How's going everybody? This is 2019-20 select hybrid 2 box basketball break number 10 tiered random team sold out on Jasper's case breaks calm remember We randomize the list of customer names and then these combo teams 10 spots And it says no veteran base card ship all cards do end up shipping I think So keep that in mind. So good luck. I'm gonna roll the dice and go how many times 10 times one two three four five six seven eight nine and ten Robert W. Down and John and now for the list of combo teams ten times one two three four five six seven eight nine and ten ten times four and a six Rob you got the cast pistons and jazz Matthew Grizzly's Nets and Nuggets Ryan Hawks Hornets Raptors Bill Pelican's Thunder Magic Matthew Sun's Bucks Clippers Ryan Nick Spurs Clippers Sorry, Matthew has the heat Sun's Bucks Ryan has the Nick Spurs Clippers Can't read Zach has the wizard sixers Blazers Matthew S Celtics T Wolves Mavericks Lakers Rockets and Pacers John Williams last-bought mojo Into the break gets the Bulls Warriors and Kings. So there you go We're gonna alphabetize the list will close the or will open the trade window See if there's any trades if that will close it. All right. Good luck everybody quick two-boxer here of Select basketball hybrid It's kind of hard to hit autos in this maybe some silvers. I guess prisms. They call it select. Wow chargers five games versus 2019 playoff teams that means They have an easy schedule, right? Do not place playoff teams in the first eight of their First ten games Tell me Justin Herbert's gonna go eight and ten or eight and two first ten games. All right. Here we go Good luck everybody We got a Luca some on itch prism And a nice RJ Barrett Red numbered 11 out of 49 going out to the Knicks. That is Ryan Shackleton Kevin Durant Russell Westbrook now I'm good You should get out of here. Okay There's a job base My whole family moved out of here. So I I got dragged along Eight nine years ago We started the breaking in 2014. There's PJ Washington nice And we have a Jarrett Culver blue rookie 22 out of 25 very nice for the T-Wolves that is Matthew s T-Wolfe Jarrett Culver we got a Zach Levine red for the bowls 30 out of 49 Grant Williams silver. I see her little. I don't even think Tyrod Taylor's gonna start the first game Nick Claxton quite Leonard blue 22 out of 25 for the LA Clippers Ryan With the 22 of 25 Kauai blue. There's another John nice one for the Grizzlies two John rants That's Matthew s with the two concourse Jaws, then we got a Trey young Seiku And a couple more rookies. So there you go. Thanks everybody. That was hybrid two box break number 10 Teared running team sold out on Jasper's case breaks.com


To all the parts of Africa, prosecutors have accused a man of being a feared and revered militia leader behind a campaign of deadly raids in Sudan's Darfur conflict. In the build-up to the International Criminal Court's first trial linked to the violence, the war crimes prosecutors said Ali Mohammed Raman was also known as Ali Koushiab, a senior commander of thousands of pro-government Janjaweed fighters during the height of the conflict between 2003 and 2004. Ali Raman wearing a face mask and a suit did not speak as a court officer read out 31 charges against him, including persecution, murder, torture and rape. Mr. Ali Mohammed Ali Abdelrahman, also commonly known as Ali Koushiab, is charged with 31 counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes. And these include crimes of torture, rape and murder of civilians in the Wadi Salih and Mugjar localities of West Darfur state between at least 2003 and at least April. Let me now turn to Mr. Abdelrahman, feared and revered in equal measure as the Colonel of Connells. He was a senior leader of the infamous Janjaweed militia in the Wadi Salih and Mugjar localities during the charged period.


So now let's move into the Q&A and of course the giveaway. So we've got This sweet giveaway and it is $250 an E. Thank you to lady's NFT So first of all they're in conjunction with these that's NFC And of course the lady's is going to have a play to earn game like a real one Which actually earn different tokens and things like that which looks interesting to me But on top of that This one first so we can see it Let's give away this and I'm also going to give away a stone book Which if you haven't seen those they're pretty nice. Let me just do this So we're gonna do this live so no one can accuse me of shenanigans. Let's see Twitter picker right Go here load tweet Okay And then let's see here This was the one Thursday 12 today Thursday 12 December 8th. Is this a race, right? Yeah, okay? Just making sure we've done this like the last two days. So let's see must follow at news asset and at the B and FT that was What's the stipulations let's have a picture description account continue a lot of a lot of people Continue and begin the draw Ah Great big 14 winner very nice. So Big win I'm gonna follow you so you can message me directly give me your aetherium address Or your aetherium. Yeah, one of your three matters Then we'll have $200 worth of aetherium shift shift over To you and also Also on top of that you're gonna get a bonus. You're gonna get one of these shield folios Which is what I used to keep on my mnemonic phrases there Water resistance They're not or they're waterproof. I should say they're not fireproof. So they said I'm on fire It's gonna be a problem tear resistance smudge resistance on with these mnemonic phrases They should last years in there without Degrading so if you're wanting one of those books if you'd like to get one for yourself to control or to Have all your mnemonic phrases link in the description fill your link and give you a 20% off But yeah, check that out and that's what we got so that concludes today with the news look Like today's video Thumbs up subscribe all that great stuff, but now we'll get into the Q&A So I'll answer all your questions the best of my abilities and we'll go from there So let's get into it. Thanks so much for stopping by and let's do Q&A Not a done that I'm gonna get rid of this that's part of the show Jeff you says What's the benefits when you get a membership if it's a membership here? It's really nothing so like we have a membership it's like Don I9 for the Dan digital asset news YouTube channel, but you get it Zippo whatsoever, so that's it and now I do that I did it is like What if people show appreciation if you want to throw me two bucks great and Then you get this nice little actually that's not true.  She means she's a member and that's about that's the big thing I don't want to cause I'm pretty sure I follow you on Twitter. Biggie. Let's see. Hello stare. Hello we've got ISO 2022 The different crypto products that they that they name in there are probably a good ones to maybe take a look at as far as to accumulate but You never know like and of course these things This is a international standard that they're looking to put forward and they named a couple different cryptos in there I don't even know which ones they are Always forgets, but I really haven't paid too much attention to it. It sounds like it's a great thing But again like there's been a lot of different projects that are like have been named by the WEF and have been you know Behind the scenes of these types of stuff and like I'm just like yeah, maybe they're gonna be awesome. I don't know okay Yeah, how much did mr. Wonderful get paid with customer funds I don't know it was a paid spokesperson But he just did a he just did an interview and he says if he is like a hundred percent sure he's getting all his funds back I'm just like I don't know if you've been to crypto anytime soon pal, but good luck Let's see Lewis says the head of the CFTC and one of the centers that put out a crypto bill and I'm saying ETH is a security What do you thought in the flip flop? Mm-hmm? That's surprising. I mean when it was a proof of proof of work. I think it was a bit more I Could say well, it's really decentralized kind of like with with Bitcoin, but now I just think everything's gonna be a security I don't know how they're gonna do that though because like Stocks or securities equities or securities and I have never used any of my Amazon stock to To pay for a gas fee in my Amazon wallet What I'm trying to say here is that even though they may say that your theorem is a security Like it has some it has some utility aspects to it So I don't understand how they're going to segregate that that's not that's for that's for the lawmakers to figure out But it's also for us to have a voice and that's why the blotching committee goes up there and talks to senators congressmen and women So they can let them understand that hey, this isn't like I Don't know The old-timey dollar that she used to used to deal with or you know selling cotton in the 1930s for what the the Howie test was based on so That's what it all comes down to Yeah, you know that's today. I mean some days are good. So there's not good You look five years younger I got some sleep and I shaved that'll do it to you Let's see Robert's reminds you flare now. We should have stripping tokens on the ninth.  