Yeah, so we'll go right at the high. They can try to find a higher student. But then see then there's two. Yeah, we'll go right at the high. Oh yeah, yeah, that's a good room. Yeah, what do you have to do? Yeah, what do you think? Yeah, go next. Yeah, there you go. The announcer and the... I have about six shoes. Okay, you guys keep track of me. So I hope it's real. I like my sneakers. They're not real comfortable either. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Yeah, all right. Hi, it's nice to meet you. I think you can pick that. I would think so. I think you can pick that. Yeah.  We're really excited, yeah. I can't stand up to you. And then I became one. And thanks for sending me the money. It was so nice to do something for you. I know you want my heart. And I know there's a lot of likes that I can't read this to you. Thank you. What's it like to do? I hope it's something for you so I can read. What's it like? Amazing. That's right, I know. And oh, so it'll be good for you. I'll be actually focusing. You can read all your papers, hahaha. You can read them all. You remember to be acknowledged for your answer, your answer is disregarded. The captain does present answers to both of these questions. You raise the end with an incorrect answer before a question is completed. The question will be repeated. You will only use paper and pencil when you're instructed.  You can't recreate. So if you say, R-E-D, no, R-A-D, you can't do that. When you start, you have to finish. The first round, the first six rounds will be cool play. And we will ask all the questions because of the point count, my name, difference. And two will go to the elimination signal elimination. All teams must remain in this room since we are given the all here from the bottom. So remember that. And there will be a live feed in here in this building if you want to stay in lunchtime. And so we start with Stuart and just a primary writer. You can't use any physical speaking language. And so both need to do the geography of the pocket. And then the security. That'll be great. Let's be sure to check the buzzers. Good job. Yes. Yes, you did. Have you all tried yours? No. Let's start yours. On January 7th, that is correct. Your bonus, asphyxiation. A person suffering from asphyxia has a deficiency of oxygen and an excess of blood. I'm sorry. That is correct. Toss up number two. Anna Karenina. The novel Anna Karenina was set in what country? Russia. You were not at college. Sorry. I have to repeat the question for that. The novel Anna Karenina was set in what country? That is correct. Your bonus. Gene. If one gene maps another, what characteristic do we say it has? Yes, that is correct. Toss up number three. Misused words. Replace the misused word in this sentence. Pose romance with Mrs. Stannard was purely plutonic. Stewart number three. Plutonic. That is correct. Your bonus. Weddings. Before finding out that it was bad for birds. Wedding guests used to throw what staple at the bride and groom. I'm sorry. That is incorrect. The correct answer is rice. Logarithm. What is the, this is toss up number four. What is the common logarithm of 1,000 in base 10? That is incorrect. That is correct. What is the common logarithm of 1,000 in base 10? You may not use your paper. I will tell you what you are using. That is incorrect. The correct answer is three. Toss up number five. Musical instruments. Margie in a parade, a band member might play what tumor like instrument. That is correct. Your bonus. Fourth. Doubling the distance between two charges changes the force between them by what factor? Correct answer is one fourth. Toss up number six. Man versus machine. What name is given to the replacement of human workers by machine? Automation. That is correct. Your bonus. Days of the week. What is the only day of the week named for a Roman God? Saturday. That is correct. Toss up number seven. Washington DC. The northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest sections of Washington DC come together at what building? White House. That is incorrect. Washington DC, battle creek. The northeast, the northwest, the southeast, and southwest sections of Washington DC come together at what building? That is correct. Your bonus. In this year, the presidential campaign slogan, grandfather's hat it's been was heard. Name this year in which Benjamin Harrison, when the United States presidency overgrover Cleveland. Eighteen seven. That is incorrect. The correct answer is 1888. Toss up number eight. The King of England. In French, this King of England is called the Lumula Cochrane. What is his name in English? That is correct. Your bonus. Figures of speech. A man. A plan. A canal. Panama is what figure of speech? That is incorrect. The correct answer is Calendron. It's the same forward and backward. Toss up number nine. National capitals. Washington DC is the national capital of the United States. What is the national capital of Canada? That is correct. Your bonus, Stuart. National anthem. Oh, sorry, sorry. National anthem. Marche de Grandeiro is the national anthem of what country? That is incorrect. Toss up number 10. Confluence of rivers. What city is located at the confluence of the Anacostia and the Potomac rivers? That is correct. Your bonus, Sam Houston. Name a public office Sam Houston held in the 1820s. Toss up number 11. Malapropism. Replace the word misused in this malapropism. They've decided to raise my benefits and they're making it radioactive. Fortune number three. That is correct. Your bonus, Stuart. Writing subjects. George Selden wrote about one of these in Times Square while Charles Dickens was on the heart. That is correct. Toss up number 12. The bodies are caused by the spasms of what muscle? That is correct. Your bonus, Battle Creek. The crusades. After the crusades took this city from the Muslims in 1099, they installed God Free of Bullion as ruler. Name the city that is still the center of controversy as to which of the three major religions has most claimed. That concludes round number one. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you. Yeah, we have to look at the number one. Our post-courtesy in the end and you still have two seconds. You don't have to answer during the live-on. I got it. Okay, so stand in the center. This is, Brett, are we ready to go on? The other... Okay, round two. Pierre Lafond. Pierre LeFont's brand plan for Washington, D.C. was reminiscent of what city? Greece. That is incorrect. Willis-Nashbrook. Pierre LeFont's brand plan for Washington, D.C. was reminiscent of what city? Willis-Nashbrook. Paris. That is correct. Your bonus, Willis-Nashbrook. Marsupial. Most of the animals native to which continent are marsupials? That is correct. Cross-up number two. Endothermic process. What is absorbed in an endothermic process? That is correct. Your bonus. The Statue of Liberty in which decades was the Statue of Liberty dedicated? Pardon me. 1950s? I'm sorry. The correct answer is the 1850s. Cross-up number three. Complex sentences. A complex sentence must contain a minimum of how many subordinate clauses? That is incorrect. Willis-Nashbrook. A complex sentence must contain a minimum of how many subordinate clauses? That is incorrect. The correct answer is one. Toss-up number four. Vincent Van Gogh. Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh entered a mental health facility after he did what? Cut off his ear. Number five. Exponential notation. In the exponential notation, n to the x power, the exponent is x. What is n called? That is correct. Bonus. Wheeler Central. Explorers. Able-Pasman discovered the Fiji islands and what island off Australia's southern coast? That is correct. Toss-up number six. Translate. Translate this saying from prose to proverb. A vocable to the sapient is adequate. Translate the saying from prose to proverb. A vocable to the sapient is adequate. The correct answer is a word to the wise is sufficient. Toss-up number 11. Loss of movement. Number seven. What did I say? Toss-up number seven. What four syllable noun refers to the loss of the ability to move apart? That is correct. Corrales is correct. Your bonus, Wheeler Central. Agreeable. What adjective describes a decision with which everyone agrees? That is correct. Toss-up number eight. Veteran organizations. The American Legion and the BFW are the two largest veterans organizations. The initial BFW stands for what? That is correct. Stanton, your bonus. Arachnids. Smaller than a tick, most of these microscopic arachnids are omnivorous and many are parasitic. What are they called? That is incorrect. The correct answer is mice. Toss-up number nine. Robin Hood. Who officiated at Robin Hood's marriage to Maid Marion? She best just to say that. Okay. That is incorrect, so I'll read it again for Stanton. Robin Hood. Who officiated at Robin Hood's marriage to Maid Marion? The correct answer is Friar Tech. Toss-up number 10. Misused words. Replace the word misused in this sentence. We sold our house and moved into one of those pandemoniums. Condominium. Condominium is the correct answer. Your bonus, Wheeler Central. The seventh dragon. In the seventh dragon, a non-fiction book by Anita Sullivan, you can read about not dragons, but the craft of tuning what instrument. That's incorrect. The correct answer is P.M. Toss-up number 11. Now. Shortages. An extreme food shortage of long duration that affects all or most of the population. The correct answer is famine. So, Wheeler Central, your bonus. The United States Navy. The United States Navy's largest warships are called what? Aircraft carriers is the correct answer. Toss-up number 12. In woodworking shop, this is about woodworking. In woodworking shop class, you turn table legs or candlesticks on what? That is correct. Lame is the correct answer. Stanton, your bonus. This is gas. What is the name of the hypothetical gas that would obey the gas laws perfectly under all conditions? The correct answer is an ideal gas. And that includes brown two. Thank you very much.  