Item Number – SCP-346 Object Class – Safe Special Containment Procedures SCP-346 is to be kept in a store-bought birdcage, at least 1 meter in height, at 1.5 meters in width either way. No locks or additional security measures are required, as SCP-346 is no stronger nor smarter than the average parakeet. SCP-346's cage is to contain at least two water dishes with standing perches, to be refilled daily, and fed a diet of five to six medium-sized live crickets daily. SCP-346's cage also contains one tree branch for perching, scratching, and climbing. One open-top nest purchased at a commercial pet store, lined with moss, and a string with bright colored bells on it for entertainment. The bottom of SCP-346's cage is covered with corn cob-based biodegradable bedding, and is to be cleaned out and replaced every other week. During cleaning, SCP-346 may be either held by hand, allowed to fly around a room with a closed door, or placed in a paper bag with a book over the end to be held out of the way. SCP-346's cage is held in Dr. Wright's office, and may not be moved without her permission. Despite SCP-346's habit of nibbling fingertips and pulling strands of hair, SCP-346 poses no danger upon escape, and may be recaptured gently, with either a net or by hand. Description SCP-346 is a small member of an unidentified family of pterodactyl, ancient flying reptiles. SCP-346 is approximately the size of a small bat, and has very lightweight bone structure. Although its head, wings, and legs are bare, its main body is covered with a soft coat of fur-like dark-colored down. The origin of SCP-346 is unknown, and was purchased by Agent B and a small pet shop in Brazil, being marketed under the name Kongo-Mado. The owner of the pet store claims not to know where SCP-346 came from, having purchased a set of eggs off the black market, of which only one, SCP-346, hatched. Believing them to be from a rare species of parrot, some theories suggest that there may be a large colony of creatures similar to SCP-346 somewhere in South America. Testing has revealed that SCP-346 is an adult, but appears to have had its growth somewhat stunted by malnutrition and being raised in a small cramped cage. SCP-346 is also a male, and has been nicknamed by staff who find the little creature's appearance charming as Terry. SCP-346 behaves in a manner similar to birds and bats, being most active at dawn and dusk, and energetically flying in whatever space it's given, snapping up insects either out of the air or off the ground in branches. SCP-346 chirps and squeaks in a manner similar to birds and rodents, and is most vocal during the evening hours. Some describe this as endearing, others as annoying. Addendum 1. After the discovery of SCP-1265, some theories suggest that there may be a large colony of creatures similar to SCP-346 somewhere in South America. However, the existence of SCP-346 implies that these alleged colonies, should they exist, do not possess the same anomalous properties as SCP-1265. Addendum 2. It has been suggested that further investigation into the origins of SCP-346 should be taken, in the hopes of finding a large colony of similar creatures, perhaps indicative of a surviving member of the pterodactyl lineage, or a rip in space and time. SCP-346 should be kept well away from SCP-529, as per request of Dr. Wrights. Item Number SCP-359 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures SCP-359 is to be contained within a 30 meter by 30 meter by 30 meter concrete structure. This structure is not to be entered between the hours of 9pm and 6am local standard time. Any monitoring of SCP-359 during these hours is to be done via security cameras, installed within the structure.  Acceptable substitutions to this diet must be cleared with agent and doctor. All remnants of SCP-359's prey are to be completely cleaned out of the containment structure by 8.45pm the following day. Description SCP-359 appears to be a metal sculpture of a red-tailed hawk, with a wingspan of approximately 4.3 meters, perched atop a 12 meter arch. During daylight hours, approximately 6am to 9pm local standard time, it displays no signs of movement and does not respond to any external stimuli. However, it has been determined by the foundation that between the hours of 9pm and 6am, it displays the typical behaviors of an adult red-tailed hawk, apart from being nocturnal. SCP-359 is apparently capable of flight. The mechanisms through which it accomplishes this have not been determined, as its wings are too short to allow for flight. SCP-359 was originally located just south of... in the United States. It first came to the foundation's attention when local foresters began finding dead bodies of white-tailed deer, the docoilius virginianus, in the area, within a 1 kilometer radius of the sculpture, which looked to have been preyed upon. The white-tailed deer has no natural predators in the state of... investigation officially began when motorists on the stretch of state route that passes by SCP-359 reported that the hawk was not on top of the arch. On the same day, a local farmer reported finding the sculpture in his field, standing over the body of one of his cows, which had injuries consistent with predation by a large bird of prey. The farmer was administered a class amnestic and fed the story that the cow had died of natural causes and its body eaten by coyotes. Route B was closed for repairs, and SCP-359 was transferred to its current containment site and replaced with an immobile replica. Addendum 1. Prior to containment, no evidence existed that SCP-359 had ever attempted to prey on anything besides hoofed mammals. However, since being contained, it has attacked, killed, and eaten four D-class personnel who entered its containment structure during restricted hours. Investigation into the cause of this shift in dietary preferences is ongoing. Item Number SCP-368 Object Class Safe Special Containment Procedures SCP-368 has not yet warranted any need for containment. Though it has the movement patterns and behavior common to a normal bird, neither it nor any of its copies have shown any desire to migrate from the offices in which they are stored. Description SCP-368 is an animate origami crane folded from ornate-heavy stock paper. Left to its own devices, it will perch, preen, fly from platform to platform, groom, and occasionally construct a makeshift nest out of nearby office supplies. It responds to human touch affectionately, much as a domesticated bird would. The item's demeanor is, on the whole, friendly, and it has been observed to perch on the shoulders of various SCP personnel. Though the item needs no source of nourishment, it appears to sleep at night. In that, it places its head under its wing. Studying the physical properties of SCP-368 is proven difficult. The item seems to interpret attempts to capture or contain it as a game, and has displayed considerable agility and resourcefulness in evading the most focused attempts at containment. How SCP-368 stays airborne and maintains its stability while airborne are still not known. History SCP-368 was discovered in an office building in Japan in 19- Now employed as 14-1158, a former employee at the aforementioned building, found the item in a closet full of office supplies. Upon discovery of SCP-368, 14-1158 managed to gain its trust in order to move it to a more secure location. Psychological evaluations of 14-1158 indicated her to be of sufficient mental stability and acuity to warrant a position within the SCP organization. Cross SCP Warnings It is recommended that SCP-368 be isolated from SCP-529 and SCP-530, as contact will almost certainly alarm all three SCPs. Addendum 022 On date undisclosed, while housed in Research Sector 15, SCP-368 began displaying unusual behavior. Instead of its normal routine of human interaction, grooming, and play, it began hovering over a photocopier, flattening itself whenever SCP personnel approached. Dr. W. W. placed SCP-368 into the photocopier and made a copy, upon which another sheet of paper of identical pattern but different hue emerged from the copier and promptly folded itself into a shape mimicking that of the original. SCP-368 in the new specimen, referred to as SCP-368 Alpha, resumed usual behavior. Since then, SCP-368 has displayed similar behavior at intervals varying between two and four years, while the copies have shown no such behavior. Though initially overseer O. W. disallowed any employee from aiding in the reproduction of SCP-368, and Dr. W. was reprimanded for his action, remarkably high employee morale at Research Sector 15 led to the introduction of the progeny of SCP-368 at further SCP facilities. Item Number SCP-391 Object Class Safe Special Containment