Hi friends, welcome back to my channel and a very special welcome if you're new here. My name is Jen, I'm a certified weight loss and nutrition coach and I'm on WW personal point. Happy Saturday, it is Saturday and it is massive stock up haul. We literally needed so much when I got back from my trip to Hawaii. So I went to three stores this week, so I have quite the haul for you. If you're excited, give this video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you're not because I upload a grocery haul every Saturday in five videos per week. So make sure you're subscribed and your bell notification is turned on. Check out that description box down below for nutrition coaching where I offer personalized to you macros and calories. I cannot recommend this enough as well as one-on-one coaching if you would like to chat with me directly. Links, discounts to my favorite things and don't forget, come join our Facebook group. We'd love to have you. So let's jump in to this massive grocery haul. I grabbed two of the Milo's Zero Sugar Sweet Tees. These are really, really good. It's very refreshing and I thought that it would be nice to have something in my fridge for when I finish my water for the day. I also grabbed some more light butter for Troy. This is the butter that he prefers and we were just about out. I did grab a can of pumpkin for my meal prep. I will have a meal prep this coming up Monday, so stay tuned after the grocery haul for what's for dinner and what you'll be seeing in Monday's meal prep. So I needed a can of pumpkin. I also needed a can of black beans for my lunch meal prep and a can of tomato sauce for a dinner recipe. Light mozzarella cheese. This is for a recipe and I also decided to pick up a pound of ground chicken. I am out of ground turkey, out of ground chicken and sometimes I like to just fry this up and have it on hand for a protein. So I picked up a pound of ground chicken. Walmart doesn't have good culture so I grabbed a huge tub of the Shamrock Farms low-fat cottage cheese. I think this was like 670 at Walmart. I will tell you that I saw it at Costco for 5.99. So pretty similar in price but I am completely out of cottage cheese and it is something I eat almost every day. I also grabbed a big jar of chicken gravy. I love doing the shredded chicken from sprouts, mashed potatoes and gravy and making kind of a KFC bowl without the corn, I guess. So I grabbed a big thing of gravy and then I spotted these pumpkin spice baking chips and I thought that I could use these in a recipe, maybe a fall baking recipe or maybe we'll do something fun with these in a what I eat in a day and then lastly I picked up some prune juice for Troy.  These are my all-time favorite. I also grabbed a flat of raspberries. These are two for seven I think at Sprouts which is a really good deal and then their blackberries are actually two for four. So I picked up two small containers of blackberries. I found this good karma pumpkin spice nog. So this is a plant-based nog and it's only 45 calories for four ounces and I thought that it would be really good in coffee in place of coffee creamer. So I'm excited to try it. It was on sale. They actually had quite a few pumpkin spice things just nothing that I had to have other than this. Of course, a big pack of the pre-shredded chicken. This is a staple for me. I actually looked at this at Walmart and it's way more affordable at Sprouts than at Walmart. So if you shop at both stores I highly recommend picking it up at Sprouts. And then as always, lots of produce. I picked up a couple of Honeycrisp apples. These are for my breakfast meal prep. Some zucchini for my lunch meal prep. Some cilantro, this is for a dinner recipe. A big thing of baby spinach also for a dinner recipe and some celery and some asparagus. This trip to Costco was all about my dogs. I bought a lot of stuff for the dogs. They have these advent calendars and I went ahead and picked it up now because I'm afraid it's gonna sell out before the actual holidays. And this has eight dog toys and 16 bags of dog treats and it's this big huge advent calendar. I believe it was like 37.99. So I only got one. I'm probably going to grab a few more at Trader Joe's but I thought this would be really fun for the holidays. I also grabbed some Lysol because we were completely out. They had these doggie delirious peanut butter banana bones, dog bones. So I grabbed those, they're huge bones. They have human grade ingredients. So I thought that I could break them up into threes for my dogs for a treat. I also grabbed another four pack of the Thomas English muffins. Like I said, Troy's been making breakfast sandwiches a lot. So we just throw these in the freezer so that they last a long time. I grabbed some Fairlife salted caramel shakes because we know I put a protein shake in my coffee every single morning. I was really hoping they had the premiere protein pumpkin spice but they didn't. So when I go to Sam's Club maybe this next week I'm definitely picking that up if they haven't. You can order it off of Amazon. So I'll link it down below for you. I found the most affordable price on Amazon for the pumpkin spice shakes. I love them.  Picked up the organic hard boiled eggs. We like to have pre-done pre-shelled ready to go hard boiled eggs on hand. There's two in a pack and it has 12 grams of protein. So a really good protein filled easy snack. I also grabbed some secret deodorant for myself. This is on coupon for $10 for four which is a really, really good deal. I also grabbed some organic triple berry blend frozen berries. I like to make protein shakes as you guys know and I prefer to put a little bit of frozen fruit in there. I also grabbed some more of my all-time favorite string cheese, the Organic Valley Stringles. This is the best string cheese. Hands down, best string cheese it tastes so good and it's really affordable at Costco. I think it was $8.40 for the big pack. Two more of the Boyce's Bakery, Heap Bacon and Nutty Dog Treats. They still have these for $10 which is a really good deal. So I picked up two more bags and then I also grabbed my dog some of the Duck Jerky. Really good ingredients in these and again I can break them up into smaller pieces for them. A big block of Colby Jack cheese for Tori's breakfast sandwiches, meat, cheese and crackers. And then I also picked up the Cheese Slice Variety Pack. I really like this one because they're Swiss Colby Jack Tetter and Monterey Jack. So it's a nice variety pack for $9.99. Also a big pack of blueberries. These were cheaper at Costco than they were at Sprouts. The Vanilla Extract is $11.99 which is great for this huge container. I think I pay $9 for a little tiny one so I picked that up. They have the Sonoma Creamy Alfredo Sauce on coupon. I think I believe it was $10 for both jars so I thought that I could make some Alfredo pasta for us. A restock of my dishwasher detergent because we're running low. I love this cascade one. It works really well. A big, huge container of my plain, organic, non-fat Greek yogurt for my yogurt bowls. I've really missed those on my trip. So I'm definitely going to be back to making those pretty much every day. Some mouthwash because I just used the last one that we had in backup. I picked up some of Reprisal for Troy for Heartburn. This one doesn't bother his stomach so I grabbed that. And then we also needed some Tylenol. This is on coupon right now at Costco as well for I think $12.99, which is a really good price. This is a huge container. A two pack of milk for Troy. I thought this was a better deal than buying a single gallon at Walmart. Some scent beads for the washer. Also on coupon for $14.50 for the big container which is an incredible deal. Of course, a big pack of toilet paper because what Costco trip doesn't involve Kleenex toilet paper or paper towels. Also not shown is a case of water, a case of Diet Coke and a case of Coors Light. Troy put those away in the garage in the fridge already. So that is my huge massive haul from Costco, Sprouts and Walmart. Let's jump into what's for dinner and what you'll be seeing in Monday's meal prep. So here's what is on my menu for dinner. So starting today, Saturday, we always go out for dinner. Tomorrow I'm actually making garlic, herb, chicken and asparagus. This just sounds so good. I missed veggies in Hawaii. I didn't eat as many as I should so I'm super excited for that. And then on Monday I'm actually making creamy chicken, gnocchi soup. You guys will see that recipe in Wednesday's what I eat in a day so stay tuned. Tuesday is a leftovers night. Wednesday I'm making pasta. Thursday we're doing tacos and then Friday we'll finish up any of the leftovers from earlier in the week. And here's what you'll be seeing in Monday's meal prep. I'm really excited for these recipes. I am making a spiced apple baked oatmeal for breakfast.  It even has some quinoa in there. And then for dessert I am making pumpkin muffins. And supposedly these are the best pumpkin muffins ever. So definitely stay tuned for Monday's meal prep. Thank you for joining me for this week's grocery haul. I hope you enjoyed seeing all my good stuff from Walmart, Sprouts, Costco. We are stocked up. We are good to go. Pumpkin spice was here. We had new food finds. Very exciting haul.  Subscribe if you're not because I upload a grocery haul every Saturday in five videos per week. Don't forget to check out the description box for nutrition coaching as well as links and discounts to all of my favorite things. Last but not least, come join our Facebook group. We'd love to have you. Happy Saturday friends. And I'll see you all in my next video. Bye.