That'd be okay. Oh, thank you. Are we ready to go on? We're supposed to know if the other teams are done. Yeah, and they are. Okay. So, we need Stuart and Stanton. If there is a paper and pencil question, I will tell you. Okay. Round three. Toss-up number one, atlases. In 1647, astronomer Johannes Kavilius published the first detailed atlas of which heavenly body? That is incorrect. The correct answer is the moon. Toss-up number two, multiples. What is the least common multiple of 20 and 30? 60. That is correct. What is the least common multiple of 20 and 30? 60. That is correct. That is correct. 60 is the correct answer. Bonus, Stuart. Attractions. What is Kentucky's most visited natural attraction? That is incorrect. The correct answer is mammoth cave. Toss-up number three, the Bastille. On July 4th, 1789, an enraged crowd in what city? That is correct. Your bonus is a paper and pencil question. Cube root. If the square root of x equals 1,000, what is the cube root of x? That is incorrect. The correct answer is one time. Toss-up number four, and author's inspiration. Best boxed parents were missionaries in what country? Ethiopia. That is an incorrect answer. Stanton. Pearl S. Box parents were missionaries in what country? That answer is incorrect. The correct answer is China. Toss-up number five, famous quotes. What did Stanley declare when he found Livingstone? The correct answer is Dr. Livingstone, I presume. Toss-up number six, chemistry. What is the name for the maximum temperature that water can have while in the liquid state? That is correct. Stuart, your bonus, the age of exploration. Magellan firmly put down what kind of regalia at sea among his Spanish sea captain? That is correct. Toss-up number seven, island. Name one of the island groups in the North Atlantic Ocean considered to be part of Africa. Same element. That is incorrect. Stanton, name one of the island groups in the North Atlantic Ocean considered to be part of Africa. That is incorrect. The correct answers are the Canary Islands, the Cafe Verde Islands, and the neighbor islands. Toss-up number eight, name origin. This French city was originally founded by the Greeks who named it after the goddess of victory, Nike. Name it. Versailles. That is incorrect. Stanton, this French city was originally founded by the Greeks who named it after the goddess of victory, Nike. Name it. That is incorrect. The correct answer is Nice. Toss-up number 10, quick math. This is not paper and pencil. Number, what did I say, 10? Number nine, sorry. I'm leaving through this, aren't I? How many minutes are there in 90 degrees? 15. That is incorrect. Stanton, how many minutes are there in 90 degrees? That is incorrect. The correct answer is 5400. Toss-up number 10, world geography. The city of Dar es Salaam is located on what ocean? Number six. That answer is incorrect. Stuart, the city of Dar es Salaam is located on what ocean? The Indian ocean. That is correct. Your bonus, trains. A freight car without permanent sides or roof is called what? That answer is incorrect. The correct answer is flat car. Toss-up number 11, fossils. Fossils of mastodons and saber-toothed cats have been excavated from which city's La Brea tar pit? That answer is incorrect. Stanton, fossils of mastodons and saber-toothed cats have been excavated from which city's La Brea tar pit? The correct answer is Los Angeles. Toss-up number 12, popular holiday music. Jingle Bells chime in Jingle Bell Time in what song? Jingle Bell Rock is a correct answer. Your bonus is mythology. Name the goddess of wisdom who became Odysseus's benefactress. That is correct. I mean it is a correct answer. Congratulations. Good job, you guys. And that concludes this round. Okay. Yes, you hit it. Getting each other or talking to each other, accepting the fullness. Right. There's some looking at each other for the toss-ups and there's been some discussion with poops during the bonus when they got actively. So you just might find them. No talking up here unless they're answering your question. And no looking at each other for the toss-ups. My team's got those digits. Did you get the first one? I have been requested to do one. Okay. Round four. Toss-up number one, other languages. Identify the chief language of the Middle East. That is a correct answer. Here is the correct answer. Bonus battle three. In other words, what is a bill of fare at a restaurant called? Checking incorrect. The correct answer is the menu. Toss-up number two, holidays, holidays. P.J. Maguire set this holiday to fall about midway between July 4th and Thanksgiving. Name the holiday. That is an incorrect answer. Reader Central. P.J. Maguire set this holiday to fall about midway between July 4th and Thanksgiving. Name the holiday. Reader Central, number six. Labor Day. Labor Day is a correct answer. Your bonus is poetry. Kobayashi Isha was an 18th century master of what poetic born. Haiku is a correct answer. Toss-up number three. That's okay. Touchy little bit. Elemental. The 235 and 238 isotopes of which radioactive metal are separated in an instant. Plutonium is incorrect. Reader Central, the 235 and 238 isotopes of which radioactive metal are separated in an enrichment plant. Uranium is a correct answer. Your bonus is colonial power. What country was the world's foremost maritime and colonial power around the year 1725? I think we'll accept that. It's England or Great Britain. Great Britain would be the British Empire, I believe. Toss-up number four. Toss-up number four. Anatomy. Where is the pineal gland located? The pancreas is incorrect. Reader Central, where is the pineal gland located?  That is incorrect. The correct answer is the brain. Toss-up number five. Movements. With what movement is Samuel Goffers associated? Toss-up number six. Civil rights movement. Civil rights movement is incorrect. Reader Central, with what movement is Samuel Goffers associated? Reader Central number two. The women's rights movement. The women's rights movement is incorrect. The correct answer is the labor or union movement. Toss-up number six. Notorious. The Bavarian mountain retreat, known as the Eagle's Nest, belonged to which ADO pillar is the correct answer? Your bonus question is economics. What word rhyming with fears refers to an amount of money due but unpaid? The correct answer is arrears. Toss-up number seven. Awards. The Perry Ellis Award is presented to people in what field? Medical field is incorrect. Battle Creek. The Perry Ellis Award is presented to people in what field? Architecture is incorrect. The correct answer is fashion design. Toss-up number eight. Country nicknames. What nickname of Australia shows its position entirely in the Southern... Down under is the correct answer. Battle Creek, your bonus is presidential succession. Identify only the last of the three presidents who served in 1881. Garfield is incorrect. The correct answer is Chester A. Arthur. Toss-up number nine. Infamous court cases. Name the 1857, the pre-court decision that declared that no black, free or slave could claim United States citizenship. The correct answer is the Dred Scott decision. Bonus number 10. Civil terminology. What more syllable adjective refers to city government? Municipal is the correct answer. Your bonus. Wives of kings. Name a wife. Henry VIII has executed. That is incorrect. He's a captain of the break. It's ambivalent or captain of the house. Toss-up number 11. Wives of rulers. Name Julius Caesar's wife at the time of his assassination. Calpurnia is the correct answer. Bonus American geography. Battle Creek. What state is immediately to the east of Augusta, Georgia? Florida is incorrect. It's South Carolina. And that's... No. Toss-up number 12. Not a happy first. That's a good one.  