Okay, I just got the message that we can start. Good morning to everyone. This is the third panel, Psychology of Living in Disinformation. And our host is Professor Jonas Kunst. Jonas, please take the floor. Yes, welcome everybody to our third panel today. Like Jan said, we are gonna focus on the micro and individual level, namely on the psychological processes that make people believe in and be influenced by misinformation. We have two speakers and we will start with Professor Ramald Polcik. Dr. Polcik is a professor at the Jagelonian University in psychology. He's internationally renowned for his work within forensic psychology and here especially within witness psychology. And in his talk today, he will focus on how we can induce resistance to misinformation in the context of witness psychology. Both talks today are gonna be about 20 minutes and we will take five to 10 minutes questions and answers afterwards. So Professor Polcik, the floor is yours. Very much, share the screen. Well, okay, can you see the screen? Yes, we can. Okay. First of all, allow me to express my gratitude that I was invited to this conference. I am grateful because for a long time, I am very interested in the topic of inducing resistance to social influence, okay? This conference is about web immunization. How can online social networks create collective resilience against misinformation? I am very interested in some broader area which is however closely related to this, namely as said inducing resistance to social influence. For a long time, it is my firm impression that resistance to influence is a seriously underrepresented area, okay? In psychology. People, psychologists seem to be much more interested in research into effective influence than in protecting people from being influenced. This is really striking. Inducing resistance to influence is a very underrepresented area. The disproportion between the number of experiments and research concerning the efficacy of methods of influencing people over those aiming at protecting against influence as enormous as is the disproportion between the numbers of methods available for exacting influence over the ones serving from protection. It is shocking that existing manuals of social influence such as the well-known book by Professor Cialdini who wrote a book about these so-called principles of persuasion, okay? In this book, Professor Cialdini does not mention any, does not cite any research on protecting against influence. This is particularly striking if you consider that Cialdini in this book does discuss methods of protection but does not cite any existing research, okay? Let's review quickly the role of reciprocity. Okay. The first of the role he discusses. It means that people feel obliged to give something in return to being given something, okay? So we are sometimes given a small portion of some stuff and we feel obliged to buy more of them. In the last paragraph in the chapter discussing reciprocity, Cialdini mentions how to protect against this method. Namely, he suggests differentiating among donor intentions. We should consider whether the donor is really selfless and really unbiased but he cites no research to support the efficacy of this method of protection, okay? The next rule, commitment and consistency. People want to be consistent. This often makes them to stick to a decision even it is plain wrong. Once the decision is reached, we find any possible arguments to support this decision even and to ignore arguments which contradict our decision. Cialdini mentions how to protect against it. For example, we should distinguish consistency from stiffness, from stubborn stiffness. We should avoid a purely mechanical consequence. Again, no research to support the efficacy of this idea, okay? Although any number of research confirming the efficacy of this method, okay? The next rule or method, social proof. We usually tend to do what other people do especially if you are not sure what we should do. How to protect against people who abuse this method. We should perform a careful analysis of the correctness of the actions and views of other people, okay? Good idea, no doubt. But no research in this book confirming the efficacy of this method of protection. Next method, authority. We tend to obey authority figures. So Cialdini suggests if we do not want to be abused by persons or institutions who use this method, we should take away the element of surprise. We should increase our awareness of the power with which authority acts on us. We should consider and we should consider whether someone who seems to be an authority is really one, is really an authority, okay? And again, I begin to be boring and no research to support the efficacy of this method of protection, none at all, okay? Liking, we tend to give in to people we like. So we should consider whether a person who wants something from us has not won our sympathy in an unnaturally short time. If so, it should be a warning according to Professor Cialdini. Again, excellent idea to analyze whether one did not win our sympathy unnaturally quickly, but no research confirming this method of protection. And scarcity. When we believe something is short, in short supply, we want it more. They often tell us, the sellers often tell us, please buy because I have the last 10 exemplars of this thing, okay? How to protect? We should control and monitor our own level of arousal. According to Cialdini, it is the arousal. It is the emotions triggered by this technique which make us act quickly and without thinking. So we should think. When we realize that we are in a rush, we should be warned. Again, good idea, but not supported by existing research. In this excellent book, pleased in my last edition, Cialdini cites no research about the effectiveness of these methods of protection. This is shocking because he cites, he leased hundreds of studies on the effectiveness of the methods of influence as such. There is a lot of research supporting the efficacy of these methods, such methods or other methods. And there is very little research into effective protection about against these methods. Another book, just the second example, a well-known book brought by Pratikhanis and Aronson, Age of Propaganda. And the authors mention some methods which should protect us against unwanted influence. For example, we should think rationally, more rationally and less emotionally. We should develop a general skeptical attitude. We should learn about techniques of social influence. We should support consumer movements. Fine, but it is shocking that in this book, there is not even one experiment cited which would confirm the efficacy of such methods of protection. Okay. It is a long time that I am striked by this discovery, by scarcity of research on protecting against social influence at all. Okay. Today, I would like to share with you our research concerning protecting against misinformation. Okay. Let's say that there seems to be one exception. Okay. There is quite a lot of research about inducing resistance to persuasion. Okay. This particular situation seems to gain interest from researchers for a long time. The classical research by McGuire about inoculation. McGuire states that attitudes could be inoculated against persuasive attacks in much the same way that one's immune system can be inoculated against viral attacks. So he had his participants to be exposed to weak persuasive messages, weak and easy to defend. When the participants were able to resist weak persuasive messages, they become more resistant against stronger persuasive messages. So this seems to be one exception. But other methods of social influence well, very little research. Okay. Now to our method. As professor Kunst said, I am interested especially in forensic psychology and namely in the misinformation effect and the memory misinformation effect or monastic misinformation effect. What is it? Well, it is a situation in which a memory report becomes contaminated with information coming from another source than the event to which a person was witnessing. Okay. So we have the original information, the event itself and we have some post event information which may be incorrect. This post event information may come from various sources, various mass media, but also other witnesses. Also the interrogators questions can include some suggestive cues. Of course, online sources nowadays can be a source of incorrect information as well many other sources. Okay. So why is this important? Let me mention, this is important because witness testimony, the testimony by a human still remains a very important source of information for the legal system, okay, for courts. And it is now well established that errors in human testimony are the main cause of wrong decisions reached by courts. Okay. If the court, if the judge, the court is able, has some more material evidence, errors are more rare. But if there is only a human witness and he's wrong, the court can reach very wrong decisions. Okay. This is a typical paradigm within which the misinformation effect is usually studied. It should mimic the real sequence of events. In reality, the first thing is that a person is able to see something which has legal consequences. Okay. An event, original event. In the experiment, the participants in both groups, the misled and the control one, may watch to a video, okay, presenting some event. Let's assume that a green car was visible in this video. After some time, ranging from minutes to days or even years, the participants are presented with some post-event material. For example, a description of this original film, which in the misled group, in the experimental misled group contains one or more details which are incongruent with the real content of the original material. For example, it is mentioned that the car which in reality was green was red. After another time, the final test takes place in which a series of questions is asked about the original video, including the question, the critical questions relating to the misled details. For example, in this example, was the car green or red, okay? Or what color was the car? The final test can take various forms. This three-stage paradigm should be similar to the real sequence of events in which there is first some event watched by the witness. Afterwards, some misinformation can reach the witness and only afterwards, the witness gives his information, okay? It's being interrogated. Okay, it is now well established that in such experiments, the misled group performs worse, okay? It is so well established that for a long time, we no longer check whether the misinformation effect takes place. We rather make research into the mechanisms of the effect and it correlates. Or as we are especially interested into methods of protecting witnesses against misinformation, okay? How can we get the witness be less susceptible to misinformation of various kinds? In devising such method, we made a main assumption, okay? The assumption is that in fact, in the moment of the final memory test, okay? In fact, many of the participants do remember the original information. In this example, the green car, as well as the misinformation. So they remember that they saw a green car and they remember that they were reading about a red car. And