Hold on baby, hold on, hold on baby. Come on, let me help you. Oh, it hurts so bad. Where do you wanna go? Where do you wanna go? The chair, I just wanna sit down for a sec. Okay, hold on, oh my gosh, be slow. Okay, be careful, be careful, be careful, be careful. Are you good? Yes. All right. All right, I've been hopping around for two days, bro. Also, Marvel Squad, please ignore this mess. We just flew home from Chicago, literally, at 3 am last night. We came home yesterday to like 80 packages in our house. So we have a lot of cleaning to do, but good morning, Marvel Squad, and welcome back to our channel. We have some big news and some updates coming for you today. So not so good news. Yeah. As easy by today's title. Should I just show them? All right, we're gonna show you my ankle and I don't know if it's broken yet. We're about to head off to the ER. This is not a joke. I was running when we were in Chicago.  We were with all our friends. Tell them what we were doing. Yeah, tell them what we were doing. We were playing Ding Dong Dish. So me and my buddies, it was like 1 am. Stupid. This is after the bar, so we're kind of like tipsy a little bit.  Well, my foot hit the asphalt like right here and roll. I rolled my foot so hard, I completely ate it on the ground.  It's real something so small. And I might have snapped my ankle. All right, let's just show them. So we give them an idea. And before we show you this, if you don't like seeing black and blue bruising, bruising, skip the next 10, 20 seconds. I promise you, it looks bad. It doesn't hurt as bad as it looks, but dude, my ankle looks like. It looks bad. It looks like it's gonna fall. Like we need to go get checked out because if we don't, it could be something. All right, so this is the good side. Just show them. Just show them. This is the good side. Yeah, don't even look good. This is some black and blue. Can I see in the light? You can see it. Now this is the bad side. Are you guys ready? Oh my God, it got worse. Look it, we keep moving it baby. I'm trying to show it. I know, I'm trying to get a good lighting so you can see it. You see how swollen it is too? Do you feel that? No. Like look at the difference in the ankles. Like you can just tell how swollen, look how flat his foot is here. Dude, I afted up. And then look at how. That's horrible.  It's not comfortable. But I weigh like 200 pounds. Literally I weigh 205 pounds. So me running and twisting my ankle on that, like it hurt it even more. That does not look good. I feel like it's more than a sprain. Like I feel like you've got like a hairline fracture or something. Mom's squad, if any of you guys know like nurses or if you are a practicing nurse or you've been through injuries, comment down below what I should do to take care of this. I know I have to like elevate my foot and like ice it and stuff. We're going to urgent care literally in a second to go make sure because. I want your opinions on this too because I know a lot of people like maybe have played sports, kind of know how to deal with stuff like quickly. Oh my gosh. Hopefully it's nothing bad. Honestly, I heard that having a broken ankle is honestly better than a sprained ankle because it heals quicker. It looks so bad. It's bad. We're about to go get x-rayed. This happened on Friday and it's Monday. It's crazy because Saturday he did a lot of walking again too when he wasn't supposed to. Saturday is what made it worse. I did walking on it. Because I can still walk on it. That's why I don't know if it is broken but some people say if it's too swollen it'll actually hold together your foot so you can't really feel the pain until the swelling goes down. Well baby, we won't know until we go in. We're going to take you guys in and we're going to get this x-rayed. We might be at the ER all day. And keep you guys updated with what they say. Make sure to stay tuned and watch to the end of this video because I will have my feet answered at the end, hopefully, and hopefully we'll have a game plan to heal this thing because we got a wedding in five months. I know, I told Bill, I was literally like. The wedding is ruined. I was like, Bill, I'm like, you can't be doing this stuff. You have to be very careful. We have a wedding coming up. We have big events. I don't even want to put on my sock. Well guys, fingers crossed, wish us luck and we'll have answers for you soon, hopefully. Yeah, stay tuned. Currently, he has, guess what he did? It's really bad. Geez. So he's got to get, we're getting an x-ray done on him. He might have to be on crutches for- I don't want to explain. We're getting an x-ray. Yeah, she was like, that's a pretty bad sprain. It is, you can't even believe it.  It made it more black and blue. If I wasn't on it, it would be like this side. It wouldn't be like that. So bro just got an update. He is, we're all dying laughing. So he is getting an x-ray. He's getting it wrapped up. And- I'm gonna have to get crutches. Yeah. I'll be rolling around full on crutches.  Probably. Working out while being busted up. Yeah, except he's just gonna have to pause on the day. I'm not gonna work out my foot. But they said I'm gonna have to get it wrapped up. Does that mean a poop? I don't know. Or is it gonna be like a cast? There's no way it's a cast. It's wrapped. I don't know. I don't know. They'll probably explain it all to you.  But hey, whatever's gonna heal that. We gotta get you right before the wedding. The only thing is, I think I'm only probably gonna have to wear it if anything for like two weeks. Yeah. It probably wouldn't be anything. By the time Halloween comes, are we done? Oh yeah, I forgot about Halloween. Are we going to Tampa? Where else are we going this month? Halloween Horror Nights. We're going on roller coasters. We're going to Orlando. I forgot about that. That's in a week or two. That's in two weeks. Oh, okay. I think it might be good by then. Yeah. There's no way if I'm walking on it now, there's no way that it like doesn't heal fast.  She went, hey dog, get over here, look at this. This is so bad. It's so, baby, that is a so horrible cold. Like that's mega, so bad.   When you have this much swelling, it compresses it all together. So if there wasn't even a hair manufacturer, we're probably not gonna see it. That's why I have an initial X-ray for most people. They'll come in, it doesn't really tell us much unless a bone is out of place. But more than likely, we're not gonna see anything initially, which just happens most of the time. Then if it's still Gugia pain, we put it in an air splint, we try to scratch it so if you can't walk on it, if you can walk on it, that's okay. You do rice, rest, ice, depress, elevate, and then repeat an X-ray in seven to 10 days about the P-dix if it's not getting better. That one was so small. Did you hurt anything else when you fell? No. It's a bad sprain, it's a bad sprain. You can tell more than likely. Okay, well, let's get an X-ray. I'll come get an X-ray. We'll put it in an air splint, go from there and see what we can do. Thank you for your help, ma'am. His foot is officially wrapped. Is that all they're doing? No, they're sending out the X-ray in his hand. He said they're gonna put them on a disc for us so we can actually see the X-ray. Oh, Scar, do you see the fly? Go get it. Go get it, say hi to mama's squad. Oh, it's snappy when it comes to the high two. Snappy and Scar, Scar. Oh, baby, how are you feeling? I'm feeling like my foot is three- So you're using my new pillows that I got? Yeah, I can put it down actually. Wait, so they wrapped it. You saw it in an earlier clip. They wrapped it in this. And basically, since it was wrapped and I was walking in it, like all the blood goes like everywhere else. So like, look, it started bruising by my toes. Oh! And it started bruising more there. But you can put it out there. Oh! I feel good. You can push a little more. Push a little harder? Don't do that. Yeah, I'm kidding. So we have to actually go to Maughery's tomorrow. We didn't realize, we have to go get his, what, eye-profen? Eye-profen. To help with his swelling, to get that down. They said that he doesn't have any fractures or anything like that. But they said they can't really see because it's so swollen. So like when that swollen goes down within like seven to 10 days, and it's, if it still hurts, then to come back and they'll take another X-ray. But he said he thinks it's fine. They saw the whole bone. It's not broke. It's not fractured. Cause I'm pretty sure a fracture is like a break, right? Kind of, but it's not really a break. It's a mini fracture. It's like a big, what do they say, big sprain? Yeah. It's not, it's not like, it's like a hairline. Worst case, he has a hairline. But as of right now, they said his foot looks good. It's just a really, really, really bad sprain. They actually didn't saw it by the way. No broken bones, no big fractures. If there was a hairline fracture, there still could be because the swelling could be pushing the bone together and they can't see. But most likely like, I got super lucky and I don't know how it's not broken because I promise you guys like, just by you looking at this, doesn't it look like it's like broke? Yeah, it does look broken. Dude, anyone with a foot like that, it literally looks like my foot just got ran over by a car. No, it really did. It basically did. So within seven to 10 days, we'll see how he's feeling. They're all he has to really do. He was supposed to get crutches, but they ended up not giving him crutches. So he's just gotta take his eye probe and get the swelling down. Do icing and elevation. Make sure he wraps it. He also needs to get a splint. Yeah, they said to get a splint. They were gonna give me one, but they actually ran out like the bigger ones. They only had ones for like- Because his foot's so small. Small girls are, yeah. So I have to get a splint to help me just walk without like actually- Putting pressure on it kind of? Putting pressure on it, yeah. Oh, you should probably order that. Yeah, well, I will. But hopefully I'm hoping it gets better and after the swelling goes down is when we're really gonna see is there something that we missed? Because swelling can actually take away the pain because it pushes everything together. So once the swelling goes away, my foot might get really loose and it actually might start hurting. So within seven to 10 days, if it does hurt and the swelling's down, we need to go back for a second actuary to see if there actually is need for like a cast or something. Yeah. But you guys, I'm gonna take care of them. I'm gonna make some dinner. I'm starving. It's about six o'clock. So I'm ready for some food. But guys, send some prayers in the comments for my baby. Hopefully he's feeling better within seven to 10 days. I'm all broken right now.   But I'm gonna look out more for myself and hopefully not repeat this because people twist their ankles. It happens all the time. But I hope you guys enjoyed today's video. And we will see you in the next one. But until then, peace. Love you guys.