Everybody forced here. I've got three boxes of 2023 tops inception baseball hobby ripping these for Jennifer. Why? Let's do it Jennifer First milestones something in here At least the patch auto all right green Chris Bryant and Vladdie Mervis Carol waters Mount Castle. Oh There's a bonus hit Say rookie on a Matthew Libretor number to 125 Two autos in the first box. That's pretty that's pretty good Libretor to 125 and and also Paraza rookie patch auto to 99 Paraza to 99 It's a good start. All right green Garrett Cole Our in not a purple to 150 Nolan our in auto McLean rookie as well Shet Alvarez Bobby wits and an auto rookie steel Walker out of 75 green Vado Red are not at a 75 now Who not owes a lot of cardinals in this Patrick Bailey? Eloy Cole Rutschman rookie and a rookie auto of Dalton Guthrie to 25 All right decent few boxes there nothing too crazy Jennifer, but they get an extra hit And a couple number cards as well as the along with the autos. We appreciate it. We'll get these out to you shortly


Two people have had a remarkable escape from serious injury after their car careered 30 metres over an embankment in the Dandenong Ranges east of Melbourne. The accident happened near the devil's elbow on the Mount Dandenong tourist road just after half past eight last night. More than 50 emergency workers helped to free the pair from the car, then winched them down the hill to ambulances. The car stopped in trees just metres above a house. There was no skid marks, just bang, bang, bang, things in the house were shaking around and the air run up and there was people hurt and the car was smoking and a bit worried about that catching fire. The occupants of the car, a man and a woman are recovering in hospital.


Welcome back and a visit was seen were forward Bemidji stays Philip Maranaccio joining us now and Phil I don't know if I've asked you this before you may believe I am growing up in Toronto. Yeah, yeah, not so much anymore Just like watching certain players more than cheering for a certain team, but growing up I was a big leaf in yeah What makes sense to grew up right outside of Toronto there in nobleton, Ontario How did I and I'm trying to think how did you find your way to Bemidji stay years ago? I'm just from playing juniors in the US HL That's where they recruited me from so pretty fortunate to play in the league, right? How about for yourself now that this season we've noticed that we talked about it in the booth a bunch of times It just seems like you're having your your best season ever at Bemidji State right now Yeah Just more opportunity. I'm a senior now. So just get more of an opportunity to play. I think help with that Okay, okay But do you speed to everything the grit the determination in the corner? It seems like you've really amped it up or maybe it's just noticeable because you have more race time. I guess just noticeable Okay, fair enough. How about how about the team though as a whole? What's what's different about this team this year? We're just a tight group of guys. We all believe in one another out there and just a confidence and we have I think and just playing well as a team I think as I Just contributed to the amount of wins that we have How about Bemidji State now offensively you guys too? We seem to have more depth than you've had years in the past. Is that fair? Yes and no, I would say we are pretty deep team to last year up front and Same with this year and our D-man or a year older from freshman to sophomore So I think that helps a lot and we got bits in the net and Jess and read with them So I think all around we got a pretty deep team who's a year older. So it helps As fun as much fun as you've been having to I'd imagine women's Yeah, more fun than losing. Yeah, this is the best start. We've had since I've been here So it's definitely fun to be a part of and hopefully we can continue with that At the top of the WCHA standings right now with a lake state in here this weekend Staying focused. You're heading into the the holidays here. Yeah, we want to close out the season going on the break On a high so these next couple weekends that we have a lake stay to start can't look past that or gonna be big How about for you personally too? What are you studying at Bemidji State here and your plans for the future? Sport management major with a minor in mass communications. So Whether I'm playing hockey or not, I'd definitely like to be involved in sports, especially hockey. So maybe grab a microphone Some day. I don't know about that. Okay We'll see. All right and keep playing hockey. Hopefully Yeah, that's a goal. I think for every one of us playing we've been playing since we were little and Obviously all our goals are to play in the National Hockey League and I don't think anything's changed Well, I don't know if you know this too, but my my four-year-old thinks saying your name is pretty fun You know, we're in the backyard playing Marinaccio. So all the best and keep her going here You like like seeing you on this course. Thank you. Appreciate it. Philip Marinaccio will be back in just a moment here I like this sports


QuickBooks Online Comparative Balance Sheet Creation Get ready to start moving on up with QuickBooks Online We're going to be using the free QuickBooks Online Test Drive Searching in our online search engine for QuickBooks Online Test Drive Selecting the option that has Intuit.com and the URL Intuit being the owner of QuickBooks using the United States version of the software and verify Support accounting instruction by clicking the link below Giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category Further broken out by course Each course then organized in a logical reasonable fashion Making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems PDF files and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable So once again click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it Now that we're not a robot Scrolling in by holding down control up on the scroll wheel currently at 125% on the zoom in Cog dropdown noting that we're in the accounting view as opposed to the business view We'll try to toggle back and forth between the two views so you can get a look at both of them We're going to be duplicating some tabs up top like we do every time right click on the tabs duplicating it So that we can put reports in them right click in the duplicate a tab to duplicate again as the tab to the right is thinking We're going to go to the tab to the left reports at the bottom and then choose the balance sheet one of our faves And then I'm going to go to the tab to the right and go to the reports on the left and this time the income statement profit and loss Let's close the hamburger otherwise known as the hamburger and then range change I'm going to change from 010122 tab 123122 tab and then run it so it can be refreshed it Tab to the left closed a ham buggy and range change from 010122 tab 123122 tab run the report That's the set of process we do every time we'll now be constructing comparative reports that are going to be comparing one period to another period For example now when we get into comparative reports is a couple things we want to keep in mind Usually the comparative reports are going to be for external use or analysis type of usages So we might want to have in our mind the mindset that if we are a bookkeeper or working in the accounting department We're going to be thinking about putting our reports together in such a way that we can display them to our client or possibly our supervisor And therefore we might want to have some customized reports possibly grouping them on a monthly basis or a quarterly basis or a yearly basis And part of those group of reports might include comparative type reports that might differ depending on if we're providing them on the month end or on the quarter end and the year end Also note that as we do the comparative reports when you look at the report center A lot of the reports in the report center that are related to the balance sheet might be basically these kind of comparative reports So that should help you when you look at the reports in the report center to not kind of be overwhelmed when they have a comparative report Because it's really