Alright, I guess we're on. Good morning everyone and thank you for coming to our talk. My name is Carl Baldwin. I've been working with Neutron for nearly about three years now. Last year, I guess about a year and a half ago, I was made a core reviewer in the Neutron team. More recently, I've been filling the position of L3 Lieutenant in the team and also a member of the Neutron drivers team. And I'm talking today with Kyle McKinnis and Miguel Laval and I'll let you guys introduce yourselves. Right, so my name is Kyle McKinnis. I'm a software engineer with HP. I started the designate project maybe four years ago at this point up until this cycle up in the PTL. Finally, finally handed the reins over to somebody else this cycle. And I guess I'll leave it at that, Miguel. So my name is Miguel Laval and I'm a Neutron developer with the Linux Technology Center of IBM. I've been working with Neutron over the past three years doing testing first with Tempest and now as a Neutron developer. Excellent, thanks. So our talk today is about, it's more about getting three open stack projects to work together to communicate. But it's about the end goal that we were after is really pretty simple. It's just getting your instance by name. And I thought it was kind of ironic. We walked in and Miguel had a piece of paper with an IP address for the machine that we're going to do the demo on. So I said, you know, we got to get this done and deployed everywhere so that we don't have to bring this paper with us anymore. I wanted to start today by just going over the background, what motivated us to get started on this. It was actually about two and a half years ago, I think, that I thought of doing this. And what happened was I had just started working on Neutron and HP's public cloud.  And I noticed that whenever I typed sudo anything, sudo ID, sudo make me a sandwich, whatever. The first thing it did was it spit out this error, sudo unable to resolve host in the host name. I thought, well, that's strange. Why can't I get rid of that? I could get rid of it with a host file entry. But VMs in the cloud, they come and go. So you might fix it on one, boot up another one, and the problem's there again. So I started digging into it. And I actually found that there were a number of other things that happened because DNS didn't know the name of my instance. And Miguel put a few of those others here. So I started digging into it and I realized that, well, what the problem is is Nova has an instance name. You say Nova boot and you give it the instance name. But that stops at Nova. Neutron doesn't know about that name. But Neutron's the one that has the DNS server that's local, the local DNS server on the tenant network. And since Neutron doesn't know the name that Nova has, it makes up its own. It takes the IP address, replaces dots with dashes and sticks on some bogus domain on the end. But it's not very useful. It's actually not any more useful than the IP address itself. Just being a strict mapping from the IP address. And so I thought, well, wouldn't that be cool if the two projects talked? And then later on, I was actually in HP Cloud. I was using, I think it's a predecessor of Designate that was deployed in HP Cloud, is that right? There was an internal tool deployed before Hunt. There was one that I was able to use with HP Cloud anyway. And I actually took my own personal domain and I put my DNS up in it and played around with the API a little bit. And I thought, well, wouldn't it be cool if I could boot my instance and not have to take that information manually and plug it in with an API or through the web portal or whatever. And so I wrote up my first blueprint ever. Actually, one for Neutron and one for Nova. And I took them to Atlanta and talked to people. I found that people were pretty excited about it, but not quite excited enough to do anything about it. So why did it get stalled for so long? We'll get into that a bit later. I wanted to hand over the talk to Miguel, who's going to talk about some of the technical part. Okay. So the root cause of this anomalies that Carl is explaining is the way the internal Neutron DHCP is implemented. And I'm not going to work through all the ports and all the connections there, but the main point that I want to make here is that when you have an instance and you have a port, that port gets the DHCP service from the network node. For each network, there's a DNS mask instance that provides DHCP services and DNS services to that port. Actually, the name of the name space is QDHCP and then the UUID of the network. And for each network, you get that DNS mask instance. So what happens is that whenever you create a port in Neutron Server, Neutron Server notifies the DHCP agent that a new port has been created. And at that point, the DHCP agent requests through the RPC channel request the port information. And with that information, it creates a file. It updates a number of files that the DNS mask uses to come up with the DHCP allocation and the DNS services for that port. And essentially, the DHCP agent updates the files and then notifies the DNS mask that it needs to read the files again. And that's how your Neutron ports get DHCP services and DNS services prior to liberty. So essentially, the DHCP agent is creating these names. And as you can see in the lower right corner of the slide, you can see that the name that the DHCP agent creates is host dash and then the IP address of the port. And the same thing with the fully qualified domain name. It becomes host. The IP address that was assigned to that port and then the default domain for that open stack instance. So now to Kyle. Thank you, Miguel. So I wanted to give you a little bit of background on designate itself. So what is designate? What are the high level components? What are the things you use it for and so on? So 10,000 foot view. The simplest way of looking at designate is we have quite a simple REST API that you're able to use to interact with your DNS data. Architecturally, we're pretty similar to Nova and Trove, the opposite of the car. So we don't implement a DNS server. We make use of existing ones. We'll tie into power DNS, bind, third party solutions like Akamai or Dinect. So we don't require you to run your own global DNS infrastructure. You can instead use the API, use keystone authentication. Sorry. Use all of that. Open stack, niceness. And then push all of that content out to a third party if you want. So the components. We have quite a number of components sitting there. We have the core ones being API, central, sync, pool manager, and mini DNS. So basically these all communicate over RPC, standard Oslo messaging services. They all aim to be do one task and do it well. So for example, the API service is just a shimmed central that understands REST. It doesn't do very much else. It understands how to validate the incoming queries. It understands how to parse JSON. It understands how to return rendering errors and so on. It has no idea how to create a domain. It will pass off the command to designate central. Pretty much everything lives in here for designate. It's core service. It is the only service that has right access to the database. Everything else is either read only or no access. We have mini DNS, which is a pure Python DNS server. So you would never point a customer at this. You would never point an end user at this. What you do is instead you point your power DNS or akamai at it. Power DNS, akamai bind, they will slave the zone from us. So for simplicity, rather than reinventing the wheel for each DNS server, turns out there is a standard way of pushing zone content into DNS servers called a zone transfer. So we decided we were going to implement that in Python, rather than implement something that will call RNDC and render zone files, something that will call power DNS's database, something that will sync with akamai's API. So we decided to try and keep that simple. Next up we have sync, which is the first attempt we had at doing an integration with Nova and Neutron. So sync was an event listener. It would sit on the Nova and Neutron notification queues, the same queues that Celia would be listening to for events. Those events have a huge amount of information in them, including the instance names, the instance IPs, which port is attached to which instance. And given all of this information, you could correlate it and produce a name, push it out to the DNS servers. It was fundamentally flawed that there is no guarantee of delivery on these events. So you might get the port create, but the instance create, you might not get it. Or worse, they might be totally out of order, they might be delayed massively, you might miss a delete. So it was quite difficult to make it really reliable. So we started looking and talking to Carl two years ago or something about this. And finally, last main piece is the customer facing DNS servers. So we support more than bind, power DNS, ACMI and Dinect, but those are kind of the main ones that people look at. So what can you use Designate for? You've got all of these DNS servers, power DNS, bind, ACMI, none of these things are multi-tenant. So the first thing we do is create a REST API that allows you to take your single-tenant DNS infrastructure and share it among all of your projects without risk of one tenant destroying or modifying another tenant's data. So beyond that, we act as a sort of a gateway to third parties, so you can have one account with the likes of ACMI or Dinect, and all of your projects will feed into that. We also have some more functionality like, let's say you've got an existing infrastructure inside. You've got Microsoft Active Directory running in your enterprise, and you really don't want to move the Active Directory domain to Designate. But you do want it to fan out to your global DNS infrastructure.  And finally, and most importantly, it's about automating the DNS provisioning. So you're familiar with, at the end of the day, you want to stand up a new developer environment. You press a button, you get five VMs, a couple of Trove databases, neutron L-bass, all of this magic just happens. Except there's no DNS. You're figuring out all these IPs. So by being able to have a DNS API there, you're able to integrate DNS into the workflow the same way you have, the same way you have VMs, networks, firewalls, load balancers automated. So I kind of start touched on this one already, which is what is this sync thing? It's our old way of doing this. We're not going to remove it because there's still some value there. But effectively, it listens on the notification events. I actually covered all of this already, except for it's plugin-based. So the interesting thing about it is you take all of these events in and you dispatch them to a plugin. The plugin can be customized to do whatever you like.  