Can you talk about flair? Can you talk about flair? If you support xp, this is for us. Thank you for everything done for me and scott Great flair is finally coming out for two years. I'm super ecstatic Wab Dan, what do you think what could be a realistic user number for a world mobile in the next two years depends on On how they move forward. I think real mobile tokens gonna be great. We just talked about them Rolled mobile bringing connections to parts of Africa Tanzania They just crossed over the two terabyte limit Which people are actually using it and that's real-world utility. So for me, I don't see how it could really slow down Especially if you want cheaper service And why not it's based on Cardano. That's pretty damn cheap right now, too Wow 15 million that's not way that much though 15 million for mr. Wonderful. I mean it's something me for us It's let's be honest life changing but for mr. Wonderful. He's like, yeah, that's it. Hope he gets his money back Don't think he's going to but whatever Rusconian Rob, do you know anyone who's released anything on these crypto music projects will be interested in your opinions Maybe some regulars here have regulars here have no as far as like the crypto music projects like What is it's audio audience, you know that I'm even for sure if they've done anything themselves people This is the thing about these projects people always talk about how they're gonna be great It's just like the restaurant that opens up down your street pretty much You know, I got a guy who knows a guy who said it's gonna be awesome It's gonna be the best Italian food you've ever eaten great Well, you know, how do they put everything together? How good is their marketing? How good is the actual food they have the team that they actually make? What have they done before in the past and how are they able to actually grow and expand? That's just the basic business type of thing, right? So for these with crypto projects, they all start great and we heard about all these things in 2020 2021 They start great, but it's all how you execute in a business You can have a great business idea and I know a lot of you already know what I'm gonna say You can have a great business idea, but ideas are worth absolutely nothing unless you can actually push it out Actually do something with it and grow if you can't your idea is worthless. I'm sorry to tell you that that's just the hard facts Um, so this is why I'm always excited to talk about like polygon and different ones that are out there They're actually building right now in this in this crappy bear market Other ones are gonna go far because they're other ones that are pushing forward and actually accumulating partnerships utility love it Ah, jarchy, what's up when I started accumulating card on I started with a hundred thousand card on oh wow Yeah, way by way back. I bought every week and bought five percent more time And that is why I have somebody come down today. There we go. I was the same way jarchy. Hey, you know what? Let's play a game So I love this this website PC a cc.com and To make sure that I never run out of tokens because you can only use it five times in a 24 hour period I just paid the seven bucks so I can use it and show you guys So I was like I was like, well, this is embarrassing because I used like five times when I couldn't keep going forward So let's say like this you can just check any any any crypto that you want all I mean all I have to a hundred It's pretty cool. So like for me and jarchy were the were the same ones here Cardano And let's just say let's just say Right now Let's be realistic. I mean for here. Let's say I I bought a hundred dollars weekly and I started I started in 2018 around february something or other Let's just say I don't know and then to today. Let's calculate that if I put a hundred bucks in a week And I'm yet to remember like the price of of cardano was in squat It was pennies remember jarchy was like I remember one time I went like five cents and was freaking Whoa, cardano was up to nickel then seven cents eight cents And this is what me and jarchy did we just kind of bought around right here Because we're like, well, I'll probably do something at some point, you know 100 bucks a week Or 50 or 25 bucks whatever, you know, you can afford and You can just see right here Time in the market is more important than timing the market. But timing is second close dammit.  You're still to him pretty darn good And that's the great thing. But the thing you have to remember is this I'll show you what it is actually It's not so much about just dollar cost everything and every, you know, tom dick and harry project out there because I always talk about a dash of salt I know dash lovers. Sure. I get you fine. It's proved me wrong But even if you dollar cost average up here, that's a Dash used to be 1400 bucks get out of here And I made a little rally up to 200 300 bucks And now it's back to 40 bucks You can dollar cost average and bring your cost basis down, but it's pretty tough So maybe it'll do do well and I also also say take it with a dash of salt Salt is the other big one that I don't think It used to be it was what happened. There it is Salt used to be huge man Used to be huge back here when it came out Greatest lending platform of all time. We got a lot of people back in this It's going to be fantastic when all the way up to nothing to 17 dollars and 22 cents and then flatline So you can dollar cost average all you want to just not going to do anything with that So again, it's important to pick those projects. How do you pick those projects? Just look around look around and see who's building right now. Who is making those partnerships? Who is growing And that's the big thing I don't hear too much about the only the last thing I heard about salt was that bank in the future Was going to buy that lending platform. They did the due diligence. They said peace out. We're not going to do that That's the last thing I heard about him So just to be aware and also be aware that the things that you invest into not all of them are going to make it And that's that's what's up So But yeah, I mean that's a Or anybody's parade. It's just the truth Ah Yeah fcx Should have been a clue In the bear market noting, but thanks neither me Jupiter says when the coin ledger video so coin ledger if you're having to pay taxes like myself in the united states We'll get those cpas on and coin ledger. I think we're going to do it towards the after the new year So sometime in january we're going to do A series of education january february march and we'll have the people the cpas who specifically deal with cryptos and taxes And that's it I know a guy who knows the guy it's right Fakie says 90% of the restaurants fail And then 50% uh, I think it's over 50% 70% small businesses fail within the first five years He says hey dad. It was your landscape. It was impressive. Mom must be happy just uh, just a very Very nice green screen. I'm just kidding. It's not Let's see Yeah linking with me as code. I went below two cents at one point. Yeah, I remember Am I too late de-sing into eta? I don't know about eta, but I mean, I can't give you advice, but I mean Throughout every year that I do this. I always hear the same thing. Is it too late to get into x? Is it too late to get into y? How about z? It's like not really. I mean This is the time whenever no one wants to wants to buy things. So it's just like it's like throwing sand into the ocean He was like well that money's gone But it that's what I've happened in 2018 2019 now here we are not bad Pump and dump tennis stocks Alex is holding my two dash I think my dash went on And then I think that's it create food and old San Juan at Marcella You let uh I like that. Okay, that's it. So look I think we did it today. So look, uh, that's it for today Again, I'd like to remind everybody If you would be so kind the video that we have up for Let me share this This was a pretty good pretty good take uh with these guys Tiffany and cam and Erin and myself just talking about Celsius and where things are going and it's It's just a reality check about what's about to happen or what's happening right now in the space and um These days suck I mean these days are are just a big slog and they're really what it is is that there's that is boring So again, you can find that video a link in the description But it'll give you some insight and just to say well, okay, this is where we're at So what do I have to do to get out of it? The many things you can do we talk about these things all the time on the channel So look like this video. Give me a thumbs up Subscribe all that great stuff, but that is it for today. So thanks so much for stopping by I appreciate every one of you and I'll see you on the next one. Adios


Hey, what's up, coach? Welcome back to our channel. If you haven't yet, make sure you subscribe. Every single week we're putting out content that is specific to starting, growing and building a sports training business where you are. So, in today's interview, I had the pleasure of interviewing coach Kaley. Kaley is a soccer trainer who is based out in Oakland, California. This interview is one that you definitely want to watch. You definitely want to take notes. Kaley goes deep into how she started her business, how she grew her business, where she sees the industry in the next two to five years and how important private training is to kids. So, make sure you subscribe to the channel and I hope you enjoy today's interview. Sure. So, I started with soccer as a player. I played my whole life. I played club growing up here in the States and was fortunate enough to start playing competitive at a pretty young age. And through there, I earned a scholarship to play in college, Boise State University in Idaho. And so I grew up loving soccer and playing and then when I graduated and came home, a former basketball coach of mine in elementary school mentioned that the high school he was coaching basketball at needed a soccer coach and I started coaching a junior varsity team. And then, you know, from there I really started to love coaching and I coached there for a few years before entering grad school. And then some career changes. I gave coaching a break, but then I got back into it coaching a varsity team in the Bay Area. And then decided to give team coaching a rest and started my own training business. Okay, excellent. So tell us a little bit about your training business then. What do you specialize in? Yeah, so it's just personal soccer training. So I specialize in, you know, one to one from four. I go, that's the most I will train in a group for an hour. So I focus on mostly like, you know, technical skills, some tactical, but mostly technical skills for field players. Okay, excellent. And what's your, what's your favorite age group to coach? Yeah, I have to say high school.  Excellent, excellent. So how, tell us a little bit. So when, when you first started, how did you get your first client then? Yeah, that's a great question. So actually like I started personal soccer training kind of like on happenstance a friend of mine from high school, he used to do soccer training. But he underwent like knee surgery and so he kind of asked me to take over his clientele essentially and he didn't really have plans to get back into it. So he, you know, offered me a handful of his clients, and then kind of led me to this app called coach up app and I, you know, I made a profile and I was able to gain a lot of clientele on there as well.  