just a variant on the balance sheet If we're able to construct the variants on the balance sheet make our own comparative reports we have a whole lot more flexibility So also realize that when we're doing these comparative reports there's a bunch of different variations that we can do Because when you start to think about multiple periods on one balance sheet report You could think about having multiple years on one report, two periods being compared, three periods being compared You can be comparing the current month to the prior month, the current quarter to the prior quarter The current year to the prior year and so on and so forth year to date information versus the prior year to date information So there's a lot of different kind of comparative reports that you can do You need to be able to choose the ones you think would be best to represent your package of reports that you might be providing Say to a client and they again might differ if you're doing a month in reports versus quarter end reports and year end reports Now these are balance sheet reports and you have the same capacity for income statement reports But you want to also keep in mind with these comparative reports there could be differences in how the format will be constructed For a balance sheet which is as of a point in time and an income statement report which is a time frame Has a beginning and an end to it so we'll try to point those differences out when we go through the comparisons Okay let's think about the different ways we can do these comparative reports Now first there's two ways we can think about it We could think about having multiple periods as of a point in time for the balance sheet Meaning multiple months, more than two months possibly, multiple quarters displayed And that's one way we can think about it Another way we can think about it is just having two periods And if we have two periods then we can do a subtraction We can add another column which is the difference between the two periods and a percentage change column A horizontal analysis type of system So in the first of those if I have the range going for the year, an entire year And then I go to my drop down here I can then say the days in a year that would be quite long Because there's 365 so you would only do that if you had a short range that you were going to up top We could do the weeks which also would be quite long which you probably would only do If you're choosing like a one month of the date range up top The months which is much more common but still quite long if you're doing an entire year 12 months would be up there And quarters which is way more common if you were doing a year's date range up top Years which makes it possible for you to pick multiple years up top And then have it broken out with a comparative of years And then you could break out by customers and vendors which is a little bit more You know kind of unusual that you would break out your balance sheet by customers and vendors But that would be more applicable on other reports and as well as your products So let's do the most common which would be quarters here if I had a year's date range and run it So now you've got your quarters listed out top Now this is as of a point in time per quarter That will be a little bit different if I did like an income statement Let's go to the income statement just for comparison purposes We've got the year range up top If I was to compare the quarters then it's going to give me the activity per quarter and a total Because now it's looking at performance The revenue went up through each of these quarters and in the full year total you get the total at the end Balance sheet doesn't have the total because these are as of a point in time So that's just useful to remember And I can do that on a month by month comparison So if I did the months I could run the months And so there's that a lot of months, 12 months here of course so it's a longer report If you wanted to do a changing of the range here and you just had from 1201 to 1231 and you run it And then we change to days Then that would be more applicable to run it for days which isn't that common even in that scenario Or possibly weeks that you could run in that scenario And then just so you can see it you can run by customer And then there's your customers up top so that you can break it out in that format And then if you change the date range up top to go from multiple years Let's say this is 010120 to 123123 or something And I run that and then I change it to years You can have more than two years that you can basically run a report So the next way that you might run a report is to say hey look I only want to have two periods at a time Because if I have two periods at a time then I can subtract out the two periods and look at the difference between the two periods I can't do that if there's more than two periods So and I also might want to say hey look I don't want the oldest month first but possibly the most recent period or month or whatever first Because that's the most relevant month and that's a common way to format it So to do that we have to have a combination of the dates up top and then use these functions to be picking the prior period So we have the prior previous period and then the previous year So when I'm looking at the previous period if I look at the current month I can pick up the prior month to it Or the current quarter the prior quarter to it If I'm looking at the previous year and I'm looking at like say January of 2023 I can compare it to January of 2022 Those are kind of the distinctions so let's look at this one first So now I'm going to say I'm going to pick December 1231 222 Actually 12122 let's do a month 12122 to 1231 222 So now I've got the month let's change it to a total here back to the normal totals only So we've got our standard report and then this is for just one month instead of a year And then I'm going to select the dropdown and pick the previous period And sometimes when I hit run it doesn't quite run it so you got to go up and click it again make sure it runs And you've got now you've got two periods and it's got the the current period first Which is quite common in reporting because that's the most relevant data And then the prior period now it's just natural to say if I only have two periods I would like to look at the change of where I stood this where I stand now versus where I stood last month So I can hit the dropdown not that one this dropdown and say change dollar change And again if I just try to click over here it doesn't quite hit it sometimes I did that time So there it is so now I've got the dollar change so if I pull out the trustee calculator of course Because you know I only do calculations and my head doesn't even work anymore I can't even subtract like a Anyway if I take if I take this one here we've got the 2658.77-907.15 you've got the change Now the change is great but I can't really benchmark it to other businesses that are larger than me Which is what I'm trying to do oftentimes because I'm trying to be as big as them or get bigger than I am Benchmarking to bigger and better businesses possibly so I need the percent change then So I can hit the dropdown up top and say I want a percent change and run it run it So now you've got the percent change so now I've got I've got this dollar change which was right there And if I divide that by the prior period which is November then you've got the 907.15 divided by And it's a 193 increase you know in position if I move the decimal two places over So that makes sense so this percent change can be kind of confusing to first think about We're getting into kind of like ratio analysis and that kind of stuff But anytime you're measuring performance or where people stand and whatnot you have to do that You see it most commonly in jobs so if you get a job review they're going to have to use percentages oftentimes and so on And you can see that most commonly in professional sports jobs where you're trying to compare one player to another player You've got to use stats in order to do that and percentages come into play clearly So that's our standard comparative report comparing two periods So I can do that on a month by month comparison if I wanted