the price farmer will get for his products how you would do it start with the measurements measure the nutrients what you give to the plant already with the water then know what you plant needs and calculate what you can supply in mineral fertilizers of course this you can have on the market that already are available easy to use calculators and mobile apps but still it needs training and a good understanding in the parameters which you need to enter into the system and know what you do with the output so in practice it's usually distributors the providers of the NPK formulas or the laboratories that do the analysis or commercial crop advices which do this calculation for the farmer now by using these NPKs it makes it very simple once the farmer has this recipe to do the application in the vertication unit and of course you can ensure that this bag contains only the high quality sources of fertilizers which are most effective to avoid application of excess nutrients which might harm the environment or might harm your crop so this system will diminish your waste of nutrients in your system but it will not completely eliminate a waste of nutrients that requires a higher level of technology you can make very good one size fits all solutions per region per crop with this system but if you really want to maximize nutrients and what to use sufficiency this works best in substrate grown crops and why is that this is because you can catch all the remaining nutrients which reach out of the root zone and add to that from the straight single fertilizer exactly those nutrients that need to be returned into the root system and this is a very high yielding system so this would be kind of the ultimate sustainable intensification of production for fruits and vegetables now this requires analysis of nutrients to a high quality fast analysis accurate often in the Dutch agricultural systems these parameters are analyzed each week and once the farmer gives his samples he gets the answer from the laboratory the next day including with the recipe on how to calculate his nutrients to go into the fertilization system so he knows what to feed the plant the next week it also requires high purity of water and technical fertilizers because you cannot have any excess nutrients circulating in this system now this is high tech is it future no for the Netherlands it's normal technology and the evolution started already in the 1970s and was accelerated by the government that mandated that all the drain coming out of these systems had to be recirculated fortunately already the science was working on this solution so it could be implemented relatively fast with still a continuous improvement in yield per square meter in these systems and moreover a very good saving of water had the best Dutch growers produce a kilogram of tomatoes with only four liters of water compare that to 30 to 60 liters of water in an open field ground sorry tomato system so to the question can small scale farms implement vertigation well for that I don't need to hesitate it's yes but you have to know how far you do you need to go with the technology because it's only a very small technical step and investment wise from a basic irrigation system to a good enough vertigation system that will allow the farmer to produce a higher yield at a higher quality which will be for instance better able to transport a reduced waste in your further shelf life and transport system further down the food chain so with only a little bit you can achieve a lot and with return on investment comes opportunity to invest in further technology now for the last bit I'm indebted to my colleagues that give me some discussion points from their own country what in their point of view would be the drivers or hurdles to the implementation of vertigation in irrigated crop systems so to start with chili the main thing which helped development of these high quality food producers is that the government supported import of knowledge from countries with a higher knowledge level trained agronomists to transfer this knowledge with the growers and this system is still working today these Chilean farmers travel a lot around the world in the Netherlands of course the the government had a mandatory ruling which accelerated the development but the environment was also facilitating by an intensive knowledge sharing environment among the growers crop advisory system which is to the surface of the grower a laboratory for analyzers which can work fast and provide prices for the growers which they can afford South Africa there are small scale farmer there are less than 10 hectare but these are technified farmers they also produce for the export market their mitigation is very normal practice and high tech the knowledge comes from the private sector combining knowledge with their products but also commercial crop advisers and commercial laboratories and the farmers budget for these costs which go with improving their vertigation and the yield returns their investment the downside of it's there that's the pre-government extension service which was very good in the past is no longer available for farmers with tighter budgets now in Zimbabwe also the small holdish farmers uh irrigation and used uh in producers that can bring their market vegetables uh to the markets and get some revenue their NGOs have been very instrumental to save uh time and labor uh and to increase harvest security for these farmers using solar powered uh pumps uh but the adoption of predication is very low because the price gap between subsidized commodity fertilizers and not subsidized water soluble fertilizers is huge um in india well dubi mentioned that i think that's the success story of how the government can uh by not only providing money but providing it in a very clever way to support implementation at the growers level uh this is done through uh implementation agencies which are public private collaborations uh each state organizes uh it in its own way and these uh turn out very effective to improve the vertigation with these small scale farmers not only for vegetable crops but also crops like cotton an example of how the uh private sector can use is our company