Okay, let's read Proverbs 7 and verse 1. Okay, Proverbs 7 and verse 1, verses, maybe a few verses. It goes like this, My son keep my words and treasure my commandments, sorry, my commands within you and my law as the apple of your eye. Bind them on your fingers, write them on the tablet of your heart. Say to wisdom you are my sister and call understanding your nearest kin that they may keep you from the moral woman from the seductress who flatters with her words. Okay, so several things we hear about how we could consider the word of God, how what we should do with the word of God.  Okay, so obviously these are words of wisdom that the father is instructing the son.  Okay, and my law as the apple of your eye. Okay, so what is keeping the word mean, keeping my word mean? It is to protect, it is to, it is to make sure that it is retained. It is not something that is forgotten. It's not something that is forgotten. It's not something that is just, you know, not retained. So it means to retain the word of words and treasure my commands within. I don't know whether we look at the commands of God as something to be treasured. Treasure is something of great value where we protect it and keep it and keep it safe. Keep it safe, right? Treasure my commands within you and keep my commands and live, right? And my law as the apple of your eye. Again, something that is treasured, something that is protected. You know, we are very careful about what happens to our eyes. Normally, we protect, you know, by reflex, we protect, we blink so many times so that there's no, you know, one thing is to keep the eyes moist.  So he's saying, you know, keep my law as the apple of your eye. Bind them on your fingers, write them on the tablets of your heart so that they, the words will keep you, right? Protect you, keep you, and it talks about immorality and immoral person. But I just want to say that the word of God keeps us, protects us, right? But our response to the word of God or how we need to treat the word of God is to, you know, is to keep the word of God, is to pressure the word of God, is to keep the word of God, you know, as if it's the apple of our eyes. If we would estimate the word of God or esteem the word of God in that manner, then the word of God keeps us, you know, the wisdom in the word, the truth of the word. It's so ingrained in us that it protects us from going astray, protects us from any of the influences that would lead us astray, right? It's not only when it comes to, you know, the things of the flesh or it's anything, you know, any kind of influence that takes us away from God's wisdom, that takes us away from the will of God, away from the ways of God. The word of God protects us, right? But it requires us to treat God's word in this manner. So let's pray and then let's say, let's just commit ourselves to God and say, Lord, I want to esteem your word in this manner, right? Father, we thank you, Lord. Father, we thank you for this instruction in your word about your word, Lord. So we thank you. We pray that, Lord, we will esteem your word in this manner, that we will keep your word, Lord, that we will treasure your commands, that we will keep your law as the apple of our eye God. Even as you've instructed, Lord, your word says that we will keep the word and live. Master, we pray in all those areas of our lives where we are just existing, Lord, where there is no life. I pray, Lord, that even as we choose to keep your word, that we will just live, that your word will cause us to thrive and flourish and protect us, Lord, from all influences taking us away, Lord, from you, the source of life itself, Lord. So, Father God, we commit ourselves into your mighty hands, Lord, enable us, give us that kind of heart, Lord, towards your word. We thank you. In Jesus' name, we pray. Amen, amen. Okay. Yeah. So we've been looking at the steps that we can take in order to walk in wholeness or walk out of, I mean, to receive healing and deliverance, right? In a healing and deliverance. We've been looking at a few steps here. So, you know, the first couple of things that we said was repentance and asking God for forgiveness. So the question is, you know, are these two things the same thing or similar? Repentance and forgiveness, asking God, or are they different? Yeah. So is repentance different from asking God for forgiveness? Different. Okay. So what is the difference? Yeah, I can use the mic. So repentance is more right? Confession. And it may not, you know, include for asking forgiveness. What is repentance for? Change in mind. Exactly. So it's a decision to change. It's a decision to do things differently. Change in action, yeah. Change in mindset, you know, leading to that, right? It's a change. So asking God for forgiveness is to receive, you know, to ask him that we were wrong, to be remorseful, to say that, you know, wherever we have missed and to ask him for forgiving us and to restore us, right? So that's the thing. Okay, third one we saw was to believe in the completed word of work of Christ. Okay, the completed work of Christ on the cross. So I want to ask you like, you know, what does the finished work of Christ on the cross mean to you? Just one thing. Okay, online students also, right? What aspect of your life is covered by the completed work of Christ? Okay, we'll start with Sri Radha and then just go all the way and yeah, online students also, you know, what is the completed work of Christ mean to you? It gives us a victorious life over, like we can overcome everything by that power. Like all the evil things, whatever we are going through, like tempting us, we can overcome all those things by the power of cross. Okay, we'll take one thing. Okay, so the completed work of Christ on the cross to receive that means that you receive power over temptation, which seems to maybe, you know, bring you down or slow you down, you know, or trip you up, right? So, okay, that's my thing. Next, receiving from the completed work of Christ. Okay. Yeah, yeah.  What does it mean to you? It means something, right? Completed work of Christ. Yeah, online students also, you know, you want to teach. So it's a big thing. That's why I can't say in one word first. So mostly for me, it's like a hopeful life that So it means that Whatever creates hopelessness, the completed work of Christ brings about Right. Okay, Nikki. Free from sin. Freedom from sin. Okay, freedom. Francis. I mean, like for given from the all the sins and given the authority all over the like Authority like all these like this defeated Satan on the cross. So that authority what before sadhana she is given to us. So we have the all the authority. He's the cross is given the open the grace of God for me in every area of her life. And like Bible say you're seated with Christ in the heavenly places because Jesus has done now we are seated with him. Yes, we have access to the grace of God. And then our position in case we have changes because of his finished work. Yes, and then it made me worthy and and it gave me the identity increase who actually am. And it So The word talks about value. Identity. So the completed work of Christ. Yeah, Jack in. I have been forgiven redeemed. Righteousness. Access. Right. Confidence to column of a father which means access relationship. So many things. So this We, you know, we need to really consider the finished work of Christ. And there's so much. There's so much that we have as believers because of what he did for us. And we know that crosses at the center of all that is happening in our lives. Cross at the center. Right. So it is very important that we understand receive more revelation about this truth of the finished work of Jesus on the cross and and receive that every time maybe there's an opportunity for us to take part in the Lord stable communion. There's another opportunity to think about one aspect or a different aspect of what the Lord did because of the finished work on the cross and what we can receive, which is rightfully ours because of what he is, you know, out of his grace. He is actually extending to us. Right. Coming from the finished work of the cross.  So, so the third thing is this when we talk about, you know, finished work of the cross. It's not just a historic event, but something that affecting us today and which can affect us now in the moment and we can receive now. It's all powerful and physical healing, emotional healing, etc. Both things we said, and then this is where we stopped, I think about releasing forgiveness. Okay, and being specific about it. Okay, forgiveness for everything and forgiveness most, most, you know, horrible things that we may have gone through because of people's behavior, choices, etc. So we receive healing for that and healing starts when we actually release forgiveness. Okay, so, so how should you feel in order to forgive? So is feeling required for forgiveness? You know, do you, should you feel like forgiving and therefore forgive or can we just, hmm, not necessarily. So have you tried forgiving without feeling that sense of, yeah. No, is it possible? Okay. Okay, so it is possible, but it is definitely challenging. Yeah, I mean, we are forgiving correct. That is why, you know, depending on the person only we either feel like forgiving or we don't feel like forgiving because and also depends on what is the nature of thing that the nature of hurt or the kind of thing that we have, you know, we have gone through whatever hurt we have gone through whatever trauma that we have gone through. It's, it's like that, right.  Okay, so this person went through so much. And he, he writes by saying that when they, when he, when they put him in the same room and it was actually a trial, it was a court. So when they put both the people in the same room, he just, he it was the emotion that he felt was so strong that he felt like throwing up. Just so strong, so strong on the inside, you know, because he, here was this person who had tortured him so much. Here was this person right before his eyes and they are actually in the courtroom because trial and so on after the war. Obviously that person is a war criminal. And so he's there to, you know, testify against him and he says that, you know, they put him in the same room.  