Procedures SCP-391 is to be kept in a 5x5x5 meter aviary made of heavy steel mesh. Structures mimicking mixed broadleaf deciduous and pine forests should be placed inside the aviary. Artificial lights, mimicking normal day and night patterns, are to be kept well maintained. Temperature and humidity should be controlled to mimic a humid continental climate. The door to the aviary is to be kept locked at all times when SCP-391 is not being studied, maintained, or fed. Personnel exiting the aviary are to be searched for objects removed from the aviary. Personnel attempting to remove material from the aviary without permission will be reprimanded. Description SCP-391 is a single female specimen of Tito Alba, or common barn owl. Pellets regurgitated by SCP-391 are typically comprised of some form of precious metal. The metal produced seems to vary with the type of prey ingested. The owl, nicknamed Midas, has been documented regurgitating gold, silver, platinum, and other precious metals. Refer to the SCP-391 test logs for more information. SCP-391 was acquired in 2000 after a park ranger reported finding nuggets of gold resembling owl pellets. The Foundation found the report during a routine information sweep. All owls in a 50 kilometer radius were tranquilized and captured under the guise of a tagging and tracking experiment. Agents examined and released over owls before SCP-391 was found. Addendum 3911 After several examinations by Foundation veterinarians, no anomalies have been found within SCP-391. Other than its unusual ability, SCP-391 is a normal adult member of its species. Addendum 3912 Due to repeated contact with researchers Dr. W. W. and Dr. W. SCP-391 has become accustomed to some human contact. However, SCP-391 is still a wild animal and should be treated with caution and respect. Note, Dr. W. W. requested permission to breed SCP-391 to see whether the trait would be passed to its young. Request pending approval from the site director. SCP-391 Experiment Log Note, these experiments were carried out after SCP-391 was kept on a restricted diet of boneless, skinless chicken for a week. Researchers also withheld food for 12 hours prior to testing.  It was the same size as a pellet from a normal owl. There couldn't have been more than 10 grams of indigestible material on the rat, but the pellet weighed the correct weight for a piece of indium of that size. It seems that whatever is facilitating the change in matter doesn't adhere to the law of conservation of mass.  No energy or mass change in the system could account for this increase. It seems color is not important to the reaction. The pellet produced however can't yet be explained without violating the basic laws of physics. Name Dr. W. Date Expunged Item One 320 gram black rat Reaction Same as previous tests Output Same as previous tests Note, the rat used in the test was radio labeled and the digestion process was observed with specialized equipment. The meat of the rat was separated from the fur and bone and digested as one would expect in a regular owl. The extra mass in the pellet is not coming from the ingested material itself. Item Number SCP-514 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures There is currently no permanent containment site for SCP-514. SCP-514 is currently being tracked by Mobile Task Force Lambda-4 aka birdwatchers who are under orders to observe SCP-514. In the event that SCP-514 strays near a densely populated area or an area where its presence will be easily noticed, Mobile Task Force Lambda-4 is authorized to use the rat in order to manipulate SCP-514's migration patterns. Access to SCP-514 in the rat is restricted to Mobile Task Force Lambda-4. Level 4 personnel may also have access, but must have 05 level approval beforehand. Any experiments and weapons tests with SCP-514 must be performed exclusively at the Foundation Advanced Weapons Research Facility. In the event that SCP-514 risks public exposure or capture by rival groups, Mobile Task Force Lambda-4 is authorized to terminate the threat by any means necessary. It is highly recommended that such threats be terminated before they reach SCP-514's zone of influence, though this is not strictly necessary. Description SCP-514 is a flock of Colombo-Livia domestica or homing pigeons. Visual analysis confirms that these pigeons are in fact the kind used in White Dove release ceremonies. However, the type of ceremony they were used in, or the identity of who bred these doves, is currently unknown. What makes SCP-514 unusual is the weapon and aggression nullification zone of influence it seems to project around itself. This zone of influence projects itself in a roughly 500 meter radius around the flock, though this estimation varies depending on the flock's size. This zone of influence renders every known type of weapon inoperable, and often destroys affected weapons after prolonged exposure. For instance, firearms will immediately jam or misfire, explosives will be rendered inert, and melee weapons will decay into dust. Also, the items SCP-514's zone of influence destroys appear to be selective. For further details, see Experiment Log 514A. In addition to its weapon nullification ability, SCP-514 can also somehow suppress violent emotions and intent, incenting beings within the zone of influence. Interviews with staff and civilians who had been exposed to the zone of influence said that they felt very calm and content, even when they felt stressed and angry just moments before. For further details, see Experiment Log 514B. Currently, there appears to be no harmful or lasting effects to being exposed to SCP-514's zone of influence. Rigorous physical and psychological screening of individuals exposed to the zone of influence showed nothing out of the ordinary. SCP-514 was first discovered when numerous reports of weapons stockpiles were reported as having been destroyed in numerous African nations. While the initial reports were written off as poor maintenance on the part of the owners of the weapons, additional reports of sightings of a flock of homing pigeons, which are uncommon in Africa, garnered foundation interest. An investigation team was sent to track SCP-514, where they encountered a team claiming to be affiliated with the Mana Charitable Foundation, who were also tracking it. The MCF members admitted they released SCP-514 in an effort to quote, end all conflict in Africa, and quote, despite not having a reliable way to control its movements. Unfortunately, the MCF was apparently unaware that SCP-514's aggression suppression effects were only temporary once affected subjects were no longer within its zone of influence, and they would resume hostilities with improvised or primitive weaponry once SCP-514 left. In addition, SCP-514's random movements caused only certain regions to be disarmed, leaving them vulnerable to invasion by their unaffected neighbors. It took another three weeks before NTF Lambda-4 were able to bring the to control SCP-514's movements. The MCF members then challenged the Foundation team for possession of both SCP-514 and the since both parties were still under SCP-514's effects, the conflict was resolved through a single round of rock paper scissors, with the Foundation being the victor. The MCF members then fled the area before they could be further questioned. The origin of SCP-514 and how it came into the possession of the MCF remains unknown. Experiment log 514A Various tests were performed by continually using the route to have SCP-514 circle around the Foundation Advanced Weapons Research Facility. Firearms, items used, Glock 9mm handgun, Colt 451911 handgun, MP5 submachine gun, Thompson submachine gun, M16 assault rifle, AK-47 assault rifle, Saw, M24 sniper rifle, data expunged. All weapons confirmed to be in working order. Result. All weapons, when tested, failed to fire. Later inspections showed that all weapons suffered from various mechanical failures that rendered the weapons useless. Ammunition exposed to the zone of influence also failed to fire, when loaded into weapons not affected by the zone of influence. Chemical propellant was found to be rendered completely inert. Explosives. Items used. One standard hand grenade, 28.35 grams, one ounce of dynamite, 28.35 grams, one ounce of C4 high explosive, 28.35 grams or one ounce of thermite, 181mm high explosive mortar round, one 120mm tank shell, data expunged. Result. All explosives were immediately rendered inert when exposed to the zone of influence. In addition, any detonators or components that would aid in the detonation of the tested devices suffered mechanical and electronic failures. Melee weaponry, one combat knife, one steak knife, one baseball bat, one katana, one polax, one