And you can do that if the trade-off of potential unreliability, potentially leaving stale data around because you miss it at least, potentially not creating it because you miss to create. If you're comfortable with that, then you can do some interesting stuff with this. So at this point, I'm going to hand back over towards Miguel. Thank you so much. So now we are going to review how we integrated the different components here. And essentially we took two major steps. The first step was to fix the internal DNS anomalies that we already explained. And essentially what we did is that we moved the generation of the DNS assignment from the DHCP agent. We moved that to the Neutron server. Now the Neutron server generates that. And we added an attribute to the API to two ports. We added the DNS name attribute to two ports. So that allows you to specify the name that you want assigned to your port. And we made this optional and essentially what happens is that we added a new Neutron configuration parameter, DNS domain, that allows you to enable this functionality. If you don't specify that argument in your Neutron.com, essentially you fall back to the previous behavior and nothing changes. But if you specify this DNS domain parameter in your configuration file, then you enable this functionality. So essentially what happens is you create the port. The Neutron server creates the DNS assignment for the port as you can see in the middle of the slide. And then when the DHCP agent requests the poor information, it gets that information from the Neutron server and assigns to the file that the DNS mask uses, assigns those names that were received from the Neutron server. So now you as an API user, you have a control of the names that your ports are going to be assigned by the DHCP agent and the DNS mask. Once we have that in place, we made a little change in Nova and essentially that name is that Nova uses the Neutron client to create ports whenever you create an instance. So essentially what we are showing in the left side of the slide, essentially now Nova does a poor create specifying using that DNS name attribute. And that DNS attribute comes from the host name of the instance. So let's say that your instance is my underscore VM, that name became sanitized to become compliant with the DNS names and it becomes my dash VM. And that name is sent to Neutron and then we follow the path that I already explained. So essentially what's happening is now in your internal DHCP server, you are getting the name of your instance, your port is known by the name of your instance by the DNS mask. Now you are only getting one name because the DNS name of that port becomes your instance name. And with that, we go back to the explanation, to Carl's explanation at the beginning of the presentation and essentially we can see that all those anomalies in the behavior of the different commands in your instance are solved. And the reason is that now each one of those commands is really asking the DNS service, the DNS servers of the instance for the fully qualified domain name of that instance and that becomes solved. Go ahead. How do you handle collisions? Like when many tenants call their instance foo, there will be collision on foo.defaultdomain, mydomain.org. Remember that this DNS mask instance, you have a DNS mask per network. Okay, so this is just private. Yeah, so it's really a non-issue from a tenant's point of view. Yeah, that domain name is global. We are going to share that domain name, but keep in mind, right now I'm talking about the internal DNS, internal neutrons DNS. So bear with me for a few minutes. So now, once we had that in place, we used that as a platform to go work with the integration between Neutron, Nova, and Designate. And essentially when we were planning this, we envisioned two use cases. The use case number one is that where the DNS name and the DNS domain are associated with the instance or the port. So essentially what you do is you create your, you now can assign a domain name to your Neutron networks. So we also expanded the API with a new DNS domain attribute for networks. And you can have as many domains as you want. That domain name doesn't have to be the same domain name that we are using for the internal DNS implementation. So now you go create a network and that network has a DNS domain attribute. So far so good. Next step is, let's say we create an instance and that instance happens to be, happens to have a port on that network. So what's going to happen is that you create, you create the, Nova creates a port and that port has a DNS name specified by the name of the instance. And as you can see in the fully qualified domain name of the attribute it got the domain name associated with the network. And now you assign an external accessible address to your port, a floating IP. What's going to happen is you create a floating IP associated to the port of the instance and essentially what happens at that point in time is that Neutron now, the Neutron server pushes that information to designate. And essentially what is going to happen is that we are going to get two records in designate. We're going to get an A record with the floating IP address and that floating IP address is associated with the name and the fully qualified domain name of your instance.  So that's use case number one. The other use case that we envisioned was one that we want a name and a domain name associated with a floating IP regardless of the instance that is connected to that floating IP. So in that case we also extended the API with two attributes for floating IPs. Again, we have a DNS name and a DNS domain attribute for floating IP and those attributes are going to override whatever is defined at the port and instance level. Even if you have a DNS name and DNS domain associated with that port when we create the floating IP and we push the information to designate the DNS name and we also see that with the floating IP override whatever information might be there before. So as you can see here I'm associating my name with my floating IP and that's the information that gets pushed to designate in the A record and the PTR record. How did we implement this? Well, essentially we added an external DNS service driver to the neutron server. We wanted this to be a pluggable so essentially we defined an external DNS service class which defines the abstract behavior of the driver and the plan is to have different implementations for this driver. We also created the reference implementation based on designate but there's plans to create specific drivers for other external DNS services integrated to neutron. So how do you configure all this? Well, essentially again you go to neutron.conf and in the default section you specify the external DNS driver that you're using. Right now we only have designate and we added a new designate section specific for the designate implementation where you specify first you specify the designate endpoint and then you specify the information for an admin user and tenant and the reason we do that is that the PTR records are created under an admin user and maybe Kyle cares to explain the technical reasons for that. You have lots of tenants sharing the same name space the same pointer domain so you've got 255 at a minimum have to be in one domain but those IPs are allocated individually to customers so you can't allow a customer direct access to that zone. So I was told to do that I just implemented it and we have a final parameter which is allow reverse DNS lookup essentially what that allows you is that the PTR is optional there might be users who might not be interested in that so we create an argument a parameter that can be true or false and enables or disables that functionality. So since I like to live in danger and I want to add to the pressure that my VP is here I want to attempt a live demo it works. So first of all let's see what instances we have in there can you see it from from there? So it seems it's visible so as you can see I have an instance already created in the middle of the screen and essentially what I did before creating this instance to that instance I associated a DNS domain name MyDomain.org so what I got from that is that so what I got out of that is that I have my DNS assignment with the host name as My-VM and my fully qualified domain name as MyVM.MyDomain.org so we can also see that in designating MyDomain.org essentially it's empty. I don't have any records at this point in time and in my PTR domain I don't have any records at this point in time. So what we are going to do is we are going to run a floating IP to that instances port and there we go we got a floating IP associated and the floating IP ends with .5 so let's see what happened in designate as you can see we now have a new record with my floating IP and my fully qualified domain name so let's go to the PTR domain we can see that we got a PTR record for my instance so it's important to mention that this functionality is half of this functionality is already in place in Liberty and that's the internal DNS integration and we are already in Liberty and we are looking to merge the integration with designate in Mitaka one that's the plan. So going back to the presentation with full view we are going to we had a safety net here with screenshots and now we want to share a little bit our experience of cross-project collaboration so having started this over two years ago cross-project collaboration was there was a rocky start and I think I wanted to talk a little bit about how that has improved in OpenStack since then and enabled us to get this done Miguel, you are now serving or you previously were serving as the liaison between Neutron and Nova? No, I was the liaison between Neutron and Tempest Neutron and Tempest, that's right it was Sean serving as the liaison Correct, so the point is we've created liaisons and resources that we can use to help us work and collaborate between projects and that's been really great when I started out that was less mature and not a resource that I knew of or existed, I didn't think it existed at the time but it started out rocky and I was really pleased to find out that over time it got a lot better so working with Nova it's a very large project and me being pretty new to OpenStack, new to Neutron and to Nova, I found it a little bit difficult to navigate at first but now we've improved that a lot working with designate was great I think a lot of the success of this project comes from they created a very easy to use API, very easy to integrate and also as a team they were very excited to do this you guys had made your