Okay. So the question is that, you know, how do we release forgiveness? And we have such feelings or emotions that are holding us back. How do we do it? Basically, as a human beings, it's very hard. Maybe, see, when I speak about me also, when, if I think about myself as Anand, I can't forgive. If I think according to Christ, it's, it's, it's nothing like what I heard that I saw a video passing recently that it's in a courtroom in US. So there is a person standing there, the victim.  And he was standing there after the judgment. He told, I'll forgive this guy. I mean, his father was telling, I forgive, I forgive because Christ forgiven us. So you just need a good life. And everyone were crying. I was thinking, how a human being can forgive like that. And then he quoted this Christ, Christ forgiven us. As a human being, we can't. If we really went to such place, like we, we actually, we got, we won everything in the world if we really reached that place. Yeah.  Need to punish, need to, you know, make that person feel bad. So goes all against forgiveness at the same time, according to what Jesus did for us. And the, and the example of the standard for forgiveness is forgive others as God in Christ forgave, forgive us. Right. So, so that's the standard. It means that when it comes to forgiveness or releasing forgiveness, it is a decision that we make. It's an act of obedience, trusting God and not based on our emotions. Right. So, so if we understand that, yeah, I'm feeling terrible.  I don't know. I think even having this anger, but when I look at the word of God, when I see that how Christ forgave me and that's the model that I have, that's the example that I have. So it's an act of my will. I'm making a choice. I'm being obedient and I choose to choose to forgive. Right. But first and foremost, I go to God and ask for a willingness, even for that willingness, because, you know, we don't start at the place of being willing. We started the place of being unwilling. Right. So we are unwilling. We do not want anything of that. But then we ask God, God, give me a, bring me to the place of being willing to even, you know, forgive release forgiveness. Okay. Nina, John, by listening to the Council of the Holy Spirit, if we would quieten our hearts in any situation, you will guide us what we need or even think forgiveness is what we have or even think forgiveness is what we have received wholesale. So how can we not? Yeah. So the thing is, yeah, we know that this is what we need to do. How do we get to that place? Right. So it's a, it's a choice. It's an act of obedience, trusting God. Right. And not in our emotions, not in our feelings. Okay. So, so another thing that helps us to relief, release forgiveness is it's not that we are saying what that person did was right. So many times that stops us when we want to forgive.  Am I saying that am I accepting that what that person did was right? Am I, you know, so that stops us. You know, I don't want to forgive because I want to tell you that what you did was wrong. Right. So I don't want to forgive. Right. So, so when we, when we are saying, you know, what we're releasing forgiveness, we are saying that what that person did was wrong. It was injustice. Right. It was wrong, but we're going to be on that and saying, despite that, I forgive. Okay. So that's, so there are two different things. Right. So when we, when we think of it that way, then maybe it's, it's a little bit easier to say, okay, I forgive. What I did was wrong, but I forgive. I forgive in the way God in Christ forgave me. What I did was wrong, but he forgave. Right. Despite that he forgave. Okay. You will have a question. Yeah. I have two questions. Our first one is like, can we forgive and also ask God to take vengeance or revenge on our behalf? Like David. Forgive God. Yes. Forgive and take the questions. I will forgive like what they have done to us. I'll forgive him, but God for what he has done, you do it. So basically. Yeah. And. Yeah. God takes vengeance. Yeah. So can we also be in that position of forgiving them and asking God to do justice for it? Or like, especially talking about many things that happens in the world. Like we fight for justice. Like we do the candle rallies and all we fight for justice. But also following followers of Christ. We also have to forgive the people who have done wrong. But also we, we also as humans, we all seek for justice for what happened. Right. So can we also forgive and also ask God to do justice? This right should be corrected. This wrong should be corrected. Sorry. Yeah. So maybe, you know, according to the law, whatever is the, whatever the law says that maybe imprisonment or restoration or whatever it is justice should be done. Okay. So, so we can, we can, but you know, we, when you look at the New Testament, okay. When you look at the, what the Lord Jesus says, you know, what he did and what he said, he said, love your enemies.  Pray for those who spitefully use you and persecute you. Right. So, so you bless, you release a blessing. Now, see the thing is that the natural cause of the law, let's say a person is arrested for whatever wrong he has, he or she has done. And the natural cause of the law, you know, we can't just take them out. We can't just say, okay, you know, consider as nothing, et cetera. You can retract your statements, et cetera. You know, but then if there's a natural cause of law to be taken, that is fine. Okay. But then our heart attitude should be to release a blessing. Okay. So, we can say, Lord, I, you know, just bless them, prosper them. We can do that. You can't see what this means. That's how we make it. You can see. It's not. It's not. It's not. Okay. Hmm. Just use them like that. And like, if we are releasing forgiveness, is it like we are like keeping the justice aside? Because are we keeping justice aside in the sense, we don't want justice to be done. Like, Okay. Yeah. For incident, like for what? I don't know what from what. And then have said, there's a person who have saved. And if we want to forgive them, it's actually telling, don't punish him. It's okay, even if you not get justice for what things he have done. So mercy. Okay. So justice demands punishment. So maybe being merciful, he might get reduced sentence. You know, that is possible. But as a, as a person, as a criminal who is, who's, you know, who's prone to repeat this whole thing. Justice is that he be kept in a correctional facility so that he is not a threat to others upon release. Okay. So, so I feel that that needs to be done. That needs to be done.  So he cannot be, we cannot release him into society where he would repeat this thing, you know, repeat this offense and create damage. So, yeah, so the act of justice would be, okay, maybe it's a reduced sentence, whatever. But then I would say that he needs, this needs to be corrected so that when you're, and ultimately he's released, he can be, he won't repeat that offense. Yeah, can both go. Yeah. The Gramsons, sorry. Hmm. Yeah. So his wife said that, yeah, I forgive. I don't have anything personally against him. I forgive him. And they say, but I think I don't, I didn't really follow the case fully. Like whether he was, he was released. Right. They, they're just released him. I don't know about that. I don't know about that, but I really don't know. Yeah, I can probably check what to see. I mean, okay. Yeah. You have a question. Yeah. Yes. So in this process of forgiveness, even though we release forgiveness, we acknowledge what they have done wrong. And also we release mercy from our sin, our end as God forgives us and all of that. But how do we really know or recognize that we actually forgave them? You know, do you think like, how do they recognize? We forgive them from all the hurt pain, not just your experience. We are not experiencing it anymore because people say time heals. And it's true as, as we, you know, time passes by the hurt and the pain, the intensity really reduces and the same feelings that you have, you know, the rage or anger or, you know, the feeling of, yeah, I need justice might not prevail over time and you will be settling over the feelings and stuff. But does it mean that we forgive them or we just use to the situation what happened, you know, to us and we wanted to move on? Yeah, I think that's a very interesting, interesting question. How do I know that I've truly forgiven, right? So, yeah, I have released forgiveness. Yeah. Yeah, that's a lovely question. So how do I really know that I have forgiven? Okay, so a couple of things. One is, it's a, you know, the releasing forgiveness itself is an act of obedience trusting God. So it's an act of faith where we're saying God, you know, I'm just going with your word and I'm, and I'm forgiving. Okay. So when we forgive, when we actually do that, initially maybe there's no emotions, you know, we're just doing it unemotionally as an act of obedience. We're just doing that releasing. Okay. But when we take that step, step, you know, when we say, Lord, I'm willing.  So till that time, we are actually closed. Right. So when we say, Lord, I am willing and I forgive. So we are actually opening up our hearts, our lives, our minds, everything emotions for the work of the healer, who's the Holy Spirit, the comforter, the healer. So, so he starts and he brings about healing like in our lives. Right. So, so that is why that is why we, you know, the whole intensity of pain and everything goes down. You know, it's because of his work of healing and we also receive that healing from him. And yes, there are times when these thoughts come back, you know, depending on how deeply entrenched the trauma or the pain is, these thoughts come back, you know, these thoughts come back and along with that some sense of emotion like attached to that thought. But when we say, no, I have forgiven and I will continue, you know, I will continue to declare that that I have forgiven this person. Then we realize that, okay, that intensity of pain just leaves and we are able to, you know, even think about those past without the emotion, without that pain, right, without that same intensity of pain. And because we know that it is healed, you know, we're able to talk about it, we're able to analyze it. We're able to even maybe testify it about it, you know, you share it as a testimony saying, this is the testimony of God's healing in me and then the testimony of how he enabled me to forgive. So that I would say that would be the path of, you know, how we are closed and then we are open when we actually make that choice to forgive, to release forgiveness and God does that work of healing. Right. So, yeah, so when we reach that place where, you know, see the time does not heal actually. You know, funnily this morning, I was just thinking about one particular instance that happened. I think this happened very many years ago.  