This research examined the relationship between societal factors and sleep patterns in 11 different countries. It found that 55% of the variation in sleep quality and 63% of the variation in sleep quantity could be explained by societal factors. Additionally, it discovered that increased physical activity was linked to improved sleep quality, especially in countries like the US and Finland. This knowledge can be used to develop strategies and policies that promote healthy sleep habits and improve overall well-being. This article was authored by Sunkyu Park, Asem Junis, Morio's Constantinides, and others.


We will discuss the Unit 4 of Financial Accounting of Become First Semester. Our focus point for today's discussion will be number 1, meaning of account and meaning of two terms, debit and credit. Before discussing the meaning of account or the terms of debit and credit, let us first recapitulate that we have learned in other chapters. So we know that in business, transactions are recorded. These transactions are recorded in the books of account and accounting serves as a source of information. These things we have discussed and these things will help us in discussing the further of about this unit and other systems or other steps in the whole accounting process. Let us first discuss the meaning of account, what we mean by an account. Let us start the discussion with an example. Suppose we are doing a business and here we are presenting the transactions of first six days of a particular month. So accordingly day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4 and day 5 and 6, we have recorded our transactions that have been taken place in our business. So there are purchase transactions, sales transactions on day 3, we have paid rent. Again on day 4 there are purchase transactions. Again on day 5 there is sale transaction, day 6 there is purchase transaction. In this way a business, in this example in our business we are recording the transactions. So now consider these are the transactions of only 6 days. But the similar transaction will take place for 10 days, 15 days, 25 days, 30 days. Now if someone asks you what is the total amount of purchase during 30 days. On this recording how we can calculate the total amount of purchase for 30 days. So we have to calculate the total amount of purchase by finding each and every transaction purchase transaction that have been taken place during the 30 days period. At the same time if someone asks what is the total amount of sale during the 30 days period. Then again we have to calculate each and every transaction means we have to find out each day whether sale transaction has taken place or purchase transaction has taken place. So we have to calculate, we have to find out then we have to calculate each and every transaction. But when the transactions are numerous business is very big, it is very difficult to calculate the transactions in this way by finding each and every transaction day wise. What we can do that we can place the purchase transactions in a particular place, sale transaction in a particular place then brand page, salary page etc. These transactions will be separated and will be placed at different positions. So in our example our purchase transactions are suppose 10,000, 20,000, 50,000. So we have placed all the purchase transactions in a particular place. Similarly we have applied the same principle in case of sale transactions we place the sale transactions in a particular place that is on a particular day we have done sale transactions of rupees 2000 on another day we have done transactions of rupees 10,000. So we have placed the similar type of transactions in a particular place. Now it will be easy for us to calculate the total amount of purchase for a particular period of time. It may be 30 days, may be 50 days, may be for 3 months, may be for 1 year. So the total amount of purchase in our example is 80,000 for 6 days. At a time we can see what is the total amount of purchase we can answer spontaneously. Accordingly we have applied the same theory in sale transaction and the total amount of sale is 12,000. Similarly grand pay there is only one transaction that is 3000 and in this way we will place all the transactions of similar nature in a particular place and that is known as account. So when we define an account we can define it as the a particular place where we put the transactions of similar nature. So similar types of transactions will be put under one head and that will be known as the account. So in this case it will be purchase account, sale account, grand pay, salary pay etc. All the transactions related to the particular head will be placed in a particular place and accordingly it will be calculated it will be totaled. So the definition of accounting shows that accounting is the process of recording, classifying and summarizing the transactions. So we have recorded all the transactions in our books of account then we classified the transactions then we summarized the transactions. So we have presented all the transactions in a summarized form. So this way the accounting serves as a source of information. We come to know very easily that the total amount of purchase is 80,000 for 6 days. So accordingly it will be for 30 days it will be the same process that we will record the transactions. Now let us go to the format of account generally we will keep the records in this particular format. Here we have written date particulars J F amount and the same thing we have recorded on the other side that is date particulars J F amount. So there are two sides of account one side is debit and the other side is credit. We have written it as DR that indicates debit and on other side we have written CR that is credit and the same things the columns are same date particulars J F amount. Again on other side date particulars J F amount and this is the particular format that we follow in recording the transactions. So from this table we can discuss the two terms debit and credit. So debit the left hand side of the account is called the debit side. Hence to debit an account means to record the transaction on the left hand side of the account. So whenever a transaction takes place if we record it in a particular account if it is on the left side it means it will be debit it. On opposite side the right side is credit side. So right hand side of the account is called the credit side. And when a transaction takes place if we record it on the credit side it means we have credited the account we have recorded that particular transaction on the right hand side of the particular account. Then there is another term J F J F means journal folio folio means it's a page number page number of journal book. In the journal book we have recorded this particular transaction again when we will come to the format of journal we will see that there will be another term L F it means leisure folio the page number of leisure book. So there will be a cross reference of these two books journal book and leisure book. Thank you very much for watching. In the second part we will discuss some other aspects of the same unit. Thank you.


Good day, film investors. One of the stocks you required me to analyze was Bayer. And here we go. So also David Einhorn, on which I made a video a few months ago about his investing strategy, is also a bull on Bayer and long Bayer. So it will be very nice analysis, very educational. And in the end, I will give you my opinion on the company. These are the topics, the overview of the company, the Monsanto acquisition, legal issues, of course Monsanto, David Einhorn's view is again flawed. And why would it be value? Just because the stock price declined. So let's see what's the value, what is Bayer about? The key investment highlights for the company when acquiring Monsanto are $1.2 billion in annual synergies. So that's a net EBTDA earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortizations. And then again before special items targeted as of year 2022. So four years from now, of course, to most managers, interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization don't really count that much. It's a crazy, crazy acquisition to target those annual synergies. But okay, let's dig deeper. Bayer will evolve from a leader in the pharmaceuticals environment to a more balanced portfolio with Monsanto. A better picture looks like this from Einhorn's presentation, which you can download if you write Greenlight Capital Bayer Robinhood conference presentation. And here is the pro forma information. How would 2017 Bayer statement look with Monsanto included? The key is okay, net sales will go up to 45 billion euros. But for me, the big key there is Goodwill, 46 billion intangible assets, excluding Goodwill, also 46 billion and the debt, buyers that goes from a relatively, okay, 14 billion on 45 billion of sales to 43 billion on 45 billion of sales. So they are buying a company, a risky company like Monsanto and they are increasing the uncertainty with that acquisition, but they are also increasing the certainties in the form of debt. Because if there is something certain when it comes to investing in businesses and stock markets, that is debt and buyer has now 43 billion of certainties, not including pension liabilities. I did a recent video about Seth Klarman and two of his messages were the following. Beware leverage in all its forms, borrowers, individual, corporate or government should always match fund their liabilities against the duration of their assets. Borrowers must always remember that capital markets can be extremely fickle and that it is never safe to assume a maturing loan can be rolled over. So markets can be extremely fickle. So 44 billion from 14 billion to 44 billion makes buyer a riskier stock than it was and therefore it deserves a lower valuation. Now who makes the money in such a deal? It's easy to think shareholders