The correct answer is President Lincoln. That concludes round four. Thank you very much. Yes. You were in the U.S. Central. You were great. You were in the U.S. Central. Now I can ask to remind you not to... Toss-up number one. Biological adjectives. What adjective describes those mammals capable of upright locomotion on two feet? Stupid. That is a correct answer. Your bonus question is fictional characters. Name the angry captain in Moby Dick by Herman Melville. Captain A have his correct answer. Toss-up number two. Malapropism. Correct. The one misused word in this sentence. The entire conjugation was said. Convergation is the correct answer. Your bonus is trig. And it's not paper and pencil. What is the greatest value that the trig function y equals sine of x can assume? Two is incorrect. The correct answer is one. Toss-up number three. More on language. Prior to World War II, this language was traditionally written in a Gothic style called Frachtur. Name this language. Latin is an incorrect answer. Prior to World War II, this language was traditionally written in a Gothic style called Frachtur. Yiddish is incorrect. The correct answer is German. Toss-up number four is physics. If heat is applied to the bottom of a column of water, the upper layer also soon heated by what the upper layers are also soon heated by what transfer. Stuart number one. Convection. Convection is the correct answer. Your bonus is paleoanthropology. Most of the work of scientist Louis Leakey was performed on what continent? Africa is a correct answer. Toss-up number five. Bodies of water. The Ionian basin is the deepest part of which body of water? You were not acknowledged. Stuart, bodies of water. The Ionian basin. Stuart number one. The Ionian basin. That answer is incorrect. The correct answer is the Mediterranean. Toss-up number six. Historical travel routes. An 18th century merchant ship landing in the Portuguese colony of Goa would have crossed what body of water? The Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean is incorrect. Your central and 18th century merchant ship landing in the Portuguese colony of Goa would have just crossed what body of water? Your central number four. Mediterranean is incorrect. The correct answer is the Arabian sea. Toss-up number seven. Standoff. Name the 1962 confrontation between the United States and the USSR. Stuart number two. The Cold War. The Cold War is incorrect. Weaver central. Name the 1962 confrontation between the United States and the USSR. Weaver central number four. Space race. Space race is incorrect. The correct answer is the Cuban missile prices. Toss-up number eight. Outrage. Name the British passenger liner who's sinking in May of 1915 outraged America. Stuart number three. The Lusitania. The Lusitania is the correct answer. Bonus. This is quick math, no paper and pencil. What would be the next prime number in this sequence? 37, 41, 43. 47. 47 is the correct answer. Toss-up number nine is metals. What metal did Calvin Coolidge award Charles Lindbergh? Stuart. The presidential medal of honor. That answer is incorrect. Weaver central. What metal did Calvin Coolidge award Charles Lindbergh? That is incorrect. The correct answer is the distinguished flying cross or the congressional medal of honor. Toss-up number 10. North American geography. Which Canadian province is located between Manitoba and Quebec? Ontario. Which Canadian province is located between Manitoba and Quebec? Ontario. Ontario is the correct answer. Your bonus. More grammar. The plume perfect tense of English grammar. Is this the not synonym for what most primarily is now called what? Future is incorrect. The correct answer is past perfect. Toss-up number 11. United States. What is the western most U.S. state bordering upon any of the great lakes? Stuart. Minnesota. Minnesota is the correct answer. Your bonus is psychology. What term do psychologists use in referring to links between words, ideas, emotions, or concepts? Association is the correct answer. Toss-up number 12. Mountains. What is the oldest mountain range in the United States? The Appalachian Mountains. The Appalachian Mountains is correct. Your bonus. This is not synonym. What is the least common multiple of six and four? 12 is the correct answer. Thank you very much. That's complete round five. Round six. One is astronomy. Two neighboring galaxies visible to the naked eye from southern latitudes are called what? The correct answer is Magellanic clouds. Toss-up number two. U.S. president. What president did Martin Van Buren serve under as secretary of state and vice president? Number six. Andrew Jackson is the correct answer. Bonus. Your bonus is historical books. E.L. Dr. O's novel Ragtime depicted American life as the beginning of what century? That answer is correct. It's the 1900s or the 20th century. Toss-up number three. Outlaws. Living under the alias Tom Howard, this outlaw was shot by one of his own gang, Robert Ford. Billy the Kid is incorrect. Toss-up number three, Stanton. Living under the alias Tom Howard, this outlaw was shot by one of his own gang, Robert Ford. Jesse James is the correct answer. Your bonus is a paper and pencil. Geometric means. What is the geometric mean between one half and eight? Pardon me, four and one half. That answer is incorrect. The correct answer is two. Toss-up number four is zoology. The most efficient flyers are these scavengers, which stay aloft for hours with scarcely a flap of the wings by using ascending air correct. Condor is correct. Your bonus is sea creatures. Which sea creature makes new land where none existed before? Toss-up number five, shapes. What quadrilateral is both a rhombus and a rectangle? Where is the correct answer? Your bonus is invention in architecture. A wedge-shaped keystone is usually the last stone to be inserted in one of these structures. That is incorrect. The correct answer is arch. Toss-up number six, historical buildings. Name the church believed to stand on the hill of Calvary where Jesus was crucified and buried and resurrected. Church of Nazareth is incorrect. Stanton, name the church believed to stand on the hill of Calvary where Jesus was crucified and buried and resurrected. Roman Catholic church is incorrect. The correct answer is the church of the Holy Sepulchre. Toss-up number seven, legal agreements. A pre-nuptial agreement is made before a wedding ceremony or a marriage is the correct answer. Your bonus is early territories. Name either of the territories to which Arkansas belonged before it became a territory. Louisiana's correct answer, the other is Missouri. Toss-up number eight, man-made water systems. About 2,340 miles in length. It's the longest ship canal system in North America. The Panama Canal is incorrect. Toss-up number nine, major events. Which European city has an international film festival each spring? The longest ship canal system in North America. The Erie Canal is incorrect. It's the St. Lawrence Seaway. Toss-up number nine, major events. Which European city has an international film festival each spring? Toss-up number three, Paris. Paris is incorrect. And which European city has an international film festival each spring? Berlin is incorrect. The correct answer is can. Toss-up number 10, territorial. Until it became a separate territory in 1853, what is now Washington state was part of which territory? Oregon is right. Your bonus, space. Name the planet nearest the sun to be orbited by a moon. Earth is a correct answer, but it's not a correct answer, but it's not a correct answer. The answer is can. Toss-up number nine, major events. Which European city has an international film festival each spring? Toss-up number 10, major events. Which European city has an international sun to be orbited by a moon? Earth is a correct answer. Toss-up number 11, statistical term. A measure of the relationship between two variables is called what? Standard deviation is incorrect. Stanton, in statistics, a measure of the relationship between two variables is called what? Direct variation is incorrect. The correct answers could be correlation or coefficient. Toss-up number 12, dimensions. What is the fourth dimension? Time is correct. Your bonus, battle-free, is future perfect. Form a part of a sentence using the second person singular, and then the future perfect tense of where? That is incorrect. Second person is you, so it should be you, and future perfect would be we'll have more. That concludes round six. Thank you all very much, and I believe we're to wait until we're given the all clear to leave this room. Yeah. You are good at this. I was watching. I think head to head is 20. I think I should be on three and two. Okay, number of wins. No. Yeah, so we should be second. Oh, just be on the team. I think we should be on that. Eyebrows. Yeah, we should be second. We should be in the first place. So we need to find one. Well, that's it. We're in the second place. So it should be second. We should be second. We should bring it out. Oh, god! Okay. So, so, three-way tie. Yeah, I'm skinny, because that makes a difference what we're going for. Right? Yeah. Okay, yeah. Because it doesn't matter because it has your first thing is number of wins. Your first number of wins is the three-way tie. Double the Q. It doesn't matter if you tie. So yeah, oh, I see. I should be Let's see what she's calling Right right we should be able to Sitting here, so they haven't seen you sorry that around. Oh good Well everything is done Right Is she around Well Oh Yeah Oh I explain this to my children This Yeah, this is round seven Number one disputed ownership early after Kuwait was freed by Britain in 1961 which country claimed it Iraq is the correct answer Your bonus know Norfolk is music concept In music Diatonic and chromatic are two types of what? Scales is a correct answer toss up number two Prefix What three letter prefix is often used in conjunction with words Such as classicism to indicate a revival of a former style of art Number six Neo Neo is the correct answer Your bonus Norfolk Amendment the 1519 and 26 amendments are Concerned with who is allowed to do what? Both is the correct answer Toss up three medical terms Lumbago is a general term for achiness in what part of the body Catholic number two. Yes, I think that Correct final back Your bonus is paper and pencil Simplify the square root of the quantity 36 times 81 54 54 is the correct toss up number four all prospect In English this month has a P In French it has a V Can you name the month? Toss up number four Norfolk In English this month has a P In French it has a V Can you name it? Norfolk public number six April April is correct answer Your bonus homophones What homophones can mean the actors in a play or one of the hereditary groups that make up Hindu society? Homophones with homophones can mean the actors in a play or one of the hereditary groups that make up Hindu society Cast is the correct answer Toss up number five member no The Constitution How many states were needed for ratification of the Constitution? 