And I don't know why the train of thought happened and so on. So then I said, oh, God, I guess I really need to forgive that person intentionally. I've not done that. So time actually does not heal. I'm talking about like, I don't know, 20 years, 30 years, you know, something that happened. And then something triggered that memory. So, yeah, time does not heal, but but when we actively intentionally release forgiveness, and that's what starts the healing process. So how do I know that you're forgiven? Yeah, you don't have any more pain.  Right. So it also goes hand in hand. So yeah, so your whole behavior, your thoughts about that, everything changes. And you know, it doesn't affect you anymore.  Thanks for one more question. Yeah. So when we were talking about like this discussion about having justice and, excuse me, all of that. I remember once we were having this sermon and the statement where mercy times judgment. That's what happens to us in our lives as well. So in what cases that we need to take that step and need to report or, you know, maybe legally or in terms of, I am saying justice in terms of this has to be told outside. You know, even though you have forgiven that person, you know, but it has to be, we need to be vocal about it. And in what cases, even though, you know, being vocal about it doesn't really only ruins their life and doesn't really, you know, I think I'm giving, asking the question and giving the answer at the same time. So what we decide we have to be vocal or we need not be vocal about it. You don't need to say that. When you say vocal about it, you're saying making sure that, you know, whatever justice. I mean, in the sense that the incident happened needs to be, you know, told. Sometimes it might, you know, what situations may be an example or so where incident need not to be told out. And even though we, even though there is the need for, you know, justice, but we won't be vocal about it or something like that. So we won't report that matter. Yeah, we won't report that matter. But it is worth having, you know, what in the terms if you're talking about justice, yeah, it is worth having, you know, justice to us, but we won't report it types. Okay. Okay, I, yeah, I really don't know how to go about it. But then maybe, you know, I'm just thinking of a situation, let's say there's a theft. Okay, somebody came, somebody stole something from me. So, and then, you know, I, I personally decide to forgive that person. Okay, maybe whatever reason, maybe I think that, okay, that person wasn't need. And therefore he stole. And therefore, you know, I have forgiven him. But the, the, the bigger picture is this, that other people's lives also should not be affected. So that I'm just thinking, you know, I'm just thinking out loud other people's lives should not be affected because of this offense being repeated. So with that in mind, I, I would report, you know, saying such and such a thing happened and therefore that person needs to be, you know, brought to justice because I don't want this damage to be done in the lives of other people. So from that perspective, yes, I personally would report it. Yeah, that's what I'm thinking. So that this whatever, you know, damage, it doesn't affect others lives. If, you know, if it has that kind of a capacity, right. So that's what I'm thinking. You know, because it depends on case to case, right. So let's say, for example, if, let's say a family member, you know, wrongs me. Maybe something he does, he or she does, you know, something financially or whatever. So I would overlook that. I would overlook that I would forgive I would overlook and but I would also tell the person that what they did was wrong. What I am willing to forgive, you know, I'm taking the hit, I'm willing to forgive that but I'm, you know, but I would point out what they did was wrong. So I would be merciful. I'm not going to take them to court or whatever. But, but I will tell them that this needs to be, you know, they cannot repeat it. So I'm looking at it case by case. I hope that helps. Yes. Yeah, that helps. You mean to say that if that particular person what I've done to you, you think it has any, it might impact many other people. Yeah. You know, it's worth reporting. It's worth reporting so that it doesn't get repeated and other people's lives are not damaged in a similar way. You know, personally, okay, I forgive. But then, you know, as a protective thing, I would personally report it is what I think. Yeah, thanks. Thank you. Okay. Okay. So, so we, we release forgiveness. We also receive healing, you know, or as we release forgiveness, right. And it could be some something simple, something small, but we might be still holding on to it and not really dealt with it. So it just helps, right to deal with it and make a make a decision, make a choice saying, okay, you know, I'm not going to think about this because I'm going, it's dealt with. I'm, you know, I'm releasing forgiveness about this. I'm not going to hold an offense about this. So things like that, right. But one very important aspect is of forgiveness is is also forgiving oneself for giving yourself. Right. Because what what we do is we punish ourselves many times.  So I let go of certain things. I tell myself certain things. I, you know, so like, for example, I'll just tell you a very simple thing happened. Like in the sense, I think I was doing my management studies and then I flunked in one paper in the first semester. And then, so then as a way of punishing myself, I told myself that, you know, I'm not going to, I'm not going to get the fees for the last whatever exams and everything from my parents. I'm going to try and manage it on my own. Okay, things like that. Like, even though it's not a big deal for my parents to pay the fees for the size, I said, okay, no, this is how another thing. You know, some, some, some things like that, right, where we are not able to forgive our choice, which landed us in certain situations. So we take, we punish ourselves by withholding certain things from us, from ourselves, or thinking ourselves in something in certain ways, or doing certain things for us, you know, for ourselves. Well, one extreme end of it is self harm, right? Self harm, where we say, okay, physically, we harm ourselves to punish ourselves. That could be one extreme. The other extreme way could be, you know, we withhold whatever good happens to us. We withhold. We don't want to feel happy. Maybe some things are happening or we don't want to feel happy. We say, okay, this is what I did. Therefore, I'm not going to be happy. This is what I did. So I'm not going to be experiencing these emotions, right? You get what I'm saying, right? So, so the thing is to actually when it comes to releasing forgiveness to forgive ourselves. So that's a very important aspect of it, right? Because when God forgives, when God forgave us, he did it despite all that we went through, all that we did. He forgave us. So how can we not forgive ourselves? Okay. So, yeah, so yeah, for me personally, you know, the one thing that I had to forgive myself was, see, I was a good student in class 10. I did very well, did well in maths, did well in whatever. But when it came to 11th standard and 12, you know, I did, like I just played the fool, did not study. So final exam did very poorly, could not, could not be, did not even get the marks enough to go for engineering or medicine, whatever. Right. So I felt very disappointed, I felt very disappointed that I disappointed my parents. Okay. So that was the thing. They gave me so much opportunity. They made so much of sacrifices.  So I felt very, very disappointed. And so I had a very, very low esteem of myself for many years. I could not forgive. How can I do this, you know, to my parents? They gave me so much. They gave me opportunity. I wasted all that. So, you know, a very, very low esteem. So this was like a heavy thing in my mind always. I wasted opportunities. I wasted things. So I wouldn't forgive myself for a long time. Okay. So, and that would show up in other things like lack of confidence, lack of confidence in front of successful people. Like it will show up and low self esteem and so on. Why? Because I chose not to. I chose to punish myself. Yeah. So I don't know what your experience is, but you know, we can pray this prayer. Like it goes like this, right? It says, Heavenly Father in Jesus' name. I received healing from self-inflicted wounds through personal mistakes, wrong choices and wrong decisions I have made. Okay. So we can mention that, right? What are those self-inflicted things, right? What is it that you inflicted on yourself? What is it that you tell yourself? What is it that you withhold from yourself? What reward that you hold back from yourself, right? So, and then mention that specifically. And then also say, Heavenly Father in Jesus' name, I forgive myself just as you have forgiven me. I believe that you are bigger than my mistakes. I believe that you are greater than wasted time and you can restore time, right? I believe that you are able to restore resources that I have wasted. Okay. So, yeah. So that's something that we can pray specifically to release forgiveness over our own selves. Okay. Okay. Okay. We'll take a break and come back. Yeah. Okay.