in the long term 2022 synergies, but no, Wall Street banks make immediate money in such situations. So they could make close to 700 million dollars from the buyer Monsanto deal. So Morgan Stanley, Duceira partners, Credit Swiss, Bank of America, Merrill Lynch and Rothschild are all advising on the deal and tend to make as much as 190 million combined if the deal is completed. Seller side, buyer side and then again those will also be giving money to buyer for the bridge loans in a total which could lead to profits of increased 700 million in total for such companies. So you will never find an advisor, an investment banker that will advise against an acquisition. If you find one, you simply go to somebody else and somebody else will get that business. And that's why we have such extremely leveraged acquisitions at extremely high EBITDA levels. I think the Monsanto acquisition started at 18 EBITDA and then after the divestments went to 15 EBITDA, which is still crazy. So what did buyer pay $66 billion for what? Free cash flows of $2 billion in 2017, $1.6, $2.5 in 2015. So what is that? Price to free cash flow of $30 and also a PE ratio of $30. So they paid a price earnings ratio of $30 to get to Monsanto hoping that there will be synergies and hoping that there will be growth. But as the deal closed, this is the news. Monsanto was ordered to pay $289 million in a landmark lawsuit over weather exposure to two of its weed killers caused cancer. As we know Monsanto, there could be much more pain coming its way after this. Further, also a petition urging multinational buyer to withdraw an appeal against the top European court decision on banning Neonicotinoids has gathered more than 150,000 signatures in just two days in Europe. So the karma surrounding this company Monsanto and buyer isn't really that positive. However, buyer according to Einhorn is even a bigger bargain now with lower stock prices. So when it compares to consumer peers, crop peers, pharmaceutical peers, buyer looks like a bargain. But does this mean buyer is a bargain or all others are expensive? So it depends what kind of investor you are. A relative focused on what the market thinks or a business investor focused on your business returns, which are price earnings ratio of 10%, 10% dividend, 3% or 4% what it is with buyer and what you can expect in the long term. So if you're happy with 4%, buyer will probably deliver, will probably grow the dividend in the future. But don't expect more than 3%, 4% coming from that. And with increasing interest rates, those dividends are less and less attractive. Further from Einhorn's Robinhood conference, he expected total revenue when the companies are combined to be at 52, 53 billion euros in 2018 with EBITDA 16 billion growing to 60 billion in revenue EBITDA 20 billion by 2021. But we have seen that net sales will be 45 billion which really lowers the EBITDA also, let's say it goes to 10 net income to seven. And then the price earnings ratio is not 10, but it's already 14, 14, 15. And then alongside with the growth, let's say that it stays like that over to 2021, perhaps in 2021, it will be 10. If things stay stable and there are no impairments, there are no legal issues, the market stays stable, no recession, et cetera, et cetera. For a company that has a lot of debt, that has a lot of intangibles, I think a price earnings ratio between 10 and 15 depending on what they do is pretty fair. The risks are also high from a legal perspective. So let's say I think buyer is fairly priced. I will not invest in it because I don't like Monsanto, I don't like buyer, I don't like drugs, so I simply don't like it. And that's why I'm not really a fan of it. I prefer to find different kind of businesses. So let's still look at the stock price. Many think it is a bargain because it went from above $130 to what 90 now also in euros close to 150 euros in 2015. Now it's at 77, but just because something went down in price does not mean it's a bargain. Let's look at the long-term picture. We have seen buyer hit severely in the 1990s from above 50 to what 10 euros again from above 50 to 40 in 2008, 2009. And then huge spikes from 2002 to 2006, from 2011 to 2015, and then again huge drops. So buyer is not really a stable company, a stable stock, as it depends on the success of a drug, on the success of a crop, of a fertilizer now, et cetera, et cetera. Further also earnings are very volatile. The last two or three years have been very good, but if you look at long-term 10-year average earnings, those are not that spectacular and go down to an average of what, 4, 3, 4, which means that the cap ratio is above, still above 24 buyer. Now the dividends have been there, have been growing slowly over time, and probably they will do whatever they can to keep those dividends there, but mind the debt and mind higher interest rates. Further, something very interesting. In 2015, buyer started with the divestment of the Covestro Group, which is a company that had EBITDA of 2 billion in the first half of 2018. So they spun out Covestro at an evaluation between 10 billion at the beginning and 20 billion when they sold the last part of it. So let's say they got 15 billion for a company that just did 2 billion in EBITDA in half a year, and they used then 50 billion for a company that does the same for the whole year. Beautiful management by buyer. So free cash flow, 2 billion euros for Covestro, divested for 15 billion, and 2 billion dollars for Monsanto, acquired for 66 billion. That's really an example of amazing management by buyer. So to conclude, a lot of question marks here, and that's why I said it's fairly priced. The pharma business has a limit, time limit, those patents expire sooner or later. Pricing issues, constantly competition from other competitors. Crops have issues, legal issues we have seen with the 293 million ruling, so not really good karma there. Then the balance sheet has really been extremely leveraged lately, and that's a huge risk. And therefore I think it's fairly priced at the dividend yield of 3-4% in this current market. If the current market changes, this could go a lot lower. Just to conclude, when a company like buyer divests, acquires, who makes money, of course, always, always Wall Street makes money because Wall Street lives of commission, not on increasing shareholder returns. With that, thank you for watching, looking forward to your comments, and I'll see you in the next video.


Topic, word, and idioms of the day—cake. What do you know about cake? Can you answer the following questions? What is the sugary substance on top of a cake called? What do candles on a birthday cake represent? What are some things we associate with cakes? What are some expressions with the word cake? Take a moment and think of the answers to these questions. Answers, did you get them all? The sweet stuff on top of a cake is icing or frosting. More on this later. The candles each represent one year of a person's life. We usually associate cake with good or sweet things.  The frosting on the cake. That takes the cake. Say as a fruit cake. A cake walk. Sell like hot cakes.  What do the expressions mean? Number one.  This means something that is extremely easy. The quiz in Mr. Kinder's class was a piece of cake. Everyone got above 90 percent. Two, icing or frosting on the cake. This means an extra benefit or an added good thing. The cake was delicious. The frosting made it even better. Note, the icing or frosting on this cake is pink. For example, when Perry met Callie, it was love at first sight. That they both loved the same kinds of movies was frosting on the cake. Three, that takes the cake. When something takes the cake, it wins first prize. Cakes are often given as prizes. This expression is often used ironically or sarcastically. It can mean that's not the best, but the worst thing that could have happened. For example, Tammy took the cake for the best performance. Positive meaning. Mr. Duncan got a bonus despite having the lowest sales record. That really takes the cake. Sarcastic meaning. Four, nutty as a fruit cake. Nutty means crazy or insane. A fruit cake often has lots of nuts in it, so this similarly describes a person who is really nuts or crazy. This is a fruit cake. We usually have them during the holiday season at Christmas time. For example, Henry was as nutty as a fruit cake, but he always made people laugh. Looks like he was also all ears, meaning he was willing to listen. Five, a cake walk. A cake walk means something easy, like a walk in the park. This comes from a game that is played at large parties. Participants walk around in a circle, stepping on numbers on the floor while music plays. When the music stops, everyone lands on a number. The MC draws a number from a hat. Whoever is standing on that number wins a cake. MC or MC means master of ceremonies. Six, selling like hotcakes. Hotcakes are actually pancakes. We often make lots and lots of them for breakfast. When something sells like hotcakes, it means that the items are being sold quickly and in large numbers. For example, Ms. Rawlings books sold like hotcakes after she appeared on The Donnie Carsten Show.  This is a somewhat silly idiom. It just means you can't have everything that you want. You sometimes have to choose among several alternatives. Sorry, Charlie. You can't be both rich and famous.  Bonus expression. Close but no cupcake. Actually a more common expression is close but no cigar. This means that you didn't get first place, although you might have come very close to winning the prize. A cupcake is a small individualized cake made for one person. Hope you enjoyed that. Come back often to learn more about topics, words, and expressions in English. And don't forget to subscribe to our channel. Thanks for watching. If you have a question or idea for our next video, please let us know. Just write us at eslgold.com. Submit question.