13 is incorrect Norfolk, how many states were needed for ratification of the Constitution? Nine is correct. Your bonus is treatable conditions What part of the eye is affected by cataracts What part of the eye is affected by cataracts Right is incorrect that correct answer is land number six reflecting One in the wide axis yields an image at what point refer public number three negative five That is a correct answer Your bonus is famous resource The Riviera is a narrow coastal strip and Famous resort area which extends along the coast of what body of water The Riviera is a narrow coastal strip and famous resource area Which extends along the coast of what body of water? The Caribbean is incorrect. It's the Mediterranean Toss up number seven type of math Integration and differentiation are two processes Calculus is the correct answer Your bonus is poetry John Keats called what piece of pottery a silver historian John Keats called what piece of pottery a silver historian base It's aggression earned Toss up number eight military rank strategy comes from Tegos the brief word for which high military rank General is a correct answer Your bonus is nations Which nations tiny neighbor include and Dora on the south and Luxembourg on the north Francis the correct answer Toss up number now ancient civilization Which civilization developed a large circular sunstone The minds the answer is incorrect Norfolk which civilization developed a large circular sunstone or calendar stone Aztec is the correct answer Your bonus important river This river forms part of the Swiss Austrian Swiss German and French German borders name the river This river forms part of the Swiss Austrian Swiss German and French German borders the right the Rhine is correct Toss up number ten Possible travel route Brenner pass is in what mountain range The Rocky Mountains is incorrect Norfolk Catholic Brenner pass is in what mountain range Appalachian is incorrect. It's the elves toss up number 11 Life science the two subunits of Cargo high rates Include simple sugars and what else? Stardust is a correct answer Your bonus namesake school a School of architecture named for which architect has campuses in Arizona and Wisconsin a School of architecture named for which architect has campuses in Arizona and Wisconsin Incorrect the answer is Frank Lloyd Wright or Toss up number 12 novel settings In which state is you Doro wealthies? Wedding set Mississippi is the correct answer your bonus is southern cities One of Texas Texas Ten largest city it is located west of Carl's bad, New Mexico That is incorrect the correct answer is El Paso Thank you very much And you're required Okay, so this is round eight Number one national parks What national park is located along the United States Mexican border Big Ben is a correct answer Your bonus natural phenomenon What natural phenomenon are the world's biggest when they reach 45 feet in the Bay of Fundy Guides is the correct answer toss up number two word etymology This synonym for sofa comes from a French bird for to put to bed Couch is the correct answer Your bonus is home ownership The only house Abraham ever Abraham Lincoln ever owned was in which Capital city Springfield Springfield is the correct answer Toss up number three art material What raw material is carved by an artist practicing scrimshaw Stewart's number three ivory ivory or bone are correct answers Your bonus is parables Jesus told a terrible about a wise man who built his house on rock and A foolish one who built his house on what the correct answer is sand Toss up number four Artistic mediums In what medium did John Trumbull depict the signing of the declaration of independence? Pardon me ink is an incorrect answer Stewart in what medium did John Trumbull depict the signing of the declaration of the end of independence? Your bonus These within ocean the Sargasso sea lies within which ocean The Sargasso sea Indian Ocean Indian Ocean is incorrect. The correct answer is the Atlantic Toss up number five is creature anatomy. No, we didn't ask for parts. We did whatever Okay, am I right? Okay. Okay. Toss up number five creature anatomy Unlike the octopus or squid the novelist may have up to 90 of these anniversary tentacles tentacles is a correct answer Bonus I like a living gift what country gave the United States a gift Which draws thousands of tourists each spring to our nation's capital? Japan Japan is the correct answer and it is cherry trees Toss up number six the iron curtain To what continent was Churchill referring when he declared? Europe is the correct answer your bonus is prison areas 1709 Russian prisoners were sent where for the first time Siberia, Siberia is the correct answer toss up number seven Important character to the plot Who was the first ghost in a Christmas the ghost of Christmas past? That is an incorrect answer Luther high who was the first ghost in a Christmas Carol? I'm sorry that's incorrect Correct answer is the ghost of Jacob Marley. I know Toss up number eight world religion In what kind of house of worship would you find an eye man? Synagogues incorrect answer Luther high in what kind of house of worship would you find an eye man? Meeting the people in prayer A mosque is correct Your bonus is water movement Water from Lake Erie flows into Lake Ontario By way of which river Erie River Erie is incorrect Correct answer is the Niagara River toss up number nine We need to check Number nine America at war With which war would you associate the quotation? We have met That is the correct answer Your bonus is the US borders the western side of this state borders on the Gulf of Mexico Florida Florida is a correct answer There is We have a thank you point different so that includes this round. Thank you very much Thank you so much


Recently, I've been playing a lot with my DOOM Emacs config and one of the things I've been working on is I wanted to have a start page, an initial buffer choice that wasn't the DOOM Emacs dashboard. Typically when you launch DOOM Emacs, you get a start page, the DOOM dashboard with the DOOM logo and some important DOOM Emacs key bindings and I wanted to set that to some other program or maybe a start file that I created, maybe a org file with some important links to other files on the systems or whatever it happens to be. Let me show you what I've been working on. So if I launch DOOM Emacs, this is now my initial buffer. I created this image here, but DOOM Emacs, right, the DOOM Emacs logo and then a custom start page. Just for purposes of this video, I want it to be obvious what's going on here. This is my new start page. It's essentially an org document where I've created these tables inside org mode. If I zoom in a little bit, you can see I've got a list of key bindings for people that maybe want to borrow this file and maybe you're new to DOOM Emacs. I kind of created this for new to DOOM Emacs users where you get some of the important key bindings, the program that the key binding launched, a description of the program. And by the way, these links, I have made these links clickable. So and if I do meta X on the keyboard, of course, I get the command prompt here inside Emacs, right? But if I just click the program, I also get it too. So every one of these links actually in this is a program, an Emacs program that I can launch, for example, iBuffer. Typically the key binding for it would be space bi. But if I just click on iBuffer, I could also get to a space bp for previous buffer, gets me back. Some other important key bindings here. I've got the eShell and vTerm. The eShell, of course, is the Emacs shell where I just written in Emacs list, but it's its own custom shell. It's not bash or fish or anything. But if I click on it, you can see, I get a little split with eShell. I click on it again.  