to do it for a quarter for example Then I can just change my range to a quarter which would be the end of the last quarter of the year would be 10, 01, 2, 2 October, November, December and then so now it's still as of because it's as of the answer But in any case there's the two quarters there's the change and the difference So that's how you can do the previous period kind of things we did the quarter we did the month And then we can also then think well how can I compare to the prior year you might think well I could do this I could go from 01, 01, 2, 2 to 12, 31, 2, 2 and run it and then the previous period would be the prior year here But if I want to compare like January or like March of 2022 to the same month March 2021 Then I've got a different strategy so then I can hit the drop down and say okay let's go back to the baseline I'm going to take all this off run it and then bring us back to 12 So there we go and so now I want to say let's run it just for like March 03, 01, 2, 2 to 03, 31, 2, 2 But and I'd like to compare that to that month of the prior year 2021 So now instead of selecting the prior period which would compare it to February and we're going to compare it to the previous year So let's check that out and run it so now there's no data in March Let's try November 11, 01, 2, 2 to 11, 31, 2, 2 11, 32, 2 Ah hold on 11, 32, 2 Okay run it So now there's no data in our practice file for the prior year of November any of the prior year But you can see the comparison right now you've got 2022 for that month compared to the prior month And I could then add my dollar change and my percentage change and run it So run it and so there would be our changes And so if I wanted to compare the current quarter to the prior quarter I could say I want from 10, 01, 2, 2 to 12, 31, 2, 2 That's the current year and then comparing that to the prior year would be you know as of through December Because it's at the end of the quarter But you can see how that comparison by how those comparative reports will work Now so just to note that with these comparative reports now you've got a whole lot of comparisons right So even if you just if it was January now you can compare you know January to the prior year January for the first month And so that's one comparisons that you can do but if you're at the end of the of the like the year Then you might have different comparative reports you can compare now December to November of the current year You can compare December to December of the prior year you can compare the last quarter to the prior to last quarter You can compare you know the the last quarter to the last quarter of the prior year You can compare the current year to the prior year So so you can go overboard in the number of comparative type of reports that you want to do But just realize that you haven't a whole I mean you can almost do infinite comparative reports Especially if we start adding the percentage change because then you got comparative reports of two periods Versus reports that you can run that have three months in a quarter Or reports that you can run that have all months of the year or breaking out by quarter So it gets quite detailed in that sense as well So that's the general idea now if you were to provide this externally you probably want to change the title now Which you can do a couple different ways but I usually go to well we could just click on the brush up top You can change it here and you might want to call it something like comparative comparative balance sheet Something like that and then we can customize it the other way you can customize it because you might want to get rid of this date right there Because now you have multiple dates so you could customize it up top and we might go to the headers and footers for example And maybe remove the report period which would be a common thing to do And so that's a standard formatting that you might have I also tend to customize the formatting to to remove I usually make the the brackets around and then I remove I make the negative numbers red which could make them stand out more And then I usually remove the sense if it's for external reporting and on the footer you might I like to remove the date prepared time and report basis which I don't think adds a lot to the presentation So that could clean it up a little so it might look something like that And then if you wanted to save this type of report then you can save customization and it's a comparative balance sheet So you could add groups we'll talk about how to do that later but I'll just save it here And then if I go back on over to my first tab I'm going to refresh the first tab and then go down to the reports And go into the custom reports so there it is right there so now we can go into it quite easily And so these types of reports that are going to be the same for reporting purposes that you might give to a client So if you're going to go back into the month into the quarter into the year you can save here you can save the formatting here And then be able to open them easily you might even want to number them for example so that you can you can then have someone else possibly easily put together the reports that you want And then bundle them however you're going to bundle them to present them to your client and or to your supervisor So that's going to be the comparative reports there another kind of report that's common is going to be a vertical analysis type of report And so we'll talk more about that in a future presentation going back to the first tab if I change to the to the business view just to see where things are located in the business view I think we haven't been doing we went to the home tab and then we just went to the reports which are under the business overview And the reports and you've got your customized reports that I think that's really all the areas that we went to so that is that


Hi everyone, Joe for Jasper's casebreaks.com with 2020-2021 Panini Prism at basketball Salopak break number 248. This is gonna help sell out that hip parade. The last filler is already loaded up. We are booked for the night, but fill up that next one. I'm sure that'll go off tomorrow. Big thanks to, let's do the break first. Big thanks to everybody who got in. Five into five, ten times for names and teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten. What's up, Danny? I have not seen the trailer for the new Willow. I have to admit, I don't think I've even seen Willow, the original one, but I have seen Top Gun, the original, dozens of times. I'm looking forward to that. Got tickets booked tomorrow. All right, big thanks to this group right here for getting in on it. Next one right there. That's just right. Val Kilmer's in it. We had some Val Kilmer chat. Yeah, we'll try not to have any, right, the Val Kilmer chat coming full circle. I'm talking about him last night. Yeah, a young Val Kilmer in Willow, right? Yeah, I'm looking forward to the old Top Gun Maverick. People are saying that it's some of the best aerial dogfight sequences ever filmed in Hollywood. Maybe filmed ever. You know, like they used almost, they used very little special effects from what I hear. Dude, we really need a new Top Gun. Yeah, Rex, what do you know? Rex, so silly, Rex. Of course we need another Top Gun. We don't need the 18th iteration of a Star Trek show. The 80th million iteration. The same cast over and over again. All right, James Weisman Green and Tyrese Halliburn, Red, White, and not bad. James Weisman going to the Warriors are moving on to the NBA finals and Tyrese Halliburn, Kings edition going to Jesse. See, Rex, when I know that we need something, another of something, it's usually good. The things you mentioned are usually bad reboots. All right, three into three, six times, six the hard way for the top eight. Top eight after six. Good luck. Like Picard. Two, three, four, five, and six. Terry Cahill, sorry. Very close, but no cigar here. But there is another filler. We'll get him next time. Top eight, congrats to you. You're in that hip parade break. I am Anthony, Chris, Scott, Matthew, David, Matthew again, and Jesse. Congrats to the top eight. We'll see you in that hip parade break later. Jasper's casebracers.com. Bye-bye.