Okay, thank you. So now we move into smartphones and talk about this tremendous growth that we're seeing and a few years back We launched a vision within Ericsson about and the notion of 50 billion connected devices by 2020 With what we heard about connected cars and bikes and homes. I'm sure we are well on our way to get there No, I haven't gone out counting it yet And But what we really see is that anything that benefits from being connected will be connected in the future And that is of course going to change a lot and looking down into smartphones more specifically We are deploying networks basically in all parts of the world and as of now Almost 50% of the traffic from smartphones goes through an Ericsson network So we have calculated and based on that measured in many networks about how much smartphones there are and what we See in the future. So Looking forward and we basically see tremendous growth of smartphones right now We are basically having 1.1 billion smartphones in the world And and that is continued to increase just quarter three of this year 40% of all the world's mobile phones were smartphones We're still at the very low installed base only 15% of the world's phones are smart phones There's a tremendous increase coming and as you see in the graph here We have both smartphones mobile pieces tablets and routers and and the majority of these are smartphones. So by 2018 we see some 3.3 billion smartphones in the world three times the amount we have today and a majority of those is coming To be will be in Asia Pacific region. So this will tremendously change we get more and more people that are accessing internet in this way and Video is actually one of the biggest contributed to traffic Within smartphones and as we're basically seeing that almost half of the time watching video on a smartphone today Is used outside of the home? So people are looking at video clips all over the place and We did the consumer lab study Basically looking at where people are using their smartphones and 50% of the respondents having a smartphone say that they Are using it in bed Basically people are looking at the smartphone the first thing they do in the morning and the last thing they do in the morning Only in the evening before they go to sleep. That's how Fundamentally it has changed our way of living So a few more numbers of what we believe is going to be happening by 2018 14 times more data generated by smartphones than already today and we already seen a lot of data People are downloading apps using things all the time. We will see 14 times that by 2018 Over 85% of the world's population will have access or coverage by high speed internet 3g as we call it Today is around 50% So basically the whole world will connect that be able and especially all the cities where they will have 3g Internet access high speed and 1.6 billion mobile subscriptions will be on the next generation technology 4g well T having access to maybe 100 megabits per second download speeds on these smartphones and In general from 9.3 billion mobile subscriptions in all and then you can quickly calculate that's more than number of people Well, yes, people have more than one device people have more subscriptions. So it's tremendously changing So looking then what what this might mean Well, I would basically argue that we will see a new kind of creativity coming Where people are communicating over the smartphones in a new way if you look at the old and then then basically I think Greg mentioned a couple of these old way of having offices It was by and for the few it was the genius It was the people sitting in the lab doing the monologue. They were the one doing the innovation today It's everyone. Everyone is part of the community. Everyone is is Contributing to continuous torrents sending Data from bikes or sensors into the big picture And it's gonna be the mosaic of small ideas that actually changes What will happen in the future? So I would argue a little bit that that the office creativity Maybe have also will be complemented by the virtual creativity And so let's be a little bit provocative and think okay, so what will this mean then by Another of years forward. Let's look at the 20 25 city Well, well, let's see here and universities are accessible to all digitally What if that would be true? That would completely change the notion of education. I'm sure Half of all the basic health care can be delivered remotely Over your smartphone You never again need to search for parking space Why would you all the information is out there somewhere? It should be possible to get that over your smartphone Electric cars we talked about they should be able to be charged anywhere Why have a specific charging pool? You should be able to and we have actually done tests together with with a number of or one car manufacturer with Ericsson That trying to then make sure that the charging bill ends up on your bill You don't need to charge pull really the technologies there at least It takes only 10 minutes to start a new business and you can do it from your smartphone You have an idea you start a business and you're up and go and You always know your arrival time ahead of the commute today. We know when the bus comes Maybe we could know when we arrive all the time taking into account Traffic jams taking into account what actually will be there. I mean the information is out there So it's just a matter of getting it together So anything that benefits from being connected will be connected and this is what we Call the network society when we talk about it in Ericsson Thank you. Thank you. What I thought was most Clearly in in the very last messages. You're still talking about the city Which is network and which will give you all these opportunities. Therefore, we're still talking about territory in space In the UK, we recently rolled out 4g and it was coming to live in cities And we'll take a while until it will arrive in the countryside if ever Could you just comment on this? How much is this technology still dependent on the density? We've heard about on the city sort of foundation Yeah, I think it very much is Creativity I would say is local the markets are global in a sense that you need to sit close to each other We actually seen if if a group of people that go out for a dinner They actually communicate over what they talked about over the dinner at home over Facebook after later on so technology actually Increases the need to meet it actually the conversation continues virtually, but you need to meet as well So I don't think that the city the notion of cities goes away by technology I think that's what we've seen a lot But but the other hand I think that actually is emphasized by it because of humans or because of the technology itself The infrastructure that goes with it Well, I think we we as humans Have a need to meet and I think you can never really replace that you can complement it And you can take away a lot of the traveling need for using video conference and things like that But eventually you need to meet as well. So it's a combination John Holman. Yeah. Well, I completely agree about your last point about the importance of what I call meeting this and The ways in which meeting this kind of forms and reforms patterns of living cities Settlements and so on and it's hard to so far imagine massive reductions in meeting us, but I did wonder whether the sorts of things that you were so enthusiastically describing are good and in if we look at the history of socio-technical change Often the wind that the system that wins is not necessarily the best system So for example the petroleum Generated car might not have been the best system But it was the one that won out partly for some very particular things happening very early on and of course We might wonder whether the kind of over I don't know digitization and networking that you characterised is is good and indeed whether it's Whether there's any good evidence that that produces better lives And indeed whether those lives lived in that networked way are Significantly superior to Other other ways of organizing connections between people No, it's completely relevant question. I wouldn't put any value on either or I just noted that technology Can do all of this whether we wanted to do that. We need to take a Decision basically as humans how we want to hold this Yeah, I think this is a very good point to now get to our last speaker to Tom who will introduce his notion of the Participation economy over to you Tom


Good morning, everybody. I'm going to sit here in order to kind of start the discussion with you My name is dead afghan. I'm a medical doctor. I'm particularly happy to be involved in a project which From the beginning at least in my perception as a member of the board of the health society Was more led by architects and now now many other disciplines come into the whole scene and I think this is the first meeting where health has one of the priorities and I think it's very appropriate to come to Hong Kong because one of the modern founders of modern China Sun Yat-sen studied medicine in Hong Kong and He was one of those medical doctors who Thought that just doing medicine is not enough health is much more than medicine and Well, you don't know the story of Sun Yat-sen probably much better than I do and I'm not going into history But similar things occurred in many other countries Ricky was Mentioning London. There was in Berlin. There was a famous medical doctor who does very soft some of you may have heard his name Who actually created the notion of public health and he won when he was sent by the emperor at that time to Silesia which was one of the industrial areas around Berlin and people were dying and The emperor asked him well, tell me what you can do to keep the labor force going. He said well your What are you a period highness? I guess they say This is not a question of of medicine this is a question of health and social environment and working conditions and Medicine is a social science, but politics should be nothing else but medicine at a larger strategic scale so this was kind of that's the area where I come from and I'm very happy to chair this session Which is entitled the politics of urban health and I'll be happy. I'm very happy to introduce the first speaker York Shau he is secretary for food and health in the Hong Kong special administrative Region which is the official title now of Hong Kong And I was very happy to hear that he had at least got some training in my alma mater Very little tiny town in southern part of Germany doing it Well, I actually passed my medical exam But now he and he is an orthopedic surgeon by profession, but he has is holding major academic positions at the university system in Hong Kong and Here is vice chairman of the Hong Kong Sports Development Board He is actively involved in many voluntary community work activities And he is talking about Designing health and well-being in Hong Kong, Mr. Chow