attempt that you talked about slurping things from RabbitMQ the designate team was very keen to work with us on this and very helpful they even talked me out of a few complicated things that I wanted to do and turned out to be completely unnecessary and just me overthinking things a lot that helped out a lot and I really appreciate that and in my case I want to say that I work on the Neutron side and the designate team was always available willing, ready to provide all the guidance that I needed and working with Neutron, I can't really talk about that funnily enough I didn't actually write the first one I think that was the placeholder where I was going to fill in but I decided to leave it there, who in their right mind? so Miguel and Carl obviously the two guys we've mainly been interacting with they've actually been great, so back in two some months ago or I can't even remember which one we most recently got together again and hashed out the updates back, absolutely excited to come along, got them into one of our work sessions and actually managed right then and there to come up with a plan to actually do it, we walked out of a work session with a plan, so that's an achievement what happened was, I walked in and Kyle said why haven't we done this yet and I thought about it, I said I have no idea, let's do it pretty much, so Miguel obviously being the driver on the Neutron side doing a huge amount of the implementation, all of the implementation in Neutron and refreshing Carl's two year old blueprints and specs and getting them up to date again, he came along every week to our weekly RSE meeting gave us some short updates, every single week which was hugely useful to us as we're not being Neutron team we don't see a lot of the stuff that happens in Neutron, it's hard to follow but when you have a team who's willing to actually drop out, come out say hi once a week and give a two or three minutes, here's how far we've got here's my current issues, let's figure them out it was really useful, so I'm not sure what slide is next well with that I think we can go to Q&A if there are questions in the room yeah we actually have about two minutes for questions thanks, I got two questions I noticed that there's an FQDN attribute in the port but also a domain name in the network isn't that potential for conflict or why is there an FQDN in the port Andrea was wondering remember that once you have the DNS domain once your DNS domain comes from your network it doesn't have to do anything anymore with the DNS domain for open stack once you enable that functionality once you have a DNS domain assigned to your network your fully qualified domain name is going to be constructed from that so the port entry is pretty much ignored yeah and each tenant can have its own thing and by the way it's important to clarify that the domain name needs to exist previously in designate actually that was my next question because what we want to do is that the domain names used in Neutron are authorized if you like by the DNS service manager whoever is managing that DNS because you're absolutely right it might be a source of conflict so if I understood correctly the Neutron side of this is there in Liberty but the designate integration will be coming in Mitaka remember that there's two pieces for this the internal DNS, Neutron DNS that's already in place in Liberty and the rest of the integration with designate is coming in Mitaka one okay and when that integration is there say someone assigns a domain name will there be validation against designate to ensure for example that that tenant actually owns that domain or will that fail at some point later down the road when you specify a DNS domain for your floating IP or for your network at the moment of pushing that information to designate that domain needs to exist so it'll fail early in designate if it doesn't exist I'll return error code to the API for things like instance names that aren't valid DNS names does it work the same way that there will be a failure in that scenario well the reason we are using the reason we are using the host name attribute of the instance is because that specific attribute is sanitized to be a valid DNS name okay makes sense, thank you thank you that was excellent I just want to know like with this Neutron port create and other stuff will it work with heat orchestration as well or you have any plans to integrate in future in next releases in does it integrate with heat orchestration with the port allocation and the floating IP port allocation I'm not sure if we've really considered it yet I'm not 100% sure yet okay so any plans for it now we haven't thought about it at all yet it'll be worth pinging us afterward and we can try and figure out what the if we can try and work it in before we land the remaining pieces in Neutron the next few weeks this is actually good feedback if you want to talk to us later today or ping us in IRC we'll be more than happy to talk about your use case I mean we are always looking for ways to improve this thing sure, thank you thank you thank you one more is there so we have time for one more excellent actually two but hopefully two small ones the one is what happens to people who are running publicly available IP addresses behind the Neutron router with an SNAP disabled so if you have SNAP disabled on your Neutron router and you're using globally readable IPs there at the moment they do not get pushed into designate that is probably something that's a future enhancement but for the start when we were dealing with this in the last summit we kind of scoped it down to something that we felt we could reasonably achieve in the cycle and we so very nearly missed the cutoff to land the full amount in liberty so more hopefully will come so if you have SNAP disabled and you're using globally routable IPs then that should probably trigger the creation of records in designate today it doesn't okay and since you are tying the name to the port what happens to ports that are not allocated to VMs like router ports and all that so if I'm not mistaken you don't limit it to instance ports so any port can be given a name you can use the DNS name it can be used for any port okay thank you guys very much for attending and if you have any questions I want to chat to us okay thank you very much


Hi, I am Dr. Nagbushan, I am a consultant intervention radiologist in Manipal Hospital Whitefield and Varthur. Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous swellings or lumps which are seen in uterine musculature. Around 70-80% of the women experience these uterine fibroids in some part of their life, but only 10-20% of them become symptomatic. The symptoms present as pain or heaviness in the lower abdomen especially. Some women experience irregular cycles, pain or more bleeding during menstrual cycles. When some fibroids are large, they compress on bladder causing increased sensation of passing urine.  There are both medical and surgical treatments available for this condition. When the women are not relieved medically, then there are surgical methods such as hysterectomy which is done more commonly, which is complete removal of the uterus. Recent advances like laparoscopic myomectomy removes only the fibroid part, this is also done by gynecologist and the more recent technique is the uterine fibroid embolization where we intervention radiologists come into picture and this procedure has proven its benefit in this condition. The first and foremost advantage is the uterus is not removed in this procedure. So we are preserving the uterus which is very important for the women's physical and mental and reproductive well-being. Second is there is no scar or no suture on the body. So we are doing this with a small 2-3 mm pinhole incision. Third, there is very less hospital stay duration and fourth, there is faster recovery and the women can take up hard routine activities in a week's time. Yes, apart from routine blood investigations, we advise MRI contrast with pelvis. So this serves many advantages. First we can confirm the number, size and location of these fibroids. Second we can get an idea about the blood supply to these fibroids. Third, there are some mimicers of fibroids like focal adenomyosis and endometriosis. So these conditions can be ruled out better in MRI pelvis. And the last, sometimes MRI pelvis can detect a deep-seated infection or a possible tumor in the woman so that these conditions can also be addressed, not only stereotyping to the fibroid treatment. This procedure is done in angiographic suit. This is the place where angiograms and angioplasties are done for the heart. So when the patient is taken inside the angiographic suit, she will be given sedation by anesthesiologist. This ensures pain relief and sleep during the procedure. So in addition, we also give SHNB nerve block to ensure the pain relief. We gain access into the blood vessel near the right groin and enter uterine arteries both sides selectively. We inject polyvinyl alcohol particles which is needed for the treatment up to the end point is achieved. The patient is shifted back to the same ward and she is given a patient controlled analgesia pumps. When the patient experiences crampy abdominal pain, she can press on the button and the pain is relieved. So next day when we check on her, if the pain is completely relieved, she is fit for discharge or otherwise we can extend the stay for one more day. During discharge we advise antibiotics which is needed to prevent infection. We plan a second MRI after 6 months to compare the results. This procedure is effective for 6 long months. At the end of 6 months when we see comparing MRI scans, the uterine fibroids would have reduced for more than half in size. Not mere the size the symptoms will get better in 2-3 months time. For women who had irregular cycles, the first and second periods may be similar or more worse but from third cycle onwards the symptoms would start settling. Yes, pregnancy can be planned after the procedure. As I said earlier, this procedure will be effective till 6 months. We usually advise women to restrain from pregnancy for 6 months and later on the pregnancy can be planned. Whether it is a single or multiple fibroids, a single uterine fibroid embolization procedure addresses all the fibroids at once. No, this is a myth, there is no need of a hysterectomy after embolization procedure. Yes, we are a team of intervention radiologists and a Manipal Institute of Clinical and Intervention Radiology. We have 4 consultants with specialists and fellows. We cater services to all Manipal units. All the Manipal hospital units are equipped with state of the art angiography equipment so these procedures can be done very safe and effectively.