Same thing with vTerm, assuming vTerm is compiled. I recently did a reinstall. So I think I've got to compile vTerm first. Let me close that split. And now that I've compiled vTerm, now vTerm opens. That's just a standard terminal emulator. So that will actually run your default shell, whatever you set that in your Doom Emacs config. I've got it to use the fish shell here inside vTerm. So the first table really is just important key bindings that you need to know to get started with Doom Emacs. The second table also is very important key bindings. These are related to buffers and splits. You have to figure out how to manage buffers and splits, you know, the split frames inside Doom Emacs to be able to function correctly, right? Because it's one of those things, especially Vim users. A lot of Vim users don't really know how to manage buffers and splits. Because Vim, it's not a priority. You can kind of get away with not knowing that. But within Emacs, because you have to, when you launch Emacs, you typically live inside of Emacs. You really have to learn how buffers and splits work. Also have important links to help documentation. And this is local documentation right here inside Emacs. For example, the Doom help documentation, right? So you get the Doom Emacs documentation, right? And they've actually, for those who've never read it, they've actually got some links to my videos here in their official documentation, which is pretty cool. Let me do space BP for buffer previous to go back to the custom start page. This last table I have here. Now these are important config files for Doom Emacs. So this is the config.org, the init.el, the packages.el, the three standard config files for Doom Emacs. Plus I have two config files for Eshell. So if you use Eshell, you may want to create a aliases file. So aliases kind of like bash aliases or fish aliases, right? Eshell also has aliases in space BP to go back. I also have a profile file for Eshell, which is to auto run something every time I launch the Eshell. And what I auto run is my color script random program. So that gives me the random shell color scripts that typically works in bash, fish and ZSH. In my terminal emulators, it also works inside the Eshell and Emacs because I have that profile. So this is just a little file that I've been working on. Let me do a split here and let me I'm going to have to zoom back out so the split doesn't mess things up. But if I open my doom Emacs config, so let me open my config.org here. I have a section now in my doom Emacs config. You can go check it out on my GitLab, the .files repository on my GitLab. I have a section called start page and I've played around with some different things here. The main thing you need to know is this line right here, this set queue initial buffer choice. So you know what, let me close that buffer. I'm just going to open up a new window and make that full screen. So let me open the config.org. So you need this line right here set queue initial buffer choice. And you know, how did I look up this information? Well, remember Emacs, every function, every variable is documented inside Emacs. Even the ones you create yourself. Emacs is a self documenting kind of program. Just remember all help key bindings inside doom Emacs begin with the key cord space H. And then some other key, you can see which key pops up and you can see the complete menu of the rest of the key bindings for space H and then something else. But the two most common ones you're going to look up all the time as a Emacs user are space HF for look up a function. For example, maybe I want to know what iBuffer actually does. Well, I can actually do space HF for iBuffer functions or essentially programs, right? And I'll get information about iBuffer here. I can actually see some examples of the code. I can actually go look inside the source code for iBuffer.el, this file that pretty much controls iBuffer if I want to. The other help key binding you need to know is space HV for variable. And initial buffer choice here is a variable. So if I look it up, you can see it actually before I hit enter, it tells me what the current value is because that's the current value in my config. But by default, that value was actually set to the dashboard buffer, which is a special buffer inside doom Emacs. Well, I just created this line here, the set queue initial buffer choice line. And by setting it to my own start.org file, it overwrote what the doom dashboard would have been. So really, that's all I needed to do was set queue initial buffer choice. And then what I needed to do, one other thing is to go into init.el. So this is a very important config file. This is for all the standard modules that doom Emacs kind of ships with out of the box, you just go in here and comment lines or uncomment lines to enable them. And the doom dashboard by default is enabled.  And if you've made this change and you've made the change for the initial buffer choice in your config.org, you should be good. Now what you would need to do if you're running the Emacs daemon, the Emacs server, you probably need to kill that process and start it again. And then the next time you open Emacs, you should see your custom start page. So let me space bp to go back to the previous buffer, which is my config.org, some other things I experimented with. I'm actually going to delete these, but you know, I defined my own functions, essentially functions, remember programs that run, you typically do a meta x to launch something. Well, I accidentally hit the wrong key there, but you have def fun, right? Define, so define function and I created this function.  For example, dt slash open config.org. I typically, you know, your functions are going to be something like some descriptive name separated by dashes, but if they're your own custom functions, make sure you prepend them with something that it's obvious. Hey, this is one of dt's own functions. It's not something that was built into Emacs. And then you can see I made it an interactive function. That's the second line wrapped in parentheses interactive means when I do all text meta x, right? And I do a search for dt slash open config.org, right? It is actually in this menu. If I didn't have that interactive line, that wouldn't appear in that meta x menu system, right? And then the code for what this open config.org function actually does, well, it's going to run the command find file on this path to my config.org. And the reason I initially made this is because if I go back to the start page, these important config files I had in this table, that's initially how I was going to launch them. I was just going to have these, you know, when I click on it, it's going to run the function dt slash open dash config dash org, right? That custom function. But I was like, why am I making a custom function for that? Let me zoom back in because let me toggle the links off. So let me toggle org, what is it? Org toggle link display. Let me toggle that. So this is what a link really looks like in org mode when you write it out, you know, before it squishes it. Essentially links in org mode are two opening brackets. And then of course at the end, two closing brackets. And then you have a closing bracket and an opening bracket in the middle. It's kind of like a link in something like markdown where, you know, maybe you're doing a markdown link for your readme.md for your GitHub or your GitLab, something like that. Org links are similar. They're a little different. But in the first group of brackets, what you have is I do elisp colon, meaning run this elisp code, execute this piece of elisp code. And what I'm going to do is I'm going to find file on concat yet env home. So that's the path to my home directory. That's all that means. I'm concatting the path to my home directory to this, the rest of this path.config slash doom slash config.org. And the find file on a path to a file just opens the file. So before what I was doing is I was having it execute elisp colon and then dt slash open dash config dash org, my custom function. But I was like, that's really more work than what I need, right? I don't need that to do all of that. I'm creating these functions that really there's no need for. I've got them in the config here. It's just some examples of how you can write your own custom functions. But really, since I'm not using them, they can go away now. So I'll get rid of that. Let me go ahead and write that. So let's talk about this next section, which is define minor mode start dash mode. So what I wanted to do, everything past initial buffer choice here is I'm creating my own start mode, right? I named it start dash mode because the page was start.org. I wanted it to have its own minor mode. When you go to my start page, of course, it's going to be the major mode is org. It's an org document. But I also wanted it to have this special start mode that was running. That way I could define some special key bindings that only work in start mode, which will only be for this page here. And those key bindings are one, two, three, four, five. So if I hit one on the keyboard right now, I go to my config.org. Let me space BP to go back. If I hit two, I'm going to open my init.el, right? Space BP. If I hit three, I'm going to go to the packages.el, et cetera. Right? And of course, having that key binding, how I accomplish that is because I've got this start mode, this custom mode for that particular page. And I actually had to look this up in some of the official GNU Emacs documentation. Once I looked up how to create this minor mode, which is really just these three lines here. And then inside it, I went ahead and did this evil define key. So I'm going to define some evil key bindings because I'm also running evil mode inside that page, right? So I have to use evil key bindings, evil define key when I'm in normal mode. So of course, evil mode, same as in Vim, you have mode, you have normal mode, you have visual mode, you have insert mode. When I'm in normal mode, anytime I hit a one, I want you to run this function right here. It's a lambda function, meaning it's an anonymous function. I'm not going to name it properly because it's not something that's ever going to be used other than this one time and this one config, right? So no need to name it. So I just make all of these functions lambda functions. And all they do is run the find file command on a particular file. And you see one through five. And I've got the various five config files that I want those