That's really cool, really cool. So how many clients are you currently training at the moment? At the moment, I would say I have like 10 steady clients. Yeah. Are they all different ages? They are. They range from like five years old to high school. Okay, cool. So when when you first started your your training business, what would you say was your biggest obstacle when you first started coaching? Yeah. Well coaching team sports I think the biggest obstacle is well it depends on the environment so I was coaching at a school that their soccer team was not very good it wasn't very good for a lot like I played against that soccer team when I was in high school and we used to, we used to beat them by a lot of players unfortunately so there was this long standing of them not being very like committed and good so my biggest challenge there was getting them to show up to practice to be honest. As far as training, the business goes. I think my biggest obstacle is just maintaining clients and gaining new clients I think that that's probably my biggest challenge because I can't I I have a full time job so it's hard to manage like all of it. Yeah. Yeah. What's your what's your most favorite part of running a business then? You know, it's basically it's mine so I get to make my own schedule. It's, it was like, you know, different sense of pride and the effort that I put into it versus like me working for someone else like it's mine and at the end of the day it reflects on me so I just enjoy, you know, I just enjoy the entirety of it to be honest. So what would you say to a coach that's either watching or listening to this interview and they want to start a business but haven't yet what's one thing that you would recommend they do? Honestly, just start. I think that that's probably the hardest part for anyone would start in a business that you know you have a lot of thoughts like what if this and what if that and you still have those thoughts even, you know, years into it. And I have them often myself but I think at the end of the day it's like you grow so much when you start a business because it's really just you against that not against but it's just you, you know, running the show and so it there's a sense of like power that comes with running your own show and just, you know, persevering through all the adversity that comes with it because you know clientele will come and go. You know, there's always something you can work on and better, you know, I mean there's a multiple things so it's also hard to like focus on one thing and that that's probably my biggest challenges. I have all of these thoughts and ideas but like it's hard for me to focus on one to get one done so I just try to like I'm trying to figure out a system that works for me and like, you know, organizing myself and my thoughts and like taking on one thing at a time entity of it at a time so I can like accomplish those things so I think it's just, you know, just have an open mind. Yeah, yeah, love that love that. So what would you say is a is a high quality training session. I think definitely a high point is when I see clients improving I think like, I mean soccer such a skilled oriented sport. So it's really about, you know, and graining the basics over and over and over and going over the same thing over and over which can be like boring and monotonous to a lot of players. But I really am a firm believer and you've got it. You've got to do drills over and over and over in order to get that mastery so when I see my clients like, you know, doing it, you know, going through that process like oh okay like they make mistakes, but they just but they work through adversity and they don't give up. I love that and then they improve and so I really try to highlight on that because I think it's easy to like, you know, for anyone to make a mistake and to kind of tank so Yeah, I love to watch them like overcome adversity overcome something that was challenging for them and to see them thrive. So where does your where does your coaching style originate from. That's a great question. Um, and I've never, I haven't really reflected on that too much but I think like I mean, I mean, I definitely grew up in the States and you know I'm not a huge United States soccer fan. And coaching fan all, you know all the time I think that like I think soccer has evolved a lot over the past decade I think like at least here in the States I think that coaches are starting to take on more of like the worldly view of soccer and and how a lot of like European American clubs train and how that how the coaches coach, which, you know, is a huge reason as to why a lot of a lot of why soccer is, you know, better and mostly every other country. At least on the men's side women side not so much but men said yes but um honestly I think I've taken bits and pieces from my own coaches that I've had, mostly in my life. You know I definitely like think of reflect on coaches that I've had even when I was like super little, even to like my first coach to my college coach and I try to take, you know, from all of them because I think they all brought something that was unique and kind of had an everlasting, you know impression on my life and as a player so yeah. Love that. So when you when you bring on a new client or when you're working with a new player was there was a few things you look for in that player. Yeah, I mean I really try to like focus on not just like them as like physical soccer player but like where they're at mentally and emotionally because every player is not at the same, you know, in the same space. So some players you know they need more, more motivation and you know some need more push, whereas some need, you know, not as much. You just have to really like know your players and know your clients and figure out what makes them tick and what works for them. Everyone deserves, you know, everyone deserves to be pushed to a certain limit, you know, so I try I do my best to like observe and study them and figure them out where they're at mentally and then go from there. How do you currently. So how do you market and sell your your business and what is what is the number one way you. Yeah. Social media and word of mouth. That's pretty much it. And yeah so like people, you know, hopefully sharing my content not everybody does that's okay but and then like other parents telling other parents about my business. Okay, awesome. And how have you managed to get most of your clients has it been through referrals or culture. How has it been. I think referral. So, so Kelly where where do you see your your training business in the next five years from now. That's a great question I honestly don't know. I really, I really don't know because I have to like, I feel like I'm kind of like I I'm at a phase where I need to, you know reflect on that and figure that out and I haven't really put a lot of into it like I'm an educator my school year just ended so I've kind of like just starting to really get back into training to get more consistently so that's a great question. No, I don't know the answer to that right now. But do you see yourself still in business in five years. I do definitely. Yeah, I don't know if I really want employees per se. I don't know, but I definitely do see myself still doing it. And, and how, how have you found managing like a full time job and training. Oh, you know it can, it sometimes it can interfere but for the most part because you know I train kids so like their school hours are my school hours so the schedules align, and then I have summers off so. That's the best bit. Yeah, exactly. So where do you see a private training going in the US in the next two to five years. Yeah, I think that it's a big thing and I think like the pandemic really like encouraged or inspired I guess you could say people to to start more personal training like sport specific training businesses not just soccer but like all sports. I've seen multiple people that I know of like, you know, from high school. Yeah, doing the same thing and like the whatever sport they played in so I think that it's going to continue to be, you know, it gives, it gives kids an edge. And at this point, if you're, if your goal is to play at the next level after high school like and you're not doing extra like you, what are you doing. Like what, like what, you know, I mean in my opinion I'm like okay like, if you know I were a parent, I would be putting my kid in the arena like, you're going to have personal training, you know, to get those extra reps to focus on specific skills. Anything to give an edge is beneficial. So, so Kelly I'm going to finish with my last question. And this is a two part question. First one is what does failure mean to you. And the second one is how important is taking risks in business. And it's like, as, as much as I would hate to admit it but it's just like, it's absolutely necessary and that's what makes people grow and makes people succeed. Like, I know for a fact in my own life, like if I haven't failed at things that I probably wouldn't be right about right now and I know like, even looking into my future like I know I need to fail even more in order to grow and that's okay because that's just, I know you see growth the most. And I think that should be, I think that's like the goal I think that should be the goal like I want to just continue to grow but without like that doesn't mean like every time I do something I'm going to get it right first time. So it's, and I think you know, there's such a negative connotation of failure, the word failure but I think like, in my mind or in anyone's mind like kind of realizing like, well in order, if I don't fail, then I'm not learning from something and I'm not that means I'm not growing. So learning and growing comes from failure and that's a beautiful thing. So I'm sorry I forgot the second question. So the second one is how important is it to take risks. Oh, it's absolutely important I feel like I've really just started to really embrace that in my life. And I'm, you know, like just scratching the surface of that I feel like, in my opinion, I feel like I should take more risks.  Okay, love that. Love that. Perfect. So if any coach or anyone watching or listening wants to get in contact with you or follow your business, what would be the best way to do that? The best way to get in contact with me is to follow my training business Instagram which is cap underscore soccer training. That would be the best way. Okay, perfect. And what we'll do is we'll put that underneath the video so anyone can can follow and check you check you out and follow your journey. Thank you, I appreciate that. All right, perfect. Well, thank you very much for jumping on here and sharing your journey your story with us. And I hope to connect with you in the near future again. Absolutely. Thank you for having me. One thing coach Kaylee for appearing on our show and for the interview.  Okay, reach out via contacting me on my email below is make money coaching sports at gmail.com will get you featured on our podcast and we would love to have you on the show. Okay, so if you haven't already make sure you subscribe to the channel and if you want to get in contact with me for a one to one zoom call to see how I can help you to grow and scale your business. Reach out to me. My Canon Lee link is in the description of this video. You can click it and book a free 15 to 20 minute call with me today. Okay, thank you for watching and I'll see you on the next one.