Okay, so for this last lecture, we'd like to cover two topics, two short topics. One of them is momentum twisters, which are very nice variables, which in many of these calculations make your life nice, and the momentum twisters were invented in the context of this dual conformal symmetry in order to make it manifest. So they are very closely related to the old twisters of pin rows. So I recall that the dual conformal symmetry becomes visible when we look at the amplitudes in the dual momentum space. If you hold the momenta coming into an amplitude, like this, we're going to do region momenta yi, y plus 1, such that yi minus yi minus 1 is equal to pi. And then we have a conformal symmetry reacting on these y's. This is a very good, this is a standard trick to linearize the action of conformal symmetry, which is to introduce six vector, because the conformal symmetry is SO4 comma 2, let us just call it SO6, to be not to formal. To introduce the following six vectors, which is components yi mu, so four of the components are the one you start with. And the two extra components are two null coordinates, yi plus, which I would set to 1, and yi minus, which I would set to yi mu square. And the metric is such that this vector is a null six dimensional vector. And then conformal symmetry become, conformal transformation become rotations on this space. This notation is very useful, and people use it in the CFT bootstrap, for example, to do calculations in conformal field theory. So it makes conformal invariance easy to see, they're just rotations of this vector. So SO4 comma 2 rotation, conformal transformation are just these rotations. So we're already halfway to define the momentum twisters. Moment twisters are just the spinors of these guys. So if you have a null vector in six dimension, it's a mathematical fact that it can be written as a product of two spinors. So y is equal to, I'll call it two spinors, ZA and ZB. And what are the indices here? The way it works is that SO6 is like SU4, and the spinors are in the four. So these guys are four spinors. And if you take the anti-symmetric product of two such spinors, you get a vector. So a null vector can be written as an anti-symmetric product of these four, two of these spinors, and these are called twisters. You get two twisters, you make a point. In the context of amplitudes, the way this is used is that for a specific context, you define the following object. So we have all of these points. And to each of these points, each point corresponds to two twisters. But the twisters will be shared among neighbors. So we really just need n twisters, n momentum twisters. And they're defined by the following formula. The first two components are the lambda spinor we've seen before. And the bottom two components are lambda i, alpha. They are related to these y-coordinates, so the alpha index is contract, it says alpha and alpha dot index. And one thing that can be shown is that if you take Zi wedge Zi plus one, that gives a matrix, so that gives a two by four matrix, which is lambda i, lambda t, lambda i plus one dot, dot, dot, here. But the wedge product, you can shift, you can change the basis as much as you want. And this becomes proportional to one to one, up to just the reshuffling of the columns. This is proportional to yi alpha dot. So this is the way that the vector yi is encoded in this product. So given z's, you extract lambdas, extract lambdas, y's, and lambda tildes, so we can extract all the data given the z's, and you can go both ways because this map is explicit. So there's a one to one correspondence in twisters and on-shell kinematics. And momentum conservation is automatically solved because defining the momentum as differences like that, they automatically add up to zero. So it's a very nice variable. They solve both momentum conservation and on-shell conditions for you. Yes, there's a cyclic identification. So yn plus one is equal to y1. But it's not a constraint here. This constraint is automatically assigned. So I give you a set of y's, just have to give you y1 to yn, and n plus one you define as y1. There's no constraint there. So instead of having four constraints, now we have four symmetry because you can shift the y's as much as you want, and this equation is unchanged. So you solve the four constraints and replace them by four symmetries. I don't have so much time. So what I want to show you is some application of these twisters. So they're useful to rewrite the amplitudes in a way which makes the symmetry manifest. So the basic step, so recall that the amplitudes are proportional to, we can always pull out this supersymmetry delta function. This is like delta eight. We can always pull out this factor in front of the amplitude and define a rescale amplitude, which doesn't have this factor. The super amplitude has weight, so it receives some phase if we rotate the lambdas, and a very natural way to absorb this phase is to divide by this denominator. So we define objects like this, and then this Mn, we can write Mn depending on the amplitude. Because we have a recursion relation for A, one can derive a recursion relation for M. It's just a simple algebraic step to carry out what this factor does. So I give the answer. So the BCF recursion took the following form. We add that the amplitude for n particle, if we shifted n and 1, we did this shift. The amplitude was expressed as a sum of product of lower point amplitude, where shifted 1 was on one side, shifted n is on one side, and the sum run over all channels in which you can cut the planar amplitude. So it's a BCF recursion, and one can write an equation. One can write this equation at the level of the Mn's, and the answer is simply Mn, so Z1 goes to Zm. One term is just m2, one less twisters. That takes care of one channel, where you have three point vertex here. And then the rest, there's a sum over j, which runs from 2 to n minus 3, of, there's a pre-factor which replaced this propagator, which turns out to involve this funny bracket, which I will explain in a second, of five twisters, 1j plus 1, n minus 1, times the product of m on the left, which involves twisters 1, 2j, and the exchange particle, from two twisters here to this guy, and some m on the right, of mj plus 1, so that's the answer. So let's look at some cases. So the basic property of this bracket is that it's proportional to four fermions, so for mHv, all the fermions are 0. For mHv amplitude, which have all but two negativity gluons, these two negativity gluons are absorbed by this factor, and the recursion, we can ignore this term, and the recursion is simply m, mn, mn minus 1, and they're all equal to 1. So in the first lecture, we struggled to derive the mHv amplitude by the recursion, but now we're building on this, on the fact that we've already done this, and now the mHv amplitude is trivial. We've just pulled out this factor, that we work so hard to derive in the first place. For nMHv, now we have to work to first order in this bracket. So in this sum, these m's are just 1. So nMHv, the recursion is very simple to solve, mn is equal to sum over ij, 1i i plus 1. Some examples, m5 is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, m6 is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, which is m5 term, plus 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, plus 1, 3, 4, 5, 6. So that's nMHv. And you can keep going, then squareMHv gets more complicated, but you get some sum of products of two of these brackets. So this gives a very, very compact way of solving the recursion. And this object, essentially, with this compact notation, you can essentially fit the answer in your head, which is very striking. And what is this bracket? It's made out of the simplest SU4, and of the simplest SU4 slash 4 environment. One thing I haven't told you is that we need to supersymmetrize these twisters here. You can these twisters are explained in a good way, a good reference, which is still a good place to read about this. What was the original reference? It's a paper by August, 0905.47, 1472, these status. So this bracket is the basic environment. It's the basic SU4 slash 4 environment, and it's built out of the simplest SU4 environment, which is a determinant of Zi. You can make a supersymmetric environment, Ijklm is equal to, you made it out of these simpler environments, Ijkl, Ijklm, all the cyclic products up to M, I, J, K, and on top, the fermionic delta function, Ijkl, chi, or chi is this guy, chimm, some r-symmetry index, plus cyclic. So it's a rather compact object, and to evaluate it, it's just computing a bunch of determinants. So the amplitude at any number of points is expressed in terms of products of such determinants. So what is the upshot of this formula? So the following facts, so first the dual conformal symmetry is manifest. So for all, what, it manifested for all trees, any number of points, and this is just the SU4 slash 4 environment. They can write it algebraically as JAB equal to zero, where JAB is somewhere particles of Zi V over D, Zi. It's just the generator of rotation. There's a something which is not obvious, but is a true fact, is that there's actually a yang-yang symmetry, which holds for each term of the expression. It's true actually term-wise in this recursion. So there's something like a level one generator, which is equal to zero, and this level one guy is defined as sum over i smaller than j of essentially commutator of Zi D over Zi, Zj D over Zj, with AB in this case. And the simple way to see that this has to be there is that this contains in particular some elements of the ordinary conformal transformation. So by this variable, we made the dual conformal symmetry of the theory manifest, but the theory also is a conformal symmetry. And when you express it in terms of these variables, it takes this more complicated form. And when you commute these level zero and level one guy and commute level one guy with each other, you get an infinite algebra. So this was completely unclear. If you just compute Feynman diagrams or even from the recursion in the first lecture, it was completely unclear that the amplitude of this symmetry, but in this form, using these variables, the symmetry becomes another fact is that the recursion can be extended the level of the loop integral. And essentially, at the loop level, one adds a term. So at loop level, in the planar limit, you have all sorts of loops that you to answer that are labeled by extra variable y zero, y zero prime, y zero prime prime. And in the recursion, you get terms where these loops just get opened apart, just cut in the middle. And there's an extra term where you cut open one of these loops. There's a term that looks like schematically like that. One and go like that. That opens. It's not meant to represent any kind of insect, but yeah. So there's a generalization to loop level. And that recursion also makes this symmetry manifest to our loop order. So that's one way we know for certain that the symmetry is there. In addition to the T duality argument from a DSCFT that I mentioned previously. Yeah. So that's a good question. So at three level, it's linearly realized. At loop level, the loop integral is covariant under the symmetry, but that's the integral. When you do the integrals, funny things happen. And the statement is that the amplitude is invariant under a deformed yang-yang, which is not linearly realized. So it changes the number of particles. Loop integral, so I would just write. So then we're in a modified yang-yang, which is not linear. So we wrote it down to our, well, wrote down what was the modification in the paper by myself and building on previous work by Beiser and others. And the fact I want to mention is that this kind of structure, ii plus one, jj plus one occurs naturally when you solve this recursion. These kind of structures occurs naturally when you solve certain geometry problem. And an example is you have a convex polygon. I just tell you it's convex. It's a bit of a trailer example, but you have a convex polygon with points i, i plus one, i plus two, blah, blah, blah. The boundaries are i plus one. They involve consecutive guys. So in general, when you have geometry problems, which involve complex convex objects, occurs in convex geometry problem. Whenever you have some kind of convex problems, this kind of thing occur naturally. And this was generalized to the simpler problem was generalized to a more complicated geometry problem, which reproduced all the structure by Neymar Kenyamir and Erslav Tranka. So Neymar may or may not talk about it lecture soon, but yeah, so I would just mention it that this leads to an interpretation of the amplitude, the volume of a certain convex object, which was called the amplitude right now, whose faces somehow of the correct combinatorics that they reproduce all this i plus one, jj plus one pattern. It's unfortunate that we really don't have more time to discuss this, but I wanted to mention it. The last thing I want to mention about trees is that I hope I didn't over-emphasize the trees during these lectures. So I've this, you shouldn't get the impression that this business is about computing trees. This business is really about computing loops, but people, me, some people here, you do all this complicated computation, loop computations, you get some answer, you realize there's some amazing structure, and then you try to understand it.  