now they are asked, what color was the car? Many of them give answers consistent with the post information, okay? With the false information, not with their own correct memory. Why? Because they lack confidence in their own memories. They do not trust their memories. I do not have time to side research confirming that this is real, okay? That many subjects do remember both sources of information, give information consistent with the post event material and ask why they say, I was not sure. I thought I was wrong. Okay. And the text must have been correct. If this is true, then increasing one's confidence in their memories should reduce the tendency to rely on external sources of information. If indeed one of the causes of giving in to misinformation is the lack of confidence in one's own memory, then increasing this confidence should reduce the misinformation effect. And this was our main assumption. We developed a technique called which we call to reinforce self information. This technique was designed to increase the memory confidence of the participants and consists of two core elements, self affirmation and positive feedback about memory quality. Another research showed that these two elements increase self confidence, okay? In this technique, self confidence consisted simply in writing down one's greatest achievements in life, okay? So each participant had to write down, think about their greatest achievements in life and write them down, okay? This was self affirmation. This was the only manipulation. As for positive feedback, it was a fake positive feedback manipulated. The participants had to memorize 60 nons for two minutes. After them, they were writing them down. They were counting them. And they were given a false feedback about the population average results, which in fact was one and five standard deviation lower than the real average. In this way, most participants learned that their memory was better than the average for the population. So we have these two elements, self affirmation and positive feedback. A false one, but the participant didn't know this. And reinforced self affirmation proved effective. As for now, it proved effective in over 20 experiments. I just remember one experiment in which it was not effective, okay? In about 20 experiments using various variations of this technique and various variations of the procedure, of the three stage procedure, we always had the effect, okay? So it is promising. It is promising, but I should add the main problem and limitation with this technique. It is promising, but it is impossible to use in real life settings, okay? This is obvious. You cannot make real witnesses write down their greatest achievements in life. This is too strange. Obviously, you cannot give them false feedbacks for no matter the reason, okay? This would give, this would cause real problems, even legal problems. You cannot lie to a real witness, no matter the reason. So having confirmed that in this very basic form, increasing self-confidence works in this context, we are now thinking very deeply about a technique which would increase self-confidence of a real witness, which would be able to apply in real life settings with all the complications, legal complications, psychological complications. We have to be very delicate here, but still the technique should be effective, okay? And this is now our main research topic. Okay, and perhaps increasing self-confidence may be effective also in other settings, not only memory misinformation effect and witness testimony. Perhaps increased self-confidence may be effective in using collective resilience against misinformation in the context of online social networks. This question brings us back to the main topic of this conference. Okay, and thank you very much for your attention. Thank you so much, Professor Porczyk. I found this presentation super interesting and of high relevance to our project. So this is very appreciated. We have a couple of questions. In total, we have five minutes to answer these. So I'm gonna start with the first question from the audience, and that is why are there no, is there no research concerning the protection methods from Sialdini manipulation techniques? Is it because of problems with operationalization? Well, obviously I have no clear answer because I don't know, but I am afraid that people and institutions, people and institutions interested in methods for effective influence are much more rich. They are richer. They have more money. Okay, because who is it? Advertisers, okay? Or political parties, okay? They are usually rich. And they are very interested in buying methods of effective influence. And what about the people and institutions who care about the consumers, okay? They are not that rich. They have less money. This is a very brutal answer, but I am afraid it is at least partially true. Could you imagine that this might also be caused by a publication bias that people have actually done research, but I did not find support for it and then it wasn't published. I don't think that publishers would be not interested in research concerning resistance. In the contrary, when we had the occasion to publish our results, the editors were usually very interested, okay? I was able to talk to Sialdini once. And he admitted that two areas are seriously underrepresented. That is the area of resistance and the area of persistence, okay? There is very little research into how long a given method once applied is effective, okay? So I don't think there is a bias. Right. It's serious, but... Yeah, it's very interesting. Okay, so I'm gonna move on to the next question. That is pretty long. So the question is aren't most of the recommendations by Sialdini inferred by negation of the attack vector and can they be generalized as exercises in mindfulness becoming interested in the unfolding event and invoking self-examination and introception? If Sialdini is right in its recommendations, can we conclude mindfulness to be a meta-skill of immunity? So maybe we can focus on the last part of this question. I would say that mindfulness and a related idea, namely reflectiveness, okay? General ability to reflect is a very promising idea. And indeed, if not all, then many of these ideas by Sialdini seem to be summarized under the general idea of mindfulness. Most of them, many of them can, okay? Mindfulness is a very promising idea in the context of inducing resistance to unwanted social influence. I'm just also like, I think I would personally agree in this by theory, but I also know about research showing that mindfulness actually induces people's likelihood to have false memories because they don't judge them. One of the core things is to not judge information by or input generally. So it's an interesting question, but I think it's also, there is some research showing that it might actually have a negative side as well, right? So anyways, that was just my opinion on this. There are more questions. The next question is, is self-affirmation connected to self-esteem? And if yes, then is the susceptibility to misinformation negatively correlated with self-esteem? Yes, the three variables, self-affirmation and self-confidence and self-esteem are closely related actually, okay? If you induce a technique for self-affirmation, then also the self-esteem seems to be boosted. So they are indeed closely related, okay? Right. Okay, Professor Polcik, thank you very much for a super interesting presentation and talk and for being part of this conference today. So our second speaker is a master of philosophy in psychology and current PhD candidate, Alexander Gunnerson. Alexander just started his PhD, but he's already published various articles in renowned journals. In his PhD, he is focusing on the psychological processes that make people believe in misinformation and today he will give a talk on the psychology of accepting and sharing misinformation. So Alexander, the floor is yours. We can't hear you. We can't hear you. There is probably some technical problem. So I could take another question. Should we do this? Yes, maybe, yeah. Okay, so Professor Polcik, there is one more question and that is this is an interesting administration of a post-truth treatment that has positive consequences in a social situation. Can they be invoked in witness counseling? Isn't the absolute notion of truth inhibiting administration of effective treatment in this case? And could it be a policy bias demonstrating rigidity and opinion? I think you need to turn on your microphone. Okay, I am not sure if I understand the question correctly. Yeah, it's a bit abstract. If it can be invoked in a social, in witness counseling, isn't it the absolute notion of truth inhibiting administration of effective treatment in this case? Well, I hope not. If I understand the question correctly. So maybe let me elaborate the question. So what Professor Said was that we cannot administer this treatment because we cannot really use this misinformation of misquoting the average of recall of memory in a setting of witness testimony. But we do have evidence that this is an effective treatment. So maybe the notion of truth that we cannot use non-truth, right? Which is this false information about the average recall. I don't want to. Okay, yeah. Can you hear me now? Yeah, and I think we have to move right on. I'm sorry to interrupt the question given time issues. So Alexander, please, if you can share your screen then you. Yeah, sorry for the technical issues. Yeah, thank you for the introduction, Yunus. Today I'm going to be talking about the psychology of accepting and sharing misinformation. Topics in this presentation includes what is misinformation and how it differs from related terms. Next, how do we assess what is true? I will present a basic psychological process of how we relate to information that is presented to us and how we engage with it. In addition to the basic psychological processing of information, there are individual differences in how we relate to information and how we judge what is believable. That is what makes some of us more susceptible to accepting and sharing misinformation. Lastly, I'm going to briefly talk about some of the potential consequences of believing in and acting upon misinformation. Now, this was partly covered in the previous panel, but as you can see from this overview, there are several terms and concepts related to false information. Some of these have clear definitions and meanings like content marketing, whilst others are hard to define like fake news. However, two aspects of information are generally used to differentiate between most of them. First, the level of facticity. Is there something true about it or is it completely nonsense? And second, is it created and shared with an intention to deceive, profit, or otherwise cause harm? Here's a quick illustration of how one can think of different kinds of false information. At the vertical axis, you can see the level of facticity, whilst at the horizontal axis, is the intention to deceive. Even though several terms related to false information are used within research, misinformation seems to be the preferred one. So what is misinformation? Misinformation involves information that is inadvertently false and is shared without the intent to