Okay, so welcome everyone to our last session of the day. We're going to hear from Alexander Balchuk who's going to tell us about learning the interaction structure in flocks of birds. Okay, well, thanks for coming. Despite all the other attractions going on at the same time as Naftali Tushbi and the sea and the sun, I'm going to talk about learning from data in birds. So this is what we've been doing over a well a number of years now with Bill Bialik, Andra, Irene, Oliver, Thierry, Monde and Massimiliano and a bunch of other people, but these are the people who took part in the part of the work that I'm going to tell you about today. And the general name of the game is how do you get from this to something like this? And that's what I'm going to try and take you through. So this is the obligatory movie, so that you're amazed and you see that all these birds actually move together and form the domains Andra mentioned and it's correlated motion and looks amazing and we can now move on. Okay. So you've seen the movie and from now on we're going to go from this picture of snapshots to these kinds of pictures where you see the velocity vector drawn either in the lab frame or in the center of mass frame, in the center of mass frame. You see these domains emerging that Andra described and the question that we've been asking ourselves is what kind of communication between these birds is at the origin of global order. So these are starlings, so I mean I for one as a non-biologist, I was very surprised to learn that these are starlings that are sort of very non-exotic birds that do these amazing things. But right, so we're going to move to this picture of the center of mass velocities where we see this sort of clearly global order that the whole flock behaves in one way and how does that come about. So just to sort of convince you, although I'm getting since you're here, I'm getting you're already convinced, so I'm preaching to the choir, you do see global order if you calculate the correlation functions either between velocities of the direction vector of the velocities as a function of distance, you see that they are correlated over very very large distances and if you look at flogs of different sizes, because the flog sizes do change by a lot and the number of birds in the flogs changes about tenfold, you see that the size of the correlation domain, so the domain that looks like a sort of one dark blob and moves in the same direction, for flogs of different sizes scales with the size of the flog. And what that means is that this seems to be scale-free correlations, meaning there's no characteristic scale to these correlations. It's not like you have a scale of ten meters and it'll be correlated at ten meters or a hundred meters or one meter. There's no right scale. There's no characteristic scale. That's what scale-free means and what that means is that it suggests that the order is self-organized, that it doesn't come out from some external factor which sets this right length scale for the system, like, you know, given from the outside, but it is actually coming from the behavior of the flog itself. That's at least what we tend to believe every time we see this kind of scale-free behavior. So we would like to convince ourselves a little bit more that this is true and it's not just an artifact of maybe we didn't measure large enough flogs or we, you know, we did something wrong. So how do we do that? Well, as I said, the sort of the name of the game is to turn these beautiful movies into some actual understanding in the form of models. And this is essentially what, you know, what science has been doing for a lot of, for a very long time. And so here is Stefania, which either you already know or you buy tomorrow, you will know, but maybe you won't recognize her in this amazing gear where she's actually taking data. And so the idea of a good model is one that actually reproduces reality so that matches the data. And you can do, you can sort of make sure you have that in two ways. You can either propose a model and then check against data. For example, you have some model and you calculate an observable, such as the correlation function. And in a way, this is what a lot of us are trained to do, but mostly on models that are given to us by older generations. But another thing you could do is you could actually look out of the window and observe reality and try and formulate this model based on these observables. And, you know, if you think back, so in this specific situation, what we're after are the equations of motion of this system. We'd really like the equivalent of Newton's equation for a more complicated system.  But of course, what he really did is he observed a lot. So that's what Stefania is doing here, too. She's observing with a bit more up-to-date tools. So we are going to try and analyze the results of these very, very hard experiments. And I'm hoping Stefania tomorrow will sort of tell you maybe more about midges, but sort of how hard it is actually to acquire this data. It's very non-trivial, but I won't tell you about that. So I'm just going to come in at the point where I already have these velocity vectors, and I want to understand this system. And as I said, this is the sort of question we're trying to get at. How do we get this global order? And the level of description that we're going to go after is similar to the level of description of trying to describe a gas. So we could go after each particle separately and try and track it and describe its trajectory, or we could try and step back and simply describe the probability distribution of velocities of the gas particles in a given room, not caring about the precise identity. And that's what we're going to do with birds. We're going to ask the same question, what is the distribution of velocities of birds without caring what each specific bird does at a given time? So we're going to be mean to birds and not care about the wishes, demands, and personalities. OK, and so how are we going to do it? Well, I'll tell you about the models in a second. And in general, we're going to assume the most general possible model, but we're still going to ask that it reproduces certain features of the data, such as these observables, such as the correlation function. So we're going to constrain the correlation functions of the velocities of the different birds. So now I'm going to go into a few slides of gory details. OK, so I'm going to tell you the details of the model. If you're not interested in the details of the model, you can just believe me that there is a way of learning the probability distribution of the velocities of these birds, which is completely analogous to what we do when we learn the distribution of particles in a gas. And we've been doing that for about 100 years, so you can trust us that we know what we're doing. Or you can sort of, if you're interested, here we go. So we're going to make a few assumptions. What we're really going to look at, so we're going to say that each bird has a velocity V i, each bird is indexed by i, we're going to normalize this velocity. For the time being, I'm only going to care about direction, I'm not going to care about speed. So I don't care how fast it goes, and I'm going to look at the direction of the velocity of each bird. So in terms of my little arrows, I'm just caring where the arrow is pointing. And I'm going to, as I said, I'm going to try and build a model from a class of models which are called maximum entropy models. So maximum entropy models basically are models where you write down the entropy of the distribution of these directions. And you say I want this entropy to be as large as possible, which means I'm going to constrain my distribution of directions as little as possible. I'm not going, I mean, I'm going to be, allow it to be as large as possible. However, I'm going to constrain certain observables. And in this case, we constrain specifically the correlation function. So we're going to say that the correlation functions we calculate from the model should be exactly the same as the correlation functions of the direction of the velocity of the birds as we observe in the data. And the correlation functions of the direction of the velocity of the birds that we observe, I mean, in the data we can actually easily, well, easily, we can calculate until I showed you examples. So this is just a big matrix that we actually know what it is. And, okay, so then, as I said, we're going to maximize the entropy. So with these constraints, so we put in the entropy, and then we put in the observables that we want to constrain. And constrain them by Lagrange multipliers. And we're also going to ask that our probability distribution is normalized, because probability distributions are generally normalized. So that's this term. And then we maximize it with respect to all the possible models possible. Okay, so these are the Lagrange multipliers that enforce constraints. And when we do this variation, so this is just a calculation we can do. We find out that the form of the probability distribution that maximizes this functional has this form. So the Lagrange multipliers get translated into these parameters. Well, one for the normalization goes in here and one for that keeps intact the correlations. And you have this form which, depending on where you're coming from, looks familiar. But it basically tells you that the direction of one bird is tied to the direction of another bird through this interaction matrix, Jij. And since these are continuous variables, right? Because we're talking about actual directions of velocity. So it's an arrow that can go in different directions on a circle. This is equivalent to a Heisenberg model on the lattice. But the lattice is now given to us by the data. So it's not a regular lattice, it's a sort of, it's a bird network lattice.  