So the trees are really important. Even though at the end really the business is about computing loops. Yeah, last thing I want to say about the trees, you don't really have to evaluate these things by hand anymore because there are computer packages which do that for you. So if you need to compute some tree amplitude for some process, so you would just want to stare at what the expression looks like. I mentioned this one package by my colleague, Jake Borgerly, bcfw.m. It's in 1011.2447, so you can get an analytic expression for any amplitude you fancy. Yeah, 2447. So that's what I wanted to see about about trees, three amplitudes. The second thing I would like to do to wrap up these lectures is to discuss the cost-pandamless dimension in N4. So what is this object? So scattering amplitudes have entire divergences. They actually have soft and corneal divergences. So the scattering amplitude is a well-developed theory for these divergences. Essentially they exponentiate. That's the main thing you should know about these divergences is that they exponentiate. And it's essentially due because of Wilson's pictures that there is a freedom at different length scales, they couple from each other. So very infrared radiation, they couple from hard processes that lead to exponentiation. In the case of a planar, the exponent in general, it's exponentiate, but you still have to compute the exponent. The exponent is particularly simpler in the planar conformal feed theories, but there's a completely general story. But for planar CFTs, the exponent takes the form of some coefficient in the anomalous dimension. For some reason there's a factor of 8. Some are particles. Then some log square pi dot pi plus 1 over infrared cutoff times some constant. And this pi dot pi plus 1 arises from sub-gluons emitted between two adjacent legs. If you want to know the general story as well as a sort of modern proof of this exponentiation, I recommend a recent paper by Fayage Solis. It's a well understood theory. And at the end of the day, when you compute physical scattering process, as usual, what matters is this cutoff scale becomes a renormalization scale. It becomes finite. And for example, if you have a process involving narrow jets with energy e, the exponent will look something like the cross-section will have an exponent, something like gamma cos 4. It's a factor of 2 because you square the amplitude to get the cross-section. And one of the log is collinear. So it will involve this cone angle. And the other log is soft. So if you have two jets and you have energy smarter than this, if you instead of the energy outside your jet is smarter than certain cutoff, so there's a soft log and there's a corneal log. In general, I'm too bad for jets of this form. And yeah, because much of LHG physics is about jets, these logs, and this coefficient is an important observable in quantum field theory. In n equals 4, it turns out that this gamma cosp can be calculated to all orders using intergability. And so to relate gamma cosp to a spin chain, for example, as I mentioned yesterday, the way to go is that this gamma cosp involves collinear physics. So it involves what is called twist operators, operators of low twist. Which, and it turns out that the soft divergence just turns out that they're related to large spin. So one has to look at operators of low twist and large spin. Just turns out. So for example, if one can calculate the anomalous dimension of operator trace of scalar field, a derivative to the s, and another scalar field where v is a null vector, that's a covariant derivative. If you know the anomalous dimension of these operators, which have twist 2 because the vector is null, the spin, if you know these at large spin, you know gamma cosp. So the dimension of O minus, sorry, dimension for s minus a spin goes to gamma cosp. There may be a factor, probably a factor of 2, log s plus a constant. So at large spin, there's a growth and gamma cosp is a coefficient of this dog. So in that way, this coefficient which occurs in amplitude is related to something can calculate from these local operators, which is mapped to this integrable spin chain. The fact that you can map this problem to an integrable spin chain doesn't mean that it's easy. There are many heart problems involving spin chains. It turns out, but this turns out to be a problem that can be solved. I wish I could tell you something about how it was solved and so on, but I think it's even more interesting to discuss the answer. And the answer is the following. Beisert, Eddin, and Stadecker around 16.7, and the answer is the following. Define a matrix, k i j, whose matrix elements are 2 j minus 1, some integral, d t over t, Bessel function of i, 2 g t, Bessel function of j, 2 g t, divided by e t minus 1. Then gamma cosp is equal to 4 g square times the n-verse of 1 plus k, the top left component of that big matrix. So k is an infinite dimensional matrix. So this is a bit formal, but let me explain. So in practice, the coefficient, the matrix element of k, let's compute the first one, for example. k 11, let's assume that the coupling is small, and g square is, this equation is lambda over 16 by square. If the coupling is small, you see that because of this exponential factor, we care only about t over order 1, and then the argument of the Bessel function is small. So we can, so k 11 involves Bessel function 1, and which is just linear in its argument. So k 11 is approximately 2 g, sorry, 2 j, this is 1, time integral n zero times infinity, d t over t, and the Bessel function gives g t square, divided by e t minus 1, and integral d t t over this is that of, remains that of function, 2 j, that's 1. So that gives 2 times z of function of 2, which is 5 square root 3 times g square. So the matrix elements of k are small in persuasion theory, and in general, k i j is over j g, g to the i plus j. So they get smaller and smaller. So if you want to compute this inverse, for example, to 20 loop orders, you just need to keep terms of other j g to the 40. So if you just keep, if you want 20 loops, just keep 40 by 40 matrix, invert it. I cannot do that, but the computer can do that. So the problem is essentially solved. And even when the coupling is strong, the matrix elements go to zero at large entries. So even if the coupling is 10 or whatever, you can still get numerics out of that matrix. And there are other ways to solve this at strong coupling. So what does the solution look like? It's really the first quantity which was successfully interpolated between weak and strong coupling. So on this axis, I put g square, which is lambda over 16 pi square. On this axis, I put gamma cos. At weak coupling, so we basically computed the two loop order here. Gamma cos is 4g square times 1 minus pi square over 3g square plus order g4. So it starts like 4g square. So it starts then only. At strong coupling, it goes, it damps and down. So it doesn't flatten up, but it damps down. But strong coupling, gamma is approximately, at weak coupling, gamma approximately 4g square. The strong coupling result is an agreement with strings in the mirror right here. What else can we say about this perseverance expansion? So this is a rather explicit result. One thing that people have extract from it is that the weak coupling expansion converge. So this is an agreement with the general argument that Marcos gave in his lectures. And it converts because we're doing large Nc. In general, the tear-off expansion at large Nc is expected to converge in some radius. And here we can actually compute what the radius is. And it turns out to be that g is equal to 1 quarter, which can also be written as lambda is equal to pi square. Or if you like alpha strong types quantity, alpha strong would be g square, young miss over 4 pi. That would be equal to pi over 4 Nc. So that's the radius of convergence of the series. And when you pass this point, you can see that you've entered a strong coupling regime. That's where the transition between weak and strong coupling. You can look at the strong coupling expansion. The expansion is the alpha prime expansion of string theory. This expansion turns out to be asymptotic. It turns out to be non-boral summable. The problem is that this is what Marcos described as a renormal line, which occurs because this string theory contains a asymptotically free SO6 model in it, which has a non-protective scale. Sort of like lambda QCD, which goes like m over e to the one over g at some, the coupling at some scale. So there is a scale which is similar to lambda QCD in which the theory becomes strongly coupled. And the scale is non-protective. And that causes the series to diverge. We can actually see more. The weak coupling expansion diverges because the function as a pole at g squared, lambda equal minus this. But it's a pole. Because the divergence is caused by a pole, you can rearrange the series to resum past it. So you can resum past the first pole. So if you do normal preservation theory, diverge and air, if you try to resum it, you get garbage past the reasons of convergence. But you can resum it all the way up to here. So that's resum, and that's the next pole. At strong coupling, the series is asymptotic and it goes bad very quickly. However, people, so Kaczynski and Basso, have analyzed the first non-protective correction. And when you, which as Marcos explains, only will define after you do the Borel resumption of the asymptotic series. So they've analyzed, so they did the Borel resumption including the, so you can do Borel resumption of the asymptotic series. Plus including leading non-protective effect. And then you get a curve which goes all the way up to here. So you can beautifully, you have beautiful agreement over some overlapping regime of validity. So quite a beautiful story. And all of these, all of these ingredients that Marcos described, you can see them in action. And that, this is pretty much what I wanted to say. My early, oh, I'm not good at improvising though. I wanted to be sort of finished on time for the lecture at the center. So one thing I could mention is that, so this is a beautiful story. And actually let me talk a bit about the story here. So it took a while for people to derive this, this solution. One of the difficult things is, so the basic ingredient in this spin chain is, so this one ingredient is what is called the scattering phase. So remember yesterday I mentioned this Eisenberg spin chain. We have operators of this type. We have, it's like a qubit. We have two different possible states on each site. And if you take two of these x's and you scatter them across each other, what you get is a phase. And you can calculate this phase order by order in the coupling, but in general from the integrality viewpoint, this phase, which depends on the momenta, from the viewpoint of integrality, this phase is an input. We can imagine calculating order by order, but you also can imagine being more clever and somehow knowing this phase. And the zero for the business of these guys was to try to guess these phase. So they made the first guess. As far as I understand the story, try the first guess and then they turn the crank and try to extrapolate the equation to strong coupling and it didn't work. It didn't agree with ADS shift. So then they took harder and they realized that there was some consistency condition which fixed this phase that they had not been careful enough with. So by imposing consistency condition, then they got exactly two solutions. And one of which they were able to show numerically