cause harm. But moreover, it has the capacity to spread through society and particularly on social media. The aspect of intentionality is important because people who share false information, especially on social media, doesn't necessarily do it to intentionally deceive or harm anybody. However, the creator of the shared information on the other hand, might have an intention to do so. In that case, it is referred to as disinformation. Now, most psychological research on false information is determined misinformation. And that's because when we survey people's social media behavior, for instance, it's hard to determine whether they share false information with an intention to deceive. So it's better to give them the benefit of doubt. Now, let's move on to one of the basic psychological processes involved in assessing what is true and how we relate to information in general. When we evaluate whether information presented to us is likely to be true, we typically consider some but rarely all of these five criteria. First, is the claim compatible with other things I know? Is there much evidence to support it? Is it internally consistent and coherent? Does it come from a trustworthy source? And lastly, do other people agree with it? Each of these criteria are sensible and thus bear on the likelihood of a message. Importantly, I can assess each criteria by considering relevant knowledge, but that is a slow and effortful process. So instead, I can assess the same criteria by relying on my intuitive responses, which are faster and less taxing. And indeed, my brain, like probably some of you guys, prefers fast and effortless. But when the initial intuitive response suggests that something may be wrong, we tend to turn to the more effortful analysis. In this way, the initial intuitive assessment of truth is a sort of gatekeeper for whether people will engage with the presented information with a critical eye or just not along in agreement. These assumptions are compatible with the long history of research in social and cognitive psychology, where the slow and effortful strategy is often referred to as analytic or system to processing and the fast and effortless as intuitive or system one processing. So the key is the ease with which the information can be processed. If it's processed easily, we tend to use system one processing. If it's hard to process, we switch over to system two processing. First criteria, is the information compatible with what I know? Does it fit with my prior knowledge? Any claim is more likely to be accepted as true when it's compatible with other things one knows than when it's at odds with other knowledge. Here, the well-known confirmation bias can also kick in. If the information confirms your prior beliefs and opinions, it is more likely to be believed. On the other hand, when something is incompatible with what one knows, we tend to stumble. We take longer time to read it and I'm more trouble processing it. Thus, if the information is more compatible, it makes it easy to process and they often not along in agreement. If it's less compatible, then it makes it more difficult to process and we tend to switch over to more analytic processing. If it's compatible, there's often some kind of evidence to support it and usually, if there's evidence, it easily comes to mind. People's belief and confidence in a belief increases with the amount of supporting evidence. Next, is the information internally consistent and coherent? Coherent information is easier to process than information with internal contradictions. If it contains contradictions, we will stumble and I have more difficult in processing it and most likely switch over to analytic processing. What about the source of information? Is the source trustworthy? Information is more likely to be accepted as true when it comes from a credible and trustworthy source. Trustworthiness can be based on the source's expertise, education, achievement, and so on. However, trustworthiness can also be based on feelings of familiarity. You trust your families more than you just trust strangers. Additionally, repeatedly seeing pictures of a face is sufficient to increase perceptions of honesty and sincerity as well as agreement with what the person says. Moreover, a given claim is more likely to be judged true when the name of its source is easy to pronounce. Here's an illustration from some of my prior research which shows that face perception influences ratings of trustworthiness. I'm not going to say more about it other than that these two faces you see here receive very different trustworthiness ratings solely based on their appearance. The last of the criteria for truth assessment, thus other people agree, is their social consensus. Research shows that they are more confident in our beliefs when they are shared by others and we are more likely to endorse a claim if many others have done so as well. Relatedly, information that is familiar because you encountered it several times through friends and family is easier to process, remember and understand. Now, in addition to these five criteria, I would like to add one additional factor and it is repeated exposure. Demagogues have known from linear that truth can be created through the frequent repetition of a lie and as Hitler put it, propaganda must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over again. And indeed, research shows that the best predictor of where people believe the rumor is a number of times they are exposed to it. I will now give you an example of how repeated exposure combined with some of the criteria for truth assessment come into play when we are presented with information on social media. To begin with, most social media posts are short written in simple language and are easy to read and it satisfies many of the technical prerequisites for easy processing. Now, as an example, let's say you are suspicious of vaccines or opposed to vaccination in general. You encountered this post. This easy to read message is posted by a familiar face with an easy to pronounce name is also a millionaire and two personality. Of course, a credible source. Well, this was before it become present. The content of the post is compatible with your own beliefs because you're opposed to vaccines. The post is liked and retweeted by your friends who are also opposed to vaccines. Thus confirming social consensus. Moreover, it is retweeted and shared by several of those in your online social network and sharing repeated exposure. With each exposure, processing becomes easier and perceptions of social consensus, coherence and compatibility increases. At the same time, accumulating likes and retweets ensures that the filtering mechanisms of the social media platform makes exposure to opposing information less and less likely. And thus the content of the tweet is considered to be highly believable. Now, this is of course a sort of extreme example. I will have this psychological process and the fiber tier are coming to play on social media but the same processes applies to topics of a much more mundane nature. So to briefly sum this up, to sum it up, if the presented information is compatible with your own existing beliefs and values, it has evidence to support it, is coherent and internally consistent, presented by trustworthy source and have other people agreeing, then there's a chance that you just might not along in agreement and not engage with the presented information analytically. However, some of us are less susceptible to misinformation and thus not as easy for fake news. There's been conducted several studies on individual differences on susceptibility to misinformation. Within the social sciences, research on misinformation typically measures susceptibility in the following ways. Some present an equal number of true and false headlines and ask participants to rate the accuracy or reliability of those, like this example right here. Other may present statements which are not in this sort of Facebook format or journalistic format. They provide written claims such as 5G networks, maybe making us more susceptible to the coronavirus and participants are asked to rate accuracy from very inaccurate to very accurate. Within this kind of research, they look at individual and group level differences in susceptibility to misinformation by measuring some other variables of interest. I've chosen a few of those variables which I now will present. First up, people differ in their propensity to engage in analytical reasoning. This is related to the five criteria and information processing I mentioned earlier. And research shows that some more inclined to reason analytically whilst other to a larger degree rely on their intuition. Propensity to engage in analytical reasoning is often measured by the cognitive reflection test. It presents people with questions like these. There's only one correct answer to each of these questions. But when you present them to people, you often end up with two groups based on their answers. Those who answer intuitively will answer first to question one and 10 cents to question two. Whilst those who reason analytically will answer second to question one and five cents to question two, which are the correct answers. People's performance in this kind of test correlates with their ability to discern misinformation from true information. And that is participants who reason analytically are better at recognizing misinformation as false. So thinking analytically rather than relying on intuition seems to be a resilience factor against accepting misinformation as true. Research also shows that delusion prone individuals, dogmatic individuals and religious fundamentalists are more likely to believe misinformation. The people who score high on these kind of attitudes typically agree to questions such as, do you ever feel as if there's a conspiracy against you or the things I believe in are so completely true I could never doubt them? Or the basic cause of evil in this world is Satan who is still constantly and ferociously fighting against God. High scores and deep types of measures are all positively correlated with belief in misinformation. However, mediation analysis suggests that these relationships may be partially or fully explained by reduced engagement in analytic reasoning and actively open-minded thinking, which may broadly discourage implausible beliefs. So because dogmatic individuals and delusion prone individuals and religious fundamentalists are engaging less in analytically, I think, analytical thinking, they're also more susceptible to believe in misinformation. Again, analytical reasoning seems to be a resilience factor. As misinformation is often heavily politicized, much research has investigated political ideology as a predictor of susceptibility to misinformation. This type of research has often been conducted among American participants and it typically groups participants in either Democrats versus Republicans or Clinton supporters or versus Trump supporters. This was during the 2016 election. Typically, the results indicate that Trump supporters rated misinformation about Trump as less accurate but misinformation about Clinton is more accurate and vice versa. However, studies have also shown that when participants are given time