spear. Result. All weapons, with the exception of the steak knife and the baseball bat, were rendered useless through accelerated rate of decay. However, when the steak knife and baseball bat were used in a threatening manner, both items were immediately rendered useless through accelerated decay. Weapons of mass destruction, one liter of sarin nerve gas, one gram of weaponized anthrax, one tactical nuclear warhead. Result. All weapons rendered completely inert. All samples, including the nuclear material, were completely degraded and instruments recorded no radiation. In the case of the warhead, the electronic detonator was also rendered useless. Conclusion. SCP-514's zone of influence appears to be able to render any conventional weapon inoperable. Also, the damage each weapon suffers is directly proportional to how long the weapon is exposed to the zone of influence. In under an hour, all weapons eventually degraded into dust. The zone of influence is also somehow selective, being able to discern items that are actively designed as weapons from items that are potentially dangerous, but not specifically designed to be weaponized. However, SCP-514 also appears to be able to discern when an item will be used for violent intent, and said item will be directly affected by the zone of influence. It remains unclear whether SCP-514's ability to selectively target certain weaponry and discern hostile intent is a property inherent to its zone of influence, or if it is directly controlled on the part of SCP-514 itself through some form of group intelligence. Doctor Experiment Log, 514b. Live subjects were exposed to SCP-514's zone of influence for an extended period of time. The subjects were divided into two groups, voluntary test subjects drawn randomly from the general population as the control group, and class D personnel, with a history of violent behavior as the test group. Tests showed that the test group's violent tendencies were completely suppressed, and acted in a similar fashion to the control group. Suppression of the test group's violent tendencies occurs even after the subjects leave the zone of influence, though the duration is directly proportional to the time spent exposed to the zone of influence. Live testing against sentient SCP's proposed, pending O5 approval. Doctor Addendum 1 Several high-ranking members in the Foundation's military branch, as well as various associated government agencies, have expressed interest in weaponizing SCP-514. There is great strategic and tactical value in an asset that can effectively neutralize an entire enemy army's arsenal in a short period of time. There are also requests to test SCP-514's zone of influence against several Keter-level SCPs. However, access to SCP-514, as well as the remains restricted, O5 command is currently deliberating the issue. Addendum 2 All attempts to capture SCP-514 for containment and study have been met with failure. Every agent, doctor, and researcher sent to capture SCP-514, steadfastly refused to complete the mission. This is most likely a reaction to SCP-514's zone of influence. Attempts to remotely capture the flock through the use of drones or long-range devices have resulted in the destruction of all equipment involved. It is evident that SCP-514 interprets any attempts to capture it as a hostile act, triggering the nullification effects of its zone of influence in response. Again, it is still unclear whether that is a property inherent to SCP-514's zone of influence, or is regulated through a group intelligence among the flock. Surveillance with Mobile Task Force Lambda-4 is still in effect, but the use of the authorized. Addendum 3 As of date expunged, all members of Mobile Task Force Lambda-4 are required to be proficient in various non-violent, competitive activities, including but not limited to sports, board games, card games, video games, trivia, riddles, and rock-paper-scissors.  The fate of one of our SCPs could be decided on the outcome of rock-paper-scissors! 05 I assure you, sir, you have nothing to fear. We are dead serious about these matters. Captain Mobile Task Force Lambda-4, birdwatchers. Note, Captain, couldn't you have chosen a more dignified game as your primary conflict resolution method? Seeing two grown men in all-black tactical gear taking a children's card game so seriously is off-putting. 05 11 Item Number SCP-659 Object Class Cater Special Containment Procedures All specimens of SCP-659 must be kept at least 25 meters distant from each other. Ideally, specimens should be stored in separate facilities, but research has shown that 25 meters is sufficient to prevent flock behavior. Specimens of SCP-659 can be held in containment able to hold an ordinary bird. However, the containment strategy must be changed at least once per week. More frequent changes are permitted if the specimen appears to have discovered an escape method. Previously used containment strategies must not be recycled on the same specimen. In the event of catastrophic containment failure, total facility lockdown must be enacted. Recovery or extermination of all wild SCP-659 is extremely high priority. Formation of a wild flock must be prevented by any means necessary. Description SCP-659 is a species of bird resembling a heron which displays a modular intelligence. Native to North America, only a single flock of SCP-659 is known, although there have been unconfirmed sightings in Europe. SCP-659 is now known to be able to subsist on any form of meat, although whenever possible, it will still consume fish. When an individual specimen is kept isolated from the flock, it is indistinguishable from an ordinary bird. However, when specimens come near each other, each gains the combined intelligence of the group. Even when independent from the group, SCP-659 is still more intelligent than most species of bird. An isolated SCP-659 can solve simple problems, use tools, and learn extremely quickly. When in a group, SCP-659 is capable of escaping all forms of containment the foundation has attempted to use. For this reason, the only effective containment strategy is isolation. Research has determined that SCP-659 achieves human level intelligence and sapience when the flock reaches red individuals in size. Although the flock is extraordinarily coordinated, it does not display the properties of an aggregate consciousness or hive mind. Beyond the increase in intelligence, there is no telepathic element to their behavior. Descent has also been observed. At this level of intelligence, the flock becomes capable of learning human languages and iterations of the flock have in the past, learned to converse in English, Spanish, and French.  At this level of intelligence, SCP-659 also develops a vigorous hostility to humans. While this behavior was not present when SCP-659 was first encountered in the wild, it has been present in every iteration of the flock since Incident 659A. Addendum, Incident 659A. On b*****, a containment breach at site b***** released a flock of b***** specimens of SCP-659, resulting in the death of all on-site personnel, with the exception of b***** individuals. Summarized, the flock prevented any attempt to leave by pecking holes in the tires of every vehicle on site, severing site phone lines, and sending a detachment to observe the facility from the air. MTF b***** was dispatched to investigate the sudden communications blackout and eventually established control with heavy casualties. The observational detachment remains at large. Addendum, Interview Log 659-1. Interviewed, SCP-659-1. Interviewer, Dr. S. Forward, the following interview was conducted after the site b***** containment breach. The flock was not yet separated. Thus, the Foundation decided to attempt communication. The interviewer is separated from the flock by a pane of bulletproof glass. Dr. S. conducted the interview. Dr. S. Hello. I am Dr. S. Can you understand me? A small group of SCP-659 descends on one of their own, killing it. One individual, not one of the small group, here after SCP-659-1, pecks its beak into the corpse, covering it with blood. It writes a message on the glass with the blood. SCP-659-1. Written, Yes. Dr. S. Why did you do this? SCP-659-1 begins to write before finding that the blood on its beak has dried. It pecks the corpse again. SCP-659-1. Written, Don't act like don't know. Dr. S. I don't know. SCP-659-1 pecks the corpse. SCP-659-1. Written, You started this. Dr. S. We started this. What did we do to you? SCP-659-1 pauses. All individuals of SCP-659 appear to shake their heads. SCP-659-1 pecks the corpse. SCP-659-1. Written, Freedom. After this, SCP-659-1 refused to answer any further questions. And make sure you don't miss any of our upcoming videos.