The theme of sexuality is an important theme within Hamlet. Indeed, all of the play's characters who have a female relative appear really obsessed with controlling the sexuality of their female relatives.  Even if she's married to him, so Gertrude was sleeping with his uncle. He also seems to be very preoccupied with this idea that women are associated with sin, okay? So he sees women in very narrow terms, in terms of creatures and vessels who he sleeps with, but also it's this element of him sleeping with them that can make them fall in creatures in his eyes, okay? So he sees women in some ways as very devilish in this aspect, okay? And this is also shown through the fact that he speaks to Ophelia sometimes in very sexualized ways, but also then he kind of oscillates from, and he goes from one extreme of speaking to her in a kind of sexualized way to another extreme of telling her, okay, if you want to prove to me that you are pure, just go to live in a convent, get the itianonary, okay? So he seems very preoccupied with sexuality and very preoccupied and obsessed with controlling women's sexuality, especially his own mother's sexuality. However, this also extends to Leia, this is Ophelia's brother, he has this huge kind of speech towards her before he leaves where he's basically telling her, make sure you stay away from Hamlet, make sure you stay a virgin, make sure you don't sleep with anybody so that you can stay pure. However, it's interesting that when Polonius is talking to Laertes and giving him advice when he moves to Paris, part of that advice is a little bit bawdy, it's this idea of him just being really careful when he's mingling with women. So whilst Ophelia is held to this very high moral standard as to being pure, Laertes can kind of go around sleeping around, okay? So however, even if Laertes goes around sleeping around, he still is very obsessed with the sister's sexuality and to make sure that she stays very chaste.  So this idea of sexuality and the idea of sin being attached to a woman having sex is something that really runs through, it's a theme and a strand that runs through Hamlet, okay? And of course this is shown primarily through the male characters who really narrowly restrict the roles that these women can have, okay? So let's have a look at the key quotations you can bear in mind, as you can see here, I have prepared the relevant quotations to consider if you're writing about this theme when it comes to Hamlet, okay? So let's start with the first quotation and this is Laertes. Laertes seems very obsessed with making sure that Ophelia stays pure. He states, in the morn and liquid dew of youth, contagious blastments are most imminent, be wary then, best safety lies in fear.  So, you know, it's kind of like in the morning, when grass and especially grass and the springtime is growing, it's very fragile but very beautiful. But that's actually when insects and anything that infects this grass is most drawn to it. So it has to be very fearful, okay? So of course here what he's basically telling Ophelia is, she's very beautiful, but she has to be very protective of her virginity. And especially with her relationship with Hamlet, she has to be really careful not to, you know, sleep with him or go into any form of temptation. So here we can see that Layertes is obsessed with controlling Ophelia's sexuality. This is illustrated through firstly, the Pathetic Fallacy Mourne, which is talking about the mourning. Also, the metaphor liquid due of youth. This is a metaphor for the beauty and the youth that Ophelia has.  And also the letters B and B and best, this is a literation of B. And finally, the words worry and fear. This belongs to the semantic field of caution, this idea that women's value is primarily tied to their sexual virginity. And if they lose that, then they have no value, okay? The second quotation tying into the theme of sexuality. Again, this is Layertes describing how Ophelia's virginity is your chaste treasure. Now this is a metaphor, he's basically talking about her virginity as a piece of treasure, which she has to guard. And he almost wants to jealously guard it for her, okay? So again, there's this obsession with female sexuality and the men around the women controlling their sexuality. The next quotation tying into sexuality is, when we can see Hamlet is obsessed with the idea that Claudius, one of the things that he's doing is having sex with his mom as her husband, okay? And he's reflecting on how Claudius, he hath killed my king and hawed my mother, okay?  And here we can see in this element, he's very obsessed with controlling his mother's sexuality. The word love analysis you want to focus on is firstly the alliteration of age and he hath, okay? So he's really disgusted, he's angry and he's thinking about his mother's sexuality. And of course here we can see that he's angry at Claudius for killing his father, okay? So this is shown in the verb. But most importantly, the adjective horde.   And finally, of course, you've got the letteration here also of M in my mother. The next quotation, which ties in to the theme of sexuality and this is now when Hamlet becomes incredibly graphic when he is confronting his mother.  So there's almost, there's a lot of theories that show that Hamlet's sexuality goes beyond the normal interest that a son might have in his mother's sexuality and it's tied to the Oedipus complex. This is an idea that was pioneered by a psychologist called Freud.   So it's a little bit weird, but this is tied into Hamlet because Hamlet seems to have this obsession with Gertrude who's having sex with his uncle. He just can't get over it, okay? And he's really concerned about controlling his mother's sexuality.  So he's more concerned with controlling Gertrude's sexuality than actually avenging his father's memory and killing Claudius, okay? This is illustrated through the following quotation. In the rank sweat of an enceamed bed, student corruption, honey, and making love over the nasty style. So here he's describing in a very graphic way his mother's bed and it's like a pigsty in Hamlet's eyes.  That's basically what he's saying.  This is disgusting, okay? However, it's not really his business. However, you know, from the perspective of the theme of sexuality, we can see the preoccupation a lot of men had, especially during this time with controlling the sexuality of women around them, especially even their mothers and also their daughters and so on, okay? Now the word love analysis you want to focus on is the words enceamed and love, which obviously, and especially making love, which belongs to a semantic field of sex. Again, this is showing this unnatural and funny obsession that Hamlet has over controlling his mother's sexuality. Also, the other word love analysis you want to focus on is the rule of three, talking about how the bed that Gertrude sleeps on is it's full of corruption. She also is honey-ing on it and making love, okay? So this is rule of three. And again, this illustrates Hamlet's interest and preoccupation with Gertrude's sexuality and her sexual relationship with Claudius, okay? And of course, the final thing that you want to focus on in terms of word level analysis is the word style, which is a metaphor for, of course, the bed that she shares with Claudius, okay? So Hamlet sees it as a pig's style. The next question relating to the theme of sexualities, of course, when Hamlet is basically telling Ophelia, okay, I see all women as fallen creatures. I see them as these disgusting creatures. And the only way you can show me that you're not a fallen woman, you're not a sinful woman is if you get the telunery, okay? And this is an imperative sentence. Remember, imperative sentence is a sentence that issues a command. So it's basically telling Ophelia to prove that she's different and not corrupting other men and giving birth to other sinners. She needs to go off to a convent, okay? And the word level analysis you want to focus on here is the essence of E in get the end nunnery. Now, the final quotation, which shows even Polonius himself wanted to control Ophelia's sexuality and to make sure that she stayed a virgin, okay? So Ophelia defends the interest that Hamlet has initially, and she says, no, no, no, I don't think Hamlet has terrible intentions towards me. And Polonius dismisses her. He says, ugh, you speak like a green girl. In other words, you're speaking like such a naive girl. How can you not see through it, okay? And the simile here, like a green girl, emphasizes how Polonius not only wants to control Ophelia's sexuality, but he believes that Hamlet, his main intention is just basically to make his daughter impure, okay? So all of these quotations illustrate how the theme of sexuality does run through the play. And of course, we can see this kind of obsession, the male characters within the play have been with control in the sexuality of the women in their lives, okay? So that's really it. When it comes to key quotations, remember for this theme and thanks so much for listening.


Well, hi there friends of tomorrow. Welcome to orbit 12.15. My name's Jade This is my lovely co-host Sarah and today we're sitting down with joctor Jared Espley of the NASA Goddard NASA Goddard and he is Not only responsible for working on Maven, but has also done work on Juno and is also a D&D dungeon master We will delve into all of those things starting right now So Jared just kind of diving right into it I really wanted to start off talking about Maven because we think it's a little bit of an underrated Mars mission. So can you just kind of explain what you specifically do for Maven? Sure. No, I do appreciate the interest in the Mars program and specifically like you say on Maven Which maybe doesn't quite get quite as much attention and glory as some of the rovers that are on the surface And in part that's because we're an orbiter. So we're an orbit around Mars and We've been in orbit for several years now actually coming up on five years And our primary science goal is to try and understand what happened to the Martian Atmosphere over billions of years and how possibly the Martian atmosphere was blown away bit by bit by the solar wind So we can go into that in more detail as we continue talking if it's like Always yeah, absolutely So okay, so it's basically studying the Martian atmosphere. So What basically why are we doing this because we can foresee this potentially happening to earth or what's kind of the Not only the scientific payback with this, but also I guess how do we apply it back down to the science we're doing here on earth? Mm-hmm. Yeah, those are two great questions Both, you know, what's the intrinsic science that we're trying to do at Mars and what are some of the broader Implication to what we can do with that science what we're learning So we try to answer the first part first which is about the basic context of what we're doing with Mars science. So What we know is that Mars used to be a very warm wet Possibly habitable. I notice I didn't say habitat, but habitable could there could have been life Because it was warm and wet place and we know that by looking at the geological evidence We look we can see on the surface that there are dry riverbeds dry lakes. We can look at the The mineral evidence we can see the different types of minerals So some of the results for the Mars rovers tell us about the different clays About the different types of minerals that get laid down in a water environment on the surface And so if there had to not only have been A sprinkled amount of water, but actually that couldn't be it It had to actually be copious amounts of water that were on the surface to lay down these riverbeds dry lakes and all these minerals But then obviously we look today and obviously Mars is a cold dry Inhospitable environment today. That's that's obvious looking with our rovers and orbital assets And so that's the context in which Maven comes in is we have this mystery this fundamental mystery where we had a warm wet Possibly habitable environment in the ancient Mars And today we have this cold dry environment And so what Maven is designed to do is to investigate one of the primary hypotheses about how that could have come about Which is that we think that the atmosphere was