that provided for free the simple venturi injection units and showed how with some water soluble fertilizers and a recipe to go with that these farmers could increase their yield by 50 percent which led of course to the further uh implementation of this system and for the other ones you can you can check out their websites there's a lot of information on that so with that i hope i kept my time uh in our experience yes it is within reach to deliver know how and technical support for these for all farmers it's not rocket science what we do it but it does need education and moreover it needs support of nutrient analysis capacity you need to know what's there before you know what you can add empower the agronomists they will translate all this knowledge into the local situation and they have the tools nowadays to do that uh companies can provide knowledge as a service we organize demonstration organize knowledge exchange between farmers which is very important customize any innovations in agriculture and of course implementation will flourish when you have a stable enabling regulatory and agronomic economic environment so with that i and if you want to know more there is so much information available both on ifa websites as uh for instance our website or any other water soluble uh producers websites uh free to download often so to educate yourself so thank you for your attention thank you so much katja um i think you completed quite well you know with this overview of global practices um and um and i would like to move on now to um to to to our q and a part of the session um we have still a little bit over 10 minutes um and just building a little bit of what you just mentioned um you know the uptake in um by by small hold of farmers this is also a question that several of our participants had um for dubi and and also for munia um in your view how can small scale farmers um better adapt and use uh the different fertilization methods um maybe dubi if if you want to start no problem so what we do usually we just katja said it right we need just to calculate so we know what is the area of the plot it is want to irrigate usually it's very small we talk about 250 square meters and we we use what we call family drip system which is a tank that is elevated so what we do we just mix the fertilizer within this tank and it goes by gravity to the drippers and that is it's very very simple in many places and it's connected to the other question and i can answer it one time we talk about conservative how we conserve the soil with fertilization okay so the the fact that you need the using uh drip irrigation for fertilization does not say that you cannot apply compost you cannot apply manure you cannot play any other system only just take into consideration what is the total amount of fertilizer and the legit you put into the ground and what the how much do you really need because usually there's a much more than what the plant needs people are covering it is too much so i think these two two directions so when we say fatigation we talk about what we call head um head fatigation you can do basal fatigate you put basal fertilizer in the ground or slow release fertilizer everything could be done in a way that will keep also the soil we can use mycorrhiza we can use other good and positive stimulants so let's look at the holistic place the fatigation is part of it but we think all over uh when you ask ask you do you what would you like to compliment when yeah actually as he said that's exactly he described things precisely like in Jordan for example we have something called family farming and they are using a very simple fatigation system they just put the the fertilizer tank in the top of their houses and by gravity they were this uh a nutrient solution will move to the to the crops in their own garden it depends also how much the grower he wants to pay he can put a pump system and and his water will and improve the the speed and the duration of irrigation it can be practiced by any any farmer regardless of the size of his farmer and it can be very very cheap and it can be also very innovative and very sophisticated thank you thank you so much um Katja I you are also a specialist in micronutrient management and biofortification and and I don't think anybody has asked this question but but how does all this interact uh with uh with biofortification and with micronutrient uptakes can you share a little bit of your views on that well thank you for that question I'm trying to formulate a short answer for that um but I think uh when you look at uh micronutrients deficiencies in humans and what we can do to prevent micronutrient deficiencies that what is called hidden hunger uh in uh in the triple burden of malnutrition to keep in uh in the sdg terms um of course the first thing to do is make sure people have a complete diet so anything which you can do with retication to increase a production of fruits and vegetables to something which people can afford to eat uh that will already contribute greatly to your micronutrient deficiency uh on the other part if you really want to target for a for a region for instance uh my specialty is iodine say you have a region in china which is very iodine deficient and uh you you want to take the regional approach then you could add like iodine in the vertical fertilizers to provide to the tomato growers and they will get a little bit more iodine in their tomatoes which are grown for the local market and so that could also be a way how uh vertigation could uh add some flexibility in your biofortification rather than to have a blanket fortification program you take it region by region for instance and of course most of the nutrients that the plants need like iron and zinc we also need so uh vertigation is an excellent tool to provide the plants with what they need to provide it for us thank you katja um I just would like to follow up because there was also one question who um one person was asking about you know calcium phosphorus and magnesium can this mix together into drip application um maybe this is a question for for dubi we are trying not to mix we we call it tank a and tank b so if you mix uh phosphorus with calcium you