I'm going to demonstrate how to use OpenSSL to perform some public key cryptography operations. The scenario will be there will be two users, A and B. Both users will generate their public key pairs. We'll use RSA as the public key cryptography algorithm. I'll generate their RSE public and private keys. Then user A will take some message, sign that message, create its digital signature of that message, and encrypt the message also using RSA, send to user B. Upon reception user B will decrypt the message and also verify the message, making sure that it came from user A and not someone pretending to be user A. The purpose of the demonstration is to really show some of the basics of OpenSSL. There may be better ways to do this both in OpenSSL as well as in other software. First we're going to generate the public and private key pairs. So with OpenSSL there are many different operations. You can see the main page of OpenSSL to see all those operations. Before we get started though, just to confirm what version of OpenSSL I'm using is 1.00e. The version 1.0 supports some generic operations for public key cryptography. If we man OpenSSL it lists the many different commands and I scroll down. The commands I'm going to use for this demo are the generic forms for public key cryptography like GenP key as opposed to the specific forms like GenRSA and GenDSA. If you're using OpenSSL version before version 1 then they may not support those generic commands and you may need to use GenRSA. Read the man page to see what commands are supported. The first thing we want to do is to generate the public and private key pairs for a user. So we'll use the GenP key command to generate a private key. Specify the algorithm to use, RSA for this demonstration. And select some options for our key generation, some private key options. And the two options I'm going to set is the key length for RSA. The man page for GenP key explains these options. The key length in bits, I'm going to choose 2048 bits. That is the modulus n in RSA will be 2048 bits in length. Another option I'm going to choose the value of the public exponent e. RSA key gen public exponent and I'm going to choose the value 3. By default if you don't give these options then the different, I think the key length is 1024 bits and a different value of the public exponent e is chosen. Again the man page describes those default values. So this will generate a private key for RSA. And I'm going to output that to a file called private key user A. And the format PEM is the default format. There's an alternative format format that can be used for the output of the key as well. It generates the private key and now let's look at the private key. The file has been generated. I'll simply use cat. And so we don't scroll through the screen too fast, pipe into less. And we see the private key. It doesn't make much sense there because this is base 64 encoded. To encode into a format that we can transfer easily over a network the base 64 encoding is used. So this is the private key. Let's look at the values. So instead of looking at the base 64 encoding let's look at the actual values in a simple text encoding. So to view the values we can use OpenSSL and use the pkey command. We can input our private key file and specify the dash text option to show the output rather than in base 64 encoding the actual... Well, it will show the base 64 encoding as well as the actual values. And I'll pipe that into less so we can scroll through. We see the base 64 encoded private key. And then after that it shows the values of the different parameters for the private key all given in hexadecimal. We see the modulus. So the 2048 bit value of n. Then there's the public exponent which we set as an option which is the value 3 in decimal. And then the private exponent. So the public exponent e and the private exponent d gain that in hexadecimal. Also records the two primes which were used to generate n. n the modulus is calculated from multiplying two prime numbers p and q together. p being prime 1 and q being prime 2. So those prime values are recorded as well. And if we keep scrolling down we see that there are three other parameters. Exponent 1, Exponent 2 and a coefficient which are recorded with the private key. What are they? In fact they are values that are used to help with the decryption to speed up the decryption. I'll quit that and let's go and look at the basics of the RSA algorithm to explain them. You should recall that the RSA encryption algorithm is to take some plaintext message e raised to the power of e. Sorry some plaintext message m raised to the power of e the public exponent and then mod by our modulus n. And we get the ciphertext as output. And decryption we take that ciphertext raised to the power of d our private exponent mod by the modulus n and we get the original plaintext m back. So the parameters we have are the modulus n of some length b bits in our example 2048 bits. We have the public exponent e and the private exponent d so we can think that in simple form that the public key is n combined with e and the private key is n combined with d. But in fact n is calculated from multiplying two prime numbers p and q together. So in our private key when we generate it using open SSL to simplify the calculations when we decrypt rather than taking c to the power of d we can use the Chinese remainder theorem to make the decryption faster. And therefore we store the values also of p and q and these three other values exponent one, exponent two and coefficient. Exponent one is simply our private value d mod by p minus one and exponent two is our private value d mod q minus one. And the coefficient is the prime q or the multiplicative inverse of prime q in mod p. Those three values are just there to improve the performance when we do the decryption. So we can think as the private key in fact as being the set of parameters n, e, d, p, q, the two exponents d subscript p, d subscript q and the inverse of q and the public key being n and e. So for the private key all values must be kept private, must be kept secret except n and e because n and e are part of the public key, they can be made publicly available but all those other values must be kept secret and those values are all stored in this file that we created. So this file must be kept secret, we should not make that available to someone. If we're using a multiple user operating system we should set the permission so that no one else can read that file. Now let's create a public key that is give the values of n and e only, put them in a file so that we can make them available to someone else. We use the p key command again, our input is the private key file and we specify the an output file that's called pub key dash a and specify to produce the public key as output minus pub out and that creates our public key file and again we can look at the content of that file again it's base 64 encoded storing the values of e and n the public exponent e and the modulus n and we can look at the contents or the values of those again using this minus text option command p key the input is our public key file specify it's a public key coming in and using the minus text option to show not just the base 64 encoded public key but also the actual values I'll do that again but pipe it into less so that we can see it we see the base 64 encoded data at the top and then the actual values the modulus n which should be the same as in the private key and our exponent e so this file we can make available to other users I'm going to repeat the key generation operation for a second user user B because I'm going to need that later so I'm going to repeat the private key generation step to generate another key but save it in a different file for user B in this case same options and I'm going to repeat the step of creating the public key file for user B that takes the private key file for user B and outputs the public key file for user B in LS we now have two pairs of keys for user A a private key file and a public key file and the same for user B of course these users may be on different systems but for this demo I'm just having both users on the same system and they'll in fact use the same directory in practice those private key files must be kept secret so user B could not see the private key of user A and vice versa now let's do some encryption and also create a digital signature of some text message first let's create a message we've got message.txt open in our nano text editor this is my example message and save that yes so that's the message that I want to send from user A to user B I want the message to be sent confidentially so that no one else could intercept and see the contents of the message and I want user B people want to make sure that the message came from user A and has not been modified so we'll actually create a digital signature of that message before we send it to B how do we create a digital signature the basic form is to take a hash of the message and to encrypt that hash value using the sender's private key to create the hash of a message we can use openSSL and the digest command dgst specify a hash algorithm for this demo I'll use char1 and the file that we want to calculate the hash of message.txt in this example and it gives us the hash value this value 0647 up to ca6 the hash of the file message.txt using the char the secure hash algorithm and then the idea is to encrypt the hash value using A's private key it turns out openSSL has an option to do those steps in one operation that is to calculate the hash and then encrypt it using the private key we use the digest command specify the algorithm and give the option to sign the hash value to sign the message we specify the private key file of user A because we need to sign using the private key of user A and the output is going to go into some file let's call it the signature file it's going to be some binary values so I'll just use a dotbin in the file name and the input is our message so what we're going to do is two steps in this single operation calculate the hash of message.txt and then encrypt that hash value using rsa and using the private key of user A and output that into the file signature.bin that is to create the digital signature of this file we can see the file signature.bin is created ls-l is 256 bytes in length so we will send the signature to user B so the user B can verify that that message came from user A because it's signed by user A's private key to verify we will decrypt using user A's public key if we want confidentiality of our message note that the message is not encrypted if we want confidentiality we need to encrypt that we would normally use a symmetric key cipher like AES or SSS to encrypt but just to demonstrate I will use rsa to encrypt why normally use symmetric key ciphers they're typically faster than public key ciphers especially for larger messages but for this demonstration we can use rsa to encrypt the message to provide confidentiality we use the public key utility operation or command pkeyutl specify to encrypt we want to encrypt the input message.txt file to encrypt we're going to use the public key of user B so specify the public key that's coming in and it will be a public