key bindings set to. And you can see the comments down here. Originally, I had those key bindings set to those custom functions that I created myself. And then I realized doing these lambda functions was actually the proper way to do this. So again, I can get rid of that. That's just, it was good to put there for an example, but I think this is a lot cleaner. Let me write that. And then finally, after I define the start mode that I created and the key bindings, I need to add this hook. So I need to add hook to start mode hook because I create start mode. There automatically will be a variable for start mode hook. Every mode that gets created in Emacs, there will be a hook for it. Just automatically there. So I didn't have to create a start mode hook. It was created when I created start mode. I hope that makes sense. What I wanted to do was add dash hook and then start dash mode dash hook. And then I wanted to make start mode read only mode. And the reason I wanted this is I wanted this to be a read only file. So for example, if I go, well, let me go to the top of the document. Maybe this line I'm on right now. If I hit DD, you know, standard vim command to delete a line, nothing happens. You can see in the echo area at the bottom, it says buffer is read only. I can't make changes to this file. Now I can make changes to this file because I could type a read only. What read only mode, I can toggle that off. Let me go ahead, space TR is the key binding. Now that I've toggled that off DD actually works. Let me undo that though, space TR to make that read only again. And now DD no longer works. Now, why did I make this file read only? Well, I did it as a safety measure because I had this here where I set those key bindings one through five opens a particular file. You know, in your standard vim key bindings, you're often using numerals to do things. For example, I want to delete two lines. I would do to DD, right? And you can see what just happened to because I had that as a key binding to go to the init.el took me to the init.el and then the DD command actually just deleted a line in this file by accident. So that is why I have that there. So let me write that to make sure that's put back. And once again, let me go back to toggle. I don't think I toggled read only correctly, toggle read only. But you can see how very easily it is to quickly hit a numeral and then DD, right? Or a numeral and PP to paste or, you know, whatever numeral to because every vim command can be propended with a number to do that action a certain number of times. So the fact that I was using these simple key bindings one through five, I really needed this file to be read only. Now, I know what you're thinking. You're probably thinking, well, you could still type to DD. Even if it's read only mode, it's still take you to that init.el. It'll still run the DD. Yes, it will. But now I've made it a read only file. You know, I'm never actually probably ever going to be editing this file. I already know in my mind, this is a read only file. I can't just edit it. So again, it's just more of a safety measure just to have it in my head that, hey, you can't edit this file. You shouldn't be trying to edit this file. One thing I also need to mention about the start mode that I created is, how does Emacs know that start.org, this custom start page I created, how does it know that start mode should be one of its minor modes? Because we didn't mention that in my config.org. Well, you actually mentioned that in the org document itself. If I scroll down to the bottom, I've got these three lines here. Commented lines, but Emacs will read them. And you can see local variables eval, meaning evaluate, and I'm evaluating start dash mode. And then I've got the ending tag here. So that's how this org document automatically launches start mode. So that is how that magic happens. So that's just a little bit of what I've been working on the last few days, creating my own Emacs start page, essentially. You can think of it almost like a dashboard, although I'm not doing any kind of dynamic stuff where it's got menus of my most recent files or anything like that, although I could probably write some custom functions to create some of that. For now, it's mainly just this table of these functions and config files that are in these org tables that I can quickly click on, or I can hit a key binding for some of them to actually execute that function. And again, for those of you that want my configs, or you want to check out my configs for inspiration on creating your own custom Emacs start page, check out my .files repository over on my GitLab. Look inside the directory .config slash doom. Now, before I go, I need to thank a few special people. I need to thank the producers of this episode. And of course, I'm talking about Brian Gabe James, Matt Maxim, Emmett Mitchell-Paul-West, while you bought Homie Alex, Armored Dragon Chuck, Commander Angry, Diokai George-Leib, Marsh Drum, Nate Irion, Alexander Paul, Peace, Archimvedor, Polytech, Reality's for Less Red Profit, Roland, Steven, Tools, Devlin, and Willie, these guys. They're my high-steered patrons over on Patreon, without these guys. This quick little video about an Emacs custom start page would not have been possible. The show's also brought to you by each and every one of these fine ladies and gentlemen, all these names you're seeing on the screen right now. These are all my supporters over on Patreon. I don't have any corporate sponsors. I depend on you guys, the community. If you like my work and want to support me, check out DistroTube over on Patreon. Alright guys, peace. I should add links to Tetris and Pong on my start page.


Just the taps. The answer to this question is yes and no. What kind of centrist cuckoldry is this, you ask? Well, first, let's explain what a recession is. A recession is when the economy suffers from shrinkage dot, dot, dot, wink. During a recession, trade, industrial production, and of course, the stock market all decline in value. Depending on the severity of the recession, businesses may be forced to downsize. And when we say downsize, of course, we mean corporations lay off the employees who actually make the company profitable, while CEOs get $10 million bonuses. The bad news is, if you're a member of the working class, which I'm assuming is most of you, a recession can be a very scary time. A recession could mean you'll lose your job, burn through your emergency fund, and be unable to pay your bills. The worst news is, as long as capitalism exists, there will always be another recession. Because you live under a market economy, your income and savings are always at the mercy of the market. Say what you want about communism, but China's GDP always goes up. Because China respects its workers so much. Sure. Now, the good news is, so far after every recession, the economy, or at least the stock market, has not only recovered from the recession, but continued to grow. For example, from February to March of 2020, the Dow Jones industrial average lost 37% of its value due to fears of COVID-19. As the pandemic grew worse, many people, including this channel, believed we were headed for great recession to electric boogaloo. But by the end of 2020, the stock market had not only recovered from the pandemic plunge, but was again breaking records in the positive direction. All of this goes to show, if you're a long-term investor and if you're investing for retirement, you should only be a long-term investor. You don't really need to worry about recessions, because just like global temperatures, the stock market continues to rise. In fact, if you think about it, a recession is actually a good time for investors. As any investor will tell you, the best strategy is to buy low and sell high. Rarely is there a better time to buy low than during a recession. If you invest during a recession, when in theory the market recovers, you should see enormous returns on your investments. Of course, many of you red-blooded communists are arguing that investors making billions in profits while millions of proletariats lose their jobs is exactly what is wrong with capitalism, to which I reply, you don't have to yell at me, I'm literally sitting next to a picture of Karl Marx. And of course, many of you are also asking, you say the stock market has always recovered from a recession, but what if it doesn't? What do we do if the stock market keeps falling? Well I don't know about the rest of you, but if the stock market ever reaches zero, we communists are opening up the vodka and partying like it's 1917. As if the market has collapsed, then capitalism has collapsed. In other words, we did it. The thing we said would happen over 150 years ago has finally happened. Now capitalism's out of the way, we communists are free to form our international government and seize the means of production. And under communism, no one will ever go hungry again. Sure. Of course, on the slim chance, communism f***s it up somehow and no new economic and political system replaces liberal capitalism, then your money will be worthless whether you invested it or not. At that point, we're talking about the collapse of human civilization, in which case, grab yourself a sawed-off shotgun and guzzling powered muscle car, because we're headed to the gates of Valhalla, shiny and chrome. I'm Comrade Rourke, and you are the Revolution. I'm Comrade Rourke.