The essential tips that I would give to any first-time property buyer would definitely be around looking after your credit profile. It's quite important that everyone knows exactly what their credit profile is. You can do this. I mean, the first step would obviously for you to get hold of one of the credit bureaus abroad in the country. Everyone is entitled to a free credit report. It's very important because it gives you an idea of how you look on the bureau. When you come back to apply to a bank for a mortgage, they will always look at your bureau profile and check how you have performed and how you have handled your financial affairs. It's quite important. It goes into what lenders would call a scorecard. So it's very important. We want people to have good behavior.  The second one would be around property. It's quite important that you do your research. You need to research the location and the area where you're interested in buying your property. It's quite important that you find an area where property values have the potential to appreciate over time. Most people have the habit of looking for the best house that they like but forget the location. There is always this rule that you can always change your particular house but you can never change the location or improve the location. So it's quite important that you put as much effort on the location itself. There is also the issue of costs. Buying a property is a big investment. It's a big deal. It can't even be a daunting process especially when you start thinking of the costs involved. So always do your research, understand exactly the costs that are involved and banks would want to know that you've made an effort to understand these and you know how you're going to pay for this particular cost.


Three years, nine months, and 15 days ago, all 335 of us started high school. Shocking, isn't it? August 25th, 2008 marked the beginning of a four-year ritual. Our English teachers called this ritual the rites of passage. Our science teachers name it puberty, while us students simply called it high school. It was four years of learning and fun, and it has been four years of exciting new experiences. For some of us, it was the first homecoming dance, the first job, or even the first time behind the wheel of a car. A great deal has happened in these short four years we spend with each other. The years have flown by, leaving behind loving memories of high school. During the past four years, we have changed. We become smarter, more sociable, and more aware of what the future holds for each of us. Now we are at a great turning point in our lives. We are no longer boys and girls, rather, we are men and women. Now we will be on our own. We will be tested as to whether we can survive life without our family and high school friends. With all the success we have obtained, we owe many thanks to those who have inspired and assisted us. On behalf of the senior class, I would like to thank our teachers for guiding and preparing us to be leaders of the 21st century. I'd like to thank the history department for showing us that teachers still care about teaching. The math teachers who taught us when we don't like the problem in front of us, just rewrite it. The science teachers who stress the importance of passion and teaching. The English department for never capping our creativity. And lastly, the extracurricular sponsors who've passed down everything they know about leadership. Thank you to the whole senior class for making the last four years exciting and interesting. Most importantly, I would like to thank all the parents for encouraging and guiding us. Without them, we would not be where we are today. Lastly, I urge you all to come to the class reunion. I want to see you all again. I will miss you all. I will miss Edison and its classic black and gold decor. The Class of 2012 is one of the best, brightest, most spirited, and most athletic classes that has ever graduated from medicine. I commend you all for a job well done. I would like to remind you that today is not an end. Today is not a beginning. Today is merely the end of the beginning. Once again, congratulations to the Class of 2012.


All right, so thank you for being here to begin with. We're going to talk today about device that's rock people. And these are really almost every device that you use from mobile phone to your personal computer to wearable devices, and the list goes on. You can send me an email if you have questions, or you can use the question and answer slot to ask me a question after the talk. And you can follow me on Twitter if you want. So my name is Silvia. I am a software engineer and PhD candidate in Barcelona in telecommunication engineering. I research mostly in privacy and web science. And I wanted to talk about the real dark web and what I mean by that. So what is this all about? I'm going to talk about marketing to begin with, privacy, user tracking, online footprint, identity, and control. Why marketing? We're going to find out in the next few slides. So if you think about the company that started since the 90s with the new economy and so on, they based the business to begin with, or they sustained the business for a while, only on advertising. And so if you think of Facebook, if you think of Google, if you think of Twitter, and Instagram, and so on, they let you know in the very fine prints in the user agreement that you signed, that they sell your data in a way or another. So the scope of this is kind of massive. And the actual objective of advertising is for you to buy product. And for you to buy product, they need to suggest you products that you might be interested in. And so they want to know as much as they can about you so that they can recommend you product that they're more likely to buy because you're already interested in those things. And the thing is that they collect a lot of doubt about people. And this is personal data, and sometimes it's very personal and very sensitive information. So the way this happened is that they basically proc things that you do. So these are your online activities. But since the online activity is so linked with the offline activity, sometimes also it's offline activities. So when you subscribe for a meetup that you like, they know the topic of that meetup. It can be technology, it can be skateboarding, it can be theater, literature, whatever it is, they know about it, for example. So it's not just something that goes into the online world, but it goes into the offline world. So your real lives. And this information is crawled, it's analyzed, it's indexed, and it's always available to the companies that collect it. So what about online privacy then? Do we have online privacy? Do I have to speak close? Yes. OK. So if we always are tracked and the action are logged, does it mean that we're always controlled and some entities do always know what we do? And do we have lost the right to be anonymous when we want to? So the thing is that I always ask this, when I talk about privacy with friends or family of people that are not concerned about privacy, they always tell me, there is nothing that I am afraid that people can know about me. It's like I'm not interesting enough for them to look at me or I have nothing to hide. And this is not true because privacy is a fundamental human right, and it's documented in the UN chart. And it's kind of controversial because up to now, the right to privacy is the right to information self-determination. This means that if I give you my data and I give you a consent to use my data, that is fine. And you can use them. But with online data, the thing is that I can give you access to my location. For example, with the run application, but you know when that location information is used and to do what. So if I don't know what to use this information for, it doesn't mean I gave you my consent to use it. So there is also another thing that sometimes is said that privacy is a right to be forgotten. Because people don't care about privacy and people want to share their lives and they want to put the photos of the food they eat on Instagram. So the information that is shared online, it's actually a lot. And in 2001, it was estimated that it's 75% of the information that is on the internet that is user created. And that's personal information. So there was a kind of comic strip a while ago. I think it was in the 90s on the New Yorker.  