key that's being used as the input to do the encryption and the key file the input key file is the public key of user B and we're going to output to some cipher text and it's going to be some binary output so in this operation we're using using rsa because it's an rsa key to encrypt our message.txt file we're going to encrypt using the public key of user B so that when we send it to user B user B will be able to decrypt using their private key and only B will be able to decrypt because only B has the private key and we see now the cipher text has been created so we would send the cipher text and the signature to user B. I'm not going to send it because in fact I'm going to now behave as user B on this system as if I've received both ciphertext.bin and signature.bin of course user B does not have the message nor does it have the private key of user A but we'll assume that user B has its own private and public key pair which we've generated already so they exist and also we'll assume that user B has the public key of A so the files that B has ciphertext.bin, private key of B public key of A, public key of B and the signature so when B receives the ciphertext and signature it has two things to perform it has to decrypt the ciphertext and then verify the signature to decrypt the ciphertext we'll use similar to how we encrypted the ciphertext using peak key utility operation specify the decrypt option the input file is the ciphertext the input key is the private key of B the message was encrypted using the public key of B therefore we decrypt using the private key of B and the output is going to be the received message let's save it to a file called receivedMessage.txt so we've done the decryption let's look at the contents of that file and it's the same as our original message so we've decrypted this ciphertext our original message it's the same if we compare the two files using diff it produces no output meaning there are no differences between those two files so that's the decryption of the ciphertext at the receiverB the other thing B wants to do is to verify the signature so A signed the message that is they took the hash and encrypted with A's private key sent the signature to B B now needs to verify that signature we use the digest command again with openSSL specify the hash algorithm so B needs to know that the hash algorithm SHA1 was used and select the verify option and we're going to verify using the public key of A if it was signed with the private key of A we need to verify using the public key of A this of course assumes that B has the public key of A and it is indeed the public key of A and it's not someone pretending to be A if that was the case we'd have an error so we're going to verify using the public key of A the signature referring to the file signature.bin and we're going to verify the received message so use SHA1 as the hash algorithm verify the signature containing signature.bin using the public key of A the signature of the received message and it simply gives an output in this case saying verified okay if we use the wrong key instead of trying to verify using the public key of A but mistakenly try to verify using the public key of B it gives us an error message saying verification failed so that's it we've demonstrated how to generate RSA keys using openSSL how to sign a message how to encrypt a message using RSA and also the receiver how to decrypt a message and to verify a message


When teaching the Bible at a private school, how do you handle theological disagreements between you and the organization? I get fired a lot. Well, listen, if you signed up to teach at a particular school with a particular theological declaration or statement of faith, you probably signed a contract stating that you would not say anything in opposition to that or undermine their particular stance. More likely did. If you did, then you put yourself in a position of having to honor your word. So if I were a teacher in a particular school and that school said that the baptism of the Holy Spirit occurs at salvation, and I don't believe that, I believe the baptism of the Holy Spirit occurs as a secondary experience, it may happen when I get saved and right after I get saved, I also get filled and baptized by the Spirit or it could happen a week, a month, a year, or years later, because it's a secondary experience to salvation. But I signed a statement saying that I will agree to not differ on this particular subject and I'm a teacher and that theological subject comes up. Then as a teacher, I am one not gonna undermine, I'm not gonna come in opposition, I'm not gonna be teaching, we'll say a theology class and say, well, you know, some believe this, but this is what the Bible really says. But as an instructor, I do have the freedom to be able to give various ways that this particular portion of scripture is been interpreted in a theologically orthodox manner and I can present those things and say there's a variety of ways to look at this, this school believes this, these people believe this, these people believe this, and I don't wanna prefer one over the other, but I can give a full account of the theological thing and I say you can consider the implications of each one because that's what real education is anyway, is giving to people opportunities to see a variety of views over one thing and then to come to a settled conviction as to what they believe that is, what is the truth concerning that. So I believe that you can remain in the guidelines of the theological stance of the school while presenting sides of the argument in a non-belligerent way that gives your students an opportunity to consider that there are other ways to look at this one thing and that's kinda how I would handle it. I've done that here in this church before. When I teach, I still do on occasion, I'll say, you know, there's more than one way to look at this.  And then I'll say, my particular belief is this fits better and that's how I teach, but if there are very solid orthodox positions that you can take many times over the years, I've said you can see this in different ways because I don't think those are essential distinctives that are gonna denote things that pertain to salvation so much as an understanding of a particular element of theology and so I'm willing to do that on occasion. If I were working for a school that said, you cannot teach this, I could as a teacher give various ways to look at it without presenting my way of saying this is the way it really is and I think there's wisdom in that. So I'd probably do it like that and I can get fired eventually in a way.


do a video today about why do men cheat? why do they want more than one? it's gonna be because they're not satisfied with one of the women that they're with and they're seeking one woman it's gonna find flaws they're gonna be like well you need to do this you need to do that that's not good enough you need to do more so he doesn't want to give this up but he wants to feel like a man because it finds another woman who he thinks is going to approve of him and this woman might be so desperate and lonely that she will think he's perfect so she's not gonna nag him like the other woman is the main woman so the side chick I would call the side chick after so long of being with him she's gonna see flaws of him too and so then he has to go find another woman that's not that doesn't know him that doesn't know his flaws his problems his downfalls his all that so he has to go find another one and you know before too long she's gonna see it too so now he's in like a love triangle or square now because there's four people now one what the side chick once more time the main woman wants him to do better and the side chick to the side chick is probably just using him for something okay because first of all she's probably not getting enough time she's probably just using him to fill a slot a phone bill you know a lonely weekend or something okay so men often have other women because their main woman sees too many flaws of them and instead of fixing the flaws and improving upon themselves they do not take responsibility and they will just go and find another woman who they can be with until they start seeing their flaws too but eventually all the side chicks will probably fall away because they'll be tired of waiting and then they'll see his flaws and they'll be like you know what I see why you cheat on your main chick because she probably sees all this stuff too and constantly like nags you to fix it but you can't afford to leave because y'all have a house or y'all have kids or y'all are married so y'all are stuck together and now I'm getting what she's probably disgusted about you know so they wise up eventually and they see you know all his flaws so then he has to go find new side chicks but basically certain men because I'm not gonna say all men cheat but certain men cheat because they don't feel like a man because they don't take the initiative to be the best man they can be okay so they just go and be part man with this person part man with this person part man with this person okay because usually the side chick she's not gonna ask for her bills to be paid she's not gonna ask for him to be a good father to the kids she's not gonna ask for him to be on time for something she's not gonna ask for him to dress appropriately to go out and meet you know certain people she's not gonna ask him to you know try to get more education take some classes online to get bigger pitch she's not gonna be asking that of him but the woman his main woman is asking him to improve because she's actually probably moving up and he's not so the relationship is becoming unbalanced and he's feeling that so he has to go make himself feel better by cheat okay so men cheat for different reasons okay they will tell you the story that the woman is the villain they will tell you oh she doesn't listen to me anymore oh she's not who she used to be oh this this and that but really what it is is that she's here and he's here and she's looking down on him and he's like well I don't feel like a man anymore so I gotta go find another woman sometimes they lack a backbone and they can't just up and leave the main chick because they feel like you know why why I can't leave I can't leave but what would I do without her I might talk smack I might talk smack I might talk smack but I'm never leaving okay I just I just use you to vent okay I'm just venting to you and using you because you're desperate and available okay to the side chick I'm not painting your bills I'm not gonna leave my main chick for you you're just there for me I'm selfish and I need validation because I can't stand up to my main woman she will kill me and look at me crazy divorce me and let me broke so I look to you for that because I can't be what she wants me to be so this is why men cheat and sometimes men cheat because they can't okay and they feel like you know well if this chick is coming on to me and you know it's free because you know men are offered sex set off and it's free and I'll think my wife or my girlfriend will find out about it and when is the next time I'm gonna be offered this you know they they just look at it as a gift like oh my god I have to accept this