to deliberate, they tend to correct their responses. And this correction was independent of whether the misinformation was consistent or not with their political attitudes. So again, deliberation, conscious analytical reasoning seems to positively influence the ability to detect misinformation. There's recently been conducted a cross-cultural study on the susceptibility to misinformation about the new coronavirus. It compared participants from five countries, the US, UK, Ireland, Mexico and Spain. This figure you see here shows the included predictors of susceptibility or some of the included predictors of susceptibility to misinformation. And everything left of the dotted line in the middle indicates reduced susceptibility to misinformation. Whereas the marks to the right of the dotted line indicates increased susceptibility. And as you can see, in three out of five countries, conservatism or political right-wing attitudes predicted increased susceptibility, whereas numerous skills which is a kind of proxy for critical thinking predicted reduced susceptibility in all five countries. And the same was true for those who showed trust in scientists. Additionally, they found that self-perceived minority status predicted an increased susceptibility to believe misinformation about the coronavirus. However, as it was self-perceived, you do not know what kind of minorities that seems to be inclined to believe misinformation, whether it's religious, political or ethnic or some other minority groups. Although misinformation is clearly not a new phenomenon, it has become a much more serious issue with the advent of internet. And the belief in misinformation can have serious consequences if one acts upon that belief. For instance, there's a lot of fabricated and false information circulating the internet regarding vaccines. The most famous one that the MMR vaccine causes autism. And as a result, vaccine hesitancy have resulted in disease outbreaks and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases, such as we have in recent years have had measles outbreak in the Netherlands, UK, Ireland, the US and several other countries. And the increase of misinformation on social media has also proven to be a real threat to the democratic process. As annual functioning democracy relies on a well-informed populace. So disinformation campaigns are targeting specific groups of voters and the political landscape is getting more and more polarized. For instance, the pizza gate conspiracy theory during the US presidential election in 2016, fake news websites posted false stories claiming that a pedophilia ring with high-ranking officials in the Democratic Party used a pizzeria, as you see a picture, illustrated here, as a meeting ground for satanistic rituals, human trafficking and child sex abuse. And a man who believed this story entered the pizzeria with an assault rifle to investigate and end up firing shots. But luckily nobody got hurt. And lastly, the belief in misinformation about the coronavirus, such as the belief that it was created in a laboratory in China, negatively affects people's compliance to public health guidelines, such as wearing masks or washing your hands and are also more hesitant to get vaccinated against it. That's all, thank you. Thank you very much, Alex. I think that was a very comprehensive and interesting presentation. So we have a couple of questions. I'm just gonna start with the first one. And I think you partially, this question came a bit before you talked about this issue, but I'm just gonna repeat it anyways. So one person wondered whether there is a difference between susceptibility to fake news and the tendency to conspirational thinking. Oh, that's a very good question. Both yes and no, I would say. Those who seem to, as far as I've read, those who seem to are susceptible to misinformation also have a tendency to conspiratorial ideation. But I would need to further investigate that question to provide a clear answer. Was for sure, is that there is much more research on conspiracy beliefs? Yeah, exactly. The misinformation, but I would hypothesize that there's a huge overlap. Yeah. Okay, so the next question is pretty long. Maybe you should read it while I read it out loud. Isn't asking people to evaluate content already inducing a stimulus that fundamentally changes the environment in parenthesis prompting system two, increasing the stakes, in which people engage misinformation in the wild, fluid system one and system two, interplay, relax, low stakes. Yeah. So I think it's kind of deals with the ecological validity of the approach. Yeah. How we measure susceptibility. Yeah, exactly. Yeah, people use different kind of stimulus to sort of measuring this kind of susceptibility. And which kind of system they are engaging. Which arguably we should be discussing in our future research. What kind of, in what way we want to do this. Because this is a very important issue. Yeah, I personally believe that obviously a testing setting and experiment is a bit artificial. And if you evaluate a lot of different stimuli, you kind of might actually start to use more elaborative reasoning than you would on social media, where you have maybe a little attention. But still these studies show a lot of meaningful individual differences. So I would say that it at least approximates a real situation.  Some of them even use interactive web pages that sort of mimic social media. All right. And I mean, some data suggests that 60% of Twitter users just retweets without reading the article as a whole anyways. So. Right. Well, that's just an important information that has been validated and there is some ecological validity to it. Okay, so there's the next question. Can susceptibility to misinformation, to disinformation be understood as a mental disorder? Or do you think there is any correlation between fake news, susceptibility, and mental disorders? As far as I know, I haven't read anything about mental disorders and the susceptibility to misinformation, but it's very interesting. I don't know if you, probably some mental orders that have very dogmatic sort of thinking styles which have shown that they are more susceptible. So there could be some relations there. Yeah. But interestingly, a lot of the variables that have shown to predict the susceptibility are normal variables, right? Normal non-pathological variables. Yeah. So, and this is probably also why this is such a huge problem. Otherwise it would only kind of affect a small number of individuals. Yeah. But it does actually have a broad impact. Yeah, exactly. Because of that. Okay, so I think we should probably stop there to keep the time. I think both speakers, once again, I think this was an excellent session, very interesting, different perspectives. And thank the audience for very interesting questions. Yes, thank you very much. That's true. You are very much on time. Right now we have a lunch break. So the next session about affected groups starts at one. So see you in less than one hour, okay? In 40 minutes. Bye-bye. Thank you.


Drug users and activists worked together in seven countries to produce a movie about a day in the life of eight people, a film about their drug use and their struggles. This is the first time I have done something like this. I have had a good feeling about myself and I got caught. I don't think about it. I have already been caught. With the second fix I completely lost my consciousness, blackout. And when I started coming back, my right arm was dislocated and I had spent more than six hours unconscious on the joint and the nerve trunk, which left my arm almost completely paralyzed. This was something that really changed the way I felt and thought about the heroine and the drug in general. A film about how the drug war affects their lives. What I experienced then was that my feet were hung upside down because of them. My feet were always hung upside down and they asked me to call out the names of the people I know as the drug users. With my eyes closed, I was taken to the car and walked for a few minutes. When the car stopped at a place I didn't know, I got off the car and then they hit my feet. A film showing their fight against stigma and discrimination. We want our female drug users to come outside to fight for our rights. Let there be equality within we the men and the women too. In my city several people were killed in rehabilitation and violence continues. And today I am talking about it. Hundreds of people in Crimea have been left with non-violent therapy and dozens of them have already died. And I am talking about it. A film about saving lives. I'm walking up and down Washington Heights promoting harm reduction, promoting not to get infected with ACV and HIV, also giving out cleanser ranges. I've reversed the overdoses in my life and I saved the person's life, the person's alive. It's a very good feeling. I can't describe it. I would like to inform you about the dialysis process. This is the dialysis. This is 10 grams of heroin. Exactly, then we go here, with a spoon, spray it. We are still working on it. I'll clean it up later. A film about how people who use drugs can effectively influence policies and improve the lives of their communities. We also always promote that the use of drugs can live together with other communities. We can contribute to the community and we can also be productive. We are a part of the solution, not part of the problem. A day in the life, the world of humans who use drugs.


Hello, and welcome to this presentation on ST StripFet F7 series of low voltage MOSFETs. ST series of 80 and 100 volts StripFet F7 MOSFETs feature an enhanced trench gate structure that lowers device on state resistance while also reducing internal capacitances and gate charge for faster and more efficient switching. The devices also have high avalanche ruggedness, making them ideal for rugged designs. As we can see in this slide, compared to the previous StripFet F4 and F3 series, the new F7 series features a much lower on state resistance per die area. This in turn simplifies designers' needs for high power designs by reducing the number of paralleled devices. In this slide we can see the test results of a StripFet F7 device housed in TO220 compared with competitors' devices. Not only is the on state resistance lower, but other figures as well, such as the figure of merit and the recovery diode, making this technology ideal for high frequency switching applications and synchronous rectification. Here we can see that by using our STP310N10F7 MOSFET in a typical DC to DC boost converter for solar applications, up to 1% of power dissipation can be saved at light load compared with a competitor's device. We have also performed a test in an LLC topology, SMPS. The efficiency curve shows how our device exhibits a higher efficiency over the entire current range. The very low on state resistance, combined with low switching losses, help simplify designs and reduce equipment size and cost in applications such as telecom or computing systems, solar inverters, industrial automation, and automotive applications. For additional information and the complete list of part numbers belonging to the StripFet F7 series of low voltage power MOSFETs, please visit www.st.com. www.stripfet.com.