But actually, this is not true at the moment because they know everything about you. So sometimes, there is this idea that is presented about the dark web. There is the web that is seen by search engines and there is this scary and it's not known. And this is usually associated with Tor. But it's actually, the dark web is any pages that cannot be crawled because it's protected by a password, for example. And there is kind of strange that they mentioned the dark web as so because also Facebook is protected by password and not all profiles can be crawled. But it's not part of the dark web for some reasons. So the dark web is the web that companies cannot reach a control or they cannot track data on it, basically, because they don't have access to it in order to crawl it. But if we think about this picture in a different way, we can see that the web is the service that everyone uses, like cloud services, email, shopping, music, maps, whatever. And then there is the data that are crawled and are shared by these services. So this can be called the dark web of marketing and we don't know about this. And I think this is the dark web because it's something we don't know about it. We cannot control up and down devices on which we have no idea what you're doing. And the thing is that we are perfectly fine with it because we are OK with using these devices and we don't question the way they access our information. So this takes us to the idea of metadata and what they are. So there was a lot of talk about it last year and metadata are basically structured information. And they can be collected about online content, offline content, telephone calls, whatever you think about it. You can have metadata about it because, especially if you're a programmer, it's not something different from having an object and having something that describes this object. Like a car can be described by the parts of the motor or the part of the show of the car and whatever. So they've always been used by website in different formats and not only by website but by any application basically. Like XML is a very old format. And it's not new or it was not invented by the NSA or anyone, so it was Jason. And to make some example of how this is embedded into website, I thought of the Google conversion tracking. So basically it's a set of tools that Google allows website to install so that if you have a campaign on AdWords and you want to know how many people you have converted into potential customers, you don't use your telephone number on the ads and on the page but use a Google voice number so that you actually know that those calls were routed by an advertiser, not basically. And when I think about this, I think always at the yellow pages. Like maybe 15 years ago or more, companies used to put ads on the yellow pages. And they might use a different number so that they knew that the calls to that number were coming from the yellow page ads. And that was fine because the information between the people that called the company and the company itself was contained between these two entities. But in this case, if you're calling something that you think it's kind of personal, like some doctor or something related to your health or to your personal belief, that information is also shared with Google, which is a third party, with Facebook or with someone else. So yeah, that was the explanation, basically, and how it works. Then there is another kind of metadata. And for example, I was looking at my phone network logs. And every couple of minutes, there are some things that are sent to a remote server through a HTTP call. And these include network location, for example, or a push of my contacts and so on. And I don't mean only the service that I have directly authorized, like, for example, Gmail push my contacts into my Gmail contacts. There are also push, for example, Samsung does rather applications. And the thing about this is that because this actually data goes encrypted now, you have no idea of what is actually being sent. Because in order to look at this data, you have to go through a very complex procedure of doing some kind of many-the-middle attack onto the data and see what your device is sending on your behalf. And then there is also other kind of devices that send data. And these are wearable devices. They track your weight, the amount of time you've been walking every day, your sleep, for example. And I have actually lots of friends that are technical. And they like using these devices. But they never think that there is a company that knows how many hours per day you sleep. And if you've been drinking, your sleeping patterns are kind of different or whatever. And I have started to read articles about how this information can be used, for example, from health insurance companies to say, OK, you have cancer or you have had a heart attack, but we are not going to pay for your care because you haven't been walked enough in the last five years, things like this. And then there is stuff for productivity. The sets that boost productivity. And they're starting to find articles about it. And then there is glass, of course. And I mean, glass is basically a calm streaming constantly on the internet because you don't know if that is standing video stuff. I mean, in theory, you know there is not. But how do you really know there is not? And they also have information about your blood pressure, for example, or if you're looking at a shop window or not. And they actually want to do that. They really want to do that. I was in a tech talk a while ago in Google. And they were explaining how this can be important to push a new kind of advertising. In which, if a shop has changed their windows, they kind of know if people liked it, but if they stopped it and the way they reacted it by looking at the way the art with, basically. And I mean, I wouldn't like that. And then there are other variables, like they're on the market, I mean. And it's just the beginning. And then there is website advertising again. And this is just a call to double click. And he has embedded some keywords. For example, if you look at it, it's like neurology or psychology, anxiety. I mean, I'm looking at the website because maybe I have a health condition or something, or someone in my family or not. And this is recorded. And it's also recorded through the keywords that the website embeds. And this has always been this way. And so because this happened with HTTP connection, every connection that you make in the browser has some selector associated with it. The picture is kind of small. But basically, let's see if I can zoom for it. No, no more than this. Well, it says, for example, that this connection goes from gating forum to Google Analytics. And they talk a couple of things about you. So for example, here there is the screen resolution. And the screen resolution, for example, used without a combination of things, can be used to uniquely identify your browser on the internet, for example. Because if you match that with the browser plugin you're running and so on, it can be used to create a unique identifier of your browser, even if you're not logged in any service. But we see this in a bit. So these things of connected data and metadata takes us to something that is being discussed mostly in the API community. And it's about hyper data and hyper media. And so when the web started, basically, it was about this concept of the hypertext. And the hypertext was linked into other hypertexts. Yes, exactly. And there was a relationship that the link kind of expressed between two pages that were connected. And this was used, for example, by search engines and so on to kind of build a model of web pages. And this concept is actually evolving from the web of web pages and hypertext to the web of data and interconnected data. And this data is basically anything. And it can be used also for personal data. And this is what happens, actually, in RESTful architecture. And RESTful architecture is basically the architecture of the web. And it's actually a way to represent web pages in a way that you can abstract over them. And they're not web pages anymore, but they are a resource. And they are a URI that identify that resource. And this representation abstract completely on the protocols that are used or on the service that are used. So it's actually only the resource and this representation on the resource. There can be any way to represent data. And the way to identify this resource, there is the URL or URI. And whatever is behind this, it's kind of connected through the server with a REST connector so that the client doesn't know about it. And this is actually what happens when we interact with data, basically, on the web at this moment. We have an interface that is uniform. And we request the resource through the URI. And we have the representation of the resource. It can be a page. It can be a JSON. It can be XML. And we use that. And we have the resource that is linked to all the resource. And we serve through them. We are starting this with the hypermedia API and so on. And so why this model for privacy? And why is this interesting? So because optional information about users, the web tracked were just a record in a database, for example. It was just a log message. OK, user one has done this on this page. But now everything is started to be structured. And the way the information can be mined, it's a lot more efficient. And it's a lot easier, basically, to track user follow the principle in which you would analyze web pages. There is something that, for example, search engine I've been doing for the last 10 years or more, 15 years, probably. So if we look at the graph again, we see that every action has a selector. It can be a keyword. It can be the resource where the action has started. Or it can be anything about it, really. And everything makes that action more unique, because it can be searched more efficiently. It can be analyzed more efficiently. And it takes up to this idea that everything that we do is connected in a hypergraph. And it's just a graph. It's just a graph. And where every node is connected with a set of edges, there are the links to other entities. And this is what happens with web pages. And this is what happens with personal data at this point. So you have your identity. And you have the web pages and the action that you visited, the action that have been taken on those pages. And you have your post on Twitter, your post on Facebook, your friends, your connection. And everything is connected to you, basically. And it's very easy to analyze. And this is an example of how it was analyzed. It was some document that was leaked on the Washington Post a few days ago, I think, a week. And they used the Google pref ID that is set on a cookie to actually identify targets online. And so that's how easy it is. And I mean, if everyone can analyze data every time you visit a website. And at the moment, it's happening mostly in JavaScript. But if any of you works with web application or mobile application, you might use a set of tools, like third party tools, like Google Analytics or New Relic, for example, Mixpanel, and so on. They're used to track events.  