in fact thicker and warmer and therefore the surface was much warmer on Mars Billions of years ago and then gradually over time that atmosphere got eroded away by the interaction with the solar wind which basically Streams off of the Sun all Continuously and for billions of years bit by bit the Martian atmosphere might have been stripped away So that's the hypothesis that we've been investigating with Maven. I Love it and so Let's cut to the spoilers. Is that correct? Yes, I laid out the hypothesis is that correct great Yes, it does appear to be true. So, okay, all right, we're done here. We can move on and talk about what I know That we can so many complications to that story But the bottom line is that hypothesis does seem to be worn out by what we're seeing with Maven today And so what I mean by that is again, this is an orbiting spacecraft And so we're in this very elliptical orbit So we come in very close to the planet and we go relatively far out several thousand kilometers far out And what we have on board is we have a variety of science instruments instruments that are designed to capture the particles The atmospheric particles that are flying away from the planet or not And also instruments on board to measure the electrical and magnetic fields which control which direction those particles would go And so basically with this orbit that we had and like I said, we've been there already for five years We are effectively trying to create a net to capture all these particles Obviously with just one spacecraft in time We can't actually capture all the particles that are flying away from the planet and start to try and extrapolate what's going on on the broader scale We can't do that with just one spacecraft at one point in time But gradually over time over these many years that we're in orbit that we are able to start building up this net That's helping us to understand How much how many particles are flying away from the planet at any given time and now that we've done that we've have in fact started to capture that there is in fact a Comparatively tiny amount of oxygen a comparatively tiny amount of hydrogen that is flowing away from the planet today It's about 10 to the 25th particles, which is a huge number But that's literal individual atomic or molecular molecules particles And so when you add that all up Then that actually comes out to like half a gallon of water per second, which is not very much But you multiply that over billions of years and it does look like in fact that bears out this Hypothesis that I laid out at the beginning that the Martian atmosphere has been blown away bit by bit So that's what we think is our current understanding is that yes There definitely could have been a significant amount of loss from the planet But as soon as you peel back the layer and you start trying to answer even more Complicated questions, then you realize there's a lot more going on. There's a lot more Confounding factors and that goes to that question that other question the rest of the beginning About how we can apply this information to our understanding of our own planet understanding of other planets in the solar system and our understanding of Other planets outside of rural solar system we get my wife to turn Hello, I was trying to train a thought as I was waving, but apparently every five minutes I'll need to move dramatically enough to keep motion and we're okay with that. Yeah, absolutely feel we need We can even join in yeah spontaneous break out. Yeah, so we have a running gag in our in our science team that that you know when somebody doesn't have a Something that they're really ready to say then somebody to just jump up and do like an interpretive dance Particles from the planet. So there's always a joke about well, hey Dave Why don't you get up and do your interpretive dance again? So I won't actually do the particle flying away interpretive dance for you guys right now Please do Yeah, we'll join in you can teach us the particle escaping interpretive dance and every time the lights go out Break Beautiful so I'm bringing it to the chat room There's actually a few folks asking some really interesting questions about Mars's magnetosphere from James Johnson Gregorius Siddharmo And a couple of others. I'll kind of combine the questions into one But they're essentially asking is there any theory on how Mars lost its magnetic field or If it even had a magnetic field protecting it in the past Yes Okay, great. Let me answer try and answer that question Let me step back and give some context for everybody else. I won't directly answer the question immediately. I'll give the context So in general many planets throughout our solar system and we presume throughout the universe Have planetary sized magnetic fields and so that includes your own planet earth And what we think is happening there is that if you start with any sort of tiny little seed magnetic field It doesn't really matter what the seed magnetic field is It could be something from solar wind flowing out way and space carries a magnetic field with it a tiny little seed Magnetic field if it flows past something that's electrically conducting in other words, for example iron molten iron in the core of a planet then it can produce Induce a magnetic field there and that can enter into a feedback cycle that we call that a dynamo and those dynamos create Planetary sized magnetic field to get the feedback loop of motion and Electrically conducting material combined together So we think that's what's happening at earth. We've had this strong planetary dynamo planetary magnetic field we know that's happening at Jupiter and Saturn at Uranus and Neptune it's happening at Mercury but It doesn't seem to be happening today at Mars when we fly by with previous spacecraft and Maven With our magnetometer and instrument that can measure the magnetic field. We don't see any Strong planetary sized magnetic field Instead what we do see at Mars who we still we see some patches of the crust that still seem to be strongly magnetized But they're very localized and so we think that is not Originating from the interior of the planet. It's not a planetary magnetic field But there's parts of the crust that are magnetized and so that what that does is that gives us a Clue about what might have happened at Mars. And so the interpretation is that basically the Martian Mars as a planet would have had a planetary magnetic field originally and then at some point that planetary magnetic field ceased and the most likely scenario is that Mars is just Smaller and therefore literally had less heat and so very simply Once the Martian core froze there was no longer molten iron like ours is then there was no longer the motion Nor There wasn't the motion so electric inducting But it wasn't moving around it sort of couldn't create this feedback loop that the Dynamo needs and so at that point the Dynamo would have ceased at Mars and the magnetic field that was there Disappeared and what was ever going on at that time if there were rocks that could Be magnetically susceptible have some iron grains in them or whatever hematite grains in them Then they would have kept the magnetic field that they had at that time We see that on earth you know like individual rocks can pick up the magnetic field that that's near them But on average on earth that all canceled out especially in the background of the planetary magnetic field But at Mars these individual rocks were just kept their magnetic field and then if nothing happened for the next billion years That's what the magnetic field we would still see so that's interpretation is that Mars had a magnetic field global planetary Magnet field and then gradually over time that went away presumably because of the lack of sufficient heat and then the crystal fields kept their configuration unless something happened to them like a impact crater or volcanism and so that's why on the surface wherever we see Large volcanoes or large impacts the magnetic field signatures disappear All right So we do have a question from our chat that's following up on the magnetic fields so you've got a magnetometer on Maven and Project lead for the magnetometer there. Yes That's correct. All right so, how do you use the magnetometer system and So sorry rebel on our chat room is asking how do you use the magnetometer system? And how can you make a map from that data? Yeah, it's a good question. Okay, so First of all, let me say Magnet field to really mysterious Is what I was studying for 15 and some said on the other What as a fundamental thing they are, you know, one of these fundamental forces of nature and and so the What we do with them in space is perhaps Slightly more straightforward, there's two major categories of Magnetic fields that you can measure in space ones the ones that I've been describing already where something magnetic fields is Walked into or part of some physical Part of the planet either the core or the rocks or the crust or whatever So that's one category of measurements that you can make with a magnetometer space fly close to a planet You measure how the man field looks as you fly close and especially with an orbit is great because you can kind of see how it Kind of changes that you go flying by trying to do like a little diagram So you've got the the pointing of the magnetic field in one direction is is your spacecraft flies by you can imagine out Basically the compass needle would change if you're flying by effectively and then the other category of the magnetic fields that you can measure in space or magnetic fields that are produced by Very energetic gas what we call plasma So the upper atmospheres of planets and the solar wind itself and space interplanetary space and even interstellar space It's filled with plasma and that just means Particles that have gotten enough energy that they've been come ionized And once they're ionized then electro magnetic fields can be produced and or Control the motion of those particles and so we can measure the magnetic fields of the plasmas of the ion spheres of the Magnetospheres of the upper parts of planets, and so that's another aspect of magnetic field measurements that we make So that's here that was part of the person's question Rebels question They asked how how do we use the magnetometer and then what was the second half? How do you build maps from that data? Oh? Yeah, great. So I kind of already addressed that but it's basically as one one orbit pass by itself is not going to build But once you get Dozens hundreds thousands of orbit passes then you can very gradually be building up a map where those crystal fields are Because as you fly by every time there's going to be a slightly different angle of the magnetic field as you fly by until the time You can build those maps up Awesome, so I have another question from the chat room see fit the question is actually going back to the little localized magnetic fields Surface rock, so if those magnetic fields are local are any of those local fields strong enough to affect habitability So I know we've discovered some magnetic field that it fields on the surface of the moon that cause little Pockets of protection from the Sun are any of these margin pockets strong enough Yeah, absolutely. That's a great question They undoubtedly change the trajectory of particles in the atmosphere So energetic particles As they come in will affect the amount of radiation that the surface received I mean there's several questions of habitability, so The most direct way is is is a radiation so that that's the part that I'm answering and so Yes, the magnetic fields are certainly strong enough localize to affect the trajectories of the particle Energetic particles are which there are two categories. So it's just solar energetic particles, which come from the Sun It's the name and then there's also the galactic cosmic rays rays is kind of a misnomer there They're also really energetic particles. So we go into the whole Light is a both a wave at a particle. Anyway galactic cosmic rays and solar energy particles They come in and they're the radiation in space that you have to worry about the local Crustomagnetic fields at Mars aren't going to do digitally for the galactic cosmic rays They just come out of so much energy. They're produced