The bell telephone system brings you one of a series of programs on science to understand nature's laws Title's okay. Now. Let's test that first animation roll to Okay, hold it now sharpen the focus Right hold roll to Doctor, how is the sudden born? Don't know exactly.  Sun himself Yes, if we had a magic wand Sure sure you've got it magic your science and my magic We open up our story of our mr. Sun with a little fantasy You know showmanship go back into time show the birth of the Sun not a time stardust Here we'll turn back the clock. Oh, that'll only take you back 12 hours. Oh All right We'll open up the curtain of our imagination This will be our magic screen yours will be just for facts Pull back the curtains of our magic screen will dream up a clock. There you are a clock That's been ticking since time began our solar system Wound up by father time himself. Do you see what I'm seeing? We're certainly Maybe I could talk to him, huh? Hey father time. How long has that Sun clock been going a few billion years? Why? Well, could you unwind it for us? Unwind time man.  Well, I'm a fiction writer We're auditioning a show about our mr. Sun and I thought that Joe about me Well, well about time Hi Yeah, we were wondering how it all happened at the beginning Nobody knows what happened at the beginning. Oh, come on pop unwind us. They want to see how I was born you You old hot gas bag you keep still now. Don't flip your sickle pop. The man says it's just a show He's a romantic fool if you want facts ask your scientists Oh, we've got doctor research here for facts But what I need right now is something to open this thing up with a bang. You know what I mean? Certainly my story should be colorful romantic not just facts here. I'll tell you how it should open Wait a minute. I'm telling this story. You're just imaginary quiet. You want to show don't you? Go on Yes, sir Set the stage for me.  How do you like that? I like it. Let him go on Music morning brother bird Brother mountain you brother gal Brother b. Good morning all of you. Of course. What I really am is a star An average every day type of star Billions like me I remember when primitive man first began to look up to gaze in wonderment at the stars and planets Sweeping across the face of the sky That primitive curiosity was the beginning of all your science Of course, they had some pretty odd notions about me Some thought I was an enormous beetle crumbling a fiery ball across the heavens The ancient eskimos thought I was a little man wearing thick furs to keep myself warm But to most I was a god With fancy names and wardrobes in Babylon, I was shamash And my sun temples were observatories In persia. I was mithras And to ancient egypt. I was the great god ra Glory to the great sun god Getting this well head Uh, but the name I like best Was febus Apollo the greeks always didn't have a word for it in my case It was handsome Apollo racing across the sky in his fiery chariot Making heavenly music on his golden ukulele Oh, that was for me. I loved it And then along came another greek to spoil it all A greek who would rather think than worship sun gods An exagerus was his name The sun is not a god or a person It is a mass of red hot stone only 40 miles across and 4 000 miles away For blaspheming against the beautiful Apollo an exagerus was banished from Athens And I wasn't a bit sorry for him But man had fallen for this new and fascinating mistress his brain Thinking began spreading like the measles everybody got the bug the greeks with their logic and philosophy The hindu's with their algebra and your present number system the arabs with their early instruments like the astrolabe And today instead of temples rituals and hymns to the sun It's domes gadgets charts and numbers I'm demoted to a specimen a pile of facts and figures A big blob of mass holding little blobs of mass together with gravity instead of with love I think you're all through Who's all through earth man? He's had it why you flaming idiot to haven't even started yet In worshiping me ancient man was reaching for the great light beyond but modern man He's got all the answers Mr. Sun that you mind if I butt in a moment Who are you? Who me? Oh, I'm the Never mind. Thank you very much. Goodbye Would you mind if we listened in See here, you're not even real. I just made you up.  No, let them stay. I like your magic father time My name's research Who a scientist Hmm Howdy dr. Research I'd like to hear what you have to say about golden boy here Well, it's a delightful experience talking directly to you and to mr. Sun especially for a scientist I was just going to relate a few facts about mr. Sun facts If you're going to tell my story don't give the people equations and figures Give them the real old doubt. Tell them what I mean to them They've forgotten that when they eat corn or bread or grapes or meat. They're eating sunlight Their houses furniture cars their nylons Yes, even their moonshine is sunshine Tell them if it wasn't for me, they'd have no eyes Because there'd be nothing to see That's enough. You're getting purple. Why if I put my light out every living thing on earth would be frozen stiff And you scientists who know would be just as cold and stiff as the people that don't know Through blowing sunspots Yes Then apologize to dr. Research Oh Well I'm sorry brother research No apology necessary and mr. Sun is almost right Almost Yes, mr. Sun your logic is a little on the romantic side too You say that you don't like facts and yet you've just given us quite a list of them This may turn out to be fun No, mr. Sun. We haven't got all the answers Science has just opened the book Yeah, then seeking for more knowledge. We too in a way are reaching for the great light beyond Doctor That's it. That's it. What's it the gimmick Come into my office here We put the show on for him for the sun. Sure is a tough audience Science shows sun were not all through you get it could be boring to him could be Hey, you keep your corona on what science has found out about you is more exciting than any fiction You stick around you'll see what we really don't know very much about it. Oh, we know plenty about it. What about the television people? Never mind him. Just think who's we got a real show here.  Sun is 93 million miles away and it takes his life eight minutes to reach us He's really quite close The light from the next nearest star traveling at 186,000 miles per second takes over four years to get to us We know mr. Sun is so large our earth is barely visible alongside him It would take some 340 worlds like beads on a string to make a necklace around his shining sphere How much does mr. Sun weigh? 1,000 worlds 100,000 No, sir. He weighs as much as 330,000 mother earth We also know that mr. Sun is not solid or liquid But a fiery ball of hot glowing gases consisting of some 95% hydrogen and helium and a few percent all other elements We know that this huge cloud of hot gases would expand float away Disappear into space unless gravity squeezed it together into a tight sphere The gases at the center of the sun are so densely packed by gravity that they're about 100 times heavier than water And the pressure is around 1 billion tons to the square inch While at the surface the gases are so thin the pressure is only about one pound to the square inch We know too that the temperature at the core of the sun is incredibly hot around 30 million degrees fahrenheit While at the surface it drops down to just about 10,000 degrees But here's a strange thing as we go out from the sun into the corona The temperature goes up again to over 1 million degrees at the outer edges Tell them why dr. Research We don't know why you don't Well, what is the corona anyway? We don't actually know that yet. Oh But we do know there's more to mr. Sun and the shining surface We normally see which we call a photosphere or sphere of light Only when the moon moves between us and the sun and covers the photosphere completely in a total eclipse Can we see the rest of mr. Sun's thin atmosphere the beautiful and mysterious corona? For many many years scientists have lugged their instruments to all parts of the globe chasing eclipses Expedition spending months just for a two or three minute opportunity to see Measure and photograph the eclipsed sun Sometimes heavy clouds failure complete washout Sometimes light clouds measurements uncertain But on happy occasions Perfect conditions the corona is studied and photographed in the fullness of its glory Your corona is most puzzling to us mr. Sun Hmm We know that it rotates with you But at no two eclipses does it look just the same It pulsates changes shape and at times extends out millions of miles Why is that? Just one of the many things we still don't know about the sun. Uh, look, uh Have we better tell him something we do know? Want to hear any more mr. Sun? I like your pictures of me Got any more? Oh, yes lots roll six The camera is one of our main tools Now here's a normal picture of you taken by direct sunlight. It's rather flat your face has little expression But about 60 years ago dr. George Ellery Hale of america And dr. Henri de la France conceived this ingenious instrument called the spectro heliograph It filters out all the light waves except the light from some particular glowing atom as for instance hydrogen Let's look at a normal white light picture of the sun again Now here taken at the same time is a spectro heliogram that photographed only the red light from glowing hydrogen atoms Now your face is interesting reveals character Here's another spectro heliogram taken at the same time That photographed only the violet light from incandescent