can block your um dripper so we prefer to do it in in different tanks uh this is uh in general uh but there are many fertilizer and katja can can say that are already have inside uh soluble fertilizer that are other ingredients already over there so if you're using very specific uh calcium and phosphorus please don't mix it together this is there also uh sulfur with the but phosphorus are not going together they will block your drip lines so it need to be taken care of and I may add to it it's a concentration effect the more you concentrate your solution the bigger these incompatibilities will get so uh once you adapt your fertilizer solution to the salinity level that the plant will accept then you will don't have to bother about these incompatibilities so much anymore it mainly concerns concerns the concentrated nutrient solutions where you have to take care and in Jordan for example the growers they are commonly using uh three tanks uh like a b c they put a and b uh the different fertilizers that are not compatible with each other and the tank c just for acid for acidification and for manipulation of the ph so this can be very easily any managed by the farmers yeah I even saw a system where a farmer had a separate concentrated tank for each and every single fertilizer and he used a very simple volumetric dosing approach based on like a toilet bowl floater uh system to dose the different ingredients into his irrigation system so it can be it it does not have to be complicated as long as you understand what you're doing thank you um we have several I think at least two or three um questions um regarding salt affected soil so so it would be great if um if each of you can also maybe speak about that as far as you have experience um who wants to start maybe uh maybe Munea do you can you say something about salt affected soils uh yeah well as we mentioned fertilization this is the best tool to to deal with the salt affected soil and saline soil because you need to keep the the soil root zone with all the time to avoid any concentration or increase the concentration of salt we have to manage the frequency of irrigation uh because you are displacing the salt away from the root zone during the irrigation or during the growing season the most important thing is to avoid the the possibility of these salts which has been displaced away from the root zone to come back at any rainfall events or at any sudden water coming back to the field this might have a very big effect on the on the root because the concentration would be too high so that's the best way to do it if if I may add so one thing is leaching we call it leaching effect or leaching um you have to give a little more water than you're used to okay if I need to give to the plant this amount of water I will give him extra in order to wash away some salts and from time to time in in a very saline area I would like to do only irrigation without fertilizing I would like to wash away the salts down okay and then start again because otherwise if you work on let's say a short irrigation regime small irrigation you will create a very high concentration of salt and it will damage your plant so we need from time to time to leach away the salts and keep it in good consideration and the best way is to monitor food soil solution extractor okay it's a it's a device that you can measure what is the EC of the water and you can define for yourself what will be the thresholds and you never go up so maybe I will need to reduce the concentration of fertilizer because the EC is rising etc but it should be monitored that this is very important um I would like also to um you to respond to another question we had regarding um organic fertilizers we we heard a lot about mineral fertilizers but there's also the question so is do you have more experience to share when it comes to organic organic only or you know combined mineral and organic fertilizers and fertilization processes uh yes I can make a comment yeah okay well first of all first of all organic sources of fertilizers they are containing the nutrients in an unbalanced way that means there is no way you can deliver the nutrients requirements for the crop by only organic sources the best solution is to combine using the organic and inorganic sources to make advantage of the um organic sources but without changing the the balance situation of the nutrients especially under salt affected soil this is very good to also to use the organic sources because it will decrease the impact of the salt and improve the structure it will improve the filtration the leaching of the salt below the root zone for yes the best way is to use both in combination but talking to the organic farming people we cannot rely only on organic sources because they cannot they don't have nutrients in balanced way and then they don't have it in a quantity that require the that meet the requirement of the crops yes my for my side it is very important two things one is the filtration system we need a good filtration system because usually the organic fertilizer are not that they're not so soluble and they have a big particles and it can block your drippers and another thing if you're using already today that we have roomic acid and pulvic acid there's a lot of biosemes that are coming we need to flush the system once you you can give it okay but later on flush it otherwise you can create a colony of bacteria within on the organic matter within the dripper so it's very important after you apply organic fertilizer please flush your system make sure that it goes away from the dripper otherwise you'll face later on problems yes thank you thank you so much I'm afraid we are running out of time and our translators will soon stop but I can assure you that we will be answering all questions we have captured then and I'm sorry for those who for which we had no time for the moment I think what we heard today is actually that irrigation micro irrigation fertilization are certainly the most promising options for the future of food production but we also heard that much of world's irrigated land uses practices are still not really optimal for efficient fertilization and that a lot of other a lot of