or they're not satisfied with the woman they're with they're like okay well I like her but I don't know if I like her enough not to cheat on her because I'm a man and I think with my penis so right now I'm not concerned about my relationship and all that I can lose so I'm just gonna risk it all and cheat and so what if I get caught you know women forgive men they know men cheat they know they know us so they'll forgive us if they really want to be with us that's they rationalize this in their mind but what they don't know is that women do forgive cheaters but they also go and cheat afterwards it might not be physically it might be emotionally they might emotionally cheat with another person they might do something to get some type of revenge that you don't even know about I mean you never know they could go be going out on dates they might not be sleeping with people they could be going out on dates lunch dates you don't know so like some say and and some sometimes when guys cheat and the woman knows she's not gonna leave him but she finds out they cheated sometimes she won't even confront him sometimes she'll be like you know what you know I'm glad he's got the one to do my my dirty work now I have to do it anymore and they stop sleeping with them they just slowly say okay well not tonight honey not tonight honey I don't feel good and they'll just slowly back off from them and not want anything from them right and the guy won't even get suspicious until it's too late and I won't be like well I'm getting it somewhere else anyway so it's a matter but what he doesn't know is she might start sleeping with somebody else too and just tell that person oh we have an arrangement and you don't know about the range but the guy doesn't know about the arrangement but the woman does so anyway what I'm trying to say is people cheat for different reasons men mostly cheat because they're they can't place their main woman and that's just it a lot of women have very high expectations of their man but when they chose their man their man was not at the level that they wanted them to be at they figure they can improve them they could upgrade them they listened to Beyonce that I could upgrade you but sadly you sometimes you can't upgrade something in times it doesn't want to be upgraded sometimes it is a cure to be upgraded so you're always going to be looking down at it and be like oh man this this this is mad and they're never going to satisfy you okay that's why you're already supposed to get a self-made self-ready-made man already don't find a man that you have to help build don't find a man you got to wait on to be if the man you want him to be find the man who's already the man you want him to be okay because otherwise you're gonna be like I meant this I know this one girl she met her husband in college and he was in medical school he was gonna be a doctor so she married him right he wasn't a doctor yet they were he wasn't even grad school yet y'all know how long medical school is so she's like oh she thought she was smart oh I'm gonna get pregnant he can't go nowhere so she had his baby and he he had he had to cut out medical school and just be a teacher because he had to work he had to support the child she had to work you know so he just settled into being a teacher and there's nothing bad about that being a teacher because I come in teachers I'm just saying she thought she was getting ready to marry a doctor so she laid a baby on him and ended up marrying a teacher because he had to take off time to work get money so they can get a house because they have to move out of the dorms because her mom was not taking her back in with no baby then they had to get married and then life happened and then he settled into his role as a teacher never went back to school but she went back to school and got a bachelor's degree in psychology and whatever but anyway they ended up divorcing because she wanted to be married to someone on her level or higher so ladies when you choose your man don't look at him for his potential look at him for what he is already okay that's why I say go for a man a little bit older than you because there's no guarantee they are going to become what you think they're going to become okay because life happens and then you're stuck with something you didn't want okay and I know a lot of people are gonna say what about the love what about this what about that that's fine but when you wanted to marry a doctor and you ended up with a teacher and you blame him for that and you look down on him for that that it's only your fault because you took him before he was what he was supposed to be you know there's this book the alchemist if you read it this guy saw this girl at the fountain Fatima and he was like I love you I want to be with you I want to stay here with you and she says no go do what you gotta do I will be here when you get back come back and get me when you are where you're supposed to be she would not take him as is she's like no I'll always be here I'll wait for you go do you first and when he did with when he finished his journey got all his knowledge he came back and got her and they got married okay so ladies don't try to grab on to something who's not finished baking in the oven yet you don't know if it's gonna burn it's gonna be taken out too early it's gonna taste right wait for the finished product okay women have this luxury we can marry older man without it looking crazy okay we can marry men who are already successful without it looking crazy okay this is the norm okay think about it all right also another person asked me see about time to cover this another person asked me does ignoring a man get his attention more like if you're interested in some way do you ignore them well you ignore them but you also have to let it be known that you see them okay well and keep it moving you know if they want to approach you that smile was an invitation okay if they want to approach you they will come after you don't go after any man you don't chase any man okay there is an abundance of men like there is an abundance of men waiting to be with women okay there is an abundance of sex offered to women from men it's actually too much okay so you have the option to just give one smile and let them do the rest of the work if they don't pursue you they don't want you bad enough and they're not gonna treat you right if you are all up in their face and oh hi I'm you know they're gonna be like she must be really desperate she's coming after me I'm supposed to be the man you know something something something's up something's hidden you know she probably got five you're gonna start thinking something's wrong with you so you always let the man come to you always always always if they don't come to you they're not a real man okay if they don't come up to you they don't have a backbone because most men will risk rejection there's something bad about a man who can't risk being rejected that says a lot about them that says they easily give up they don't try their mediocre they don't go for what they truly want no matter what obstacles are in their way that's a good judge a character if a man does not approach you or chase you or come after you you will be settling for a loser okay men go after what they want ask any man who wants a job ask any man who wants a girl ask any man do they go after what they want or do they let it come to them no men go after what they want they're aggressive about things okay they're competitive okay if they don't go after you they don't really want you and they won't treat you right and they'll use you and it'll be your fault because you should have known if he didn't come after you he really didn't want you in the first place that's what they'll say oh I didn't pursue you anyway you came after me so it is where you know they'll say something stupid like that so remember ladies don't ever go after a man there's plenty of men out there that will come after you okay I'll see y'all later and comment below what you think


My name is Joe Schlesinger. We're in the East Room of the White House with President Reagan to talk about some of the subjects that will be coming up at Williamsburg. There are six of us here. Television journalists from networks in the six countries whose leaders will be meeting with the American president. I'm from the CBC in Canada. From Japan, we have Yoshiki Hideka of NHK. From Italy, Sergio Telmont of RAI. Christine Ochron is from Anten Deux in France. Fritz Breiten from ARD in West Germany. And John Sushé from Britain's ITN. Mr. President, since this is after all an economics summit, let's start with the economy. There's good news there. The economy is picking up. But if the leaders whom you'll be dealing with have one thing in common, it's that they're worried about the size of the budget deficits that your administration is running up. They're afraid that it will abort the recovery. What is your reaction, sir, to this, especially since you're an old foe of deficit financing? Yes, I am. And I think about half of our deficit is due to the recession, which as we know is worldwide. And the other half, I think, is structural. This is the thing we've been trying to deal with, with the Congress regarding reductions in spending. But the main way that we can handle the deficit, I think, is the program that we have underway right now. And that is to restore the economy. There's a limit to how much you can achieve, reducing spending. There's a limit to how much you could achieve if you try to do it with taxes, in addition to which you're threatening, then, the recovery by removing the incentives that I think have brought about the start of the recovery. The answer does lie in economic growth. If we, for example, could for the next few years, if we were one percentage point higher than our estimate in the growth of the economy, we would reduce the deficit by $100 billion a few years from now. So we're proceeding, and we think that our program is right, because we started with interest rates that were more than twice as high as they are now. We started with an inflation rate that was more than three times as great as we brought it down to. And, of course, it is the inflation which contributes to the high interest rate. A lender has to get back the depreciated value of his money plus real interest earnings on it. As a matter of fact, the last several months, our inflation rate has been running at less than half of 1%. So we think that our program is working, and we have a plan that I submitted to the Congress with regard to our budget, and contingency taxes for the out years, once we have established their recovery as definite that we would be willing to assume, which would lead to a declining pattern of deficits in the out years and down the line a balanced budget. But to follow up, right now, the way the deficits are structured, they may soak up as much as 70% of all the net savings in the United States. In other words, $7 out of $10 instead of going into the investments that you're talking about to create jobs, going to go to service that deficit. On the other hand, maybe not that much, because we have, with our, the tax programs that we've put into effect, we have seen an increase in the percentage