calcium atoms, which tells us even more about you With the spectro heliograph Dr. Robert R. McMath of the McMath-Hulbert Observatory near Pontiac, Michigan Made the first time lapse motion pictures of the prominences and wrinkles on the face of the sun From his pictures and from the many thousands of photographs taken at observatories all over the world Particularly at the mount wilson observatory Deal about mr. Sun especially about those much talked of sunspots that mystified god Sunspots there are such things of course. Oh, yeah, they're not just something that Scientists see when they're tired. Oh, they're very real, but very mysterious They mystified Galileo went through his original telescope. He first saw them moving daily across the face of the sun They've been mystifying us ever since Spots can appear singly like this one or in groups like these And quite often in distinct pairs When photographed by red hydrogen light, they look something like giant violent tornadoes seen from above Spots range in size from mere pinpoints just a few hundred miles across into which you could drop the british isles To huge ones into which you could drop 100 planets as big as the earth Spots looked dark although they really aren't because they're cooler than the rest of the surface 7 000 degrees as against 10 000 degrees of the surface Also over the years We notice a strange fluctuation in the number of spots Increasing to a maximum decreasing to a minimum in more or less regular 11-year cycles Which many of us believe affect our weather our crops and the growth of our trees One of the most astonishing mysteries revealed by study of spots, mr. Sun Is that your equator or the middle of you rotates faster than the rest of you the middle rotates faster Yes, uh, for instance if a line of spots were placed like runners at a starting line From the sun's north to the south pole And at a signal raced around the sun they would end up like this Equator wins in 25 and one third days Half north and half south tie for second time 27 and a half days. Why is that? Uh, you don't know why okay? Have you got any more pictures of me? Hey, would it please you to know mr. Glory push that you've been photographed more than all the hollywood stars put together The most dramatic pictures roll seven the most dramatic pictures are taken with a coronagraph Which creates automatic total eclipses whenever the sun is shining This very remarkable instrument was first constructed by dr. Bernard leo of france in 1930 Today there are improved coronagraphs at the high altitude observatory at climax, colorado under the direction of dr. Walter roberts And at the air force installation of sacramento peak new mexico presided over by dr. J w evans The first user of the coronagraph in america was dr. Donald h mensel of harvard university What happens in these red hydrogen coronagraph motion pictures in one second? Actually took place in about five minutes on the sun The small sphere you see here Represents the size of the earth in comparison with the sun Your surface mr. Sun's a storm may see a violent motion Small spicules or geysers like these continually burst from blisters on the surface and jet up like little fountains If you can call five or 10,000 miles up little compare them to the size of the earth Big flame like eruptions like these are called prominences They're vast clouds of gas that sometimes float idly and other times shoot out at thousands of miles per minute As if they never heard of gravity Sometimes they rise in graceful ribbons or tangle streamers beautiful beautiful some surge up like gigantic geysers Others flow sidewise and downward at times forming natural bridges Portions of the prominences may even break off and go floating aways in this picture But the baffling part is that most prominences flow downward Gases materializing from seemingly nowhere and flowing down into sun spot areas for days at a time Coronal rain it's sometimes called Where does it come from? Oh, of course when it rains on earth, we don't actually see the rain go up either We only see it come down although we know it evaporates up from the seven seas But where coronal rain comes from we can only guess as yet Give them the whopper doc biggest solar explosion ever recorded greatest photographic shot in history On june 4th 1946 a great arch of gas hundreds of times as big as the earth Rows up at a speed of 400,000 miles per hour The arch expanded clear out of range of the instruments at climax in less than an hour and a half I remember that one Sure blew my top that day as we heard you roll 15 You heard me Oh, yes, we hear you every day you not only send us light waves, but you broadcast radio waves Which we're able to pick up quite clearly at special radio astronomy stations, which receive radio signals from outer space Here's a sample of the radio message you send us on one of your noisier days In australia, they've recently done some brilliant work with radio astronomy Dr. E. G. Bowen heads the group of radio astronomers It's only in the past few years that we have discovered some strange things in the sky Radio waves coming to us from many places in outer space Radio astronomy is a brand new exciting tool for scientists And with it we found out quite a bit about you, mr. Sun through the noises you make I'm beginning to feel like a goldfish. You got him going doctor Well, doesn't all his spouting and erupting have some effect on the earth? Oh, yes tremendous attic earth Roll eight Well, for instance when a large flare flashes up around the sunspot area It immediately sends out a burst of powerful ultraviolet rays that hit the earth in eight minutes But it also sprays streams of slower electrified fragments of atoms out into spaces if from a hose This solar spray of fine particles usually misses the earth, but at times the earth is in its path Now the earth is a magnet with north and south magnetic poles and a magnetic field around it The spray of minute particles shot from the sun Which takes some 30 hours to reach the earth is deflected toward the poles by the earth's magnetic field As this solar dust star dust you might call it Comes down into our atmosphere near the poles and collides with air molecules It creates the most beautiful spectacle of the aurora also called the northern and southern lights Dr. C. W. Garth line of cornell university took this unique time-lapse motion picture of the actual aurora borealis The earth's rotation produces the apparent motion of the stars in the background But uh, the effects of these ultraviolet bursts from the sun are not so beautiful voltage fluctuates radio communications are disturbed And uh, although our radio engineers have performed near miracles in protecting our radio waves from this solar sniping Uh, uh, dr. Roll seven C sometimes this happens We take you now to london for a direct report from sam johnson Come in london This is sam johnson There's an air of tense expectancy here in london this morning the prime That radio I'm ranging from trusted and now back to new york What an engineer Wasn't the shoe no, it wasn't the shoe Let's recreate what actually happened in terms of atmosphere and radio waves Radio waves normally move in a straight line, but about 50 miles high in our atmosphere There's an electrified layer called the ionosphere that reflects radio waves making it possible to bounce them around the earth Now let's listen to sam johnson again. This is sam johnson There's an air of tense expectancy here in london Suddenly a bright flare occurs on the sun Burst of ultraviolet rays disrupts the ionosphere this morning the prime minister announced But radio engineers are right on the ball Bill, london's folding another s i d. Yeah, yep. I've got another frequency ready for you Uh, not yet. We're not a minute and s i d means a sudden ionospheric disturbance, which is unpredictable But usually in a matter of minutes the ionospheric layer reforms again And that was the momentous statement the prime minister read to us this morning And now back to new york But when big reasons of the sun are intensely active The spray of solar particles that causes the aurora can disturb communications for hours even days, but uh, this type is predictable Oh, yes, fortunately it usually is and since radio communication is so vital to the services Airlines radio stations telephone companies ships at sea Recently observatories all over the world have begun to keep watch on the sun and make up a worldwide radio warning service At the high altitude observatory at climax, colorado at the air force observatory at sacramento peep At kota canal india In japan In stations all over the globe Observers keep tabs on you mr. Sun Send in information to the central collecting agencies such as the radio storm warning service of the national bureau of standards Women under alan shaftley analyze the data and try to predict when the solar storm will strike the earth Especially the vital north atlantic communication lines Then by radio By teletype by phone The warning goes out severe magnetic storm will affect north atlantic circuits Lower frequencies or use southern routes That's fine But doctor research what has puzzled you scientists most about the sun Roll nine. Oh, yeah, even I can give you that in one word energy This lady's parasol has one and one half horsepower of sunshine continually bored on it Enough to run her washing machine sewing machine refrigerator and vacuum cleaner In full sunlight our family car receives almost enough sun power to run it if we only knew how to use solar energy directly At the common rate of two cents per kilowatt hour The sun sends the earth one billion