Welcome back everyone. Today we're talking about the utility Android triage, and it is already built into Soryug Linux, so I'm going to be demonstrating it in there. If you don't want to use Soryug Linux and you have macOS or another version of Linux, then you can also just download the Android triage and even iOS triage utilities from github.com slash reality net and they have the Android triage repository. It's written in shell code, but apparently it works in macOS X, and it does work in Linux. You will need the ADB Android debugging bridge installed and configured properly in your system, which is basically the reason that I'm using Soryug Linux is because all of that's already set up for us. And when you first run it, all you have to do is type Android underscore triage, or if you're downloading it from the repository Android underscore triage.sh. And that's it. You don't have to give it any any arguments or anything like that. If you don't have a phone installed, then it will say no device connected. Click Okay. Whenever you're connecting your phone, make sure you set the phone into debugging mode that way the computer can actually communicate with your phone. So now I've connected my phone, it's in debugging mode. I can just type Android triage, press Enter. So once you successfully connect to the phone, then you should see this window pop up with several different options, a list of options that you can run, it'll have a blue background and tell you the version number. First, I'm going to run collect basic information, just select number one, an option number one is selected. Are you sure you want to proceed? Say yes. And then it's connecting to the device, it's pulling out all the information it can from the phone. And it has the Android ID. And this is important, because once we get the Android ID, that is going to create a folder in the directory that we were in whenever we ran the acquisition or the analysis. So if we double click onto this folder that was just created with the Android ID, if we go into the info folder, now we have the text files that have information about the device itself. There's a lot more than just shows up in the interface. Go check that folder for additional text files that have additional information that was extracted. Next, execute live commands, this would be something like if I wanted to collect RAM acquisition from the device, for example, I could execute live commands manually and maybe do a RAM dump. Okay, so we will skip that for now. Next is execute package manager commands. So if I hit enter, and option three selected, do you want to proceed? Yes. Now it's going through and going into the package manager, basically listing all the information that the package manager has. Now we're back into the menu, go check that an original folder with the Android device ID. And now we have a file called package manager. If we go into that, we see a lot of text files that basically have all of the output of the package manager for that phone. So next we have execute bug report dumpsys commands hit yes, basically going out and doing the same thing. Okay, so now dumpsys acquisition has completed and we're back to the menu. So let's go back to our Android ID folder.  All of this was extracted from either dumpsys or app ops, we also have the bug report. And whenever we were generating the bug report, the bug report was actually generated on the phone, and then transferred over, which means that this zip file would have been created on the device. I don't know if it's actually saved to disk, but it would at least be created in memory. But look at this, it's 2.9 megabytes. So there is a lot of memory transactions going on here. So you might, for example, in terms of a process, collect the basic information first, because that gets you some really quick information directly from the system, really minimal changes to the device itself, but some still, and then execute live commands. If memory is interesting to you, do this second, that way you're collecting RAM acquisitions and things like that. And then after that, you can execute package manager and not have to worry about overriding some of the user's data in memory. I think they're probably actually set up in order of the way that you should actually run them whenever you're working on the device itself. That's what it looks like to me. So from this, we're going to get a lot of really interesting things like backups, battery stats, battery sets are used a lot for establishing times that things happened and locations. Clipboard could be very interesting. CPU information might be interesting. Distats could be. So actually all of these, depending on what you're looking for in the investigation, you might have some leads coming from here. Next, acquire an ADB backup. ADB backup is going to give you anything that the user essentially can access. Go ahead and try that. And you can see the command ADB backup all shared system key value APK dash backup dot AB. Like it says, you will have to unlike your device and confirm the backup operation, and then it will start and it is currently backing up, but it's not updating here. So just wait until that backup finishes from the suspect device. Okay, so our ADB backup completed just hit okay. Now let's go back to our folder. And we have our backup folder that was created and then we should have the dot AB Android backup backup file created. We also have the log file, which should have this hash in it. All right, so going on next, we have acquire the system folder. Okay, so system acquisition completed that basically it's just copy over and then they create a tar file and copy the tar file over. Yeah, so the system acquisition log plus the tar file that was copied over and I don't know, maybe they do decompress everything. So next, we have the SD card folder if it exists. So just like the system folder, we have the SD card extraction folder with the log and all of the files that were extracted from it. So next is extract APK files from the data folder. So just like the others, we have an APK folder that was created and then we have everything from data app, and then all of the apps and we should have the APKs inside of there. So now, if there was a malicious APK or something, we should be able to analyze them next is extract data content or data from content providers. So that's the first time we got errors, one of we were doing our extraction specifically with permissions to access the data. Let's see if the content provider, okay, it just has whenever it started, but it doesn't have the errors in the log file. But we still were able to get some things like contacts, calendars, media, browsers, settings from the system, things like that. So it's still useful even if you don't have permissions for everything. And then the last one I think is the file system dump no root. And this is also going to be useful because we can run this through other tools later. So let's go ahead and start that. Okay, the file system dump completed. Let's look at we're already in file system, but we have the whole tar and then we have the file system. And looks like everything got under there. So now we could basically just feed this file system folder into something like a leap, and then try to do some analysis on it. Now, notice that we didn't get everything from system because some things had permission or access issues, but we have enough to at least start with. So it's not a full acquisition because we don't have root. So we weren't able to copy everything from the disk, but it is a very, very quick way to get a lot of really interesting things. So that was all the different features of Android triage. I think this tool is a little bit misnamed. It's not actually doing triage analysis on all of these things. It's doing logical acquisitions in several different ways. So it's pulling out some system information that we can use to make decisions, but it has almost full logical acquisition capabilities. So I think that's really interesting. And the second thing that I think is interesting is that it looks like the authors were thinking about the order of volatility while they were actually creating this. So if you just go from one to 10, then you're essentially getting the least invasive to the most invasive processes, depending on what your live commands are. So like I said, I would probably be trying to do something maybe like memory acquisition at step number two, but definitely collecting the basic information is a great way to start. Number two, let's just say it's memory acquisition. And then number three, executing the package manager where we're starting to change more things in memory, bug reports, things like that. Basically, everything after this is requiring a tar file to be created, which means that we're going to be modifying more of the suspect device because it is a live environment. These tools are awesome because we don't have to memorize every single switch and command to do all of these useful features. Second, it is respecting the order of volatility or at least appears to be. And third, after you do all of these steps or all the steps that you need, you have a really comprehensive dump of all of the data from the suspects device. Now, do you have everything? No, probably not. A rooted device is going to give you more information. But do you have enough to start an investigation and do quite a lot of normal investigations? Yeah, definitely. Would I call it triage? Not necessarily, I would call it acquisition. So I would probably say this is Android logical acquisition tool 1.3 or something like that. But I definitely recommend that you take a look at it. Everything is going to be dumped into the same folder that was created with the original Android ID. So it's very easy to parse through. Like I said, once you get the file system and possibly even the backup, you might throw other tools like a leap at it. Everything else you can probably parse out just using command line. Really interesting tool, easy to use, respects the order of volatility. Highly recommend it. That's it for today. Thank you very much.


Let me see gentlemen coming on here just to Do a quick little video and not a Q&A Just getting a video up So I don't have to record it then try to upload it but I don't have long because Tating and I Sitting in the car waiting on my wife. She's in the store right now. So y'all make sure my internet working Don't know if my internet gonna connect securely, but we'll see because we out here and sometimes the Service is not the best But want to pop in because it's been some people who've been talking about here lately Passport bros and that's the thing with our society is We have a little we have a segment of society and that's why I say you got to always look around you got to do your own math like and You got a look and see so I have a friend that I played college ball with and he has a white wife and He met her after having a child with a black woman and then having another Black girlfriend But the young late the black lady didn't want them and kind of gave him a run around and then he met a young White lady at work and they started talking and she came into his job. They started talking and he He's from the island. So he didn't want to necessarily date outside of his race So he just kind of ran from it for a while But she stayed consistent and stayed there and she grew up around black people And because her dad was a coach and so always around black athletes So she more so relate to black people than white people and they hit it off and they got together And it was like a happenstance thing for them And then I got a homeboy I grew up with who he was raised in the white neighborhood His family his mom was the educator dad educator and he has a white wife and it's because of Black girls will kind of see him as as lame or say oh you talk white and so when I look at the And I know another black guy that I met not too long ago He's half white and he has a white wife, but his mom is white And so I say this to say We have these things that we make a trend because social media and one of the things that we fail to realize is that with social media And just like with anything what social media does is it makes one thing seem like it's the norm But when you really if you go down the line and it may be different from each person But when I go down the line the two guys I was talking to today That's in my circle. Both of them have black wives. My barber has a black wife My daddy got a black wife My best friend from kindergarten who was at the game tonight in my suite. He got a black wife so I know three black men that has a wife of another race and but yet We will say oh Black men and gave up on black women and But when you go down the line You got to look at every person you know not just on social media not just what you're seeing And now we're seeing a lot of interracial couples on social media and we're seeing a Lot, you know just being publicized and now it's on commercials and stuff too because it's a lot of Biracial couples with a black woman and a white man That's going viral from reels. And so now they're going viral on reels and tiktoks so now commercials are put in interracial couples because of that and But when you think about it is and then we have this this group of men that we saying is you know the norm and It's this black man who He despises himself. There's a black man the type of black man who despises his race He's insecure about his race. He's self-hating. And so he goes outside of his race and That man also is a minority. That's not the the norm and But you just got to go down the list and see now one of the things that's very common in Amongst black men is colorism and you'll see and so that makes some Women say the black man has given up on the black woman because colorism is a very real thing and We all know why when we look at it. We all know hey Black people and it's not just colorism amongst men we saw the study of Colorism with the kids who was looking at the baby dolls and they say which one is the good doll They chose the white doll which one is the bad doll they chose the black doll And so the media has in America has made black people hate our skin color for Centuries and so we see that and I remember talking to you hear all the rappers talk about a red bone a red girl and then That's self-hate that self-hate and Then you see and I remember a homeboy who I have who he's still single to this day in his mid 30s But I remember talking to him is like well man, what kind of woman you looking for? He like man, she got to be red But his mama is my color. He is my color.   