technologies and innovations can still be implemented solutions exists but it remain but they remain inaccessible to many farmers particularly smallholders and off-grid environments where investments and supports are lacking and and I think what we all agree on is what we need regulations but we need also subside screen schemes we need we need we need allocations and a good way of solutions would certainly be to partner up a little bit better with governments the private sector NGOs and to include um fertilization solutions systematically into financing schemes now um we hope that you found this webinar um interesting stimulating um a special thanks to all our wonderful speakers today um and I would also like to urge you to sign up for our next FAO EFA webinars after the summer break um they will be dedicated to nutrient recycling and data-driven nutrient management um this webinar is recorded um you will be able to listen to it again um through the FAO YouTube channel and with these words I wish you all a wonderful day evening or morning bye bye thank you bye thank you


Since we talk about the term forensic psychologist, it is very important to see what are the responsibilities of the forensic psychologist and what does actually forensic psychologist mean. The term forensic psychologist include varied roles that may be employed in a variety of settings. So here we are going to talk about them that what could be those possible roles and settings roles include but they are not limited to trial consultant, expert witness, the evaluator, treatment provider, the researcher and the academic psychologist. So they are not limited to only these of the terms but they can be besides them in any other role. So what is trial consultant? They work with the legal professional mainly attorneys to assist in case preparation, jury selection, development of case strategy or witness preparation. So these are the things in which the expertise should be done and forensic psychologists study all these areas and then they are so knowledgeable that they can work with attorneys as trial consultant. They may be involved in civil and criminal cases and typically hold advanced degrees and they have specializations, they have diplomas in forensic psychology and they have special trainees as well. Expert witness. They testify in court about specialized knowledge. Clinical forensic psychologist typically testifies as expert by evaluating defendants mental state. They may also serve as general expert witness and testify about broader psychological principles. Whenever a case is being prepared, other than just its mental stability or unstability, they can be seen by journal and psychological principles. Many cases are used by biofeedback machines which are used as lie deductors. They claim on the basis of physiological changes that an individual is speaking the truth and it can be deducted easily. So these are the roles which are also being done by the forensic psychologists. And those machines are also technically seen as an expert with verbatim, body language, verbal and non-verbal cues. They are aligned with the counter and prepare a statement which is known as expert witness. Then the evaluator. Forensic psychologists also undertake the evaluation of criminal defendants and parties to civil litigation with respect to the mental health issues related to the legal issues at hand. Where such things happen that a crime was committed and then the party claims that this individual was not mentally well and that he committed a crime by mistake, then forensic psychologists play a very important role in preparing an assessment of the case and the complete evaluation of the situation. They are typically trained in clinical psychology and licensed with forensic specialization. So, as I just mentioned that they have the specialized degree. They study all these things in the evaluation process and then they decide whether the claim is right or not. Then the treatment provider. Forensic psychologists provide psychological treatment to individuals which require and desire their services. For example, Bazookat court refers that you should treat them. Forensic psychologists also treat them as treatment providers. We work in forensic hospitals, state psychiatric hospitals and private practice, etc. For example, we get to see the vinyl delinquency. Then we often get cases in the jails where forensic psychologists are involved and they are looking at such cases. So, they could be the different setups where they can tend to work. Then they role as the researcher. They design and implement research on issues relevant to forensic psychology and law which is their main area. They do multiple types of research and design and experiment. Then they conclude that in certain situations what could be the possible challenges one might face and how we can resolve them to evolve in a better state and in term of a better society. Maybe employed in university, colleges, research institutes, psychiatric hospitals, etc. and conduct research on mental health law and policy on program evaluation. Now, technically a country or a state develops a better state. There we see the same butter services as forensic psychologists and we see their placement in better places. Then as an economic psychologist, they get involved in teaching and another education-related activities such as training and supervision of students. Forensic psychologists to have a teaching career, they can mentor on, they can teach different people about the subject they know or they can work as an academician. Typically employed by institutions of higher education learning, for example, colleges and institutes. But these are not the only roles where the forensic psychologists may work because they are the many other rooms in which they can evolve themselves as a forensic psychologist. And its need in our society is very much that Pakistan as a country which is having a large number of youth as bulk, they need to focus on their youth because our youth currently has a lot of problems and a lot of the proper mentoring and proper training by the specialized individuals would be a great help to the nation and to the society in Pakistan.