So in this case, you cannot know what the application is actually tracking, because it happens in the back end once you're logged in. So you're not even able to look at it as you do with JavaScript or HTTP calls, because it's the server that does those calls, and send the data that they want to track. So I was suggesting this link, because it's a study from EFF done in 2011, I think, quite a long time ago, before this started to be mainstream about how you can use some statistical measurement of how your browser is actually unique. So to answer that question, how unique is a footprint? We can look at a set of different things. You can start profiling your activity and see what kind of profile you're sending through the network, what kinds of keywords you're sending. For example, you can calculate how many bits of information you introduce every time you add something unique to, for example, your browser profile. Or you can start analyzing how many unique features you are sharing across the network. There are studies, for example, that by looking at your Twitter profile and your tweets frequency across the week or across the hours, they can know if you're tweeting more at work or tweeting more at home or tweeting more in the weekend and so on. Applications, they know that they customer are more likely to use the application in the weekends. They increase, for example, advertising during the weekends, or they promote special offer. And so these are, for example, application that are selling, I don't know, video streaming services like movies or magazines, books, and so on. They know that because you're busy, you're probably likely to do these things during the night or during the weekend. So they kind of change their strategy following these patterns. So when you profile over a set of categories, what you do, you basically count every time the category is expressed and you put that in a histogram. I mean, it's nothing very statistical at once. You just count and you divide by the total and you have the histogram. And you can do it with like, I did this for myself and I was looking at stuff and you have the spike in computers, but somebody else can have a spike on health, for example. And that might be used for any particular reason, I don't know. So this was a study that is done by DFF a while ago and I mentioned it before. And he used things like the user agent in the browser, the headers that you send every time you visit a web page, debugging the time zone, and so on. And I calculated the actual, how unique is that feature in a set of what? I mean, the cloud is just collection of data centers belonging to some companies. And when, I mean, 15? Oh, OK. So when we think about this, we think, OK, we are giving our data to somebody else and the data is safe, basically.  I mean, even if we use different services, sometimes the infrastructure behind the cloud is by somebody else. So these are the biggest players in the cloud computing infrastructure. And it's only five, even though, for example, there are a lot of services that use Amazon, for example. But they're still on Amazon. Yeah, and this is basically for the revenue for 2013. And still, the players, there are a very small number of them. They actually have cloud infrastructure, not the drug-selling services. And if we go beyond cloud providers, this is like the website that shows cable map for submarine cables. And all these cables, they're not public. They are owned by companies. And the way the data that travels on this cable is treated, we actually have no control about it, because we don't know. So I start thinking, what about mobile communication providers? Because sometimes mobile infrastructure is deployed, especially in Europe, it's deployed with public funds, with a lot of help from public governments, but then they're used by the companies that they actually can share those infrastructure. But so if they share their infrastructure and they actually haven't deployed it, who owns that infrastructure at the end? Or who has done it? And I mean, built it. And the number of companies, again, that built telecommunication infrastructure on the market is not the right. It's actually free. And it's Huawei, ZTE, and Ericsson, exactly. And so it's, again, free companies, mostly. So there was this quote that I read a while ago about Snowden and this idea that the internet was free. And then it wasn't free anymore. And the thing is that the infrastructure that we have been using has always been the same. I mean, the internet was built centralized with a series of layers of control that are there by design. I mean, if we look at the protocols, if we look at the way it was built, it was built with the idea that was someone routing the information or controlling the information, providing the infrastructure. It was stopped down in a way. And that is understandable thinking about how electronic systems were built a while ago. But if we want that freedom back, the idea was that I think we've been starting to research in open data and we've been starting to research in open source software. But we haven't researched in open infrastructure yet. And I think that's where we should go in order to have more access and more control on the infrastructure that we use, actually. And another thing that I think we should do is also collaborate with researchers outside of the telecommunication industry. Because there are a lot of people that want to do stuff for privacy from the political point of view, from the social point of view, from the point of view of the law. And they don't know sometimes where to start and they don't have all the information. And the last thing that I suggest is to be mindful about your footprint. Like, if an application wants to know your sleeping patterns, I mean, you should question that. And that's it. Thank you, Sylvia. I think a lot of people appreciated your talk. Are there questions? We have some time for questions left. Actually, two interesting points that you brought up that I'd like to explore a little further. You mentioned, of course, people tracking fitness and sleep. Are you aware that in the US right now, there are three court cases that are using the Fitbit as part of their subpoenaed evidence? One of them is for an injury case. They want to demonstrate that the person was, as injured as they say they are, by using the fact that they can no longer exercise. But the other two are divorce cases, where someone is trying to claim that a person is not where they said they would be using the Fitbit tracker. I actually read something about it. I read it was used in court cases. I didn't know the actual cases. And the thing that I read mostly was about health insurance companies. Yes. The second thing was regarding the mobile phone. It was recently revealed that both Verizon and AT&T in the US were adding an additional tracking signature to everyone who used the browser on their mobile phones so that they could then get a complete record of every site that you've gone to once you leave their connection. And AT&T has claimed that they are no longer going to use it, but Verizon has made no claim at all. They're going to continue to collect that information. Well, the thing is that it's very easy to add a parameter to a URL. I mean, once the call goes through their service, they can do whatever they want with it. And they have the information anyhow. And it's very difficult for us to find out that they're actually doing it. OK. Thank you. The work you're doing is great. Thank you. So, here's another question. Yeah, thanks. My question is, what we could do to reduce our web footprint now? I mean, we should use all the time of the Torbrowser bundle with, I mean, in a virtual machine? The question is, what we can do with about the footprint and if we can mitigate that with Tor. Yeah, I mean, Torbrowser bundle is, like, unrecognizable. I actually run the Panopticlic with Tor. And OK, so with my usual setup, the bit of information with about 22, that was sending. And with Tor, it was getting down to 12 using the Tor bundle. Still, if you keep browsing with the same bundle, although your location might change and so on, there are information that you send, for example, about the cookies that you store or you design not to store if you need to. And your profile, basically, the things that you've been surfing. I mean, after a while, your profile becomes part of your footprint. So that's the thing. Thanks. Thank you. Go. Now, your question, please. OK, so sometimes it's not practical to use a Torbrowser bundle because it's just not fast enough with the rerouting. Do you have any other recommendations one could use to stay a bit low profile? The thing is that once you