They mama jealous of them. They mama talk down to them They mama combative with them they mama against them and You have to think about that pain and then this narrative of the black woman is loud and she this and she that it's like When men are real men honest and the black men are really honest the black woman is the most loving the most trusting the most trustworthy Woman on the place on the face of the planet like the black woman is the most loyal woman on the face of the planet because When you look at what black women put up with from they man It's hard to find another race of woman who putting up with from putting up with that from they man Especially under the circumstances like you will see Asian women get the The foot of that man on their neck, but the man got money they got Family they got unity. They got money the kids in private school You'll see that in the Hispanic community too, but Because they may be disadvantage in a lot of neighborhoods the woman got the state out but with a lot of black women a lot of black women put up with no good black men who really can't even bring much to the table and So when we really honest about that, but here's the thing There's always this little segment this little remnant of men who they'll take and they'll say a You know black women if like women that and they'll get a voice and I'ma tell you We start to believe this and so so many women said oh So many women said yeah, we giving up on black men because black men has given up on us and that's not true black men ain't giving up on black women a lot of black men and gave up on themselves and In in turn don't know how to love a woman because they don't know how to love themselves and The thing about it is the media will exacerbate this narrative because you will see these black men who are self-hating and Who despise black women because of the one woman that cheated on them or that hurt them? These men will then start making noise start barking and they start speaking to this remnant of men who are but hurt So now you got this group of men who but hurt and They become the loudest online and that's how negativity works in the world in the space y'all got to forgive I'm out in public. So I got to keep my head on the swivel watching my surrounding I can't get caught up in the video. So I'm talking at the same time, but looking around So this ain't nothing but Lord speaking through me because I can't even really focus on what I'm doing and Listen to me now So now this noise start to be made and if you'll notice like okay The bless tribe the bless tribe got thousands of members in it probably close to 3,000 members in the bless tribe But in the comments of the video that I did should black women give up on black men It the bless tribe know where to be found in there and all the the detractors the people that's Going off going off. They in the comments and they against the video the way the algorithm work is the algorithm taking put alone comment that has words of Disagreement it bumps it up to the top Because it say a this gonna be this creating a dialogue it'll bump up certain comments to the top and Those comments to get a hundred likes But then the comments in support of the video it could be fifty or a hundred of them It'll hide those I'll see them, but it'll hide them and they'll get zero likes And so what the algorithm do is it promote negativity? That's how when you see somebody doing something whoever disagree with the post they comment at the top So our world loves Negativity our world loves drama and the reason being is because most people are not happy on their job Most people are not happy in their life Most people are not happy in their relationship. So when you go online, you don't want cohesion and unity You want chaos and drama because it's entertaining That's why reality TV is a thing because of all of the drama and people want to see that drama because their life May be unfulfilled But when you tap into a fulfilled life What you're gonna find when you get to that space to where you've chosen joy you've chosen happiness You really don't even watch reality TV no more.  They're not online Because they trying to get the six figures or seven figures or eight figures So they not online in the comment section. They had Starbucks sitting and working on a business They at church every time the doors is open they in the local small business groups the local entrepreneurship groups They in the local communities. They out in the real world. They in the gym They in the coffee shop. They in the church. They in the library They're not on social media in the comments. So therefore we see all of this thing We see all of these people and we see a thousand people say oh, well, this is the new thing Somebody say I see lots of black men with non black women Literally go down the list and count that really counting and see how many you know And you're gonna know three or four. You're gonna know five to ten But you looking at a microcosm You got to look at the whole world and the thing about it even when you look out when you look at our representation You look at the representation. That's hot deal. Okay, Barack Blight woman and LeBron James blight woman Dwayne Wade blight woman who on TV steve Harvey blight woman Tyler Pear don't know what he got going on. I'm trying to think of the black man. That's not Jay-Z blight woman Now you see Kanye West. That's right there some of them actors a lot of them actors They got different they be with different color women, you know all kind of women But when you get down to the street on the street level and you look at your uncles You look at your brothers.  So I got to go Nobody that's out there and so We got to understand that it's still a whole nother side of this it's a whole nother side of this and You have to know what you want in your life and change your narrative for yourself and stop just seeing believe in what The algorithm is pushing because it's gonna push what's gonna create the most drama Hey, so do your research spend the rest of the day going down your list Doing your research everybody, you know Even the people you see online and count it up and you do the math and you do the number for your demographic For your area where you at?  We'll talk soon


We are back. We continue with the Hello, how are you? Hi, Santiago. How are you doing? I'm good So today you're gonna talk about the high performance data processing with Python and Kafka and elastic search If you are ready we can start All right, okay Sounds good. So let's begin with the my talk So hi everyone. I hope everyone is doing well Today I will be speaking on high performance data processing with Python Kafka and elastic search to provide an overview like how Like to provide an overview all kind of applications these days work on data Data is used to represent a set of information and sometimes this set of information is either so large or Crucial that it needs a better infrastructure to perform updates faster to the data store So in this talk, we will be further looking how this can be achieved All right, so before beginning with my talk I will better tell more about myself I am currently working as a software engineer at pro first. It's India's largest equals to shopping platform I completed my bachelor's in technology in electronics and communication recently last year from LMS information technology It's in India I have been past participant in open source programs like Google summer of code where I have experienced working with the open source organizations like for secia and son Both are like open source based organizations. I've been like active contributor in these organizations in the past Yeah, so before proceeding with my talk Let's talk about What will be the overview of my talk? So first of all, I will be first discussing about the problem statement related to when we process high data and Their messaging cues can be helpful which will give an idea what we are going to talk about in upcoming slides Then secondly, then I will be discussing about the solution to solve the problem since as my title hints about the messaging cues so we will be discussing about the producer consumer design model and And I will be taking one real word example How these actually work and I will keep it really simple to understand like how things will be connecting with each other Afterwards, I will discuss more about end-to-end workflow like how the components of the solution are connected with each other and How we are solving problems to process data more efficiently and faster and Then at the last I will be giving a quote walkthrough how things are working in terms of code and Will end with conclusion learnings and qs session. All right so let's begin so Let's start with the problem statement first So imagine you are creating your own retail shopping app Let's say you are an entrepreneur and you want to create a retail shopping app Now you deployed this app on an app store so it can be available publicly to the customers and They can use it to place an order from your app now Let's consider how this app is working currently at the moment We have a customer who will place an order through your app Once this order is placed successfully. It will Send an acknowledgement to the customer like hey your order has been placed. We will deliver it to you by the next day So after sending the acknowledgement to the customer The app should make changes in the data store internally to provide a better user experience By what this is I mean, so let me explain a bit further more Here we will be using our data store to store product related information So let's say since you are creating a retail shopping app. So your data store must have a Product related information in your data store like and it can have information like product inventory its price its name etc in our case behavior should be Like once the order is placed for the product as you can see it should update its inventory in the data store to avoid unnecessary orders for the same product because let's say if you have a same product having a stock of five units and One customer orders it like all the five units and another customer is trying to place an order with the same product Having a zero stock out. So in this case Things can go wrong. So in this way like It should so that is why we are using a detest like this is we are using to avoid any unnecessary orders for the same product now assume that the things are going well and Current workflow is working fine for you You have let's say receiving an average order rate Let's say 10 orders per day Now based on the customer experience like things are going well your app is doing great And in the market people are talking about your app and they are like hey, let's try this out. It's a really cool retail app Then more customers will get on board on your platform So based on the customer experience More people will register on your app To place an order for a product they want Let's say it gets scaled from 10 customers to 10,000 customers Alright, so that is like thousand times for daily active users on your app So in this case, this can be a bit challenging to provide them a better customer experience so Like as I mentioned earlier like the main issue can be like products getting out of stock and Customers are not getting what they want right so If we look this problem in more detail We can see the how our services are working the overall app workflow how it's working So if we look inside the app component, we can see how it's working internally the there are two services handling the request Service one is responsible for providing the content on the app and the service to is responsible to update the data store Based on event like order play successfully So now this is what a problem looks here. This flow is having a many drawbacks First is you don't know what are the number of updates your data store might be receiving since Now the customers are from now the customers like thousand times on platform then you really don't know like at like what are the numbers of the updates of the different different products you are receiving as An update on your data store Second is what is the rate