This is Think Tech Hawaii, Community Matters here. Good morning, Aloha, and Ohio Guzaima. My name is Mark Shklav. I am the host of Think Tech Hawaii's Law Across the Sea program, and today my program is titled Japan's Judicial System. What's the verdict? And my guest is Mark Levin, who is a professor of law and the director of the Pacific Asian Legal Studies program at the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii. Professor Levin has been teaching Japanese law at the Richardson School of Law for over 20 years, covering a range of topics including history, constitutional law, legal education, social careers, business transactions, and with the focus sometimes on the criminal justice system. It would be fair to say that Japan law is his profession and his passion. Professor Levin will discuss the present-day Japan Judicial System, how Japanese social values are reflected in its court system, and judgments, prospects for change in comparisons with the U.S. Judicial System. Professor Levin, welcome. Good to see you. Ohio. Ohio Guzaimus. Ohio. Ohio. And thank you for coming on today, I appreciate it. I want to learn a little bit about the judicial system in Japan, and I mean, we're both outsiders of Japan, but I think it's fair that we have opinions, and we have opinions about our own judicial system. We can talk about both, and be fair about both, I think. One thing I can tell you about myself is, in 1970, I went to Japan, that was my first trip to Japan. I was an undergraduate, a year in Japan program, and even then I heard things about the judicial system and the court system in Japan. One thing was, it seemed kind of strange to me, all defendants pled guilty. They all confessed. The other thing was, judges went from law school to judges, and they never had any practical or practice as lawyers, and then Japanese don't go to court. We settled things out of court, and Japanese don't have juries. Now that was 1970, okay? That was before you were born. I would like you to bring us up to date. Tell us a little bit about how you got involved in Japan and Japan law, and bring us into the 21st century. Have things changed, or what I said with those generalizations, are they still true? Please. So thanks for having me here, this is a real treat, and the answers to those questions would be a full semester course. So I'll try to get little bits of pieces and tidbits that might be good for the audience and good for our conversation. I first went to Japan in 1983. I graduated from law school and just was looking for something different. I was born and raised on the east coast of the US, and it wasn't so much that I had this long desire to be in Asia as it seemed interesting to go someplace else. And the good thing about Japan was that there would be jobs available. So I went right after law school. I spent my days working in a law firm, and my evenings teaching English, and I was there for a year, and it was that point in time that launched me into a career that I didn't know was coming, but has been happening ever since. And I had much of that same reaction as you. The law, the courts, these things were different, and it was fascinating to me, and that explains why my career has gone where it is, is trying to unravel those fascinations. I think the first one, the starting point needs to be the fact that Japan's legal system in the late 1800s, when they modernized, adopted primarily French and German models. So actually, the biggest difference between the United States and Japan, if you're making that comparison, isn't the United States and Japan. It's the fact that the US legal system, including Hawaii's, is based on the Anglo-American system, what we know as the common law system. And Japan's is primarily, it's somewhat hybrid, but primarily based on the French and German system, also known as the Continental Legal Tradition, or the Civil Law Tradition. And so it took me a long time to learn that. I didn't know that right off the bat. I just was like, you, oh, Japan's different, look at these things. So we can, for example, talk about the fact that judges become judges straight from law school. Well, that's very common throughout Continental Europe, and judges are somewhat different. They're meant to be more restrained, more bureaucratic. They're not supposed to create law. There's no tradition of judge-made law. Their job is to interpret and apply the laws that the legislature creates. Like the statute. Without that separate piece that we know of as the common law. So they don't go off on their own, saying, well, this is the way it should be. They say, this is the way it is. Well, you know, the shoulds and what they do sometimes vary everywhere. But the simple point of it is, the basic principles is, those judges are assigned to not create law, it's the legislature's job. So judges, it's a career. Traditionally, you might study law as an undergraduate major, which again is not a U.S. model. And then you would apply for the bar exam. For a long time, one took the bar exam test to go through a training institute of a couple years, and then select your career. You would become a judge. A lawyer or a prosecutor. And probably for the next 10 or 15 years or longer, you would be doing one of those. Japan changed a little bit and now has somewhat like American style law schools. So you might still study law in college. But then you apply to a law school. Go to law school and study for two years. Then take the qualifying exam. And if you pass, you would again go to the training institute. And still, though, on the far side of the training institute, make a choice. I'm going to be a lawyer. I'm going to be a judge. I'm going to be a prosecutor. And it's not a one-sided choice. Somewhat like fraternities and sororities on the college campus. The prosecutors and the judges are at the training institute saying, hey, you should be a judge. Take it about a judicial career. We'd love to have you. Let's talk. Recruitment. There's a recruitment. And the training institute is run by the Supreme Court of Japan. So they have a certain advantage in carrying out that rush process. I can see who it is. Do law firms go to these things too and try to get people to become lawyers? Or does that happen? While one is at the training institute, the teaching model alternates from being at the institute in coursework, which is fairly pragmatic. Because remember, people have already studied law before getting there. And placements. And one has in the court, it's now a year-long program, one has three placements in a lawyer's office, in a prosecutor's office, and at the courts. But meanwhile, if one's interested, one can do one's own interviewing and the law firms are out looking for people. But that explains why someone would, you can go into a courtroom and see a 25-year-old judge. I remember being in a courtroom in Tokyo and it was a bail hearing. So there were three young defendants or young suspects. They'd been arrested, they were seeking release on bail, and they were all in their mid-20s. And the judge was up there and is technically an assistant judge but can handle these bail proceedings in his mid-20s. And the prosecutor was a woman and she was in her mid-20s. And I thought, this just looks like moot court in my law school. But it was real. It was very real for the suspects and their lawyers. So one starts as a judge straight out of the institute and carries on that career.  And that's basically your lifetime job. One makes that one's career. The only, there's tiny exceptions and then the big exception is the Supreme Court of Japan mixes career judges with others. So there's 15 members of the Japanese Supreme Court and that would include people who are former diplomats, former government officials, former prosecutors, former lawyers, former academics. And it's kind of a quota system. So if an academic is leaving the court, the position is probably going to be filled by an academic. Former prosecutors leaving the Supreme Court, it's going to be filled by a former prosecutor kind of a quota system. So they draw from all of the society of attorneys and judges, prosecutors to become the Supreme Court. That's right. And then adding in non-attorneys of, for example, former diplomats, former senior government officials and academics who are ordinarily not attending. Wow, really on the Supreme Court. Yeah, but still high level professionals. It's not, they don't go out into the business community. They don't go out into the broader public for the Supreme Court, even if there are extremely distinguished people. And among the academics, the academics would be legal academics who wouldn't have a sociologist selected. Okay, now let's go back and talk about that example. You talked about the young defendants and the young judge and the young prosecutor. And what is the criminal law system like there? Like I said, I heard that, hey, don't even bother to have a trial. Plead guilty is what it is in Japan. And there's no jury anyway. So you can't, in America where we think maybe we go in front of a jury of our peers where they hear us talk and maybe there's a not guilty verdict because of that life experience. What's it like in Japan? First, the conviction rate is beyond imagination. It is 99.97. And my colleague at the University of Hawaii has studied this. He's in the sociology department, David Johnson. And others have looked at it, my professor John Haley, with the idea that the real winnowing of what should be done in this case is done with it by the prosecutor. So it's as if the society decided to trust the prosecutor to do this and to do it right. And I think it's fair to say that in the vast majority of cases there probably are doing it right. What's scary is that there probably are some cases where they're not. Now, we have juries, we have a criminal justice system, we have cases where we're probably not doing it right. I think both criminal justice systems have problems, so I don't want to be misstating it. But Japan in 2009 began lay participation in major criminal cases. First thing is you can't call it a jury. They are lay judges. So if you go into the courtroom you'd look up and see behind the proceedings of the defendant and the prosecutor and the police and the witness, the bench and sitting, there are nine seats at the bench. And the three center seats are robed judges. And on the right side and on the left side are six ordinary citizens in ordinary street clothes. And are they just called in? They are just called in. But there's reasons why we don't call them jurors. First of all, they deliberate with the judges. So remember, we in the U.S. we keep the judges out of the room when the jury is deliberate. The jurors are, think of twelve angry men. The jurors are on their own in there. These lay judges are deliberating with the jurors. They can ask questions. So they are lay judges for that trial. This system is only used in cases with severe charges. So ordinary cases, they're not used, but still thousands of cases right now, since 2009, have lay judges. When I was in Japan last month, I actually went to the courthouse and observed some lay judge trials. And these are just ordinary Japanese citizens? Ordinary Japanese citizens. They're called in and have any special training? They're called in precisely the same way that our jurors are called in. But there are other differences. They, for example, weigh sentencing. So our jurors, aside from death penalty cases in the United States, do not determine sentencing. Sentencing is done only by judges. And then you've got nine folks and this complicated human formula of three professional judges and six lay people. And you need a majority, it's not unanimous, you need a majority to convict, including at least one professional judge. And I want to ask about how they work together after our break. Yeah. Okay? All right. So we'll take a short break and we'll be right back. Sounds great. All right. Ted Rawson here, folks. 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So join us for Human Humane Architecture every other Tuesday at 4 p.m. on ThinkDeck, Hawaii. We are back with Law Across the Sea, my guest, Professor Mark Levin, University of Hawaii Law School. And we are talking about the Japan judicial system and just getting a brief overview of it and kind of differences and idiosyncrasies about it. And we were talking about the lay juror system, Mark. And how did the judges and the lay jurors interact together? I mean, if I was a juror, I might feel intimidated to have three judges on the panel. Right. So again, they're not jurors. They're lay judges. All right. And that's a difference, right? That's a big, big difference. They are ostensibly equal with the only difference being that a single professional judge's vote is needed to convict. So all of them could agree. But if a judge, if one judge didn't agree, then there's no conviction. Right. But all judges could decide to convict. And if all the lay judges, all the professionals would just choose to convict. And if there's only three votes there, so they don't have a majority, they need to pull in some of the lay judges to get a conviction. Otherwise, it's an acquittal. They need five. They need five of nine. That's right. So they would need to persuade at least two of the lay judges for a conviction. The interactions seem to be going well. Well, lay judges, many people were concerned myself among them. Some people said Japanese people won't speak out. I know Japanese people will speak out. I know a lot of Japanese people who are perfectly comfortable speaking out to me. So I put that stereotype aside. But I was worried about whether or not the judges would, sort of the hierarchy would be such that they might impose their variations. And surveys have shown lay judges coming out with a fairly high degree of satisfaction. The system began, I think it was May 2009. And my other concern... Well, just let me interrupt, because that makes me think that maybe that's a cultural thing, too. I have an obligation to do a good job. And I've taken this. I'm not going to just do what somebody tells me. I am going to do a good job. Well, so do our jurors. Yeah, good point. I was a law clerk in the Federal Court for two years and working very closely with jurors. And I have boundless appreciation for what American jurors do as well. But no, they do take their roles very seriously. And keep in mind that their cases are invariably serious cases, including death penalty cases. And I was also troubled by the degree of confidentiality imposed upon the lay judges. And I actually wrote about that and published an article. Taiwan last month announced that they are going to create a system somewhat like Japan, also lay judges. Korea, around the time that Japan created its lay judge system, created a jury system. The Korea has a jury system. More like the American. More like the American, where the judges are not in the room while the jurors are delivering. And the lay judge system is based on what? What was the background for that? It's bent off of a German model. So Germany has lay judges, but lay judges in Germany serve for a term and can hear multiple cases. So that's why I say it's bent off the German model in the sense that like our jurors, the lay judge will serve in only one case. Excuse me, yeah. So Taiwan, I just read, is allowing a little more looseness for lay judges to speak about their experience after the case is done. And I believe that that's important. That's a downside. But I will say that the reports on the lay judge system have been good. There still are problems with the Japanese criminal justice system. The interrogation system is very impressive. By the police. By the police and the prosecutors. Oh, the prosecutors involved in that too. They at different stages. I see. But the lack of access to lawyer, the ability of police and prosecutors to question suspects without lawyer present and to hold them in detention for days at a time, or weeks or months at a time in certain cases. And in Japan, one has a right to remain silent. One does not have a right to refuse questioning. So that's... How about a right to counsel? One has a right to counsel. It was after indictment. I think it has been moved up. Now there's lawyers available. But the lawyer isn't necessarily going to be there while you're being interrogated. So you might have an hour with a lawyer who briefs you as to what you should do.  So Japan still has problems with the system. But I will say that I think the lay judge system seems to be working well. It also up the judiciary's game. So judges involved with the public have to be... They cannot be aloof.  It changed the court proceedings so that there is more plain language here. So it's not just the decision making where there's been a positive benefit. I think there have been many places where the system has brought positive benefits. Sort of more open for the society. More open. So now judges... So Japan's judges, off of the civil law tradition, had been very isolated from the society. You'd become a judge. You'd rotate around the country. You'd have almost no contact with people aside from your family outside the judiciary. Well now you do. Now you're spending time meeting people. That has changed. And so I think it has made a difference. So judges on the bench now know when they're in the courtroom there's citizens watching what they do. There's six citizens on there. We're going to take that into account. They will definitely take that into account. A little more social oversight, if you will. Social oversight. So the court proceeding... Now I think the data shows that conviction rates haven't changed substantially. There is a problem, I think, that it only takes a majority to get a death penalty verdict in Japan. So there is death penalty cases, I think, and David Johnson, my colleague has written about this, more that those ought to have some heightened level. But you now have ordinary people in the room watching, participating, keeping the system more... presumably keeping the system functioning with a watchful eye. And that's a good social change and movement. Just going back to my college days, I also heard that Japanese don't go to civil court so much. Is that true or is that still the way it is? That's changed as well. Part of it is when you're in college in 1970 there were few judges and few courtrooms and few lawyers. So part of the reason one wouldn't go to court is one wouldn't necessarily be able to go to court easily. Japanese people didn't know lawyers. They didn't know how to find a lawyer. In the 1930s, going way back when actually the per capita rate of lawyers and judges was much higher, Japanese people were suing. So that's a good thing, isn't it? To have more lawyers. And since 2000 Japan has increased the number of lawyers substantially. They've also loosened things. So now you can ride a train in Japan, look up at the billboards, and there's an advertisement for a lawyer. So think how much that changes something. If an ordinary person is having some manner where they feel like they need a legal consultation in 1970 or even 1995, they wouldn't know what to do. They might go to a government office and get some bureaucrats' advice about the issue. But now they're riding the train every day and they look up and there's that little banner that says, call us, free consultation. And they'll call. So I guess there's good and bad about having lawyers, maybe. And the good thing is there's more opportunity for consultation and advice. But some people are gonna say, well, there's gonna be more litigation. Well, litigation is aiming towards justice. And I'm a big fan of having lawyers in terms of making systems work well, holding government officials accountable, holding businesses accountable. The other change that I would say that sort of indicates this is now businesses in Japan, mega-businesses, are using the American system in House Council more. So as to, I mean, Japan's been roiled with these scandals of businesses sort of lying and cheating very unfortunately, well, part of it is the compliance has been loose of bringing in House Council for Compliance. You now see giant mega-businesses suing each other, whereas there might have been some fixer before. And so I think what it means is this is a system where law is perhaps setting the rules and one hopes setting it well. And making justice available for everybody in society. And that's what we're here for. That is what it is here for. Professor, thank you so much for being my guest today. And I appreciate your time. Thank you for having me. I love you.