by astrophysical phenomenon supernova. Here we go They come in from the supernova's and the Galactic events and extra galactic events those things have so much energy They just go screaming and they don't care about any sort of magnetic fields They don't care about our own planets magnetic field really the only thing that really seems to affect their Input into the solar system is the Sun's magnetic field has a very slight modulation on the amount of galactic cosmic rays So that's not helped by the crust of magnetic fields, but the solar energetic particles are in fact definitely Potentially affected by the magnetic fields and and they are definitely affected in the atmosphere the question that Some of us are very actively interested in looking at is whether or not the surface where you would potentially have rovers or Astronauts someday would literally be slightly protected in one spot versus another because of the crust of magnetic fields and So the answer is we don't really know yet And that's okay. That's actually almost more exciting as an answer than having a definitive one, right? Yes, why aren't we there yet? all right, so Thank you so much for basically Explaining all the amazing work you're doing for Maven and while staying on the topic of Magnetism and all that exciting stuff in space. Let's go ahead and transition into talking about your work on Juno because Speaking of magnetosphere's I've never heard of something more terrifying in our own solar systems backyard than Then then that of Jupiter's magnetosphere So can you delve into a little bit of the work that you did on Juno? Yeah, I can so I Mean The work that I personally did on Juno fell into two categories. So earlier in my career And then let me step back It takes a long time to get to planets Particularly it takes a long time to get to planets in the outer solar system So a typical Mars Trajectory takes about eight to ten months obviously that could be different if you had some sort of rocket But the most trajectories to Mars take about eight to ten months most Missions to the outer solar system meaning places like Jupiter and Saturn and Uranus and Neptune and Pluto and beyond so like New Horizons Take years many years. So I started working on the Juno project way back in somewhere around 2008 something like that and at that point we were developing the instrument and I was a relatively junior Member of the team and so I was helping to calibrate the instrument the manpower inch So that was one aspect of the work that I've done on Juno And then many years later it launched and then many years later it actually got to Jupiter so I got to Jupiter in 2016 at that point I was pretty fully engaged with what I was doing on Viva But they also needed some help down at NASA headquarters to do something. That's called being the program scientist Now I struggle to explain exactly what a program scientist does it doesn't mean that They're in charge of the mission There's a principal investigator typically who's in charge of the mission That's a scientist at some other institution or it could be an answer doesn't really matter There's a principal investigator in charge of the mission and then NASA as an agency is obviously directing the principal investigator and all of his or Co-investigators to implement the mission and somebody at headquarters as a headquarters has to be that interface to make sure that the Principal investigator mission is doing what they said scientifically and also somebody has to be in charge to make sure that they're spending the money They're supposed to so there's somebody who's called the program executive It's in charge of the money and the engineering side and there's somebody who's the program scientist And that was me for several years. In fact until just a couple weeks ago when I was able to pass the torch on to somebody else And so as program scientist my job was to make sure that The mission was doing scientifically what it claimed to do what it promised to NASA headquarters It was going to do so verify that the science measurements that that were laid out and agreed upon are being bet and also to make sure that any Any sort of communications from the project in interesting science results or being interpreted for my Colleagues at NASA headquarters because not all them are necessarily specialists in all the different aspects So that's what I did as a program scientist and then early on I helped out with the magnetometer So I got to see kind of both from both edge literally like above the project again Not in charge but like from the highest perspective see the whole thing and then like down in the weeds like helping Calibrate and build the instrument and so those are things that have done on you Nice, and I think that offers such a unique perspective from you personally because to have like you said like that grand vision oversight As well as like getting into the nitty-gritty of the the mechanisms behind all this so As mentioned before Jupiter is pretty intense. I'm pretty dramatic. You know definitely King of the planets Rightly so So what is one of what are a few of kind of the most like profound things you learned during the during your time on the Juno mission? Yeah, so We know a moderate amount about what's going on on the surface of Jupiter We actually made a lot of discoveries with Juno about the surface But that was not Juno's primary purpose Juno's primary purpose of the mission was to peer underneath the clouds of Jupiter And to try and get a sense of what's going on on the inside Excuse me and when so what I mean by that is that? Well like we've already talked about with Maven we have a magnetometer on board and Juno and we have some other instruments as well like the microwave radiometer and a Gravity investigation that allows to peer into the interior and get a sense of what's going on on the inside And so we're trying to make a sense of How is Juno stacked up on the inside does it have a Core how big is the core? What's the core likely to be made out of what's on top of the core is the material that's under super high pressure But it's not rocky. Is there some sort of a metallic layer that's on top of the core And then what's the deep atmosphere look like? So that was the intention and it Juno's doing a great job like I described on Maven These are kind of slow-moving missions and what I mean by that is it's not like you just make an immediate discovery just based on one Set of observations. You have to build up a map So what Juno is trying to do is build up a 3d map and we're about halfway through its mission But though it's been there since 2016 so going on three years now It's it's only halfway through its mission That's because it has a really large orbit that it's in it's a 53-day orbit So every 53 days it comes close enough to the planet to make the observations that are most useful for those Interior measurements So we're only halfway through but what we know already is that the interior Does not seem to have the very finite very dense core that everybody assumed that a gas giant would have So most people listening will know that Jupiter of course is a gas giant move that most of it is its gas It's not a solid body Like the earth is but we thought that maybe there was a rocky core on the inside and it doesn't look like that It looks like it's got some sort of diffuse core that's spread out like the mass that's inside there is really kind of Spread out and that frankly to me doesn't really make a lot of sense That's not really my area of science expertise, but that this is one of the major results It's come out of the mission is that the core is spread out and that and diffuse Another major thing is that the deep atmosphere is connected to the atmosphere that we can see So everybody's familiar with the great red spot the huge storm at Jupiter It turns out that when we measured flew over the great red spot with with the spacecraft or measure with the microwave Radiometer we can see all the way deep down into The the roots of the great red spot and it looks like they're connected all the way down to to the basically the layer where the Magnetic field would take over the the conducting electrical metallic layer So that great storm is going all the way down and furthermore seems to have more heat down below than than up above So there's definitely heat driving something underneath the great storm the great red spot and then Just to take a breath I mean might have some more questions, but the third major category of interior science that we've learned From Juno is we learned a lot about the magnetic field again, and we've already talked about Dynamo's planetary dynamo's so it all still applies to Jupiter Jupiter clearly has a planetary dynamo clearly has electrically Conductive material clearly has it in motion pushing this tremendous magnetosphere Which basically this means where the magnetic field controls things But when we got really close and we took a measurement of that magnetic field It looks like it's actually coming from several spots It's coming as as with Earth from the poles, but there's also spots near the equator And so it seems like maybe there's multiple dynamo's going on so maybe there's conducting material kind of deep down and then there's conducting material higher up or Maybe we just don't understand and again There's a lot of that Where we just don't understand and like I think you said Sarah, that's a great thing That's what you want in science. You want to be confused and have a cool mystery to work on it So so that's exactly where we're at with a lot of these things Absolutely. Yeah, but Fuddled is as I like to call it So sorry, and I just find this topic so fascinating just magnetosphere is in general So you mentioned that you know, it's not just emanating from the poles, but you know from the equator as well So dance party. Oh dance party Better than that Jared We know you have a better dance moves than that So so when you visualize Earth's magnetosphere, you know, like you said like north and south poles And then they kind of jut out like this like like almost like butterfly wings But because there we go because as you said Jupiter is gaseous and it's you know at very different dynamics there Does that have an impact on kind of like I guess the chaoticness of its magnetic field? Does it make it a little bit less predictable and a little bit more tumultuous? That's a great question. I don't think we understand the dynamics of the interior well enough That's literally what we're trying to understand To really make that connection certainly the upper atmosphere is very stormy and is very tumultuous like you said And that like I said, that's another really cool result that we weren't intending to really look forward You know again the intent of you know is to look underneath But we we found a lot of thunderstorms and a lot of White that's occurring that you can just visually see on the surface that we hadn't really had a good handle of before So that's a really cool result another really cool result from Juno going to that to that point of the tumultuousness of the atmosphere is We'd never had any good views of the poles of Jupiter before because most of our observations are from Earth So you could you know point telescopes like the Hubble or something, but you can you obviously can't see above the planet From our own planet, but the way Juno's orbit is we come in over the poles and so That's allowed us to see the poles and there's these really huge Circumpolar cyclones we call them so they're just circling around the poles and there's several of them I always forget how many are on the south and how many in the north there's eight on one pole and five on the other pole And I'm sure one of their viewers can probably look it up Jack That's a good but what but they're these huge storms and so why are there? Why are there five of them up there? What why don't they merge together because here at Earth you some of the people viewers might have heard about the polar vortex here at Earth That's causing all kinds of crazy weather. It's the same idea. You get these these Storms that create in the poles, but there's only one really here at Earth and so why are there all these storms up there? So nobody knows it's I think it's an open question