of events being received by a background service to from service? So basically my background service to is acting as an update as I mentioned earlier and The service one is actually acting as for the product visibility All right. So in this case, we don't know How much rate of events we can expect sometimes there can be a traffic spike sometimes there can't be any traffic spike So how we can handle such situations? third is The another third drawback is slow and synchronous updates This can happen due to like since the number of customers are really high. This can cause low throughput in the overall systems and the low like the Low throughput can cause the overall increase in latency for the services working and handling all the external requests this can be constantly in terms of business since it's disturbing the user experience and Not able to provide a correct information on the app And another final proper I can think of is like you might face time of errors if the systems will be receiving too many of requests at the same time So also there can be a chances you can also develop some of these conditions as well if your service is working as concurrent So to solve such drawbacks. We use a famous design pattern called the producer consumer model Let's understand how it's working technically Here is a messaging queue Which is responsible to process Like the data coming from the producer to the consumer. So basically a messaging queue is Can be a process where it can be it would be having a data structure in memory to store the Upcoming messages and consuming those messages It can be the process running on the same machine as the other components interacting with the queue or It can be running on a different external machine and other components in traffic with the queue In short like on the other external machine Messages are like a small size data, which tells what task has to be done. So here we have two components producer and consumers and Producer is responsible to generate the message and push it to the queue and the consumer is responsible to pick the message and do the processing as per the message producer keeps on pushing pushing the messages and the consumer keeps on consuming and those messages so in this way like we can Use the messaging queue and it is actually helping us to decouple the load on the overall systems one another good reason to use such pattern is that somehow let's say my Consumer so the consumers which are basically taking the updates and stool and Sending those updates to my data store somehow they get stopped working Then in this case producer will keep on pushing the load to the messaging queue and our queue will hold it until the Consumers are up again and stable in the production this will actually help us to keep data more persistent and will and will help us to receive important important updates to our data store without any loss of any information so This is how our solution looks like so let's say Now you are facing a lot of challenges in processing the high data on your app and you were facing let's say a App experience was really slow or race conditions were being developed which were causing a lot of dead-downs in the production Now using this pattern. This is how a solution looks like here Here we will be using a messaging queue in our app flow as you can see so I have taken for this example. I have taken a no SQL database Which is a elastic search where I will be storing my all the products information Here Kafka will be used as a messaging queue to keep track of information from producer that is from retail shopping app Service will be console the service will be consuming the information at some rate. There is some rate. Let's say it's Some imaginary rate we are doing since we I don't have much information So let's assume. There's some kind of it by which the information is getting consumed here We can define our business logic also and can process it accordingly So once that data is processed the service will be responsible to send that update to the elastic search Which is my basically product data store The app will request this piece of information again and the new information will be visible to the customers So let's go through it once again. So basically I'm using this app. I Just brought one product having an inventory. Let's say one or two Then this inventory update will go through my Kafka then it will be consumed by the service Then the service will be responsible to take that update and process it and then after processing It will send this update to my data store that is elastic search and once it will be updated on my elastic search again my app will be like all the products will be Visible to the customers with the fresh information Without any loss or any downtime at the production So the advantages we can see here of this flow The process will be kind of you can implement in implement it as asynchronous Which means that you can queue them and consume it when you want and you can have multiple consumers as well it also helps you like You can separate out the business logic from the service and messaging queue will be working separately third is like performance monitoring and the metrics which I think also basically By performance monitoring and metrics, I mean So the rate at which the bits will be coming you can clearly estimate that things like how much traffic spike you're experiencing or how much your app is handling the load And the metrics you can see if the app is performing really well how much is the throughput and the latency being occurring on your app Also, it's a more resilient solution. That means you have very, very less chances of application going down. Okay, so Let's see how this is working in form of basically code. So before like proceeding to the code walkthrough Let's discuss like what kind of data are we going to update in our data store that is elastic search This is how my product data looks like in a in my elastic search data store in our example, we will try to update the stock of the product without affecting other properties of the product and last document All right. Okay. So with one thing, like two more things actually. So I wanted to mention like in the during the code walkthrough I've implemented both producer and consumer In a same service just to develop understanding like how the workflow is working. But in real world applications, these can implemented as separate microservices and they can be like Combined and orchestrated in a way in a production in a real world. So I have used Python 3 fast API framework and the async Kafka and async elastic search client We will be going through each step like producing and pushing data to Kafka and again consuming from Kafka Okay, so I'm sending consuming from Kafka and then possessing it and sending it for an update to elastic search in my code. I've defined a retail streamer which signifies my overall data streamer having two components producer and consumer So this is the code for producing and the pushing the data to Kafka. First, we initialize our fast API application as you can see, then initialize our Kafka client. I'm using my like I'm using the AIO Kafka client to support the async and await operations. So this can help me to like basically distribute process my updates asynchronously on the application level. So main function begins from the line 21 where I have defined method by name Kafka produce which will take the data payload from the request. So as you can see it's taking the data payload and also it is taking the topic name as well. So it will assign some message ID to it. Then it will just send this to the AIO like to the Kafka producer via like as you can see AIO producer is actually sending my message to the Kafka. Okay, so in this way we are actually producing the message. So overall, like this is the code which will be work like once the acknowledgement is sent to the customer like the order has been placed. This code will get activated and this will be this code will be responsible for sending that update all the like all the summarized things in the message that what has to be done. So this is how overall request payload and the response looks like if an like order is placed on that as I said it will send it is sending the payload to the Kafka. So this is how the payload looks like. You can also observe that I am separately creating a message ID which is unique. This will like this message ID can be helpful to trace my updates if they were successful on the consumer side or not or did it got failed due like on the producer side. So this is like the trace ID can be helpful for me. All right, so that was for the data producer. Now we are looking at the code for the data consumers. So once my messages has been produced and pushed to Kafka, this is the code for consuming data from Kafka and updating data to and this code is will be also responsible to update data to elastic search. So the overall implementation is same as it was for the producer code. You can see that the main function begins from the line eight where I have defined method by name Kafka consume. This will take data from the Kafka queue and just basically actually holds the queue every time to see if any message has been received or not. So this is kind of a real time. So let's say my data set is really small and how should I say like it's in 1000 2000 or so this will be like consuming very fast like within one second or two seconds. So there will be a like it will be a real time based. So once we receive this message, as you can see we process them before sending it to elastic search. So an elastic search also we are like sending this as a bulk update. So from Kafka let's say we have received some kind of 1000 messages and I am sending them and batch of 500 500 to the elastic search, making my code actually like better performing. So this is how overall like request looks like, which it has consumed it from the Kafka the response basically tells that data was consumed and updated to elastic search successfully. And you can also see that it is also like telling me for from which what topic it is coming, like from which topic it is actually consuming the messages. So let's look at the data update code. So once we have received the data, now my service, which is separate from the Kafka queue will be responsible to update this this like the information coming from the message to the elastic search. Now, this is the code for possessing the data and sending update to ES from the message update to the ES from the message we get product ID. And in context to our example, I am storing document with underscore ID, which will be like, which will be my product ID and the underscore ID here in in the elastic search shows it is a unique document. Then it fetches the document from the ES on the basis of the underscore ID and then we update the only necessary document which has to be updated. So this is how a final update to the ES looks like after going through producer consumer flow. So as you can see, like earlier mass, like the product stock was five. And let's say I shopped on the app. And then I basically checked like I put those two items and then checked out successfully. And after that it sent like knowledge to my system. And it sent the update back to that micastore. Now the stock has been changed here. So you can see you can change the any kind of information you want. And this can be handled on the service layer actually. So conclusion and learnings from this talk is first of all, like we learned about producer consumer models, how do they work, their advantages to process millions of data. Second thing is we had a deep dive in the example of producer consumer, how they can be used by taking a real example. Then third we understand understood like how the data store is being updated and like how we can achieve a better performance and other benefits using a messaging queue. So these are the conclusion and learnings. Most of the learnings I have covered. If anyone is interested to see the Python code implementation, how things are working together as whole system, they can like find the whole code on my repository. I also have a proper documentation for that to if you are interested to take a deep exploration in my code and want to run it locally, then it's all there. All right. If you have any questions, you can also reach me out on matrix email or LinkedIn. Those are my social handles. All right. That's all from my end. Thank you everyone for joining and thank you to the EuroPython community for having me here. Wow. Super nice. Thank you. Now we have one question for you. Yes. And it says, are you using files to process Kafka topics? I mean like first, no, so basically I'm using fast API application, fast API to process those Kafka like Kafka topics are generally like coming from the AIO Kafka client and the framework which I'm using is the fast API. So fast API is like working. I'm using those inbuilt clients of fast API and the Kafka client like supporting those async operations. Yeah. Yeah, I understand. And some people here says that they did have repo might be private. Yeah, I will just make it public after this talk. Perfect. Yeah, I forgot to do it public actually. Okay. Well, if people have more questions, they will ask them in the breakout room in the parrot. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Thank you very much. Thank you. You too. Bye bye.