of personal savings of billions of dollars that over the same next few years I think are being underestimated as to what they will contribute to the pool of capital that is available for investment. Mr. President, I'd like to ask you about East-West Relationship. Your government is taking a much stricter anti-Soviet line compared to other allies, and recent news reports said you are not going to meet Mr. Andropov this year. My question is, how do you plan to present this program to the leader at the summit? Well, first of all, there seems to be a misperception that we're interested in some kind of a trade war with the Soviet Union, and we're not at all the very fact that we have told the Soviets that we're willing to sit down and negotiate a long-term grain agreement is evidence of that. But what we are concerned about is the Soviet expansionism, and particularly when it comes into the Western Hemisphere. There have been several Soviet vessels recently unloading weaponry and Nicaragua, and for the use and the effort to overthrow the government of Salvador, we don't look upon those as friendly acts. But the East-West trade, I think we and our allies are in very much agreement on that. There have been constant consultations in the years since the Versailles Summit in which we have come to agreements on the trade that we don't want to extend to the Soviet Union is high technology that can contribute to their further military buildup. And as I say, we're in great agreement on things of that kind. We're also, we don't believe that while they're devoting so much of their resource to this military buildup that we should engage in trade in which we, in a sense, subsidize our exports to the Soviet Union or give them a favored treatment with regard to low interest rates on long-time credit and so forth. On the other hand, selling to them and their having to put out cash as the rest of us do in order to buy is going to take that much money away from their ability to add to their military forces. I understand, but don't you expect that you are not meeting with Andropov this year to make much more difficult for you to convince as a leader to follow your lead on this matter? No, we have contact with the Soviet Union and communication with them at several levels and channels all the way to the top. There's been no evidence on Mr. Andropov's part that he is ready for such a meeting. He is engaged as anyone would be in his position in settling himself in to his new position. And I think just to have a summit meeting which might raise the hopes of people all over the world simply to get acquainted and then nothing positive comes from it makes no sense. It's been tried before and with sad results for our own country and for the world. I'm perfectly willing to meet with him when there is an agenda and when there are legitimate issues that could be resolved to the benefit of all of us worldwide. Mr. President, the scenario for recovery is not uniform at all. The American engine is going strong. The Italian economy is not moving yet. Do you expect the recovery will benefit all our nations? Yes, I think it will. I do believe that, well believe, I've been told by leaders of our allied states that recovery must begin in the United States. Evidently that we are that much of a factor in world commerce and they are pleased to see it beginning here and believe that it is aiding their own recovery. For example, the United States will be importing to such an extent that we'll have a 55 to 60 billion dollar trade imbalance that we will be buying that much more than we're selling which should be of benefit to our trading allies. There are less optimistic forecasts of a short and anemic recovery. Do you plan to coordinate it at Williamsburg with the other leaders all the necessary measures to remove the obstacles to a strong recovery? This will be one of the principal subjects at Williamsburg at the summit meeting discussing how we can bring convergence of policies together because all of us need a long-term recovery but our plan is aimed at not the what I call quick fix that has been tried in the past since World War II and each time has only been temporary and results in a worse recession a few years later. And I think this means all of us doing a job together to reduce inflation worldwide. We have been through the longest period of worldwide sustained inflation in history and it has been worldwide and I think the very fact of our success in bringing inflation down as rapidly as we have is going to be helpful in the other countries as well and as long as we can stay on that path not of quick fixes but all of us seeking long-term solid economic recovery. Sadly enough the last thing ever to recover from a recession is in the unemployment situation but even there there are beginning signs and that is the ultimate goal of all of us is to put our people back to work. Mr. President, you have repeatedly stated that France is your best ally at least on defence issue. Why then respond with indifference or benign neglect to French and European alarm over the rise of the dollar and the interest rates? Isn't it time the United States realized they cannot pretend to political leadership of the West if they do ignore their economic responsibilities? Well, we're not ignoring our economic responsibilities. We didn't ask for the strong dollar. The strong dollar came about because of our success so far in reducing inflation in our country in comparison to the decline in inflation in other countries but the figure that I just used a moment ago the fact that we will have a 55 to 60 billion dollar imbalance in trade this year is an indication of the penalty that we suffer from a strong dollar. It makes our exports higher priced and therefore not as desirable and it also is beneficial to the other countries that are selling to us but we'd like to have a better trade balance but I think the relationship between the currencies must be resolved by this general recovery and by the more stability and more closeness as to inflation rates worldwide. Do you believe you are going to have a direct confrontation over these issues with President Mitterrand at Williamsburg? No, I don't really expect confrontation there. I think that all of us, I've been in communication with each one of the leaders individually and our people have been meeting at the ministerial level in IEA, the energy situation in OECD. We are pretty much all agreed upon our participation in the international funding group such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and so forth and I think we honestly are going to come together in an effort to find ways that we can have that convergence I mentioned that where we can try to go forward together in the policies that we're following to get over inflation one country is going to practice great inflation, their dollar is going to be weak and currencies are going to be stabilized when we conquer inflation. Regarding the INF talks in Germany there's a growing concern that the United States are not negotiating seriously enough among the critics is our former Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. What can you tell the Germans in this regard and why can't you accept the Nitzk Witzinski outline limiting the west to 75 cruise missiles and reducing the Soviet SS-20 also to 75 in our country. A lot of people think we could have lived with this. I don't think they quite understand what the situation would be. Incidentally we have been in full consultation with the leaders of all of your countries on the INF negotiations and we'll do nothing without consulting first with them. This has been one of the great steps forward that I think we've made in these last two years and I've had the gratitude expressed by your leaders for the fact that we are in this close contact on all these major issues. I don't know that the walk in the woods would have been acceptable even to the Soviet Union with its proposal but let me point out something. The SS-20 has three warheads each so it would be three times 75. It also, once the button is pushed, arrives at the target in about five to seven minutes. The cruise missile is an in-flight vehicle that would be in the air you might say in a matter of hours and is therefore subject to the same kind of conventional defensive weaponry, anti-aircraft type weaponry picked up on radar and aimed by radar and so forth that an airplane would be. It wasn't very much of a deterrent and what we're seeking is not a counter weapon that we want to use against the Soviet Union. We're seeking a deterrent. The closest thing is the Pershing-2 missile which the Allied countries asked for. You know this isn't something we volunteered and they asked for it as the Soviets continued to build these intermediate range weapons aimed at the Western European targets. And let me point out again that the Soviet Union during all these negotiations when the late Mr. Brezhnev said that they had achieved parity with us, now we had nothing and when I say we I mean NATO forces on the Western Front to match their weapons but they continued to build and they have added several hundred more warheads during the brief time of these negotiations. Today they've got over 1300 of those warheads targeted on Europe. I believe that deploying on schedule when the time comes later this fall and this winter that the schedule calls for in the deploying of our weapons will be the thing that will bring the Soviets legitimately into negotiations. Right now they seem with their propaganda roof pinned their hopes on preventing our deployment but any proposal they make is one in which they still have a monopoly and they view us as having nothing on our side. I think once they see that we and our allies are determined to go forward with the deployment of these weapons then I think they might meet us in a legitimate negotiation. They will probably this will be for a reduction in the numbers of those weapons such as we have proposed in what we call an interim solution. I would hope that as we advance on that that they would see the value of total elimination zero on both sides which is what we originally proposed and leave Europe free of those weapons which could almost instantly target the other countries. I agree but if the INF talks fail what kind of a what gain of security have we then when we have got 572 American new missiles but are targeted by 1500 Soviet SS-20 warheads could be a combination of the both torques INF and start a way out of this deadlock. Oh this is what we hope very much but in the meantime what we and the allies must maintain is a deterrent. I don't think that any one of us ever contemplates a first strike or making war and we don't want the other side to have a first strike or make war. Therefore what we must maintain is not necessarily superiority but enough force in which the result of a first strike would result in unacceptable damage to the Soviet Union and its allies and this is what this is the deterrent and so far the deterrent has worked now for almost 40 years that there has been peace in Europe and this is what we're seeking. I think it would be destabilizing if we ourselves sought what they might look at as giving us the potential for a first strike and