Assuming this exponential class function, family of function. So instead, you can forget all about maximum entropy and you can just say, okay, I'm going to assume this class of functions that my probability distribution of different velocities is chosen from a family of functions where I say that the velocity of this bird is depends on the velocity of that bird through this interaction matrix. So I'm just saying I'm looking at the most general class of functions where birds are allowed to interact. And I'll ask, what is this interaction matrix? What is the strength of these interactions? What is the form of these interactions that best fits the data? So then through Bayes' rule, I connect the probability of having a given interaction matrix given the data to the likelihood. That means the probability of the data given a given set of parameters. In my case, the interaction matrix and given some prior on my class of possible interaction matrices. And if I rewrite this for this specific problem, product over all the data points of the directions given the interaction matrix. And then I have a prior and I'm going to assume a flat prior. I'm going to assume that that a priori I have no preference for any type of interaction matrix. So then if I maximize this likelihood, because this is now what it is, a likelihood function given this family class of functions. I will end up with this kind of expression where again, Z is the normalization. And you can see that this is equivalent to the correlation function in the model. If you take the derivative of this normalization function with respect to Jij, you simply get back the correlation between the directions of the birds. And this term is simply the correlation structure from the data. So what this shows you is that if you're happy with a maximum likelihood approach, assume as long as you've taken an exponential family of functions. This is completely equivalent to assuming that your correlation function between the model and the data is to be the same. So we can now hopefully move on and without any sort of further philosophical issues with learning from data. We can try and actually implement this. Since I'll be talking about also other types of inference a bit later, I can say that this maximum entropy and also maximum likelihood approach doesn't only work for if you take pairwise correlations between say the directions of the velocity or pairwise correlations between anything. It works for any set of observables that you just implement using Lagrange multipliers. And then you just simply have more complicated expressions, not just say direct SI times SJ. So direction of this bird, direction of that bird. You could have more complicated terms here. But nothing in the sort of idea of the approach fails. So if you believe there's another observable which is more important, you can just put it in and go work with that. Okay, so back to birds. In the end, we end up with this interacting with this probability distribution that depends on the interactions between the directions of the velocity of one bird and the other through this interaction matrix. And coming back to sort of non-equilibrium physics, well to generally statistical physics. We know that if we have this type of problem then we can use it to derive the Langevin equation by taking the derivative of the Hamiltonian. And this reproduces sort of some dynamical equations that look like typical interacting models for interactive agents used in the field of either active matter or collective behavior. So you now see that the direction of one bird is influenced by the direction of all the other birds, modulo the strength of the interactions with all these other birds, plus some noise. So we see that this sort of constraining the correlation function, which leads to this kind of probability distribution for the directions of birds is completely equivalent to these kinds of models. Of course, it does not mean that this is the correct dynamics or the only possible one. These are all effective models and these interaction matrices are effective interactions. It doesn't mean that there's some sort of special channel of direct communication between these birds, right? This could be transmitted through fluctuations of the environment. This could be transmitted through many different ways, okay? It's an effective method. Okay, so, but right now what we have is we have this interaction matrix of which bird speaks to which bird with what strength. And so that's rather a lot of parameters. And so we'd like to sort of, our goal is ready to work with data and actually do the inference. So we'd like to simplify our life a little and we're going to take this interaction matrix and parametrize it and say that, well, birds interact with each other if they're no more than a given bird's NC neighbor. So the bird counts to NC and it listens, take integrates information with equal strength from all of these neighbors and ignores everybody else. So this is actually equivalent to constraining not the correlation function over the whole flock as I described before, but to a correlation function over NC nearest neighbors. And then we can average over the whole flock over the different neighborhoods for different birds. And because of this, what we're going to do is we're going to use a single velocity snapshot, right? So of course, to get a velocity snapshot, we need two snapshots to real frames, at least. But we're going to do spatial averaging instead of doing ensemble averaging. Meaning we don't need to see the same kind of flock a thousand times because we have many instances of the same averaging without the flock. So this is maybe the moment I disappoint you. And I tell you that I am going to talk about these sort of static descriptions today, Thierry will talk about the movies tomorrow. So no movies today, sorry, okay. So right, so that's the framework. Now we actually have to fit the data. So we have two parameters now in the problem. We have J, which is the strength of interactions between NC neighbors. So we have J and NC. So we're going to maximize the likelihood over J and over NC. The J part we can do analytically. The NC part we have to do numerically and this is what it looks like. And you see that it has a very, very well-defined peak. So this is one flock, sorry, this is one snapshot for one flock. These are different sets of snapshots and you see it always falls in the same place and is well-defined. Okay, but now to sort of, in fact, when we do this fitting, we make one more approximation. We use something called the spin wave approximation, which is a fancy word for the fact that the flock, sorry, flock is polarized. They're strongly polarized. So if there's a general direction of flight of the flock, then all the birds in this flock are more or less flying in the same direction. The velocity vector is closely aligned to this general mean direction with some small fluctuations. And so what we do is we're going to separate out the general velocity direction into the component that's parallel to the general direction and perpendicular. And we're only going to bother about the perpendicular part because those are the fluctuations from the mean. But so the general idea is there's one general direction and everybody, the flock is very, very polarized. And if we do that, then everything just becomes the same kind of description. But in terms of this vector, and that's in fact how we learn because it makes the learning much easier, everything becomes Gaussian. And as we know that everything becomes Gaussian, life is infinitely easier, so that is in fact how we do this learning, including this learning. And then one more thing which should be said, which is actually very important. And I'm sure somebody would ask, is the boundary birds? So we fix the boundary birds. So the boundary birds, and I think this is an ideal so that comes from office talk is they do have a special role because they are on the outside, they have more information. And I think it's a very interesting problem to actually try and figure out what drives their behavior, but it's a very hard problem. So we don't do that, we just say, we know the direction. We know the velocity, we know the direction of the birds of the boundary. And we keep it fixed to what's in the data. Just as we fix the sort of actual position of the birds and then we worry just about the internal birds. And since these plugs are large, they can go up to a few thousands of birds. We still have a lot of work to do. Okay, so that's it, we can learn the model and then we can see whether we can actually answer some potentially interesting biological questions. So the first thing we want to do though is we want to see whether we learn the model correctly. And so to do that, we see whether we can predict elements that we did not put in when we were learning the model. So we can predict the perpendicular correlations, but also the four point correlation functions between two different pairs of birds at a given distance. So then the question is, can we actually get global order from local communication? So why local communication? Because our model does assume local communication. It assumes that only NC birds are taking part in this communication. I haven't told you what NC is. NC could be in principle the whole flock. But we'll see that it's not. That in fact NC is, I'll show you in a second that it's much smaller. And that we do get this, we do reproduce these long scale correlations simply from local interactions. And this maybe in retrospect shouldn't surprise us that much. Because we know, so often other people today also have mentioned the fact that you can come, there's a transition between order and disorder. So here we are in the ordered phase where the birds are, the fact that they all move in one direction is a signature of order. So if you think about this well picture instead of being able to move anywhere they