for the atmospheric dynamism Speaking of questions, you've actually answered some of the things from our chat and like Luther on YouTube was wondering what other instruments are on Jupiter and what will they be doing? So thank you for jumping ahead and We also there are a few more that I haven't mentioned there's several other plasma and particle instruments on board That helped as well and probably the instrument I haven't mentioned but I've implicitly applied is the Juno camera instrument Which is just a simple camera was in fact. It was not reasonably intended as a full science instrument But it clearly if you're gonna go to Jupiter you want a camera at it And that's where a lot of the really public-facing results have come out So people have been paying attention to Juno have probably seen the images. Well, that's just often Juno cam So that that's been a spectacular success. I would say One more thing about Juno cam before I move off it everybody should know that that data is freely available And you can go and you can download it and you can manipulate it So a lot of your hopefully some of your viewers that are a part of that And that's been a really huge success I would say it's people sometimes make these beautiful pieces of scientific art where science data It's literally like an art that you hang in your room and there's some people make them like whimsical too You know, they take the image and they'll they'll make like little cartoon things And they can make it fun. So that's awesome because everybody can take the data and do what they want with it And so I think that's really cool. Yeah those images that are coming off of Juno cam there One of the things that you might want to look for when you're Searching for those images you want to get the lower saturation images the original you want to make sure that You're looking at the original data or one of those a saturation boosted kind of artist concept artist enhanced images Just be sure what which one you're looking at the the original data itself is amazing enough But a lot of the pictures that we see though the really boosted colors with the purples. Yeah, those pretty gorgeous Those have been those have already been tweaked by Yeah, I people at home. Yeah, so we want to be careful about that But the original data is just stunning absolutely and oh so which leads me to another question from our chat So, okay See fit again knowing what we know Now know what instrument change if any do you wish would have been included in the Juno mission or for future missions? What would you include on a Jupiter mission? That's a good question. I Mean Juno is a very focused mission Juno is designed to investigate Jupiter and Juno is designed to investigate not just Jupiter by the interior of Jupiter And it had to be that way because it's it's not a what we call flagship mission. And so it's not a mission like Curiosity Mars curiosity or something like that where it was an agency driven mission Instead it was a focused principal investigator led mission So I'm not sure that I I know off the top of my head exactly what else I would change about the the focus of Juno but a slightly different flavor of that question would be What would I want in a Jupiter system mission and the answer is something similar to what we're doing already as an agency? Which is getting ready to send missions to the moons of Jupiter is Jupiter itself is a fantastic interesting place But it's moons are really awesome as well And of course your viewers will know the four major moons of Jupiter Which are Io Europa, Ganymede and Callisto And so there's a major effort underway at NASA right now to send a mission to Europa possibly multiple missions possibly To Europa and so that would be one thing that I'd be really excited about in the future for a Jupiter system mission is those European By the way, I've managed to get my autocorrect now to change to not whenever I start to type your rope in Europa it used to fix it to a European It doesn't do that. So I've trained my autocorrect to respond to my planetary science Gotta love AI Beautiful, so you kind of touched on to where you'd like to see the future trajectory of Not only Jovian missions, but you know Jovian moon missions as as you said they're fascinating worlds unto themselves So then Where where where do you where would you like to see I guess both the Maven and the Juno missions? How would you like to see those continue and where do you see? This ultimately headed so going back to Maven talking about Mars So learning all of this information and all of this data about you know, what happened to its atmosphere What it was once like in its past. This is very important for looking towards the future as you know There's a lot of talk of going to Mars potentially Habitating it. Is that the word habitabilizing you let it Know all of the cinnamon cinnamon cinnamon there all the cinnamon cinnamon anyways before I keep making a fool of myself Where where do you see the futures of these missions going and? What do you think? How does that tie back into? I guess, you know human exploration of space and getting closer and closer to these bodies? Yeah, I think we're at a really sincerely interesting time like it's always Well, we're coming up on the 15th anniversary of the Apollo landings and so that's really, you know, I think reflective for a lot of us I mean, I you know not judging, but I'm pretty sure all of us here are speaking We don't remember the Apollo landings, but I know many of our colleagues do And it's I think it's a time to reflect upon how far we've gone, but how much we still have yet available to us I think it's also exciting how much interest there is in Society in general and also, you know, it's thinking of like SpaceX and Blue Origin and all the other new space tech companies that are out there that are interested in In getting to Mars and getting to the moon With this opportunities for all the upcoming lunar Commercial landers and the science opportunities there. There's a ton of opportunities there So I really honestly think that they're that we're on the cusp of being able to actually push back out into the solar system again Not just with the scientific robots that that my career is based on and my career Hopefully will continue to be based upon but also with with astronauts I think there's a genuine opportunity here that we will in the near future All these forces are synergistically working together to push us towards a A major next step in exploration of the solar system So speaking of that next step with Mars and what you know of Mars is magnetosphere in the atmosphere and Well, what you need to have humans Live sustainably on the few on the surface What do you think is the best option for actually having that long-term habitation? What would we need to do? Yeah, so sometimes people ask, you know, whether or not we Would need to restart the planetary magnetic field because as we talked about we think Mars used to This is actually one of the important things that I think is coming out of magnet science It's kind of esoteric at first appearance Then What we what we're trying to understand is how Planetary magnetic fields impact the amount of atmospheric erosion that can occur because remember back to that basic idea that I was describing With what we're learning from Maven is that it seems like The solar wind is in fact coming into the upper a Martian atmosphere and gradually blowing away bit by bit the Martian atmosphere And so kind of the classic story that we've always told is that happens because Mars does not have a planetary magnetic field and therefore the solar wind particles can directly access the upper Martian atmosphere and Interact and below the particles away Well, it's what we're finding with Maven is that is actually way more complex than that It's really I mean Mars is a great laboratory for this and what I mean by that is Where were these strong crystal magnetic fields are again, not planetary size But just localized crystal magnetic field. We can see differences in the amount of atmosphere being blown away And furthermore, we know from our own planet that actually those solar wind particles do interact with the Upper atmosphere of our own planet and they create the aurora and that so that's a large part where the aurora the southern and northern lights come from And when that happens, it also seems to be driving away bit by bit some of the terrestrial atmosphere And so and we've always had our magnetic field a global planetary field So I think I think there's a genuine Paradigm I won't call it a paradigm shift, but a paradigm uncertain Whether or not this classic story that planetary magnetic field to protect a planet Prevent the solar wind from blowing away the atmosphere. I think that's Uncertain right now. I think Maven's actually shook that up So which is a surprising thing because we kind of expected when we went there that that would alter it So what I'm trying to to lead up to to answer your question about how we would get to habitability there I certainly don't think it's true that we necessarily need a strong planetary magnetic field to to send astronauts to mars In fact, I know that for sure. We don't need a planetary magnetic field for them to go there They need to be protected from the radiation that's there But uh, uh, we're not going to get a planetary magnetic field to do that anytime And within hundreds or thousands years that technology is beyond us and we don't need it We can protect our astronauts from frame for radiation in other ways. Um, so I think our Maven science is helping us to understand how planets work better, but I don't think it's directly Helps or hurts the chances of putting astronauts there What we really need are the ability to prospect for resources If we're thinking of like long-term habitation and sizable colonies or sizable settlements such as work settlements Because it's one thing to have a few astronauts there and to just go and carry your own resources with you But like if you actually want to have lots of people there, you got to make sure you have lots of water available to you And we just don't know how much water there is. I mean, we know there's ice But like where is it and like, you know, so we would have to definitely start to identify Um Settlement sized resources that we're going to have a long-term presence there Very cool. Um, so kind of Wrapping all of this up and getting your why which is something we really try to to do when we're speaking to, you know Folks like you who are just so full of so much information and so much knowledge So can we get your opinion on why is this all important? I mean, yeah, as you said, like we're maybe not shifting paradigms But we're not taking them as you know absolute truth anymore and the same thing with like, you know, even with I know there's going to be a lot of textbooks They're going to have to redraw their diagrams of jupiter because every diagram I've seen has indicated some sort of rocky iron core So why in your again in your opinion, why is this all important? Why do you personally? Why did you dedicate your career to these uh fields? Fields get it like magnetic. Sorry Yeah, that's good. Yeah, I didn't even get the pun at first It was for me personally when I started uh, it was about exploration. Um, so What I mean by is when I was a kid I wanted to Have adventures and go exploring cool places and clearly the adventures are happening in space, right?  Okay, that's awesome That's a great adventure, but that's in space too. So let's go and have adventures in space So that I mean that's Definitely where it all started for me is wanting to have adventures and have exploration And as of course as I got older, uh, I realized I probably wasn't going to be rescued a lot of martian princesses Wasn't necessarily going to become a jedi But I I also fortunately found out that when in science then what you can do is you can explore space But you also learn how the world works at the same time And so it's a way of indirectly exploring as well. And so that seemed like a really powerful combination to me um and so That's how I ended up here is is I wanted to explore space like if I had to be like if if I'd had to become uh get my schooling in um And I don't know english or I mean, I would say took english, but uh, if I I didn't what I'm trying to say is I didn't become decide that I wanted to become a physicist And therefore I will explore space. It was the other way around It was I wanted to explore space and the tool with which we used to explore space is physics and math So I was like great no problem physics math. It's fun. It's interesting. I'll learn that stuff so that I can explore space So that's what I wanted to do That's amazing.  