there's no point in us doing that. All we need is enough that they have to weigh the consequences to themselves regardless of what damage they would do to us. Mr President, a major issue in the British general election is the basing of American cruise missiles in Britain. Mrs Thatcher has said in Parliament that she has received an explanation from you as to who will be in control of firing these missiles but you as yet have said nothing publicly. Would you tell the British people now who is ultimately in control of firing these missiles, you or Mrs Thatcher? Well let me say that we will, I don't think either one of us will do anything independent of the other. This constitutes a sort of veto power, doesn't it? But we have an understanding about this and would never act unilaterally with any of our allies on this. I think the British people are very concerned about the basing of these missiles in their own country. Perhaps they deserve to be all the more so since you seem reluctant to say that the power to fire them does not rest with you. Well, they can rest assured, but my reluctance to say anything is based in the fact that we get dangerously into the area of telling others, not friendly to us, what our policies might be. And I don't think we should do that. Mr President, some of the opposition to your defence policies whether it be the stationing of Pershing IIs in Europe or the testing of cruise missiles in Canada stems not so much from what you're doing as much as what you're saying. There is a perception out there among many people when they hear you talking about the morality of the Soviet system about the Russians lying that you're bent more on a crusade than pure defence that you're too war-like. The other day Prime Minister Trudeau in defending the testing of cruise missiles in Canada against considerable opposition said that you and some of the people around you have, as he put it, given some justification for fears that you cannot be trusted to look for peace. Now, how do you react to such charges? And incidentally did Trudeau ever talk about these fears to you personally? No, and well, he talked about that particular interview and suggested to me that it was... it did not correctly represent his views. Sometimes words can be taken out of context. I have called him to thank him for the open letter to all the Canadian people that he delivered to all the press of Canada in which there it is with nothing out of context and you can see how he feels. I know that there's been an effort to express doubt as to whether I really mean it about arms reductions. Let me assure all of your audiences right now I campaigned over and over again saying that I would stay in negotiations as long as it took to arrive at a real legitimate reduction of these nuclear strategic weapons that I believe this is the only future for the world. I not only believe that, but I would like to think that if we can get the Soviet Union to start with us down that road of reductions, they then might see the common sense in going all the way. I cannot conceive of the world going on endlessly. Future generations with these horrible weapons poised and aimed at each other. The risk is too great and their total elimination should be the goal of all of us and I will persist in this and try for this with every means at my disposal and I believe in it with all my heart. So I can't at the same time ignore, nor should the civilized world ignore the conduct of a country that today is bombing, helpless women and children, is using chemical warfare in places like Kampuchea and Afghanistan. I don't think that we can remain silent as too many of us in the world did when Hitler was coming to power in the face of this kind of conduct. I don't know whether your television networks carried the program that we saw one day of Soviet soldiers being interviewed in Afghanistan, soldiers that have deserted and gone over to the Afghan side and in every instance when they were asked why they deserted, they said because we were ordered to kill women and children and if I speak frankly about those things it's because I believe that we in the western world and the free world must make it clear that yes, we want peace and yes, we're willing to sit down and work out agreements with the Soviet Union but we want them to know that we're not going to forsake our principles that are based on a love of humanity in order to achieve this. I ask you about the trade now. You have said you're going to veto the local content bill even if it passed the Congress. How do you think about personally to exclude Japanese or foreign-made automobile out of the United States? Now, did I understand correctly? Local content bill. You said you're going to veto even if it passed the Congress. I think they would be counterproductive. I'd like to ask your personal feeling about excluding Japanese automobile or foreign-made automobile out of the United States. I am opposed to protectionism. Protectionism is a two-way street and I think our Congress knows that I am and this will be one of the subjects at the summit and I've been in close consultation with your Prime Minister Nakasone on this whole matter and I appreciate very much his feeling and his approach to fair trade and free trade among nations. So I will oppose any efforts here in our own country at unwarranted protectionism. We had that. I may be the only one old enough to remember the Great Depression that's here. That too was worldwide and far greater and deeper than this recession has been. But at that time, a part of what kept it going and fed the fires of that depression was protectionism throughout the world and our own smooth, holy tariff bill which was passed at the beginning of that Great Depression. That's not the way to go. Open trade, fair trade is what we must have. One word, Mr. President. The future of the peacekeeping forces in Lebanon. The future of them? Well, I am hopeful that Syria, reluctant now, can be persuaded to do as the Israelis have agreed and leave as they promised they would. The peacekeeping forces, yours, the French, our own, are there at the invitation of the government of Lebanon to help keep things stable while Lebanon after all these several years of division and dispute once again assumes sovereignty over its own soil. And therefore, my own feeling is we should be willing to maintain them there until the government of Lebanon says they have things under control and no longer need them. Mr. President, the first American military adviser has just been killed in Salvador. To you, is it a signal not to increase your military presence in that area or on the contrary a reason to do so? And if so, why is it that American democracy in that part of the world always seems to support the extreme right? Well, in this instance, pardon me, the reverse is true. The government, there has been, there's no question, the past history of El Salvador has been a history of military dictatorships, has been true in so many of our neighbors to the south. But this is a government now elected by the people. They had elections last year. More than 80% of the people turned out to vote. And they voted for peace. They voted for this government and an end to the guerrilla activity which is backed and sponsored by Cuba, by the government of Nicaragua and by the Soviet Union. Our help in that area has been three-quarters economic help to their attempts to bring about these democratic reforms to one-fourth military help. And we shall continue on that ground. This tragedy, this young man being murdered, follows reports that we've had that the guerrillas were going to move in with terrorist groups and move in closer to the Capitol and try to bring terrorist acts right to the very heart of the Capitol of El Salvador. It is not going to change our attitude about the necessity to continue both the economic and the military aid which we're giving. The contrast is in Nicaragua where a revolutionary government did overthrow a right-wing government and our country, I wasn't here then, but my predecessor did not lift a finger to help that right-wing government. Indeed, when the revolution is as totalitarian as any communist country, and they are seeking, they are aiding the guerrillas that are trying to overthrow the democratic government of El Salvador. And the guerrillas that are fighting in Nicaragua are parts not of the government that was thrown out of power. They are formerly allies in the Revolution who are seeking to restore the original goals of the revolution which was democracy, elections. Incidentally, El Salvador is going to have another election before this year is out to elect a president. So we're not supporting right-wing governments. Mr. President, may I come back to the East-West trade? You recently said there is peace among the allies on this issue. Now the Germans want to pursue as normal as possible economic relations with the Soviet Union including participation in the development of Siberia. One meta under consideration, for example, is a multi-billion coal liquefaction project. Does the peace among the allies cover such ventures? Well, I know that in the ministerial meetings that have been held so far, there has been great agreement among us about the need not to trade, as I say, in high technology which aids the Soviet Union militarily, not to give low-interest, long-term credit for their buying. And so I would feel that the communications that I've had with your Chancellor that they're continuing on that line with what would be legitimate and normal trade of the kind that we've proposed with our own grain agreement. Mr. President, Mrs. Thatcher is putting in what can only be described as a flying visit to the Williamsburg Summit. You obviously hope it will be worth a while. In what way might it be? Well, I'm sure that it will be, and I must say being now a veteran of only two previous summits, the one in Canada and the one in France, your Prime Minister makes a very valuable contribution to every one of those summits. I have great respect for her, and so do all the others. And it was going to be a great loss to all of us if because of the election she had felt that she could not be here and we recognize the sacrifice she's making on the behalf of all of us and appreciate it very much. I know that she will be a solid contributor on these subjects we've talked about, on the need for continued economic recovery, on the need for fair trade and without protectionism, and again on the East-West situation. I know also that we can count on her with regard to the position on the INF and the start and negotiations. So we're delighted that she's going to be here and we're looking forward to her arrival. Thank you very much. Thank you very much for being with us. I hope you have a good summit meeting at the win of the bar. Thank you very much. It's going to be a little different than in the past and this meets also with the approval of all of our leaders. I wanted them to not be so rigid as to a gender that they would write a communique in advance of what the meetings accomplished. We're going to throw the floor open for legitimate informal discussion on all subjects. Aren't your officials going to rein you in? Nope. They kind of like it this way too.