that it seemed to be in agreement with the ADS shift. These two solutions differed at for loop. So differed by loops, one of which seemed to agree with the ADS safety and they had some other things they found nice about the solution. And somebody did the for loop calculation of this gamma cusp. So that was Bern Dixon and collaborators and they found exact agreement with it. And now, okay, now the story is settled and there are ways to derive this phase from consistency principles. It's been checked through five loop calculation that's been explicitly done. But this story is basically settled now. But it took a lot of, basically, to get this answer, they really had to put everything they had at strong coupling and everything they had at the time at weak coupling. There's really a lot. Everything that was available at the time went that result. The other ingredient from the integrability perspective is what is called, so there's a scattering phase. And the other sort of big thing is the wrapping correction. And if you just know the scattering phase, that doesn't fix completely the theory because if you have a chain, you have a short chain, you can have, so let's draw Feynman diagrams which describe the evolution of states with four scalars. At one loop, you draw diagrams like that and somehow the rest of the chain doesn't matter. And you could imagine you were doing calculation in an infinite chain. But at some loop order, you can have planar diagrams which wrap around the cylinder. And these you cannot predict from the infinite length chain. So these are extra effects. And it took years to people to arrive at the concrete way to deal with these effects. So now this goes into what is called PMU system, which I will not have time to describe unfortunately, but there's a really very interesting development. And one thing I personally like about this system is that it's formulated as in terms of NLST property. It uses the NLST property of a basic object, but it has this function of a certain auxiliary complex variable. And I like it personally because you can learn this equation without learning anything about spin chains or beta ansatz. You can really start from the actual equation, which involves NLST property. And they can try to work with it directly without going through this lot of baggage. But if you know this baggage, of course, it builds. Another direction is the application to amplitudes. So here, this cost-maneuveless dimension, which governs the infrared divergence of amplitude, is one way to relate amplitudes to local operators. But there's a much more general story. It's actually one remarkable things which turn out to be true, which is very useful for this, is the duality between scattering amplitude and Wilson loop. And the duality, it's really almost unbelievable. So if you have a scattering amplitude, it's labeled by momenta. And if you want to construct an object, you're told that this amplitude is invariant under conformal transformations of these Y coordinates. And it turns out that you can make this invariance manifest by instead computing an amplitude in terms of the polygon whose point on this Y is. Again, there's a vacuum expectation value in N equals 4, so it's very ended, in the same theory. So each of the edge of this null polygon has momentum p. And it's a closed Wilson loop by momentum conservation. In a way, this is the simplest thing you could write that as the right symmetry. On the other hand, you have to be really bold to write that down. And it was discovered by this duality in ADSCFT. Probably I doubt people would have guessed it otherwise. But it's a true equality, and you can check it perturbatively. You can do one loop calculation here. You can do this calculation here using some diagrams. And they miraculously agree. It's been checked extensively. And the fact that it works to our order is something which is made clear by this recursion for the loop integral that I mentioned. So there's no surprise anymore that it works. If someone does a five-loop calculation tomorrow and it doesn't work, that calculation was done wrong. It's not because it will not... No calculation can disprove it anymore. And this duality is very useful. One thing, a simpler way, and not simple, but one way that a group added by Basso, Sever and Vieira used to describe complicated polygons is to start by a simpler one. So if you start by understanding the four-partagon absurd, which is an odd square, if you understand the square very well, you can think of our point absurd as a small excitation of a square. So an hexagon, at least in certain limits, is a square plus a small bit. And a small bit you can think of as a local operator inserted on the edge. It's very simple. If you deform a Wilson line, you insert a field strength. So in the limit, the six-point amplitude, in the certain colonial limit, becomes this. It's a four-point amplitude, but dressed by some field strength. And now you can apply integrability to this, because this field strength, what dominates this... Let's say that there's some parameter u goes to zero in this limit. The amplitude will have some interesting scaling behavior. And that scaling behavior is governed by the dimension of certain operators which govern this limit. And this dimension, you can relate to this spin chain. So by computing all this dimension and opposing crossing symmetry, you can even try to fix the coefficients. And that is a long-standing project. They've made a lot of headway on this. So that's the direction. But in all of these developments, I think they remain... Yeah, I think I should stop here. Thank you.


Hi, and welcome back. My name is Dante Gagné and I'm going to be continuing the Connect Learn series on the Universal Windows Platform Application Development. In this video, I'm working with an application that's a little bit more sophisticated because I want to show you how the debugger works inside Visual Studio to just give you a brief look at how you can diagnose problems that are happening in your application. We're also going to learn how to deploy our application to different targets, so we can use the emulators that are built into Visual Studio as well as your external devices. So you can see exactly how your application is going to work. Let's go ahead and jump into Visual Studio at this point. Up till now, we've been deploying only on the local machine. This combo box up here at the top allows me to choose what device I want to deploy to. Now, the default is local machine, assuming you're working on a Windows 10 machine and you're deploying to an x86 architecture. Now, if you're working on an x64 or an ARM architecture, it's probably switched over here to device meaning that you can't actually deploy those to your local machine. The defaults are ones that you're going to be able to work with, so it's not an issue. I can go down here and choose device if I have a secondary device that I can connect to and deploy my application to it. So if I want to see exactly how it's going to work on a particular phone that I want to hold in my hand the way a customer would, I can use a device entry in the dropdown. Alternatively, I can go down to the mobile emulators, which when I select one of those, it launched the emulator that comes with the Visual Studio universal Windows tools, and it will go ahead and side load my application onto that. I'm going to go ahead and select one of the emulators and press play. It takes a moment or two once I press play because it's going to compile my application, it's going to launch a mobile phone, load the operating system onto it, and then deploy my device over to it. So it's actually a couple steps, but if you're just patient with me here for a moment, there's the running application. Now I'm just going to close the mobile emulator because I want to show you that it worked, but the kind of debugging that we're going to do here, we can do just as easily on a local target. So let me switch that combo box back up here to the local device, and I'm going to go ahead and press play. Now I happen to already have a breakpoint set, and let me explain exactly what those are. Now, if you've worked with debuggers before, you're probably already familiar with breakpoints, but just in case you're not, let me go over the basics. While my application is running, if I set a breakpoint somewhere in the code, as soon as the line that the breakpoint is on is evaluated, just before evaluation, it will pause my application and switch control over to Visual Studio. Now I've already got one created here, so as soon as I click this, you'll see that Visual Studio has hit this breakpoint for me. In this case, it's telling me, hey, I'm about to evaluate this command. Adding or removing a breakpoint is as simple as clicking over here over in the left margin. And if you notice, as soon as I go over a breakpoint, there's even a cog up here that allows me to modify how the breakpoint is going to behave. So for instance, maybe I want the breakpoint to only trigger if I've hit it 100 times, or maybe I don't want to stop execution, I just want to output to the debug window, hey, we just did this. You can do all of that through the breakpoint settings. For these purposes, I just need a basic breakpoint, so I'm going to close this window. And now I've got complete control over my application. I can put the mouse over any variable, and you can see over in the window, it's telling me, hey, my category name at this point is appetizers. You can use these to figure things out, like are you getting unexpected input? Are you getting values that you shouldn't be getting? These commands up here allow me to control where execution is going to go next. Step into is the most common, this one allows me to follow the execution chain into a given method. Once I'm inside, I can press step over, because well, let's say I know what that method does, I'm not interested, I can just step over and not have to go through execution of each individual command. I can also set another breakpoint later, and just hit the continue button, and it will evaluate all of the commands up to that point. These are very basic debugging commands, but you'll find very quickly that when you've gotten error, there's nothing better to help you figure out what's going wrong. The last button step out of will simply finish execution of the method that you're in, and return to wherever you were when you stepped into. So basically, once you step into a method, oh wait, I already know what this does, you press step out, it'll return execution wherever you previously were. Once you've finished getting the information you need, you can just hit continue, and as long as no other breakpoints are hit, execution returns back to your running application. The breakpoints in the debugger are a great tool to help you find out when an application is doing something you don't expect, get in there and diagnose what the issue actually is. The debugger is absolutely invaluable for figuring out what's going wrong in your application, but in the next video, I'm gonna take the next step and show you how to debug the more difficult issues like performance. I'll see you then.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with a random number block randomizer for all these teams right here Thank you everyone for getting in on the action Right here appreciate it. There are the numbers here. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it six and a one seven times one two three four five six and Seven and final time after seven PJ down to PJ six into seven Six and a one seven times for the numbers one two three four five six and a one seven and final time Zero down to seven Number zero gets any and all redemptions for that group of teams down there including one of one redemptions That's you PJ Sean you have one so you'll get any live one of them that are popped in this basketball break Which is coming up in the next video PJ with two Sean with eight six three Chad with five offer with four Sean with nine and PJ with seven We'll see you in the next video for the next break jaspyscasebreaks.com