I'm not sure, you know, my uh, uh, my abilities with the force were quite the same That I thought they would be when I was six, but I think you underestimate yourself young padawan Um, he just set himself the right mission As dungeon master. There you go. There it is All right. Well, um, dr. Jared, I I'm just gonna call you jared jared. Thank you so much for Spending your saturday afternoon with us. Um, certainly I got a whole lot of out of this interview and it seems like the chat room is just going absolute crazy Sorry, we couldn't get to every single one of your questions but nonetheless, you were just a treasure trove of fascinating information And um, certainly inspiring on top of that. So again, thank you for joining us Before we say our official goodbyes, of course This is the portion of the show where we'd like to give a nice little heartfelt welcome or thank you to Our citizens. Um, these are the folks who make the show possible like the escape velocity citizens here And what they do is they contribute a certain amount of money per month on patreon.com Slash t m r o as we go through these slides You'll notice the font gets smaller and the names get more plentiful and that is because There is a tier for everyone even my names up there somewhere Yes, so thank you again for making the show possible. There it is. I love it Great wall of names. Um, and again, if you're interested in contributing to the show Yes, you can contribute monetarily on patreon.com slash t m r o or as I've said before you can contribute emotionally or just um You know like things like things you could smash that like button You could subscribe to the channel share us to all your friends and fam Have us on uh at the dinner table when you're all sitting and Anyways, um what i'm trying to say is thank you. Um continue tuning in we will see you next Saturday and we hope you all have a lovely week Goodbye


Is Super Mario Galaxy 2 coming to Nintendo Switch? Especially in lieu of Super Mario 3D All-Stars, plus hey, we all know about a couple of the hints that exist in Super Mario 3D All-Stars, well they don't know, there's a certain jingle in the game that is directly from Mario Galaxy 2 that happens when you boot up the game. And obviously there's been some hints and some potential thoughts about DLC, even though it's a limited release, and just a whole bunch of hullabaloo out there about how Mario Galaxy 2 could be coming to Switch or coming to 3D All-Stars. We've thought about this, we've talked about this, heck it might have originally even been planned for the game at one point, but here's the deal, is it actually going to come? Let's talk about that first by talking about our giveaways. We have a Nintendo Switch, an Xbox Series X, and a PlayStation 5 giveaway going on right now, plus another giveaway for two copies of Pikmin 3 Deluxe. You can enter by checking things out down in the description, commenting, liking, subscribe to the channel, all that jazz. We are on our road to 100,000 subscribers, if we can somehow, for some miracle, hit 100k, like right now or really in 2020, we will have a massive 100 plus winner giveaway happening in January with over $1,000 worth of stuff. Yes folks, I'm trying to give back to my community as much as I can, but hey, we got to hit some stretch goals here, 100k in 2020. Alright, so I was reminded about Mario Galaxy 2 and the Switch conversations, mostly because of an article that was brought up during a livestream last night, but the thing is, the article itself isn't really evidence that Mario Galaxy 2 is coming, but it does bring up some interesting points, and this article is at dashgamer.com, a website I had literally never heard of, it's written by Dan Rizzo, it was actually written back at the beginning of September. But as I was reading all of this, this entire article here, it kind of came to my attention that, you know, Super Mario 3D All-Stars is this limited release, right, it ends on March 31st, they remove it digitally, remove it physically, then again, Jump Rope, the Jump Rope game was supposed to be gone as well at the end of September, and it's still available on the eShop, so this is kind of one of those things where Nintendo is saying that they're going to be done within March 31st, but if there is still high enough interest in the game, I have a feeling it's going to be around physically and digitally much longer than Nintendo is currently saying, assuming that it keeps being a top selling game, obviously I think Nintendo presumed there might be a point where it stops being a top selling game, and that might be when they want to remove it, I don't know, I don't know why Nintendo wants to remove this game at all, outside of the potential idea of selling each game individually, whether at 20 bucks a pop or whatever, I'm not exactly sure what their plans would be, the Super Mario 3D All-Stars is clearly a top selling game that shouldn't just vanish, I guess. But what's interesting is, obviously we know that they're using emulation for these games, and Mario Galaxy obviously looks the most polished, I would say, when it comes to this collection because it's already a more modern Mario game that in HD without having to do much work already looks fantastic and the controls aren't as hard to remap over as they are for other games, and plus in games like Mario 64 it really could use some updates in particular, it could really use a free roam camera, I don't know why they didn't put in the work to make that happen, outside of the fact that you know it appears they put this together in six months so maybe they just didn't have the time. Anyways, so there are some things that need to happen for Super Mario Galaxy 2 to come, and one of those things is the demand for the game.  Nintendo might make baffling decisions at times, they might not have fixed Joy-Con-Trip for crying out loud, but they're not stupid, they like money, they are like any other multi-billion dollar business, and remember they are a multi-billion dollar business, they are the richest company in Japan currently in terms of just cash on hand. The thing is, they like money, they've always liked money. Remember that the whole point of Nintendo's existence is to make money. I know we could talk about their family friendliness, we could talk about them caring about gaming, or caring about this, or caring about that, or caring about people's health, with all those reminders that hey you know if you played for a while, hey why don't you take a break, like we could talk about how much Nintendo cares, but at the end of the day they make products to make money, they make decisions on the products they make based on the amount of money they make with those products. So, as an example, if Metro Prime 4 flops, we might not get a new Metro game for a hell of a long time, if ever it might join F-Zero and others in the annals of Nintendo history and never be revisited. Why? Because Nintendo likes money, and they're not going to keep spending money to make things that lose money. Does that make sense? I think it makes a lot of sense. So, when it comes to Mario Galaxy 2, there is clearly high demand for that game. Extremely high demand. Nintendo has seen this demand. Don't think they don't. A lot of YouTubers, in particular, that have talked about it, I know personally there are Nintendo employees watching their content. I actually know personally there is a couple Nintendo employees that watch my content. It doesn't change what I cover, it doesn't change how I cover, but I know they watch social media, they watch YouTube, they pay attention to Twitter, they see the trending, they pay attention. Nintendo is acutely aware of consumer demand for certain products they make. Why do you think we have Super Mario 3D All Stars in the first place? They were acutely aware of what the demand would be like for these games. Hence why they made the collection in the first place. Hence why they didn't even remaster them or anything crazy. Because they knew the demand would be so high just to have these games in HD that they wouldn't need to put in that kind of work to get very similar sales. Nintendo is acutely aware as a business what we want.  They have seen the demand for Mario Galaxy 2. And yeah, I have a very good feeling, very strong feeling from those I've talked to, that Nintendo is currently working on Mario Galaxy 2, putting it into HD. They are going to release it as a solo release. When are they going to release it? I don't know. Will it be available physically? I don't know. But it sounds like at some point, likely in 2021, we are going to see Mario Galaxy 2 on Nintendo Switch in HD. Now you can consider it as a $30 DLC pack. If you want, you can consider it as a standalone game.  They didn't make these emulators, custom emulators for the Switch, for these games, just for these games. They're going to use them on other titles that they feel like they can sell. And Mario Galaxy 2 will sell. Is it going to sell as well as 3D? All stars. Of course not. But can it top the eShop charts for a couple of weeks? Can it move 500 to a million, maybe a couple million in sales? Absolutely.  However you want to view that they did these ports, if they can do two months of work to port Mario Galaxy 2 to Switch and sell a couple million units and make a ton of profits, why wouldn't Nintendo do that? Ask that question. Why wouldn't they do that? Whether or not it's DLC for 3D All Stars, which clearly if you look at the menu of 3D All Stars, it looks like there's definitely room to add more games if they would like. Maybe even originally had planned to have more games than that menu currently has. But on the surface, it looks like Mario 64, Mario Sunshine and Mario Galaxy, after Nintendo finally does pull the game, will likely re-release those games individually anyways. And with that being the likely outcome, long haul with these games, at least individually on the eShop, Mario Galaxy 2 is going to be one of those games as well. Mark my word, as much as Metroid and Zelda are going to dominate next year's headlines, because they should. It's their anniversaries. Mario's going to be there too. I don't know if it's going to be an Odyssey 2, but I'm very, very certain by the end of next year, we're getting Mario Galaxy 2. I just know it.  I bet I implore you if we do not get Mario Galaxy 2 in HD on Switch next year by the end of the year. I want people to call me out. And I mean, don't be mean about it, right? Like, I don't think there's a point of being mean about things. But call me out. Remind me that, hey, you were wrong. Okay. I'm not right about everything. It's just a feeling. It's a feeling. I feel like there's lots of logical reasons for it to happen. And I feel like Nintendo is very, very intelligent as a company and knows some easy millions they can make when they see it. Alright, folks, you guys, let me know what you think about this down in the comments below. Do you want Mario Galaxy 2? Do you think it's, you know, not happening? Do you expect it to happen? But just later as an individual release, do you think it'll be DLC? Let me know because this is one of the most interesting topics we've had on our channel for the last month or so. Is this Mario Galaxy 2 stuff? Because frankly, Mario Galaxy 2 is my favorite of the Galaxy games and my second favorite 3D Mario game. So forgive me for wanting to talk about this game and wanting to hype it up and wanting it to be on the platform because hello, it's my second favorite 3D Mario game. Of course I want it. And now that I see such an easy path for us to have it, Nintendo, you better be making that happen. Alright, folks, I'm Nathaniel Rumpel, Janice from Nintendo Prime. Be sure to enter our two current giveaways going on and I will catch each and every one of you in the next video.