Dear God, thank you so much for this day. Thank you, Lord, as we're about to learn the book of Philippians here, but you fill us with your knowledge and wisdom, though, and I pray for all of my classmates and friends and my brothers and sisters that they will grow strong and mature in your work, God, that they will learn to pray for me, that they will make a day and night and continue to live for you.  Thank you for passing through the vehicle, God, that she's about to teach, God, that you pour out your spirit, God, and help our Lord, that she's teaching us, God. Thank you all for this opportunity to learn your truths and your word. And you may pray, Amen. Amen. Yes, thank you so much. Yeah. So just to touch upon this last portion of Ephesians six, you know, which we could not cover last time, which talks about the spiritual armor that we are supposed to wear. Now, most of us are very familiar with this because entire books have been written on this topic. So just to very quickly go through that and then, you know, we will get into the epistle to the Philippians. So in Ephesians chapter six was 14 onwards where you have the description of the spiritual armor that is given over there. It first starts off by talking about the belt of truth. It says, stand firm then with a belt of truth buckled around your waist.  It's called a breastplate, but it doesn't just cover the chest area. It's something which would hang literally, you know, it would be made of metal and leather and it would literally hang from their shoulders all the way down to their, you know, knee level. So that, you know, no arrow would be able to hit them and harm any vital organs. So this actually would, even though it's called a breastplate, it's not really a breastplate. It's more like a, it's like a more, more like a protective piece of equipment that hung all the way from the shoulders right down to your knees. And so when the soldier would be, you know, moving about running and, you know, fighting and all of that, it would be so easy for this thing, this breastplate to get displaced because it's just basically two pieces of that metal and leather combination. You know, the two pieces would be joined over here at the shoulders with some kind of clippings and all that. So you would have that hanging in the front and you would have it hanging in the back and it's just losing, you know, hanging loosely. So the belt, which this soldier would be wearing is what would keep it in place. So the belt would grip, you know, around the waist and make sure that this protective piece of equipment that the person is wearing would stay in place and not get, you know, displaced and expose him to arrows and all of that. So that was the main purpose of this belt of truth, you know. And so over here, we see that Paul is comparing this belt to the truth because when we as believers choose to believe in the word of God and we hold on to that truth and we refuse to believe in the lives of Satan, then you see the rest of the armor is kept in place. If you take away that one fundamental thing where we start, you know, doubting the word of God, where we start doubting the truth of what God has said, the entire, the rest of the armor starts getting displaced. It starts getting dismantled, which is what happened in the case of Eve.  Maybe he was holding back information which we need for our good. And so she began to doubt him and that led to the displacement, the dismantling of everything else. So the belt of truth becomes very vital because that is what holds the rest of the armor together. So our belief and trust in the truth of God's word and also the belt of truth in the sense where we choose to live in integrity, where we choose to, you know, to speak truthfully, to be sincere in our actions towards others, where we are not cheating them or in some way deceiving them, but being very honest and transparent. So all of these things make sure that the rest of the armor stays in place, you know, because this belt of truth used to have clips. So they would, in fact, hang the sword also from that belt. You know, if a soldier wanted to carry a dagger, there would be a clip for that as well where he could just tuck in the dagger as well. So this belt was something which held the entire armor together. So it was so vital. So we believers, if we do not have integrity in our lives and also if we are not really 100% trusting in the truth of God's word and we doubt him, if these things are not in place, then the rest of the armor gets affected. So this is something very vital and that's probably why Paul mentions it very first in this list when he's describing the armor. Then he actually goes on to talk about this long piece of protective equipment that they used to wear, which in our English, they just call it as breastplate. So it's a covering made of metal and leather which hangs literally from your shoulder down to your knees. So this protection, you know, for all the vital organs. Now, of course, our righteousness would have to extend right from the head up down to our toes because when we choose to live in righteousness, which the God has given us, when we choose to live in that righteousness, when we choose not to live in sin, then Satan will not be able to attack us. We will be shielded, we will be protected. On the other hand, if a person has been living in sin, then Satan kind of gets hold over that person and can meddle in their life, can bring harm to them. So it becomes important to have this breastplate of righteousness where we choose to live in righteousness, in holiness, under the covering and protection of God. The third piece of armor that is discussed is, you know, it would be verse 15 where it says, with your feet fitted with the readiness that comes from the gospel of peace. So it's important to note that our feet are fitted with readiness. Our feet are not fitted with the gospel. Our feet are fitted with readiness. The readiness to be able to move swiftly. The readiness to act in a single moment, you know, in a time of crisis and to be able to act rightly in a way that, you know, God would honor or that God would be pleased with.  So to have feet that are literally fitted with readiness and how does this readiness come? It comes by our, you know, meditating on this gospel of peace, in our applying this gospel of peace to our air, to every aspect of our everyday life. So even as we meditate on this gospel, even as we absorb it into our lives, even as we, you know, practice what the gospel of peace teaches us, even as we live out in that way, we start becoming very ready to be able to handle, you know, the challenges of life and also the spiritual challenges which Satan brings. So the readiness comes from following the gospel of peace. And when we follow the gospel of peace, this is the promise that's made in Romans 16 verse 20, where it says, the God of peace, you know, the God who gave this gospel of peace, it says, the God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet. So when we are, our feet are fitted with readiness, the readiness which comes by following the gospel of peace, then the very God of peace, he will see to it that Satan is crushed under our shoes, you know, under our shoes which are ready. So in that sense. And then it also talks about the shield of faith. Now this is something that's more familiar to us because a lot of sermons touch upon it. In those days, the shield was made of many layers of leather and then all the layers of leather would be held together by a metal frame.  So the soldier has a wet, you know, a shield with him. When those flames come and hit, you know, because of the dampness and the wetness of the shield, those would be quenched, you know, the fire would go out and they would be safe, they would not be harmed. So in the same way, Satan is always trying to hit us with doubts, trying to distance us from God, trying to make us, you know, not stay near God. Where we would, you know, start thinking, okay, is the Lord really faithful? Does he really care? So Satan is always trying to make us increase the distance between us and God. And so when we have the shield of faith in place, may we choose to say, I believe in what the scriptures are saying about the Lord. And even those circumstances seem to be indicating that the Lord has abandoned. I know that he has not done that. I know that he is greatly faithful.  Then we come to the helmet of salvation, which of course, you know, when we renew our minds, when we continue to protect our minds with what the scripture says is the right attitude, with what scripture says are the correct facts about our standing in Christ. You know, when we accept these truths and we align our minds with what God is saying about us, what God is saying about the finished work of the cross and how powerful it is. When we align our minds with these truths, then that becomes like a helmet. It shields and protects us, you know, from wrong thinking and from getting deceived by the evil one. And then of course, we have the sword of the spirit. And this of course is something that has been, you know, dealt with in great detail by a lot of preachers. So we use the word of God to fight against whatever Satan, you know, brings, whatever temptation Satan brings. So every single time that temptation comes, we choose to say just like Jesus did, you know, in the desert in the wilderness, we choose to stand and say, no, rather than doing what you are asking me to do, I choose to do what the scripture tells me to do. So in that sense, the word of God becomes a sword.  I choose to do what the scripture is saying rather than what you are saying. So in that sense, you use that scripture as a sword, as your strength to stand upon that and to fight against Satan using that scripture, believing completely in the truth of that scripture and choosing to practice that, choosing to apply that to your life rather than, you know, given to whatever it is that Satan is asking you to do. So we would basically use the sword of the spirit in that manner. And then in verse 18 is generally considered as being part of the armor as well, even though Paul doesn't explicitly mention any piece of equipment over here in our verse 18, you know, they say that this too is a part of the armor because he says over here praying always with all prayer and supplication in the spirit, being watchful to this end with all perseverance and supplication for all the saints. So over here, what are the prayers that are being offered? These prayers are being offered so that the body of Christ, the church is protected and shielded from all the tactics and schemes, you know, which Satan is trying to come up to divide the church, to destroy the church. So we anticipate beforehand that the evil one may attack and that he may use certain strategies to, you know, bring division and all kinds of sin among us. So we anticipate beforehand and we begin to pray against the strategies of the evil one. So even before the attack has come, we get down on our knees as a church in prayer and we pray that the Lord will strengthen us, prepare us in our spirits so that when the time of attack comes, you know, we will be able to come out victorious. And this is basically what even, you know, Jesus did for Peter. So the Lord says to Peter, a time will come when Satan will literally sift you like wheat, but don't worry because I'm going to be praying for you. So because of my prayers, you will come out victorious at the end of it all. Yes, you will betray me, but in spite of all of that, in the end you will come out victorious. Why? Because I have, you know, prayed for you. So they say that Paul was probably referring to the spear. So a soldier would have a sword, of course, but he would also on some occasions have a long spear with him, you know, which he can fling at the enemy. So they say that probably Paul had that long spear in mind when he talks about this point of prayer. So the prayer too becomes a part of the equipment, part of the spiritual armor and prayer is that long spear which we throw at Satan in advance, even before he has, you know, literally come to us. We throw it in advance. And so in that way, we are on the offensive through our prayers.  And so through our prayers, already, you know, we kind of guarantee our future victory. So in that sense. So those are all the pieces of armor, you know, which are talked about in our Ephesians chapter six. So we look at how these pieces of armor apply to our Christian walk. And we, you know, we would need to reflect on how we can use all of these things in staying in the Lord, in being strong in him, you know? So how can I use, you know, truth to really stay in the Lord? We would have to ask ourselves, okay, when it comes to prayer, how can we use prayer to really go on the offensive against Satan? So we kind of reflect on these pieces of armor and we ask ourselves, when it comes to applying this to the spiritual walk that we have, how do we apply each of these pieces of armor? I know to our Christian walk. So that's basically what would be involved, you know, in studying this particular passage and applying it to our lives. So, you know, I just didn't want to spend too much time on that, but I did want to touch upon it. So we are basically, you know, done with the book of Ephesians. And in fact, now we will move into Philippians. I will, you know, restart the recording so that Philippians can start off as a...