I want to say this to everyone watching, I want to say this to all of you here. Southern California does not belong to the Democrats, to the Republicans, to Hollywood. Southern California belongs to the church. It belongs to us. And we're going to take this region. I don't care what wicked agenda there is over here. I don't care what darkness there is that's surrounding the region. There is no name above the name of Jesus. There is no authority above the authority of the Father. God is really doing something across the globe. He really is. There are lines that are being touched across the globe. I don't know if you know this, but there are pockets, what I like to call spiritual wells, all throughout the world, all throughout our nation, where the power of the Holy Spirit is moving. And these wells that are being dug are actually wells that I believe from times past. You think about the great moves of God, like you have Oral Roberts or Catherine Coleman or Amy Simple McPherson or John G. Lake. We know not all of them were perfect. In fact, none of them are perfect. None of them are perfect. But we know that God used these lives greatly to impact the world. And I know there are stirrings all over the United States. We've seen them. But we've yet to see really for a while that stirring, that type of overflow revival, that type of move of the spirit here in Southern California. And if you'll notice, there's kind of a trend here right now. People are leaving California in droves right now. And I'll have to be honest with you. I was tempted to do the same.  Here in Southern California, I mean, what, a one-bedroom house average? Well, you're looking at like $500,000. Over in Texas, I think I was looking at some properties over there. I think like $200,000, $250,000 for like a five-bedroom, four-bedroom, like really nice homes. Don't leave. We want you here in Southern California. Somebody clapped like, that's it. I'm gone. But no, so I'm looking at the trends. I like to look at the trends as a whole. And one of the trends is that in Southern California, people are fleeing not only because of property values, not only because of the economic situation, but really because the moral decline in this state is really accelerating. So the moral decline is accelerating. Churches are closing up. The spirit-filled churches of God are few and far between here in Southern California. And what's happening is people are fleeing to different states because they're saying, oh, there's a move of God over there. I'm going to go over there. Oh, there's a move of God over there. Let's move over there. And what they're not realizing is that God wants to send people here to Southern California too. So, I mean, I looked around.  If I said his name, you'd know him, but I won't because I'm not a name-dropper. But he asked me, he said, David, I want you to do this. I want you to gather some of the most dynamic healing ministries in Southern California, some up-and-coming evangelists, and I want you to bring them to dinner. And I said, okay, I said, tell me the ones you already know. And he gave me a list of the ones he already knows, which was about a dozen or so of them. And then I went to go find more on the list, and I realized everybody I could think of was in some other state or some other city or some other place. And I thought, Lord, how sad that is that here in Southern California people are leaving when you want to do something. So, Church, I'm making this commitment to you. I am going to, along with you, stay here and dig the wells in Southern California. We're going to dig the wells in Southern California. I don't want to go where everybody already is. That's not how you see a move of God. You see a move of God by saying, I'm going to be the one to plow the ground. I'm going to be the one to get into that ground that's hard and follow and dry. And I'm going to be the one to water it and put seeds. How many will say I want to be that one? And some of you are watching, maybe, from Southern California. I want you to know this. This is the stirring. This is the beginning of a great move of God here in Southern California. There was about six or seven hundred people who were able to get in. And we had a line around the block of people, and we had to turn people away. But it's happening here in Southern California. This is it.  So this is why we, as a ministry, have begun to really focus in. Yes, we still travel. Yes, we still do services around the world. But we really decided to focus in now and say, God, we want to see that move in Southern California. We want to see it in Los Angeles. There is an atmosphere here that we can't even describe. It's electric. There's faith. People in line are saying to us that they could feel it just while they're waiting out in line before the service even begins. They feel the anointing begin to fill the place. And so I want to tell you, you're watching, you're from Southern California. Join this great move of God. So text that number, and Tim, by the way, I still want that graphic up. Text that number, and you're going to get text alerts from our ministry every time we have a gathering, which is going to now be once a month. Who knows, maybe one day we'll start a church. I don't know if we'll do that, but I don't know. I'm an evangelist, so we'll see what God has to say. Some people always tell me, like, they treat the call of God like there's different like rankings, like generals and colonels and all that.   I guess I'm never getting promoted.  I'm like, no, this is what God has called me to do. So I'm an evangelist. I'm going to win souls, okay? But be a part of it. You're watching live right now. Even if you're not, I say move down here. You may see trends other places, but it's here. It's always been here. The past 100 years are so of the church. You can look back in history. I saw this pastor friend of mine. His name was Ken Cornell. Pastor Ken Cornell. Santa Cruz might be watching right now. He handed me a book on the history of Southern California. And I don't know if you realize this, but most, not all, most of the great moves of God that swept the nation and the world began in Southern California. But, but see, this is why the enemy is fighting us so hard. This is why, why, why you can see that, that dark agenda that's being pushed on this region. People are saying, oh, well, it's too dark there. I give up. I'm getting out of here. No, no, we're the light. We're going to stay and we're going to change things. I want to say this to everyone watching. I want to say this to all of you here. Southern California does not belong to the Democrats, to the Republicans, to Hollywood. Southern California belongs to the church. It belongs to us. And we're going to take this region. I don't care what wicked agenda there is over here. I don't care what darkness there is that's surrounding the region. There is no name above the name of Jesus. There is no authority above the authority of the Father. You say, Brother David, Brother David, there's this spirit and that spirit, perverse spirit and that spirit, and you know, every demon has a name nowadays, but I don't care what spirit you think has Southern California, because the Holy Spirit will take dominion in this region.