log in or you accept cookies, there isn't much you can do. I mean, you can stop any JavaScript calls, for example, to third party. And you can do that with a number of browser extensions. But if this is something that is happening in the back end of an application, you have no way to know what information has been collected. And with mobile phones, it's even worse because even if you don't use the browser and you use applications, even when you do not log in into anything, into an account, they use the device ID or they generate an ID for that device in order to use it to track you. So maybe a follow up on that one. Like, how would a web browser, how would it have to be designed to actually prevent these kind of things happening? Or maybe is it possible to design a web browser the way that so it's much harder to track you? So the question is, if it's possible to design a browser that is harder to track? There are privacy extension that can help to block calls and can help you say, OK, every time I visit, for example, the New York Times, I make these calls to these servers. And these servers are located in this location and are sending this data. And I can say, block this. And you're probably blocking some ads and so on. But again, it's not like everything needs to happen in the client. As a client, when you use a client, you can protect yourself. But as soon as that goes into the server, and unless you always kind of send forged information, like you always change the location for a proxy and you always send bogus keywords to say that if I'm searching for something, for example, basketball, I'm sending a set of keywords through other websites like business, economics, and religion, whatever. Unless you do this all the time, there is always a way that they can track you. Because the way the infrastructure is designed is to collect data. And the development of big data is about data points that users have generated. And they can help them analyze stuff, I don't know, from if the application is used more from London or New York or from, I don't know, one magazine is read more than another one, or one article in the New York Times is more interesting that another one, you name it. You can do it, basically. Thank you. OK, then there's one question from the internet and another in the room. The first one from the internet. OK, would it be any help to randomize all possible tracking variables, maybe by an HTTP proxy that modifies the relevant content? So the question is if you can use tracking barriers and HTTP proxy to avoid this. You can certainly use it, but you are also aware that your online experience changes. And again, you cannot use that all the time when you use, for example, your mobile or things like that. So anti-tracking technology exists, and they're starting to be developed. But in my opinion, they're only in the client. And we also need an effort from the social point of view, from the political point of view, to say there is so much you can do with personal data. Thank you. Thanks. OK, then that's the moment the last question there. Thank you. I have a question concerning the identity hypergraph. And if you have any information, if there's any debate on the strategic value of that, since the US, at least, there is a process called the National Strategy for Secure Transactions on in cyberspace, where they basically want to create a marketplace for identity services. And I wonder if the vendors that you have knowledge about participate in that discussion, and what will the hypergraph place in that? So the question is about the hypergraph and security services. Well, the political value or the strategic value of that, if you're aware of any discussions or if you have seen anything that points to. OK, and thanks. So the idea about the hypergraph that is part of my PhD research and thesis, and I use it to analyze data and not to have just to query a database, but to be able to say, OK, if this person was interested in psychology, maybe they're also interested in anxiety, or they also did something with that. And the political idea behind this is that if you know what you've been attracted for, or if you know what information you're sending on the internet, you'll be able to say, OK, I want to do something about this. So the idea is that if you posted, for example, something on Twitter, Facebook, or whatever, that says something that you don't want about you, like you accidentally post something like Xanax or something like this, you are able to remove it and to know that you actually did it. And for example, if you know that because of a number of connections that you have on Facebook or on Twitter, you're actually more likely to appear of one religion as opposed to another, or you're more likely to appear gay or straight or whatever, you might not want that to be shown. And you might want to recognize what is actually being revealed about you by your activity. So the idea of the apigraph that I had was that by analyzing the information that I share, I'm able to know, OK, I need to delete this. And if I delete this node, I also delete all this information about me. Politically, I don't know if this discussion is happening. I know that, I mean, the thing is that it's the way the NSA and the liquid documents talked about metadata. There was something about a node and selectors. And that reminded me of a graph structure and a link, actually, when they say selector, I thought of a link and that was it. I don't know if I answered the question. Thanks. OK, I don't see any more questions at the moment if anybody has another question. You can just shout now or wave. Doesn't seem to be the case. So thank you again for this talk.


Surprises are gifts.  It stops your mind. You catch the moment of total bewilderment. It comes once a year when I step off the plane on the steamy tarmac of the tropics in Sierra Leone. I smell palm oil and breathe the red dust from the company. By a team of very talented surgeons and nurses, they know trauma. Many of them work in a war zone called Newark. They leave their antiseptic air-conditioned, highly regulated and well-supported ORs to go to a Bush hospital, nine grueling hours from the Capitol, where neither the well, the generator, or the ambulance survived the 12-year brutal Civil War. We did over 150 operations in two weeks, and this is what surprised us. Sierra Leone ranks on nations on the UN average life expectancy. It is estimated that only one out of four people is in need of surgery. 25% of the reported deaths last year could have been averted by timely surgical care. Hernias are left untreated, holes in the stomach from too much hot pepper, amputations for both bone infections, and untreated diabetes. The Dalai Lama once said, if you think you are too small to make a difference, try sleeping with a mosquito. This infection was the result of a mosquito bite that Muhammad had been treating with honey. He didn't seek medical care until he heard on the radio that the doctors were in town. We actually, we breathed it pretty well, but anyway. A hernia repair means a farmer goes back to work. This 35-year-old man, shockingly, was working in the field the day before his surgery, even though half his digestion was taking place between his pelvis. While gallbladder surgery is common in the United States, perhaps the results of our super-sized meat diets. In Africa, they are rare. Instead, we see huge hydroceals like this one here, a fluid-filled sac. It's a condition which would never be allowed to get to this stage in the United States. But for most of our cases, we use spinal anesthesia. Our anesthesiologist, who happens to be a Sierra Leonean, once told me, when you see a slight wince, you know the pain is a 10. Post-op, we give only Tylenol. Working in an environment without reliable power infrastructure requires creativity. We supplied oxygen by hand often, and used a Jerry Rick pump to rinse a patient's abdomen because the sterile water was in short supply. One of our docs made an incentive spirometer from an empty water bottle. These same bottles came in handy as sharp containers. And lawn furniture, not treat. We cannot treat goiters since there is no thyroid replacement medication in the entire country. Even after we amputated a young man's foot, we couldn't give him a system. It is a parasite that carries a bacteria. This condition is treatable. It's preventable if treated early. This 21-year-old man will never work on it. The second most common cause of blindness in Africa is river blindness, which can be prevented by simple antibiotics if these children live in a school full of blind and caught. But for those we are able to treat, the gratitude is heartwarming. I mean, I complain if I wait in a doctor's office for 30 minutes. This man walked 40 miles, waited six hours, I think he even brought it back. In states, the expression of gratitude is rare as too little time for our patients. This robotic surgery is where a doctor interacts with a computer, maybe the ultimate expression of technology over time. In Sierra Leone, our efforts to provide care, some do what you can, where you are. The biggest surprise I always have is to a healthcare system which emphasizes treatments over prevention where creating a crisis. We often suffer from open treatments and there's an African proverb saying, small, small, and if many little people in many little places do, for more information you can go to issueglobal.org.