want, they're now stuck in one of these minima and that sets the direction. But in fact, since we're in higher dimensions, we're in three dimensions, this, the picture is more complicated. So you are stuck in the way that you can't move freely along either one of these directions, but there is still a direction among which you are free to move. And that fact that zero mode, that gives you the scale free fluctuations comes from the fact that you are able to move here without paying any price sort of along this direction. And that comes from the origin of that is the global orientational symmetry of the flock. So basically there is no preferred direction for a flock. Whether they move in a polarized way, but whether they move in this direction, that direction, that direction, there's nothing in nature that intrinsically in themselves that tells them this is the only direction in which you can go. And that is the origin of the fact that there is no scale for the problem. Okay, so that's why we get these scale free correlations. That's why we get these very long correlations, because there is nothing in this problem setting a scale. So yeah, maybe I should have had this slide before, because then we can ask, well, what are these local interactions? And what is the scale? How many birds talk to each other? And is the interaction metric or typological? Meaning, so meaning. So a typological interaction is a situation where each bird counts up to some, sorry, is this? No, sorry, this is the metric interaction where each bird takes into account all the birds within some radius. And if they become denser, that means it listens to more birds. Whereas the topological situation is where the bird always listens to some number of birds in its neighborhood. And then if the flood gets denser, that just means that it listens to birds that are close to itself in physical distance, but it still counts to the same magic number. And the consequences of this are such that the density would scale, that the number of birds as a function of density here, or distance scales linearly, and here remains constant. So if we now look at the data, we see that in fact, birds have topological, not metric interactions. So the interaction range does not depend on flock size, nor does it depend on flock density, it's always constant. And the number of birds that other birds listen to is 21, okay? So it's not free, it's not like a super small number. But 21 for a flock size of 5,000 is still a pretty small number of birds. So it's still local interactions that are giving you these long range correlations. And you could say, okay, but that's because you learned a model like that. What if you'd learned a model with a metric distance, that the birds actually listened to other birds over some fixed distance? Would that change anything? And the answer is no. If we learn a metric model, we do recover then a dependence on distance, which again proves that we have topological dependence. Okay, so that was direction, but a velocity is composed of direction, and it's amplitude, which we call speed. And if we look at the correlations now between speeds of different birds and a flock, we also see the scale-free correlation. So we see that the correlation length, so this domain of birds that have a correlated speed, move roughly at the same speed, scales with linearly with the flock size. So then you can say, okay, well, now I'm used to all of these things. I'm used to you showing me results like that. So I shouldn't be surprised. But this time, in fact, you should be surprised. Because the reason we got the scale-free interactions in the velocity direction is because there was no symmetry, sorry, there was a symmetry associated with direction, right? As I said, the whole flow moves in this direction or that direction. That direction, that doesn't really matter. There's no preferred direction in space. But velocity, sorry, speed is more complicated, right? Velocity has physical bounds. So this is what this animation that I stole actually from Cherry shows, that a bird cannot fly faster than a plane, right? There are some physical bounds on how fast, how fast a bird can be. So you don't expect this, you expect speed to actually be constrained and not be able to do whatever it wants. So what's going on? So we're going to sort of try and figure that out. We're going to try and build these same kind of models. But now we're going to constrain the local alignment. So we're going to look at the local alignment and constrain it. We're going to ask how similar the velocity of each bird is compared to its neighbors, taking in account the actual amplitude of the speed. And we're going to learn a maximum entropy model. So again, we're going to try and learn a model for the distribution of speeds this time, which is the most general one, but it constrains the mean velocity and also the standard deviations, the second moment of the velocity, right? So we generally want to constrain the distribution of velocities. And if we do that, going through the math, we get the same similar kind of models, where we have a term that corresponds to interaction with the coordination with the neighbors. We have our interaction matrix, how many neighbors you listen to, which we're going to parameterize with NC also. And then we have a second term, which describes the individual speed control. So this is like a term where you look around and you listen to what your NC neighbors are doing again. But this is a term where you look to some mean of the flock to some external velocity. Like basically, you're looking at your odometer because you know you have a speed limit of 80 kilometers per hour, and you want to go as fast as possible. So you try and keep to 80 kilometers an hour. So that's your odometer, and that's all your other friends in your cars trying to do the same thing. So again, we have to now learn this. We're going to do this in the same spin-wave approximation. So this just assumes the polarization of the flock. Technical details, this is sort of a picture of the birds listening to each other and then trying to keep to this externally set gold standard. If you do the interesting thing here is that if you do assume this flock is very polarized, it turns out that the probability distribution separates into two independent, it factorizes into two terms, one which corresponds to the orientation, the direction, and one which corresponds to the speed. So now these two things are separately controlled. And again, everything remains Gaussian, so it makes learning easy. And now we have these three parameters which we need to learn. So J and G are fixed by fixing the fluctuations in the velocity that the moments were trying to constrain. And then C is learned from the likelihood from its maximum value. So it works. We can do the fit. Again, we can predict correlations that we didn't put in when learning it. And what do we learn? We learned that the ratio of the parameter that sets the general trying to get the odometer right, so the external velocity constraint to listening to your neighbors is very small. So that means that the birds are generally listening to the neighbors much more than trying to get the speed right by themselves. And in fact, this small value means the system is critical. So that's essentially just the word. If we take this parameter and go from relatively high values to lower values, we see we reproduce the correct behavior of the correlation function of speed with data only at very small values. And these very small values are the values that give us these long range correlations because large values would give us a very fast decay of correlations. So that would mean that correlations would only be fit over very small distances. But if we get it over very large distances, we have to have this small value of this parameter, which means we have to pay much more attention to our neighbors than we pay to ourselves. And if we take this model and now turn it into a continuous version, we can actually calculate within this model what the correlation length is. Our C is an average distance between different birds. So as Andar was saying, this is a very complicated thing. But within this effective model, and I accentuate effective, we do have an idea for how it behaves. And we see that if this parameter telling us what each bird is trying, that is how each bird, how strongly each bird is focusing on getting the speed right without its neighbors, if this goes to zero, this correlation length goes to infinity. Infinity, of course, doesn't happen. It goes to the size of the flock. But it now means that all birds are sort of on board and listening to themselves. So who cares? So we learned this parameter. What are the implications of this? Well, it basically means that birds really don't try to get it right themselves. They really rely on listening to the whole flock to get it right. And although they're doing right, the fluctuations in the velocity are very, very small. So they manage. So it's not a bad strategy. And why may it be a good idea to do something like that? Well, in this regime where that is called generally critical, as again, as Offer was saying, the susceptibility to external perturbations is very large. So it means that if a predator attacks, I mean, the whole flock will become very susceptible because there's these long range correlations. And so that was the static picture. And then we can ask, well, of course, birds are dynamic and things are much more complicated. And well, that is true. And that's going to come tomorrow. OK, so I just wanted to show you that we can actually go take data and try and learn models which then show us that you do get global order from local interactions that are topological in nature, not metric. And there's a prediction, well, actually, that's not right. So that you're very susceptible to perturbations. OK, thank you.