dollars worth of energy every second And it's coming to us free Five minutes worth would pay our national debt One minute's worth of the energy that hits the earth would pay the total annual income tax of all united states citizens. Oh happy day Yet what the earth receives is only a minute fraction of the whole Only one part and two billion of the total solar energy The rest of the five hundred thousand billion billion horsepower goes out into space How does the sun generate this enormous amount of power doctor research? Yes, I don't eat drink or take vitamins. I never sleep or rest Then how do I do it brother scientist? Well, we know at least part of your secret mouth But to what makes other stars in the universe shine thermo nuclear reaction It's the key word that wound up the universe thermo nuclear Eight to five. They've made a hydrogen bomb We certainly have mr. Sun and the news rocked the world But with you it's old stuff The equivalent of four billion hydrogen bombs have been going off inside you every second for some four billion years Give or take a billion Dr. Hans beta of cornell is the gentleman In 1938 he announced that the source of the sun's energy is the fusion of 564 million tons of hydrogen Into five hundred and sixty million tons of helium each second five sixty four to five sixty Where did the missing four million tons go just disappear disappears as mass as matter But reappears as light heat and all sorts of radiation Quite a trick stroll saw making four million tons disappear four million tons that he is Roll 12 I brought along a trickster friend of mine thermal the magician Who has an act which he claims explains the sun's magic I am thermal I will do for you such a trick only me and the stars can do Pay attention This is one way to make a hydrogen bomb nature's way. So Hydrogen One two three four. What is hydrogen? The smallest atom from which you build all the older atoms. So we will weigh the hydrogen scale Each bottle weighs exactly 100 ounces for bottle 400 ounces. Remember that 400 ounces So now carbon this is carbon A piece of coal for you. That is what I start with hydrogen and carbon. So Now I will heat them 30 million degrees. I will heat them how? In a hydrogen bomb it is done by exploding an ordinary atom bomb to ignite the hydrogen bomb For the stars they do it by pressure gravity like our mr. Son So now I play mr. Son and heat the hydrogen and the carbon to 30 million degrees Fire Now I am ready number one hydrogen come I thermo now give the command Oh, what have we here nitrogen the gas what makes four fifths of the air you breathe Now number two and number three hydrogen come fusion Now we have oxygen the other fifth of the air you breathe number four We have helium what you feel ballooned with if they are 30 million degrees hot 30 million degrees It is not children playing with matches The four hydrogens come out one helium the carbon comes back the same you see same way no change That's why we call this the carbon cycle now. We weigh the helium Should weigh 400 ounces like the hydrogen. Oh, yes, naturally But it can be the helium weighs three ounces less than the hydrogen. Where did the three ounces go? That is the magic of the stars that is the secret of the hydrogen bomb I show you Come back three ounces Here is where they weigh in They change ounces that completely disappeared as matter That energy is enough to raise the empire state building 2,500 miles high the carbon cycle, which is what thermo just explained to us Is not the only way in which you can change hydrogen into helium plus energy You may also use a very special and rare process in which you put two hydrogen atoms together directly Is that the famous proton proton process say you've been reading Mr. Son, you do not annihilate or destroy just two or three ounces But four million tons of hydrogen matter each second that gives you your unbelievable energy, which you radiate out into space We think that originally you were a great loose cloud of gas mostly hydrogen being contracted by gravity As you were compressed the temperature went up Just as the air on a bicycle tire gets hotter and hotter as you pump it Finally the temperature in your core reached the necessary 30 million degrees needed to trigger the thermonuclear reaction Presto the furnace was lit never to go out again as long as you live, mr. Son The hydrogen began burning into helium and energy Gravity tries to compress you burning hydrogen tries to expand you the two forces just balance each other What's perfection itself a furnace made of its own fuel an immense continuous hydrogen bomb operating at an even heat for billions of years What a wonderful invention you are mr. Son, which brings up a point How long before he runs out of this here now hydrogen fuel? Oh, he still has about 98 of his fuel left But 50 hundred billion years from now mr.  We depend on you for our very existence Yes, in fact, we're depending on you heavily for the solution of two of man's biggest problems Well at last i'm being appreciated What did you say your name was doctor research your big What are those two big problems you spoke of doctor research? The first is the age old problem of food roll five and boy the number of miles that need food keeps increasing In 1650 after 25 000 years of man our population had reached half a billion By 1950 only 300 years later the population climbed to two and one half billion five times as many Of all human beings who ever lived one out of 20 is alive today One out of 20 alive today. Isn't that amazing? We never had food enough for all in the past We don't have enough for all today Two out of every three persons on earth actually eat below the minimum necessary for health Yet 100 million new babies are born every year A yearly baby crop nearly equal to the population of all of south america and all born hungry Yes, our population is practically exploding. I bet he doesn't know who grows his food for him Oh, yeah, we know quite a bit about that That is he does roll four Our food is grown by a natural process called photosynthesis, which means putting together with light Your light the oldest biggest and most important manufacturing operation in the world 99 percent of all our food and fuel is created by photosynthesis A process that goes on only in plants never in animals On every green leaf there are millions of Sub microscopic little one-man factories turning out more sugar than all the ships and railroads in the world could carry And the headman of each factory is a little green molecule called chlorophyll The only engineer with the know-how about this still secret life process Chlorophyll is so small and so secretive that not even the most powerful microscopes can spy on him The way we think he works The veins of the leaf bring him water from the roots From the air he grabs a molecule of carbon dioxide co2 He puts a water molecule and a carbon dioxide molecule together Then he reaches for a piece of sunlight And this is what we don't quite know how he adds this sunlight And i'm not going to tell you either you can bang well find out for yourself Quiet Piece by piece he adds more sunlight to his sugarcane Then he pulls out an oxygen atom from the mixture and releases it into the air And the russians didn't invent me either. I invented myself Then he takes some sauce that come up in the veins Sprinkles them over the mixture for icing and puts the completed sugar cake into a waiting artery Out of this sugar or sunshine cake The tree makes leaves trump roots and fruit In the sea chlorophyll produces even more food than he does on land The whole surface of the seas is teeming with billions of tons of a minute single cell vegetable called phytoplankton These in turn are eaten by countless almost invisible little animals called zooplankton Which are eaten by little fish Which are eaten by bigger fish Which are eaten by still bigger fish Fish are ultimately made of chlorophyll sunshine cake And when we catch them and can them We're catching and canning sunlight In fact all animals feed on sunshine cake in one form or another See the junior gets from milk was in a contented cow 24 hours ago 24 hours before that the same energy was in clover Which had absorbed it from sunlight that had come 93 million miles in eight minutes from the surface of the sun But had taken 20 million years to find its way to the surface From the sun's central furnace So you see the energy that makes junior run That makes a porpoise leap And makes me talk so much That energy is hydrogen that burned in your central furnace Long long before man walked the earth You know brother research i'm beginning to like you Do all the people know these things about me? No, that's why this program What's the big hitch in the food problem for one thing chlorophyll is too slow Take any acre of forest or vegetables the amount of sunshine converted to plant food averages only two tons of vegetable matter per year But if all the lights you send us could be used by chlorophyll We could raise 2000 tons of food per acre per year a little chlorophyll may know the big secret But he's awfully inefficient Trunks and branches and roots out of it, but you can't eat what you're looking for is a plant that's all fruit Oh, there is such a plant all edible too, and it multiplies faster than rabbits But you scientists are too dumb to find it Roll ten found it in fresh water lakes a kind of green algae called chlorella A tiny one-celled plant that has learned the mathematical trick of multiplying by dividing Each cell gives birth to from four to sixteen daughter cells which all grow up and repeat the process Chlorella contains fats carbohydrates and up to 50 protein and is all edible all fruit is mr. Chlorophyll would say All over the world scientists are doing research on chlorella in japan Dr. Hiroshi Tamiya of the toku kawa institute has done some of the most interesting and practical work For their food is definitely a problem Into these troughs water containing chloralic cultures is pumped Nutrient salts are added the troughs are covered with plastic sheeting to let in sunlight While extra carbon dioxide is bubbled into the solution When the culture becomes intensely green The chloralic crop is harvested after washing and drying the fine powder looks like green flour Mrs. Tamiya wife of the director has added this to regular flour and made excellent biscuits and cakes out of it If these processes ever become practical Underfed populations may have a new rich source of food Yes, indeed an acre of chlorella can convert sunlight into some 20 tons of plant matter Just one or two tons of an ordinary crop But there's a second great problem facing us eventually Thousands of years we got our fuel from burning wood Sun power mr. Sun stored up in trees Next we put animals to work Sun power from grass Then came educated power to do work animals couldn't be taught to do Human slave power to build roads pyramids and row ships sun power with brains But slaves had to be fed so we discovered power that didn't eat like windmills and water wheels The machine age was born Modern machines need to be fed to fed with fuels Where do we get the fuel from the big fuel man himself? Over the ages mr. Sun was kind enough to store them up for it Chomp for living sunshine In the bank, how big is the trust fund the old boy left us roll 13 Well, suppose all our energy had been deposited in the sun power bank incorporated founded millions of years ago with assets unlimited In 1850 each american for instance withdrew enough fuel from the fuel bank to generate 400 horsepower hours for himself But nobody worried too much about it our assets still appeared unlimited In 1950 each american withdrew 10 000 horsepower hours from sun power incorporated While atomic scientists were making some minor deposits this began to worry us our assets were becoming definitely limited By 1975 we'll probably withdraw 20 000 horsepower hours each Atomic energy fuel deposits will stave off the run for some time But there's only so much uranium and thorium in the world and that will go too When the principal's gone you're going to have to live on your income, huh? But our income is only about 10 of our power spending when need help Every day I send you a thousand times more power than you use in a year It's up to you fellows anybody working on getting power direct from old blowhard here Oh, yes, but not nearly enough Roll six feet some years ago. Dr. Charles Greeley Abbott an enthusiastic pioneer in solar engines Designed this vacuum-jacketed boiler tube at the focus of a parabolic mirror Which will convert sunlight to engine power Today the french laboratory of solar energy has an enormous solar furnace at mont louis For metal research at high temperatures in india Dr. S. Botnagar the famous indian scientist experimented with solar cookers for home use on one of these cookers An indian family can cook its noonday meal with no heat other than the sun's heat Some other ways depend on glass Sunlight coming through a window heats up everything in the room But heat radiated back from furniture and floor is long heat waves Which the window glass stops from going back out thus trapping the sun's heat Is that why green houses covered with glass are warmer inside than the air outside? Right That's why your closed car gets so unbearably hot standing out in the sun Dr. Maria Telkis has designed a model house in massachusetts In which solar heat is ingeniously collected stored and distributed throughout the whole house Now these are more or less well known mechanical ways of using sun power directly There's exciting research going on with some brand new ways. You think mr. chlorophyll was pretty smart with his Tricky sunshine cake that makes food out of your sunlight Well the science boys have come up with a sunshine cake that makes electricity out of your sunlight Oh, yes, you mean the solar battery. Yeah, that's hardly even a cookie yet. Let alone a cake doc. That's big news Well, it was the solar battery now Held in the sun this thin little cell a sunshine wafer we might call it Produces a usable amount of electric current out of the sunlight that falls on it It was cooked up out of basic research at the bell telephone lab by three scientists daryl shapen calvin fuller and gerald pierce You know, although this is quite expensive at the moment the simplicity of this sunshine wafer startling A big one for a glory push doc. I'd be delighted We'll get him old pastry cook research the recipe for this solar wafer Sounds just like a vacation just sand and sunshine. Thank you, son Plain old sand is composed of silicon and oxygen It's Sunday go to meeting name is silicon dioxide Separate out the oxygen and the bits of seaweed bottle tops and other odds and ends And we have left a metal Ah, but our silicon must be pure silicon So we purify it and purify it until it's as pure as the driven snow Now melt the silicon and add just a pinch of arsenic for flavor mixed early Couldn't cool until it crystallizes Then from the arsenic flavored silicon roll slice off a razor thin wafer Put the wafer skin to the oven Fill oven with a boron gas And bake the white heat and the boron cooks into the surface forms an extremely thin icing over the wafer remove finished wafer Connect one wire from electric motor to boron icing and the other wire to the wafer itself Expose wafer to sunlight Presto the motor starts running with the efficiency of an automobile and nothing is used up but the sunshine which is free Ain't that something well, I'll be darned So you see in a solar battery It's energy from the sun that moves the electricity which in turn rotates motors telephone lines by charging storage batteries But the solar battery isn't all there's other important research in changing sunlight into power Dr. E. I. Rabinowitz has put together a chemical cell that'll change light waves into electric current But storing sun power for night use is a big part of this energy from sun problem Well, dr. Lawrence j. Height of mit is experimenting with a process in which sunlight Decomposes water back into oxygen and hydrogen the hydrogen being a storable fuel Another possibility Phosphores are chemical powders that absorb sunlight and can give it back slowly in the dark I read where westinghouse engineers predict a wallpaper containing Phosphors which will absorb daylight during the day Then glow for hours after dark a city painted with phosphor paint of the future might glow all night These are some of the processes that are being researched on a small scale today, mr. Son But our engineers can't turn the wheels of industry on little wafers They'll have to build efficient generators that spread out over acres even square miles To compete with the cheap cold and oil still available to us and but doctor What about atomic power all great hopes for it of course? Especially now since atomic plants can make their own fuel with so-called breeder reactors Some even dream of imitating the stars getting power from hydrogen fusion But if dreams fail the answer must be sun power from our mr. Son What if you don't find ways to use my free sunshine for fuel? Then the machine age is over The muscle power and the half billion population that muscle power alone can support But that will never happen. Oh, no. Why not? Because man's greatest power source is his mind God gave him that not you Without taking a step he can travel faster and farther than any animal Without even getting wet he can out swim any fish Without a fellow on him he can fly faster and higher and farther than any eagle He can send his eyes and ears hundreds of miles into space where he's never even been And his pride opened the secrets of the atom. Please never even see When he's fueled wrong row Man's mind and imagination will meet the challenge and invent undreamed of ways to use the free sunlight God showers down upon him Just remember Somebody must love you very much That planet that you live on is not like all the rest, but just the right size The right temperature The right atmosphere The right composition Everything just right to produce the biggest miracle of all seek the truth It's right that you should know or the good lord wouldn't have given you that driving curiosity Measure the outside with mathematics But measure the inside with prayer Prayer is researched to Study man as well as the world So keep on pitching The best is yet to come for you I predict man's next great adventure will be the sun age When that happens You'll be rich beyond all predict great sun cities built on desert wastelands Where everything is run by sunlight I predict oh sure. That's fine But suppose I begin cutting up then what you won't but if you did Man is migrated many times before and he'll do it again if he has to If you make it too hot for him on earth Man is capable of conceiving a way to move the whole kitten caboodle to greener pastures On some other be like it here. Don't change on us, mr. Son We used to worship. He was an unknown god But now that we know you better We love you as our great and good friend. So keep on shining mr. Son You put in the bank. Thanks for feeding our animals insects All the fish in the sea And thanks to be of your good morning st. Francis Be praised my lord and what you have created Above all else be praised in our brother master son Scientific matter for the series who have just seen our thanks to the special advisors who have suggested and checked the scientific material Phone system is indebted to all these men and to many institutions for the generous support They have given this venture in public education through entertainment