What's up everyone Trent here from Movie Nerds. This week the ultimate trailer of the year dropped in Avengers Infinity War and what we're going to do is we're going to break down the key moments from the trailer so you guys know what to expect and also what we're guessing may happen. So the trailer opens up with a planet and it's very electrifying we don't know where it is from with Samuel L. Jackson doing a voiceover saying that the Avengers started as an idea. Obviously we know it's grown to much more than this and this is where Infinity War is really going to pick up. Now the next scene we see Tony Stark in quite a bleak picture quite emotional and distraught holding onto someone's hand. Now my first thoughts were that this could be Spider-Man as we see later on in the trailer Spider you kind of get beaten up by Thanos but looking at the hand it's quite grubby and it's also not gloved or costumed so this leads me to believe that it'd be someone very close to Tony and to have emotional weight I mean war machine's already paralyzed something's already happened to him so through process of elimination Pepper Potts is most likely the next obvious choice and that would give Tony a really good reason for feeling so emotional and this raw emotion take control of him. And the next scene we see Bruce Banner who was last seen in Thor Ragnarok crash landing through what looks to be Doctor Strange's Sanctum Sanctorum where Stephen Strange Wong find him lying in a crater looking at each other perplexed and then the next scene is very interesting scene because we've seen the relationship between Scarlet Witch and Vision grow significantly in the process of the films but something we haven't seen before is Vision in his human form he still has the Mind Stone attached to his head and that'll come into play later on so they're hinting that Scarlet Witch and Vision have had a romance that was hinted at Age of Ultron and it seems like this has flourished now he's our first look at Thor he looks like he's in a spaceship possibly after being found by the Guardians and this is interesting so we've already had Bruce Banner crash landing on Earth in New York we assume that that's possibly after Thanos attacks the ship of Asgardians at the end of Thor Ragnarok but now he's found in Wakanda is this happening before he crash lands is that after an attack with Thanos or does he then travel to Wakanda to help Tony build the Hulk Buster Armor it's very difficult to tell when these sequence of events are happening but Wakanda is quite a significant focus in this trailer and you can see by the background just how technologically savvy they are in the jungle and the key thing in this frame is the Hulk Buster Armor that he's building the giant fist it's a bit like Doomfist from an Overwatch Scarlet Johansson with blonde hair in the first post of the release I actually thought she had grey hair possibly due to Thanos using one of the infinity stones to age her but this is confirmed that it is in fact blonde whole tone of this trailer is very somber very bleak and very dark it's showing that there's impending doom and just that the trumpets and the horn section from Sylvesterie's track really stand out it's a great it's a great soundtrack we see Tony with Dr. Strange and Bruce Banner he's the first one to run out so obviously he's aware that something is going on and you can see it looks like chaos through the windows outside and it may lead into this next scene where we get a glimpse of Peter Parker and his spider sense for the first time the MCU he sees a ring-shaped object in the sky it could possibly be a portal it could be a ship for some of Thanos' black order there's very little detail what it is a couple of frames down it looks like a turbine kind of thing so that would make sense for it to be a portal but it also looks like Spidey could be one of the first on scene here to go and investigate but it looks like there's some destruction in Greenwich Village with Strange and Iron Man and Wong and Banner all staying there it's interesting we get to see what a lot of people guessed happened at the end of Thor Ragnarok with Loki holding the Tesseract for those who don't know the Tesseract contains the space stone and that was in Odin's treasure vault so before the end of Ragnarok before Asgard was destroyed it appears Loki did in fact take it and that's why Thanos intercepted or appears to have intercepted the Asgardian ship at the end of Ragnarok and here's our first look at Thanos a lot of people are saying that he's that he's not right they should have given him the armor I really like it still six months out from production and he's still quite purple every time someone seen him purple in the other films it has been quite dark so he's coming into light here so his skin is not obviously going to be as dark as it normally would be but I think he still looks quite imposing and menacing despite looking like Bruce Willis and here's our first look at Peter in his new armor the armor that was seen at the end of Homecoming when Tony offered to join the Avengers it appears that he's got that so when this happens no one knows obviously Spidey's been active since Homecoming whether this is towards the end of the film or the middle of film something something should happen in the film that makes Peter reconsider Tony's offer and give that suit because he's not seen with the other suit in this trailer at all it looks epic now this is a very interesting scene Thor with what appears to be some type of machine or portal there's no context given to what this is one theory that's been shot about is that this is how he's actually going to make his hammer the hammer very similar to yarn board it's not the same as Mjolnir Mjolnir was born in the light of a dying star but this appears to be quite similar to that because he has a glow to it and it looks like he's standing in front of what could be a star also it could be some type of portal device who knows he's in space with the guardians it would make sense that this is how he gets some sort of weapon or uses his powers that he's now discovered that he is actually the source of to create something and we get a quick glimpse of the first of Thanos' Black Order in Proxima Mimnite throwing a spear at a person in the shadows a lot of people thinking that this is Black Panther I think it could be Steve Rogers based on the reflexes that are shown and also later in the trailer when Panther says get that man a shield he's coming out of the shadows and it looks like it could be very reminiscent of this scene there it is right there he's got it's the same background the same brick texture so I think Midnight has thrown that spear at Steve and Steve like the badass that he is has caught it one-handed with his reflexes I'm really dying to see Proxima Mimnite versus Steve Rogers now and look what's back Hulkbuster fully assembled you can see Wakanda in the background looking really technological and amazing Widow looks like she could be going up against another one of the Black Order now these aliens that are fighting are very reminiscent of the Chitari whether it is still the Chitari or whether they've gone for another type of alien species such as the Badoon it's yet to be seen but they are working for Thanos and invading Wakanda and you can see Black Panther there fighting off one of the monsters Wakanda seems to be a target presumably searching for the final Infinity Gem the Soul Stone it would make sense because Wakanda has the Necropolis where the Black Panther is able to communicate with the souls of the previous Panthers and the Panther Gods and it would make sense for the Soul Stone to provide that power oh poor Spidey Thanos going up against Spidey and absolutely destroying him pinning him to a wall it's interesting Thanos is not using the Infinity Gauntlet at all in this trailer even when he punches Iron Man later it's always with his ungloved hand so whether he's channeling the power of the Infinity Stones throughout his body remains to be seen but it looks like all the Avengers are quite a pushover for Thanos at this point and we get a second glimpse at another of Thanos' Black Order it's not a full glimpse but it is what looks to be the scepter of Corvus Glaive attacking Vision and trying to retrieve his Mind Stone the fun fact about Corvus Glaive staff is that it is supposedly able to cut through anything and also gives him the power of immortality Thanos has collected two gems so far in this trailer the purple one being the Power Stone and the blue one being the Space Stone so the Space Stone is what he would use to teleport to a location as he did earlier in the trailer and you can see here he's already achieved the Power Stone the Power Stone we know was on Xander so it would be safe to assume that either in Black Panther we get a clip where he's attacking Xander to get the stone or as one of the earlier scenes in the movie he would attack Xander or even if it's done offscreen who knows we only ever see Thanos with his menacing Infinity Gauntlet with two gems in this trailer so this leads me to believe that this scene here is probably happening around the halfway point in the trailer I've got a theory going that I think the movie's going to end with Thanos retrieving the final Infinity Stone and the hero's being absolutely defeated so I have a feeling that all this battle in New York where Tony's being decimated and the Avengers are being destroyed is quite early or at the halfway point in the film and then the rest of the film might take place in Wakanda we get our first look at Sebastian Stan returning as Bucky with a newly forged arm and this is one of the money shots it looks like a full on Lord of the Rings battle with the masses of Thanos's army going against the Wakandans and you can see in this scene here that there's actually a lot of fire going on it looks like Wakanda's burning quite significantly and there's the money shot the slow motion Avengers team up run what's interesting about this is that Hulk is the strongest and the rest of them are all of the essentially non-powered Avengers these are the humans that are going against Thanos and the Black Order and you've got the Wakandan army charging forward and having Sylvesterie's score play over this that was absolutely epic one thing to note in that final in that final scene is Captain America he's still not wearing a shield or it's a shield that's not visible it wouldn't surprise me if the gloves that he's got on they are Wakandan type gloves in the 90s he developed a psionic shield that was made of energy it would be quite interesting to see that come into play in this film he's not wearing a shield on his back so an electronic psionic shield could appear from one of those gloves which will be really interesting and you can see war machine fully recovered and Falcon running in the background as well for war machine he may have been built an exoskeleton by Tony so he could be mobile again even though he was getting physical therapy at the end of civil war and the final scene very self-explanatory probably following up from exactly where Thor Ragnarok finished I know there have been leaked trailers from Comic Con and D23 that show this meeting it would be presumably quite early in the movie where Thor meets the Guardians and I have a feeling that all of them will come together in the final act of the film and there you have it there's some of our theories and what we see going on in Avengers Infinity War trailer keep your eyes peeled for the next trailer that comes out we'll do a breakdown of that as well it hits cinemas in May 2018 in the US and earlier in some international vendors Australia gets it on April 25th yes anyway let us know what you think in the comments did we miss anything make sure you subscribe and like move your nerds