Hello! I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanda Girls' Review College, University of Palahabha and in the series of discussing various issues on higher education, this is my last video on higher education in accordance with your syllabus that is National Knowledge Commission. What are the views of National Knowledge Commission on higher education? And the lecture will be useful to you for your general understanding, for your general accreditation of your knowledge, for your competency examinations, and for your general BA and professional BA course as well. So, let's start. National Knowledge Commission. Knowledge has been recognized as the key driving force in the 21st century and India's ability to emerge as a globally competitive player will substantially depend on its knowledge resources. Forster generational change, a systemic transformation is required that seeks to address the concerns of the entire knowledge sector. This massive endeavor involves creating a road map for reform of the knowledge sector that focuses on enhancing access to knowledge, fundamentally improving education systems and their delivery, and reshaping the research development and innovation structures and harnessing knowledge applications for generating better services. That's a knowledge revolution that seeks to build capacity and generate quality will enable our country to empower its human capital, including the 550 million below the age of 55. Human capital is an important tool for us to empower our country to build capacity and generate quality. The National Knowledge Commission was established in this country, keeping this scenario in mind. The National Knowledge Commission, NKC, was constituted in June 2005. Dr. Manmohan Singh, under the chairmanship of Mr. Sam Pitroda, to prepare a blueprint for reform of our knowledge-related institutions and infrastructure which would enable India to meet the knowledge challenges of the future. We must build excellence in the educational system to meet the knowledge challenges of the 21st century and increase India's competitive advantage in fields of knowledge. So they said that we have to make the educational system excellent so that we can face the challenges of knowledge and meet them. The first was to promote the creation of knowledge in science and technology laboratories. Our use of science and technology to create more knowledge, create and improve management of institutions in case of intellectual property rights. When it comes to knowledge, it comes to IPR. So they said that we have to keep IPR safe so that no intellectual property is mined. Then you have to improve knowledge applications in the agricultural industry because development is directly related to agriculture and industry. Then we have to use knowledge capabilities to make government more effective, transparent and accountable. So that more and more people can benefit from this public benefit. These are the terms of reference. So what are the terms of reference? So it has been established. So we have to work in this direction. Now this is a little bit small because I wanted to take three of them together. These are the three recommendations for higher education. Expansion. They are saying that you should increase higher education first. Second, increase excellence. But don't increase quantity, increase quality. That means increase excellence. And third, inclusion. All the individuals who are capable of higher education should get higher education. So we have to study this separately. What was in expansion? What was in excellence? What was in inclusion? I also wrote about expansion. What was in headings? That is how we created many more universities, made many more universities. Changing the system of regulation for higher education. I was also talking about changing the system of regulation for higher education. Increase public spending and diversify sources of finance. That means if you increase it, then the government doesn't have that much money. What will they do? Public funding, private funding, etc. In the same way, in excellence, they said that they will improve the first university. What will they do? They will restructure undergraduate colleges. What else will they do? Increase quality. And what will they do in inclusion? Ensure access for all deserving students. All the students who are deserving should get higher education. And for that, you will have to improve. What was in expansion? Where to create many more universities? They are saying that the higher education system needs a massive expansion of opportunities. They are saying that we need to increase it to around 1500 universities nationwide. How does this huge amount of data become 1500 universities? That is why this commission was a bit far from the foundation. There are many good things about it. But it is not a game to make it 1500 universities. That would enable India to attain a gross enrollment ratio of at least by 15% by 2015. I mean, when it was made between 2007 and 2018, which was our gross enrollment ratio around 13, 12, 13%. So, I said that at least we can do 15% by 2015. We can do it. There are a lot of universities for it. I didn't say it. 15% is a lot. Then, change the system of regulation for higher education. This also means that the present regulatory system is very flawed. There are a lot of flaws in it. So, it is very confusing and overlapping. We need to take grants from it. We need to seek permission from it. They said that the system is over-regulated and under-governed. That means that the regulation is very high and the governance is very low. So, they said that you should make independent regulatory authority for higher education. I-R-A-H-E. Now, the second thing is that there is no follow-up of the National Knowledge Commission. There are no recommendations for it. After that, NEP-20 has come. But, you should know that there was a commission like this. That had said all these things for higher education. So, it was also said that the regulatory system should be made one. We have a lot of regulations here. Make one independent regulatory authority for higher education. What will happen is I-R-A-H-E? It is said that it is established by the Act of Parliament. It will be the same agency that will authorize the degree granting power to higher education institutions. It will set a standard. It will give the authority to the licensing accreditation agencies. They also said that you should redefine the role of UGC. This is the birth of grants. They have to give grants and maintenance of public institutions to higher education. That means that authority should redefine I-R-A-H-E. That is what NKC said. Public spending and diversified sources of financing have been done. They said that the government financing will remain the cornerstone. That means that they will share the major part. But, you should support the government. They said that they will share it on higher education. They have been told that GDP should be given 6% education. We cannot get it. So, they said that you should give 6% to higher education. This would not suffice. If it is not complete, then what should you do? They said that public universities have a lot of untapped resources. They have a lot of resources but do not use it. They have a lot of land. They can use it as a finance. What can they do? It is for universities to decide the level of fees. They are saying that universities will decide fees. But fees should be at least 20% of total expenditure. If it is accepted, then how many fees will increase? Then India should nurture the tradition of philanthropic contributions. Man of Premi, who has a lot of money and wants to do something for the social cause, should take donations from him. Or he should be aware and motivated to give donations. And the alumni contribution should be taken from him. You should take the contribution from him. Private investment should be taken from him. Because the government cannot do it alone. Then they said that 50% of expenses should be taken from him. In case he recommends the creation of 15 national universities that can provide education to the highest standard. They have made so many, but the standard is also very good. So he said that it is very difficult. So he said that at least 10 universities should be built in the next 3 years. In the next 10 years, he said that in a few years, in the next 5 years, the substantial number will increase. So he increased the expansion of the national universities. He came for excellence. He said that before we make new ones, it is necessary that we have to improve them. So he said that how can we be excellent that universities should be required to revise and restructure curricula at least once in 3 years. In the next 3 years, revise the curricula. Not only test the memory, but also test the understanding. There would be internal assessment. So he said that there is a course credit system in which he is talking about CBCS. Then he says that universities should become hub of research. He is also saying that we should take research from the university and increase the research. Only then we will be excellent in our higher education institution. He said that we should make efforts so that we can attract talented faculty members to give them incentive for their performance. Meaning that they are doing well, they are getting good placement in their education. So give them incentive. What else should we do? What is the infrastructure for our teaching learning? Library, laboratory? If everything is improving, then it will be excellent. What else should we do? The need is for smaller universities. The need is for smaller universities. The need is for small universities. The need is for multidisciplinary universities. The need is for standalone universities. But he said that the need is for smaller universities. He said that they should be able to change quickly so that they can be easily managed. So that they can be easily managed. Because he was talking about making a lot of money. Then he said that restructure the undergraduate colleges. He is saying that you should change the system that has been running for 25 years. You are following him. You should change it. He is saying that colleges should be autonomous. Every commission is talking about autonomy. They are saying that they should create a community college and a central board of undergraduate education. They should create a curriculum along with the state board of undergraduate education. They should create examinations. Then they should increase the quality. How will they increase the quality? That we should be accountable for the society. And there should be an expansion. He said that all educational institutions there should be a stringent information disclosure norm. Whatever it is, it should be disclosed. What is the financial situation? What is the physical asset? What is the criteria of admission? What is the position of the faculty? What is the website of the faculty? Everything is known. You should upgrade the infrastructure. You should keep on doing the assessment. You should keep on doing the examinations. It will be good but it is difficult. It is difficult to do. They are saying that they should improve the ICT infrastructure. See, I talked about that. Improve the ICT infrastructure. Apply website and web-based services. And make an appropriate policy so that foreign universities can come to India. Indian institutions can be able to be promoted abroad. They said that the system of higher education should be like this. There is a T-O. There is a diversity in the system of higher education. All the students should be catered. This is one size fits all. You are already understanding the whole class. You should cater for the students. You will be excellent. NKC said this for higher education. Inclusion case All the deserving students should be included. No student has denied the opportunity. No deserving student should be allowed to participate in higher education. It is a financial constraint. You need a blind admission policy. This would make it unlawful for education institutions to take into account any financial factor by deciding whether or not to admit a student. See, he talked so much about financing but he said that if a student is deserving then you should not stop the admission because of money. There must be a well funded national scholarship scheme. There is a national scholarship scheme which is economically underprivileged students. They are educated but socially disadvantaged and economically underprivileged. So include them in your system. There is an affirmative action. What is the right to improve? Reservations are done but they are part and one form of affirmative action. You are giving reservations. Those who are on the basis of caste or social group do not participate in their education. Disparities and educational attainments are related to caste and social groups but are also strongly related to other indicators such as income, gender, region and place of residence. There is a need to develop a meaningful and comprehensive framework that would address the multidimensionality of differences that still persist. They are saying that caste and social groups are the main reasons why they do not have money in their child's house and they do not have a residence. How do they study well? How can they reach the resource? How can they be generalized? How can there be a reason? There are many things for that. We have created such a framework that is meaningful because we have to include all of them. The multidimensionality should have such an inclusive higher education system. As a National Knowledge Commission in 2009 it has been almost 15 years. 15 years ago we were talking about VICS and CBCS we were talking about internal assessment. There are many good things in this commission but there was not much of a follow up. But since it has been here in the past, we should know that this has become a commission in the past. There is no such topic as your course which I did not discuss with you. If you have any doubts please do so. In this way, I have completed your all topics related to higher education. So thank you all and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education. I have done from my side.