There is a lot of confusion and misinformation going around about the upcoming American Horror Story spin-off called American Horror Stories, so today I will lay out absolutely everything we know about the show and start speculating on some leaked set photos of the crew filming at the location for the murder house, but before I do that let me take a moment to thank my members, your support is greatly appreciated. So what is American Horror Stories? Well in May of 2020, so about a year ago now, it was announced that a spin-off of American Horror Story is headed to Hulu as a part of FX on Hulu's new original programming. With this announcement, it was also said that the series would have anthological episodes instead of the season long arcs that are standard in AHS. This means each episode will consist of entirely standalone stories, each with different themes and such. The series order was for 16 hour long episodes, but it is still unclear if the episode count will be reduced or not. They tend to be when they're that high, but who knows. But anyway, many AHS alums are expected to return, specifically with Cody Fern and Dylan McDermott expressing interest on social media. Evan Peters and Taísa Farmiga are rumored to be appearing in the series premiere, but more on that in just a moment. We also have some confirmed new cast members with the likes of Paris Jackson, Kaya Gerber, and Sierra McCormick. TMZ has falsely reported that Paris and Kaya will be in double feature, however the show that they're filming for is American Horror Stories and not double feature. The first poster for the series was released in November and features a latex wearing woman with her face cracked open revealing a black widow spider. One thing to note, we have yet to learn if the series will be releasing weekly episodes or if the season will be made available to binge all at once. The series officially began filming last month in April 2021 and Loni Perister is reportedly directing the first two episodes. He has previously directed the freak show episodes Tupperware Party Massacre and Showstoppers, the hotel episodes Devil's Night, Room 33, The Ten Commandments Killer, Apocalypse's Forbidden Fruit episode, and the 100th episode of American Horror Story which landed in 1984. He also did the Scream Queen Season 2 episode called Halloween Blues. Thanks to AHS Zone on Twitter, we have a pretty good idea of what the first episode will entail. By the way, AHS Zone has been doing some really great work reporting on both double feature and American Horror Stories. They've become like the only reliable AHS update account. I really want to emphasize how I appreciate that they are scouring social media to find updates on specifically AHS stories because if it weren't for them, we wouldn't have this info, so credit where it is due. So we know that the first episode that they are filming for American Horror Stories will take place at the Rosenheim Mansion, a.k.a. the Murder House, from season 1. Thanks to a lot of fans who have visited the set and posted about it, we are starting to get a general idea about what may be happening in what is likely to be the premiere episode or episodes of the spin-off. I say episodes because according to fans who have supposedly spoken to Loni Perister, the series premiere will be a two-part episode taking place at the Murder House. Keep in mind this is all a bit speculative and he said she said so bear with me and don't take what I'm saying as confirmed just yet. But according to onlookers, the following Murder House characters will be returning in the episode. The Infantata, the Rubberman, the Nurses, the Twins, Violet Harmon, and Tate Langdon. Now onlookers have reportedly seen Taissa Farmiga on the set and Evan Peters, however there is some doubt online about specifically Evan Peters. Let me show you a few set photos that have leaked from the spin-off and then I'll get into some theories people have about what exactly may be going on here. In the photos and footage, you'll see someone who may or may not be Evan Peters in a Tate Langdon costume. You'll see Paris Jackson and Kaya Gerber in witchy robes holding wands and masks. You'll see Ciara McCormick in a rubber suit. You'll also see someone wearing a Westfield High Letterman jacket. It is also worth noting that although people have reportedly seen Taissa Farmiga, there have been no footage or photos of her. Okay so I'll just jump into a theory that I saw on Twitter from atpriveshow, who points out that the set photo of Tate that is going around could easily be a stunt double since it's too low-res to be certain. They theorize that the episode may be taking place in our reality where AHS is a TV show and fans visit the murder house dressed as the characters only to be pulled in by the real ghosts themselves. Something meta like this makes a lot of sense based on what we've seen. However, I think rather than it taking place in our reality, I think it still could be taking place in the AHS universe. I think kind of like how the hotel Cortez became a tourist attraction and twisty the clown became an urban legend, the ghosts of the murder house and Tate Langdon specifically have become household names, urban legends, and tourist attractions in their own right.  The cloaks may be a reference to Anton Leves and Michael Langdon's time at the murder house or maybe they could be aware of the witch's connection to the house. Who knows. We also know that the episode will take place around Halloween time because of the decorations put up as production design. So perhaps with the Westfield high costume, the girls may throw a Halloween party at the house themed around many different people that have been involved in the murder house and that's why we see so many people dressed up as characters from season one. Let me know all of your theories in the comments below and let me know are you looking forward to returning to the murder house once more. What other stories do you think will be explored in this season? Tell me all of your thoughts in the comments below, like this video if you liked it and that's all I've got for you today but make sure you're subscribed so you don't miss out on future updates. Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you next time.


Hello and welcome. This unit aims at investigating the potential of using robots in education. We will first look at types of robots and will then discuss the various use cases of humanoid robots as tools and partners. In the content section you can find all necessary details about types of robots, their functions and their potential use in teaching and learning scenarios. And if you need help, use the question set in the how to proceed section as guidance. This unit's mastery test involves several questions about robots in education and it should be easy to solve after having mastered the main content. Well, and in this unit's suggestions for in-class activities, we want you to search for use cases and solutions such as our classroom application packages or other robot applications. Try on your own first. The model suggestions will be given when necessary. And as usual, don't forget to tick off an activity once you have mastered it. So even if this unit involves a lot of brand new information, we made it as accessible as possible for you. So, good luck!


and congrats on making it to the third and final unit of sailor.org's computer skills and literacy course. Building upon what we learned in Unit 2, this unit extends our discussion of safety and privacy by discussing computer security. Imagine yourself going to a website to pay a bill or check your account balance only to find that someone who is an expert at accessing and viewing other people's information has stolen your username and password for their use. This unit will address situations like this and how to prevent them from happening by examining the importance of computer security while working online, assessing the risks involved and learning some tips for protecting your personal information. We will also spend some time learning how to protect our computers and understand the dangers that you might be exposed to if you neglect to do so. These two topics will drive home the importance of being safe online and understanding the risks involved when performing specific functions online. Now that you are armed with a wealth of information on computer basics, we would be remiss if we did not offer some common troubleshooting techniques. Troubleshooting is a term often used to describe the problem solving that we perform when something goes wrong with our computer. We troubleshoot until we figure out what is wrong and how to correct it. As a computer user or owner, you will likely experience trouble with the computer itself and may feel unsure as to how to solve it. It is common to have technical difficulties with your computer. Sometimes the monitor may not turn on or the computer itself may not start up. This section will provide you with money-saving tips and techniques for diagnosing and fixing common computer issues. This section is especially important since we want to put the skills that we have been learning to use. Please enjoy this last section and remember to take notes. Congrats on making it to the final unit of this course. We wish you the best.