The International Federation of Environmental Health, IFI, has set aside 26th of September to raise awareness on the crucial state of the environment and how well it must be protected. This year's theme of the World Environmental Health Day centered on strengthening the environmental health system for the implementation of sustainable development goals are corresponding to Manuel or Lubabukun had a conversation with an environmental expert earlier in this report. The implementation of the sustainable development goals in Nigeria are globally caught across many sectors and these goals are expected to be achieved by the year 2030. Coming down to Nigeria in relation to our environment, statistics and show that the country is ranked 8th among the largest producers of hazardous films. Yes, the Niger Delta region has suffered pollution from oil and gas producers and have left with contaminated water and air. The SDG framework as a total of 17 goals, 169 targets and 244 indicators of which Night Tree are environment-related which covers natural resource management, climate change, water-related issues, marine issues, biodiversity and ecosystems among others. When it comes to the pollution like air pollution, water pollution, there's a lot to be done and we are already seeing the repercussion. If we look at the now with a little rain in Lagos, in other parts of Nigeria they're flooding and it becomes a disaster. And it is because we're not planning our air, we have built houses on our flood plains. We have blocked the flood plains. The areas where flowing water is supposed to end up, now we have structures there. That's a huge problem. On 25th September, Lagos State launched the forced urban car 3-day to tackle pollution and eat and for effect. It wasn't a surprise to see a lot of regular movement on the set day. I can tell you, I think these car 3-day in Lagos started doing the Babachaniradi Partial Act and led administration. And I think then they were followed to a large extent people were obeying and then we had a retraction during the government that succeeded him. And I think this new administration is bringing him back gradually and yeah, like you said people seems not to obey it or they don't understand it. But the challenge now is are people aware? We need to do more awareness. We need to build more awareness. We need to do more advocacy. It's not just that day alone that you just rush out and tell people to stay to do a car 3-day. People need to be aware. They should have known about it weeks, days ahead so they can arrange and plan their movement. Laying down policies and seeing them implemented looks to be our equivalent task for the government as of all the news to achieve in DSDGs.  A very good evening to you Mr. Adefolu. Thank you so much. Good evening and thanks for having me. That's right. Thank you for joining us. Now there has been so much clamour for a healthy environment but to many just as you watched in that report to many who are not experts like you such clamour may fall on deaf ears and of course one would want to ask what exactly is the significance of the world environmental health day? The environmental health day as it is celebrated around the world is to raise awareness about the value that the environment provides and also about the health of the environment. We just live in the environment and we do not recognize that the environment plays a role in our elderly living and in helping us achieve a better well-being. So this environmental health day is set aside by the global body to represent a day that you as an individual, me as an individual we recognize the value the environment play in our well-being and also for us to take care of the environment. What exactly then is the correlation between the implementation of the 17 SDGs as a sustainable development goals and the environment? What's the correlation? So in terms of the sustainable development goal which is something that a goal a global goal which is always referred to a global goal that was signed in 2015 and as a target year of 2030 and with 17 goals which we all know in terms of implementing this goal and achieving this goal we really need the environment. The environment plays a lot of important role in ensuring the achievement of this goal. Let's take for instance clean air and sanitation which is one of the goals of sustainable development goal. If we want to achieve a cleaner air and a better sanitation around the world we must be able to reduce asadios and pollutant air that are entering into our environment. We also must be able to take responsibility to do a proper waste management in order to ensure an hygiene and a safe healthy living for people and that is the only way the sustainable development goal can be achieved and there are a couple of other goals also which are really related to environmental health the climate action the live below water live above water all of these have a role to play in ensuring that they are achieved with the support of making sure that the environment remain healthy and remain and perform its role in bringing to reality these goals. Now going back to the reports we just watched and looking at the policies that are written down and trying to juxtapose them with the implementation of these policies it looks exactly like an like an equivalent task and of course one wants to ask having these policies especially in controlling what the environment can take and keeping the environment healthy we'll go back to the days of the war against in discipline where it was very very you know it was very very strict and one could see back in those days that it was working such a policy was working policy after policy have come on but we still see people throw sashes or water out from their windows their car windows we see people dump stuff in drainages even at the beach the beach is no longer as beautiful as it used to be so what can be done to realize you know a healthy environment with all of the policies you know we all know thank you very much for that question we all know that Nigeria has a whole lot of policy in place environmental policy and there is very good at sign at developing policy and signing and ratifying conventions but the our challenge is about implementation of these policies and and and convention and really what is in implementation implementation is about operationalizing this policy and enforcing the laws the laws are there the laws are you just mentioned for instance people throwing such a water on the streets and all of that there are laws there are sanitation's law there are environmental law in Lagos who is enforcing this law do we have the capacity the institutional capacity to be able to enforce this law government institutions responsible for this law are they trained in a way to ensure that this law become enforced are they also supported to be able to carry out their activity these are the real questions we need to ask ourselves there are capacity gaps among relevant institutions for enforcement which needs to be built there are operational and the technical supports that are needed for these institutions to be able to carry out their function of enforcing laws and implementing policies but we are really facing a big gap that we all need to be able to close and if we cannot close this gap we may not be able to realize the implementation of these policies how then can this not be cracked you know to ensure that you know a day like this you know we could call for celebration draw out the drums you know roll out the drums and dance to celebrating a healthy environment in Nigeria well a day like this is always something that is very good to remind all of us and also not only the institutions and stakeholders and the state actors but to even remind me and you about the need for us to take care of the environment because the reason being that if we don't take care of the environment the environment has a way of taking care of itself and we are going to be at the loss as individual and as people so we cannot rule out days like this in order to reinforce the need to take care of the environment however it should be a daily activity that should be entrenched in the operations of organizations and institutions that are responsible to deliver a very safe and secure environment and healthy environment that we are and all states at at states level has these institutions even at federal level has these institutions that are responsible for this we all just need to play our role even in our houses we shouldn't leave it to government alone we should also play our role if we need the the the head to not to be polluted let's plant some trees let's ensure that we have trees that are reducing the carbon dioxide that we release into the atmosphere that are that is polluting the atmosphere and have some fresh air those are the roles that we as individual can play we also as individual can always ensure that we sort out our waste when we sort these waste these waste does not end up in in in landfills they are recycled and they are made use of by some other people who are at the at the ladder of at the social ladder so it is important that all hands must be on deck not only government but as individual as organization as businesses we have a role to play thank you very much Mr definitely for your time tonight we'll reach out to you again do have a wonderful night rest then hello hope you enjoyed the news please do subscribe to our youtube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates