This is the Geysers Geothermal Field in Northern California. Enough electricity is generated here from steam wells to supply a city the size of San Francisco. The field has about 300 wells, 20 power plants, and generates about 1,400 megawatts of electricity. In this environmentally sensitive area, how are well sites chosen and designed? Today's practices solve yesterday's problems. Geothermal developers and governmental agencies work together to choose and prepare well sites at the Geysers. Once a geothermal company proposes a drilling location, the process begins. First, environmental concerns are addressed. Most companies have projects on state or private lands. Thus, they must meet requirements of the California Environmental Quality Act, or CEQA. Those with projects on federal lands follow similar federal mandates. For exploratory projects, the California Division of Oil and Gas is the lead agency. Otherwise, county governments take the lead role. Then, the division is called a responsible agency. In any case, an environmental document for CEQA is developed. It addresses significant environmental impacts. County and division CEQA timeframes vary. The streamlined division CEQA process takes up to 135 days. Under the division CEQA procedure, a project is evaluated by governmental agencies and other interested parties. Several group meetings are held, such as project site visits and public hearings. Concerns expressed here may result in many project changes. After all concerns are noted and documentation is finished, the state oil and gas supervisor or county official, depending on the project, may certify the environmental document as adequate under CEQA. All or part of the project may be approved or denied. Now, other public agencies responsible for issuing project permits may do so. Typically, these include the division of oil and gas, county governments, the local air pollution control district, and the regional water quality control board. The state departments of Fish and Game and Forestry and Sonoma State University act as interested parties. Biological, fire protection, and archaeological matters concern them. They issue no permits, but their standards must be met. Some of these agencies hold additional permit hearings. Usually, permit decisions are issued promptly because of interagency CEQA participation. After the environmental review is completed and a company receives state and local permits, well-site design begins. A question facing early field developers was, where should the wells be drilled? The matter is still critical today. When modern field development started in the 1950s and 60s, the answers seemed obvious. Drill on the flat hillside terraces. So, that's where the company's drilled. And some of the wells blew out. The problem wasn't with the wells, but with the well sites. Almost to a site, the flat terraces proved to be parts of active, deep landslides, still slipping periodically down slopes in the field. As tons of earth moved and pressed against some wells, well pipes were bent, sheared, and steam escaped. Thus, the wells blew out of control. Clearly, changes were needed in well site selection and preparation practices. Today, division regulations require wells to be sited in stable areas, which are often rocky knolls or ridge lines. Before well site construction begins, a geotechnical study is made. Company geologists review aerial and geological maps. They study well site geology, undertaking well-boring and trenching activities to learn subsurface conditions. Here at a potential well site, I look for shallow bedrock, which will provide a firm foundation, and landforms that are not indicative of landslides, which are found throughout the geysers area. Hummicky terrain and springs are features that we wish to avoid in finding a good site. Other potential dangers include surface or subsurface drainage problems, rock type changes, and faults. A civil engineer designs the well site to mitigate the hazards. This one acre site is a typical geysers drill pad. Two wells will be drilled here. The geotechnical study and the well site engineering plan are submitted to the division of oil and gas and of county officials. Both must approve the study and the plans, and issue construction permits before any well site work can begin. Good afternoon, Ken. Good afternoon, Mark. Here's the geotechnical report for our new well site. Fine. Thank you very much. I'll add this to the site plans. When it's time to begin construction, a site is staked and cleared of vegetation. Then, a critical trench called a key is cut at the base of the site. The key acts like a retaining wall, preventing the well site from moving forward. Because of the mountainous regions and the geysers and the areas of instability, operators will choose knolls or ridges upon which to build drill sites. Considering this a ridge, the operator will take off the top and through balance, cut, and fill will build a site. Down at the toe is a keyway, which will be built two to five feet in depth, approximately 12 feet in width. From this point, material will be added until they reach the location of the drill site. A division engineer inspects the key. It must be free of faults and drainage problems. The key must extend two feet or more into bedrock or competent rock, which is outlined by the pick. If everything is satisfactory, the key is backfilled and the fill material is compacted. No large pieces of organic matter like roots and branches are packed into the key. These would decay and weaken the structure. The well site is cut into small terraces that extend down to the solid or competent rock. Drains are added if necessary. Next, the terraces are backfilled and this material is compacted up to the final well pad elevation. We'll consider now water control on the pad itself. Considering this to be the sump, we're looking down on the pad now. This being an access road, this being a backslope, water would be coming down naturally from the slope on the pad itself, but basically you don't want to direct toward the sump. So what you want to do is to run off. You have a berm around your well site entirely to control your runoff. You would have a down spout, an outlet here, directing all of your water to that point from the pad. From the back, you might have a bench. You would probably have a collector here where water would be caught, chandled along, collected, brought along, and out again in a controlled sequence. Four to five steam wells are directionally drilled from most modern well sites at the geysers. Twice annually, before and after the winter rains, division engineers check all well sites in the field. This care has increased environmental compatibility and site stability in the field. A testimonial to the program is the fact that no wells have blown out at the geysers since 1975.


The skin is the largest organ in the body, about 20 square feet. And the most vulnerable organ in the body exposed to both the oxidizing effects of UV radiation from the sun and the oxidizing effects of oxygen in the air. And years of oxygen stress can take a toll. Over the years, skin becomes thinner, more easily damaged, loses volume, elasticity, and can sag and wrinkle. What can we do about it? Skin wrinkling, can food make a difference? They measured healthfulness of skin using a micro-topographic method. It's cool. They make a mold of the back of your hand with a silicone rubber, peel it off, and then look at it under a microscope. This is what young, tight, healthy skin looks like. But then as we age, our skin can get all coarse and flaccid. How can we stop it? Well, three things contribute to the aging of skin. Oxidative stress induced by sun damage, inflammation, and ischemia, lack of adequate blood flow. Oxidative stress means we need anti-oxidants. Under these circumstances, many skin antioxidants undergo depletion, must be replaced continuously in order to delay the otherwise inevitable deterioration which would lead to skin aging. So plant foods would presumably help. And then inflammation and lack of blood flow. And so one might predict saturated fat, inflammation, and cholesterol ischemia might be associated with adverse effects on our skin. Let's see if our predictions hold up. In particular, a high intake of vegetables, bean, peas, lentil, soy, and olive oil appeared to be protective against skin wrinkling, whereas a high intake of meat, dairy, and butter appeared to have an adverse effect. Prunes, apples, and tea appeared especially protective. A recent study, for example, found that green tea phytonutrients were able to protect skin against harmful UV radiation, help improve skin quality of women. After a few months on green tea, there was a 16% reduction in skin roughness and a 25% reduction in scaling. Here's a micrograph showing the reduction in scaling, as well as improved skin elasticity and hydration.


Hi, in this video we're going to talk about that, how to download and install Rust programming language on your machine, first we need to go to website rust-lang.org and let's click to this link install rust 1.17 and to install rust first we need to download and run this file, ok let's save it to our computer, installation file getting saved very quickly, ok let's run ok now we have a message that we need to install the C++ build tools before proceeding we can install Microsoft C++ build tools for Visual Studio 2013 or later, ok i will continue with this process and i will set current installation options and proceed with installation by default if you already have installed Microsoft Visual Studio on your machine you wouldn't get this notice, ok we are now installing Rust programming language and Rust programming language can be installed on Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android, iOS and so on and now we have a message that Rust is installed now to get started we need Cargo's bin directory in our path environment variable, ok press enter key to continue, ok let's press enter and now let's check if our Rust programming language has been installed on our machine let's try to run command rust compiler and we can see that Rust had been installed on our machine that's all in this video thanks for watching don't forget to subscribe to my channel and to check out other videos on my channel


Hello everyone, I am Im Teo Nong Khmer. I am a student from Tetzel College, Nagarung and I am currently pursuing my Bachelor of Arts in History. Today's session is on the team woman and sustainability and We couldn't find a more fitting and accomplished personality than our respected man Justina Zillian She is the founder owner of Herdum Nagar came concepts and many more Ma'am, can you please tell a little more about yourself? Thank you. Well, we already mentioned Herdum Nagar, which is Textiles-oriented business that I started almost three decades ago and Also came concepts, which is primarily into bamboo and cane products from Nagaland I also co-founded another more specialties to call Konyak in Gohati Which is to give a platform to all our artisans and we must cross north-east India And I also co-founded Razipu. It's a heritage home stay in Gohima. It's just a nine-room property We feel that, you know travelers needed something more organic and Authentic to stay in and hence I started Razipu almost more in the decade back also I am also a convener of North East India to the Export Promotion Council for handicrafts I'm also an executive member in the handicrafts and carpet sector skill council and Recently I've been appointed as an advisor to the Kalmanap India Textiles Ministry of Textiles under the hand-in recommendation Okay, ma'am. So, which are the countries that you export your products to? Well, I've lost track of the number of countries that we export to but Currently my major markets are in the US, Japan, Australia, the UK and Europe Recently, we've also been receiving a lot of new clients from UAE and South Africa And what are the main items that are exported? So primarily it's soft furnishings. When I say soft furnishings, it covers in different sizes cotton shows table runners and In hard goose we export a lot of trays bamboo baskets and wall decor items And yes, it's also interesting to tell you that, you know, we also export a lot of curated one-of-a-kind Artifacts, which are made by one of our clusters in No more than this in the whole area And do the clients like provide you their own personal designs Do they require custom made? In our case, like, you know, it's quite funny that whatever designs that we We develop and we showcase at a B2B phase Those are the ones which are which have always been picked up by the clients Maybe some minor changes by in terms of or in designing tools in terms of color preferences are advised But by and large, it's all in our in-house designs, which are selected Ma'am, I can see some products behind you. So like, are these all? Which one? This one? Okay, so this is one of the products that, you know, remember I spoke about You know imparting training to a group of girls and women or, you know, last year during the entire pandemic So this is one of the bamboo mats that they have made and, you know, this is inspired by the we know that Every house in North East India has so essentially you just added color and so this is a natural dye And this this diamond type motif has been, you know, inspired by one of our traditional shelves So this is woven by the by all the girls who were received training from us And this is done in house in my dream in Sovipa village And this particular piece is being, you know, sold through many outlets in UK So it's a, you know, it's a very long journey between within where it's made and where it's fine Where it finally lands up. And when I say lands up, it lands up and very like swish Luxuring homes around the world So this is one of them This is something that, you know, we work with only women in Manipur Yes, so this is the kind of read That is Specific to Manipur and we give them our own design. So it's for a dual purpose It could be either at a place mat or it could be it could go in as a world decorator And As you can see These are the some of the products that we, the Whimsical, like, you know, now the original products that we make with our group of Artisans, male artisans in the Konya area Your journey as a serial entrepreneur started nearly 30 years ago So can you tell us a little more about the early days? What were the challenges and struggles that we faced? We said 30 years, suddenly you make me feel very vintage again But, well, having said that, you know, almost since you mentioned 30 years, okay Almost let me put it more mildly by saying that almost three decades ago You know, after a college education outside the state I came home and, you know, as was expected of any of us back in the day I love to say back in the day because, you know, we had very limited avenues for employment or to be engaged in So the most common route for many of us who came back home was to find a regular job So, you know, I was not an exception I also went through the rigmarole of the entire process of trying to seek a regular or let's say formal nine to five job That didn't happen, and thank God it didn't happen Otherwise I wouldn't be where I am today, so, you know, the most common saying that when one closes on you another will open So I totally relate to that, okay So, like I said, after going through all the rigmarole of seeking a regular job One thing that spoke to me over and over again was that, you know, I needed to do something on my own You know, it would be a total shame that, you know, having studied outside the state I'm not utilizing any of my knowledge here in the state So, not to be, not to keep, still, I dabbled in many small, small businesses Now we've got a startup, but back in the day all the jargon was not there So, you know, it was just an activity or it was just a small business that we started, that I started literally But, again, you know, unless you try, you never really know, you know, where your strength lies So, after doing like a series of small businesses which, of course, didn't work out I found my colleague in the handmade sector So, when I say I found my colleague, it was in a sector which, you know, was already well known outside the state So, essentially it was weaving with the textiles And also, you know, handicrafts, which was very well known outside the state when it came to Nagaland The first thing that comes to mind is your colorful textiles or your colorful crafts But at that time, you know, whatever was available in the state was only in a traditional format So, you know, it set me thinking like how about, you know, reimagining the existing traditional textiles or existing crafts And, you know, making them more meaningful or let's put it this way, making them more relevant So, this is truly how my entire journey started There was this one weaver who lived below my house And every afternoon or evening I would, whenever I crossed her house, I would see her weaving in a veranda So, one day I went to her and I asked her, you know, how about, you know, using your loin loop And how about making some few samples? So, that, you know, completely opened my journey as an entrepreneur It was not without, I mean, it was not, you know, I didn't have a proper business plan Sorry to say that to, you know, students But, you know, whatever I did was in a very organic manner, I would say But I think, you know, whatever I did at that time, you know, found instant favor outside the state Because, again, like I mentioned earlier, whatever was available was extremely traditional It was either a traditional shawl or a mekhla or, you know, nothing beyond that So, by, you know, coming up with a line of soft furnishings in cotton That was an instant hit in the market and trust me, ever since I happened to look back So, very early, you know, in my conversation with you, I would say that, you know You have to find your own niche in the market and fill that gap in the market So, that's pretty much my initial journey So, our team today, as mentioned earlier, is women and sustainability So, as a successful woman entrepreneur, your operations span mainly across four different verticals Which is textiles, home decor, traditional handcrafted jewelry and hospitality sector So, like, how important is sustainability to you? And do you implement sustainable processes and practices across all your business verticals? I think sustainability is the buzzword today And I often think that it's badly misused Many people don't understand the meaning of true sustainability You've already mentioned that, you know, I have been around for 30 years So, you know, the first thing that I will tell you is, like, I have managed to sustain my business So, which itself is a big thing for me And having said that, you know, my biggest challenge, which many people ask me You haven't asked me yet, but let me tell you that right away My biggest challenge, since inception, has been to sustain the business And, you know, when I say sustain the business, many people will ask me about sustainable practices and so on and so forth But for me, truthfully speaking, it's about, you know, the biggest challenge was to sustain the business And therein, like, a bigger challenge, but more the bigger challenge was to, you know Sustain the artisans, and sustain all the people in the value chain that you have created To be able to provide them with uninterrupted work So, till today, you know, there are times when we have gaps in our orders So my, you know, I go to bed with a very heavy heart What am I going to make them with next? What am I going to ask them to make for me next? So that has been to sustain the business for me, essentially It's like number one priority Number two, yes, we use artisans only about sustainable practices You see, when we talk about the loom that we utilize Well, that's the most archaic or if not most primitive loom loom to mankind And, you know, Erum Naga as a business has been instrumental in spotlighting the practice of loom loom weaving Not only in India, but also globally So till today, we have very few communities, indigenous communities around the globe Which practice loom loom weaving And I think when I say spotlighting the region, we've spotlighting the practice of loom loom weaving We've been able to, you know, detail and will sell products Open on the loom loom, okay And when I say loom loom, like all the weavers work from within the confines of their own homes This has been one of my major advantage and disadvantages So by allowing them the weavers the freedom to work within the confines of the old rooms And their own pace It's all about, you know, using the loom which belongs to them And the process of weaving is completely sustainable Because here we don't have any carbon footprint to begin with And yes, like I totally relate to the fact that, you know, we bring women empowerment Not only at the grassroots level, but to their doorsteps You know, how beautiful it is that, you know, a woman is like besides looking after Bending to her other chores in the house She's also sitting in her comfort zone She's also making a living And in the process, she's able to empower herself financially Now I think women all over the world need to be empowered financially Now this has been my biggest driving point till date And like I said, sustainability is a buzzword business You think when you mention the word sustainable, sales But here people don't understand that, you know, whatever practices that we do And that goes into making any handmade product That's completely sustainable Whether you talk about the process that goes into it Or even the material that we use Whether it's cotton or whether it's the wild silk that we use Whether it's bamboo, whether it's cane or any other, you know Natural fiber or grass that we use These are all sustainable materials that we use So to answer your question, it's 100% sustainable I have another question Natural and handmade products tend to be overshadowed by the synthetic Not produced synthetic products So how do you convince your customers to opt for sustainable products Like yours over the cheaper but unsustainable products Which cause immeasurable damage to the environment Yes, so, you know, my journey as an entrepreneur Has pretty much been about educating, you know, the well Educating customers about this very factor It's only, I think, in the last five or six years Or let's put it like one decade That people have understood the importance of the handmade And therefore the handmade movement is a very strong movement And anywhere in India now Or even outside the country But back in the day Again, I'm going back to back in the day It wasn't so You know, I had to I was at the receiving end of many condensating comments from customers Whenever I used to go for a B2B fair Which is my only model of business activity In any B2B fair, you know, you would have these condensating customers Looking at or from the screening and saying How much, you know, that was a typical question that would come Not so much from the global customers But from within the domestic market Then, you know, as soon as they heard the price The first thing they'll quit was why so expensive So, you know, it was pretty much left to be to sensitize the customers And also to stand my ground in being able to say no You know, when I say condensating attitude There were customers who would literally be mocking at, you know, the prices At me, when they heard my prices and said Okay, in China, I get this basket for, say, like, 50 cents Like, why so expensive? I'll order 10,000 pieces So I would look at their point blank and say that I cannot even make 10,000 pieces at this juncture for you It is... There is no machines involved in the work that we do And at that time, you know, there were occasions when, you know One was made to feel very inadequate But not now, because, you know, people... Well-evolved people or well-evolved customers Will all subscribe to handmade now, okay The world is now moving towards sustainable living And conscious consumption And it, therein lies our USP Being able to, you know, provide a product which has been made With a lot of sweat, blood, sweat and tears You know, there is a soul in any product that we offer to our customer So in that sense, you know Anything like made by hand Is now much preferred by the customer Over any synthetic or any, like, machine-made product Yeah, so I think we are getting a lot of traction I think that's the right word to use currently Because, you know, most of our... I mean, 99% of the work that we do is sold only in overseas markets So once, like, our domestic customers see them at, you know Prime stores or luxury stores in several countries Naturally, you know, even in the domestic market A lot of, like, well-evolved customers are reaching out to us now But yes, I think overseas markets have long understood the importance of the handmade And therefore, they subscribe to whatever we make Because they understand the processes They understand how crucial it is for any, you know Any organization or any company or any business To, I won't say support, but to subscribe to the handmade movement And in doing so, ensure that, you know The continuity of the handmade is ensured And not only that, in doing so Ensuring that traditional practices around the world is preserved And in doing so, the cultural legacy of any community Or all communities are preserved So that, I think, the overseas market of the western world has understood that long back So across all your businesses Yes A significant number of artisans, we've raised, etc. Which are women Not only have you given them an opportunity to stand on their feet And do something significant But you have also made them financially independent And self-reliant So today we talk about women empowerment You were one of the pioneers when it came to empowering women And giving them a sense of direction and purpose in life So was it a conscious decision of yours to empower so many women And bring about a drastic change in their lives? Yes And, you know, you must understand where I'm coming from Being a single parent who is more than two kids I have understood completely how crucial it is to empower women At any given level So, yes, I've made a very, very conscious effort to work with women Across all verticals of my business When it comes to textiles It's a 100% women-oriented company Because of the one fact that, you know, weaving in other societies Is considered taboo by men So therefore I work only with women And I have made a conscious decision to employ Only women in my organization when it comes to textiles And in fact, last year, was it last year When the pandemic struck us? You know, suddenly our textiles business saw a jump in our audience And I made a conscious decision to bring in eight new girls You know, some at the inspection level Some at the production level Some at the admin level So yes, I make a very conscious effort to rope in only women in my organization When it comes to the textiles business Also, I'm making a very conscious effort now To introduce handicrafts to women in Nagaland You know, in Nagaland I think the handmade sector is a very gendered thing Women are like relegated to the softer side of textiles While men take up all the, you know, mental for handicrafts But today, you know, like there are a lot of school dropouts Or college dropouts, let's put it this way Who are not too interested in taking up the practice of loin room weaving Because it does cause a lot of strain on their backs So, and maybe they consider it, you know, not a very evolved, what to call it Not a very evolved business for them to be engaged in So, you know, we organized a skill training program last year Just before the pandemic for about 40 girls Most of them were school dropouts again And I taught them how to weave bamboo mats These mats, we use them to line up all our service trays And all of these service trays are wall decor items And all these items are mostly for the sport market And the beauty of why I'm relating this to you is Because the beauty is that after doing part of the skill development training For the first time ever in their lives, they caught on so fast Because, you know, you have to understand that our girls and our boys are so super talented When it comes to working with their hands When it comes to creativity, when it comes to working with hands I think it's in their DNA So they picked up the craft so fast that, you know Immediately, like I had to see a lot of export orders on some of the bamboo trays On some of the bamboo wall decor And trust me, you know, like It gave me such a sense of accomplishment Because I was able to, you know, provide them uninterrupted work throughout the pandemic Throughout the pandemic All those that my first batch of, you know, weavers For the bamboo handicrafts For the first time were women and girls And none of them, like, was left without work So, you know, this conscious effort to drive in more women Into the gendered world of handicrafts in our society Is also, like, you know, beginning to show a lot of promise Even today, this morning before you came in You know, we have developed a very large cluster of women matte weavers from Tuli And we do it very simply without any fuss We receive orders, we just send them a WhatsApp X number of pieces of bamboo mats This make and send From Tuli in the next 10 days or so it arrives by sumo And, you know, it's so easy to conduct business these days Because, you know, you can immediately transfer the money that is due to them So, in this manner I am, you know, trying to rope in as many women as possible Into whatever business that I do So that, you know, they can empower them Anybody who's empowered, her voice is heard Even in my hospitality business Whereby, I have a heritage home Stay in Koima, Brazil Out of the ratio of my voice The women grew So, which among these do you consider as the most challenging venture of your student? It's Erlum Naga Because of the number of women that I work with And also because since we are catering hospitals To the overseas market And, you know, the overseas market And the clients that we work with Are very high and so they expect a certain quality from us Now, I'm not saying that our women are not skilled Everybody has their primary skills in weaving But to, you know, get them to conform to standards And to sizes That's been a daunting challenge But it continues to be because, you know In the overseas clients Many of them are not very tolerant of the discrepancies That we occur due to weaving To a certain extent A small degree margin of discrepancy is accepted But beyond that, nobody is willing to, you know, listen to you That, okay, like this is woven in the villages And, you know, by women But no, you know, even if it's a handmade product It has to be a well-woven product So, yes, so, you know, skilling the weavers In terms of sizes and standardization That this in Erlum Naga has been And continues to be my biggest challenge to engage And also to secure, you know Continuous orders from our customers So that, you know, none of the, you know, weavers Their looms are empty That's also a daunting challenge for me How important is the role of government And in situations in supporting and mentoring entrepreneurs Who come up with different entrepreneurial ideas Or a different product line To cater to a particular market segment First of all, I think the government is a facility The problem with us is that We have too much dependency on our governments Which is why the entrepreneurship level Has not reached the required standards in Naga and at least I think most of us we feel too, you know Entitled to all the government support Without helping themselves But yes, the government, since I mentioned Is a facilitator in terms of mentorship programs Which are there for entrepreneurs to take up I think that's important And number two, I think it's important For governments to help, you know Entrepreneurs to scale up their businesses Through their many welfare schemes Or activities that they have But I think too much dependency on the government Is not going to help you in any way I would like to conclude by asking If you have any advice for the young And budding entrepreneurs Who want to incubate successful startups And what is your mantra for success? I think first of all Any budding entrepreneur should find his or her own groove Right? Whatever they do, it has to be novel They have to have original ideas The problem with us, I keep seeing the problems Because I have been observing that for too long You know, we have this herd mentality in Naga Land If empty is started a jewelry business You can be rest assured The rest of your neighborhood is also doing that During my time, there were a lot of us Who started textile business Every woman was a handloom specialist But I think over a period of time The person who is original Who has original ideas And who finds his or her own niche or groove This time apart Number one is finding your own groove Number two will be original Number three is to invest your energies Into your business or into your business model I find that increasingly young startups Or young entrepreneurs, young people basically Are investing too much of the time and resources On being politically correct on social media I mean like, I personally know of pages on Instagram Who may be doing just two and a half things But their pages are incredibly beautiful And I'm not sure how much their turnover is So that energy which they spend on the digital media Which is also a good thing, up to a point Should be invested in their business I personally think Till today if you ask me the truth We barely show even 25% of what we do on Instagram Or any other social media pages Because of various reasons But having said that I think The new gen has had it too easy Because of the digital highway So while it has its pluses It also has a lot of minuses When it comes to this Because there's too much of top process Involving, looking, good In feeling right and all that So I think that energy needs to be spent To do the business But definitely I think The one mantra that you asked me is To be original, to be YouTube Thank you so much for your valuable advice We thank everyone for Who has joined us for this session And I hope you all have A great learning experience like I have And stay tuned for more talk sessions Stay safe, everyone


Hey, good morning everyone morning Morning. All right. Let's wait another minute see if somebody is anybody else shows up if you post a meeting Notes on the chat Can add yourself to the attendance and I think we can start with Basic stand up so I'm Ricardo. I'm one of the co-chairs and I don't have any updates. I'll put up an agenda So I have a roadmap discussion for the sick and Then there's a few other items of okay, oh and cut out containers So we'll just go around the list so what I see on the attendance so Philip or Philip Yes, good morning. I'm Philip Romain from arms. So working as part of the Infrastructure group in our no no particular update today. Hi Hey Cool Dims is that dims then yes. Hi. I'm just lurking. Thank you Ricardo. I don't have any update. Okay, cool They are they are oh, I'm sorry. I wasn't sure if you said Diane or not. I Don't have updates. I'm still Understanding how all this works. So I'm pretty much in you know observing mode still right now. Okay, cool Um Eric No update on my it really I just do I was interesting listening to the roadmap and also just seeing where I can help with maybe doing some of those Analysis in some of the existing projects Okay, great Wow Hey clouds. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, I'm here. I'm here Uh No special updates, but we got a good news that we got the three sponsor for working on some box Great, right. Yes. Yes. That's a great news. Yeah. So thank you. Mm-hmm. Yes. Thank you all for your support. Okay Yeah, you're welcome and then who else is we have Ray Hello, it's actually my first meeting. I'm on that. I was on the last release team for 118. I'm just working also Okay, great and towel it's my second meeting here and This time I'm giving the kind of containers insert action Awesome, okay I think that's about it I'm missing a one. I think all right, Roger. Roger. Hi Hi, I'm just joining close in in thinking you put on the virtual side of the picture last time. Just join to just follow Okay, cool Yeah, we have the some discussion about the virtual Cubelet schedule for today, but Remove from the agenda. So I'm not sure. So the team maybe they wanted to you know go back and You know, some of the requirements that were being asked for incubation Sure. Yeah, I think we are given updates. So I just joined to just see how the cigarette and time the roadmap discussion school I just wanted to follow cool And Yeah I think that's everyone. Okay, cool. So So, yes, we wanted to talk about the the roadmap for Sorry, go ahead. Okay, so So, yes, so the roadmap and maybe I'll share my screen here. So one more thing we We're looking for somebody to take notes on on On this meetings anyone wants to volunteer I think it's kind of hard to to find volunteers, but but if you know anybody who's interested So, I mean somebody needs to run the meeting, but at the same time somebody needs to take notes but I'm actually been running the meetings, but if I Run the meetings basically I can't take notes and at the same time but But if you You have access to right now to the The notes and everyone can write to them. So if you want to Just say I want to write something about the meeting feel free to feel free to do it. Oh Thanks for the motorbike. Yeah, so that's that's a background. So Now the because there are so many virtual events people are doing this virtual background So I'm just excited to do it one of them. All right, so Yeah, we're impressed by the motorbike and the background Yeah, let me share my screen Okay, cool. So yeah, so Quentin and I got together maybe like three weeks ago and we talked about the Roadmap for this thing So if you if you know other people who are interested and want to participate feel free to you know pass the word and We want to get more participation basically any any any projects related to runtime any Technologies they want to discuss So that I mean they're in the scope of the sick So one of the things that there's Quentin Hey Quentin, you want to say something? Hi guys. Sorry. I just joined late and I do carry on Okay, cool. So Yeah, so we we looked at the health of the projects. So The regular check-ins that we have to do for the health of the projects so we have currently all these projects and and the different stages and CNCF so Of course Kubernetes container D There's a couple and incubating cryo and hardware. So There's also sandbox. We have Qvert data Q edge the virtual Q bled And I'm just gonna read through these. I mean if you have any anything to talk about these or any comments Just let me know Then we have dragonfly. I think it's dragonfly is voting to be in incubation right now and there's build packs and then this thing also wants to identify any Gaps and some of these projects some of these Projects don't cover all of the seat cloud native landscape and then so we want to bring in some you know insights and and Possibly projects that want to be donated into the foundation so Types of workloads are like AI and big data pipelines Then we have the sandboxes or special container runtimes like firecracker Cata containers and g visor There's also maybe some bare metal type of tools like you know deployment of our metal machines or Different types of kernel Linux kernels for running for running workloads and Then thanks related to multi-tenancy when People want to run different Tenants and in the same machines for example, right? So then you want to have some sort of isolation. So there's no security compromises and and you know one tenant cannot see the other those type of things so other types of gaps maybe some some of gaps that People haven't thought about that much, you know, for example that the web assembly sandboxes so So that's a pretty early Project or pretty early spec So I've been following some of it But that also may be in the scope where people may want to compile Certain code and into web assembly and then run that web assembly in some Kubernetes notes or or some bare metal instances. So that's also within the scope and We want to continue educating the community. So for Them to know about all this different new cutting-edge technologies and so we would like to invite people To present as in one example is Kata containers has given an overview today And then some of the other projects, you know, I think about also OCI open container initiative And some folks might want to come in. I did actually get checked in with some of the device for folks in a guy And I got some interest and I've been contributor to Kata containers. So we have towel today. We'll talk about Kata containers yet to reach out To the firecracker community, so they'll be Hopefully somebody will come in and present and give some updates and obviously We want to do some due diligence on some of these projects. So There's some currently in that process for harbor isn't Being reviewed by several six. So we'll come compile we have a Document that will compile all the feedback from all the six and provide that as a recommendation to the TOC So they can decide whether they want to Graduate so hardware is looking at graduating and then quays also coming in There's another company quays trying to go for incubation. So there will be some due diligence and There's also interaction with other six and other groups we have the Kubernetes sig node There's app delivery. So some of these projects have Operators and then sometimes those fall within the scope of the cigar delivery for example, there's Serverless type of specifications. I may also fall within Saga delivery. There's also conversation about maybe creating a six serverless group, but that hasn't happened yet and Yeah, and we want to identify like I mentioned in the beginning of the meeting folks who can participate in terms of Writing notes for these meetings. So ascribe and then we're looking for a couple of tech leads or there's two spots for tech leads so for people interested in You know with the technologies and Learning more about some of these projects and helping with the due diligence We need we need help in that aspect So, yeah, that's that's what I have for the roadmap. I think Quinton and I Came up with this list and so Quinton you have any other any thoughts about these and anything you want to talk about No, I mean, I just really wanted to open it up That was kind of just see the discussion and just point out that we had to you know kind of get going as a SIG we have a bunch of responsibilities. This is sort of my first pass at some of the things we need to do And I would like to invite other people to contribute any other ideas They have and and we can start putting together a sort of plan of action. Who's going to do what when etc? Would be the next sort of steps There's one other item that I should probably add to the list here Which is that I realized Brian Grant who was one of our TOC liaisons is no longer on the TOC So we need a new TOC liaison. I actually took a liberty of speaking to one of the new TOC members who has Provisionally sort of expressed interest in being in that new liaison. She just wants to speak about I think about it some more But I would imagine we have an answer that fairly soon Okay, I think this will be a Lina right Elena. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, cool Yes, we need a new TOC liaison And sorry, I should have actually spoken to the SIG before I did that I just happened to speak to Elena about other things first and mentioned to her and she expressed interest so Apologies for that. We can if the SIG doesn't want her as a TOC liaison. We I'm sure we could tell her that I'm hoping that's not the case Yeah, okay. Yeah, I mean, yeah, we'll We'll figure out right so do we need to liaisons some six actually have One liaison so I think it might be better to have to just in case of redundancy or Yes, exactly. Okay. Cool. Yeah, this is one of the biggest SIGs And Brenda and our other liaison is one of our more busy TOC members So so yeah, I think for both reasons we could have to and Elena seems to be very Interested in getting pretty hands-on involved overlaps with a lot of the stuff. She doesn't work So so I think we can expect to get a fair amount of her time availability great So like Quentin said, I'd like to open it up to any comments questions by People on the call and any any thoughts I Think some of you are already involved in some of these projects or some technologies related to these projects and and let's go put the same so It's really pair. I'll make I'll make a comment I think for for us who have some people from the arms side law actually Tracking or looking into some of these projects and contributing and I think it'd be good to have Tracking as to that these projects actually work across architectures and Are not only tied to a particular one or if they are that there is a plan or some thinking around how these can can be deployed on Different platforms Yeah, that sounds sounds very reasonable Off the top of my head, you know, one of the problems with with some of these requests is that Yes, these chicken and egg situations where People don't necessarily have the resources the people available to do the work required to make these things run on other platforms So but but if arm is willing to to do that work inside the projects to to get them to that point Then I think we can certainly kind of make it visible through the SIG Which projects are and are not and those kinds of things does that That's fair and I think part of the The effort here is to at least identify that As a start and so, um, you know, if we can pick it up for some of the projects We'll do if we cannot or if some others are interested and can contribute to it I think it's good to to think about it And when when it will happen will depend on on, you know, who wants to use it or not or the resource available I mean the community want to do it But if it's not, um Documented or it's you know, it's kind of hidden in the code somewhere. It's it's it's harder to kind of Yeah Yeah, we could we could possibly do things like ask the projects, you know questions in their health Checks, we could ask them whether they run on other architectures. If not, are they planning to Uh, and and if they haven't got any concrete plans to do so, do they have any estimates of the amount of effort required? I would imagine The the amount of effort required to make these things work is going to be wildly different for different projects depending on how they're You know, what language is there written in etc? So, um, yeah, we could certainly ask them these questions and expose that to the community So people are at least aware of what the status is. Does that sound reasonable? I know it's I fully agree and and it's not fair to just ask the projects to do all of that if there's no real Need for them at that time The answers to those questions, maybe we don't know, you know, we don't know whether our project runs on x y or z and And we have no plans to find that out either because we don't have a need for it. I mean, that's a reasonable answer I think and that's all okay. I mean it's to make people think about it when they when they Look at the sick. I think and it's a good. It's a good flag to have. Yeah And and also I think from their own perspective. I mean you you could bring some use cases, right? So why would Some people may want to have this particular project support arm, right? So Yeah, no, I fully agree a lot of the people in our team working on some of these are based in Shanghai So the timeline for joining these calls is a bit tricky, but definitely yes, we can we can help support that Excellent, right Any any other comments from any other attendees So, yeah, if if you feel like something's missing here too, feel free to contribute They would cover quite a quite a bit of Different things, but yeah, we not necessarily have everything so cool So just one one final suggestion on that What I what I would propose is that we set a timeline, which is that We leave this open for comments and finalization for the next two weeks And I'm meeting in two weeks time. We prioritize these things and try and Put names to some of these items So that we can sort of get get going on them so if anyone on the call is able to Find people in their companies that are willing to do some of this work I think two weeks time would be a great great opportunity to bring the names along or bring the people along And and we can we can sort of figure out what we'd like to tackle first and what we can leave until later, for example Yeah, that makes that makes sense to me All right, so So we have a next item on the agenda Volcano received three sponsors for sandbox, so it's that's Fantastic, so so that that means that it will be in sandbox Klaus, do you want to make any comments about that or anything that Oh, no special comments. I think uh, that's a good I that's a good news to uh to us Yeah, that was one of the things I spoke to me about Was to be prepared to do that and and she agreed it's a treasure. That's where that how that came about Yeah, I think this felt a gap in kubernetes now so because uh, You know Quinton and I we were talking about uh, you know having Just the bare jobs from kubernetes doesn't kind of It's it's pretty raw, right? So so Volcano fits in Fills in that gap where where you want a more complex type of batch workloads and for example for data pipelines and yeah and big data applications Yeah I guess I have a question about the role of this group. Should we be seeking to fill those gaps? Uh actively or is it sort of that The participation comes from the other side where typically they are asking to be added Um, are you talking about projects now Diane? Yeah projects just new projects Do we do you go out and recruit new projects that look like good candidates or is it? Typically done the other way around where Uh, that's a that's a very profound question and maybe more profound than you even realized when I was asking it So so, uh, we actually need to be doing both. Uh, we need to be proactively identifying gaps in the in the uh cncf portfolio of projects That we think need to be filled and we need to be actively identifying projects to fill those gaps Uh, in addition to that there will inevitably be and that's been the vast majority of the more recent projects have been projects that have come to us and wanted to be part of the cncf Um, so I think you know in an ideal world there would be a healthy flow of both of those Okay Um, yeah Yeah, so I'm just wondering like the projects that I see within red hat. It would be reasonable to sort of Uh, try to recruit them Basically, that's that's reasonable Yes, it's definitely I mean to the extent that they fit into the sig and and of course if they fit into other sigs You know, you could also Do that red hats, you know brought lots of projects to the cncf already and then I'm sure we'll continue to do so So, yeah Okay Yeah, I think if you see any technology that may not be part of the cncf and and yeah, I'm For example, I I've reached out to some of the web assembly people. So Um, that's one area for example that I don't I see a gap, right? So, uh, if you see any other gap that kind of similar or or or related to runtime, you know, uh, yeah, feel free to kind of Talk to some other communities and See if there's some Some project that could be part of the cncf Okay, sounds good, especially the big data and AI ML space. That's where I'll take a look Yeah, yeah, so there there may be some other things related to how you run AI Maybe frameworks for for machine learning or deep learning those type of things. Yeah I don't think we we have that type of thing But then we have also have to see that they don't overlap with some other things that in the linux foundation because the linux foundation also has this other group called linux AI or AI foundation or something like that Okay, yeah, I think my observation is is that industry. I mean, it's it's obviously super important and super interesting, etc um But they tend to be, you know ml people ml specialists often and you know the the tensor flow groups and the pie torch groups and a lot of the The work around there happens there and there's various data groups as well standardizing data into change formats and all this kind of stuff um I think that that we should not Sort of venture into those spaces because they have their own foundations in general This is not because the cncf or not not because the linux foundation has such a thing But but I think in general it doesn't fit with the cncf I think the cncf is is more about the actual infrastructure to you know enable those workloads And so I think so volcano is a great example volcano is not actually, you know, the The framework for building For building AI things it's it's really to facilitate those kinds of workloads on kubernetes And those I think are the kinds of projects that we we will want to be looking at And there are many others in that space. I'm sure that that we could go and fair it up But some of them are not as obvious as one might think Like coup flow for instance. I wonder if they're already part of Some other group, you know, if they've already coup flow doesn't you know facilitates running frameworks like tensor flow and pie torch Yes, yes So I think that that would be a great example of of a good project I think there's a history there. I'm not intimately familiar with the history but Coup flow is not obviously part of the cncf at the moment and It would be good to get a clear answer why that is the case And you know This sig hasn't been around the whole time, but I know there is some history there And and I agree that would be great to like figure out what's going on there and whether Makes sense to invite them to be part of the cncf Yeah So I think one area that is interesting is the ml ops area. So there's some Yeah, it's how you run these workloads, right? So Yep Yeah, they have very very different properties in in some cases very very different properties than Their traditional back batch workloads, for example, many of these things run for many weeks on end They, uh, you know, very sensitive to node failures typically Unless you have very elaborate schemes to prevent that Um, so if one node fails during the, you know, four week run, then the whole run Basically gets corrupted and you have to rerun the whole thing which is bad And they run on expensive hardware. So it's even doubly bad Etc That's my life. That's what I do Well, you probably know far more about it than I do than Diane, but that's my that's my understanding of it By benchmark those sorts of models. Yeah Yeah So, yeah, but they do want to they do run on kubernetes and open shift. So and so And there are a lot of mid-sized Applications and models that don't run quite that long that But it's complicated. Yeah, even kubeflow. It's such a mixed bag of components. It's a complicated. Yeah So diane if if you would uh, want to kind of spearhead, uh A little kind of working group to go and dive into that area with claus and whoever else is interesting interested and perhaps Think about either a white paper or some other form of education where we can teach the world how You know how ml stuff runs on kubernetes and where the challenges are and what we're doing to fill them I think that would be super useful because there are a lot of questions in that space. I think I'd definitely be interested in doing that in the future. I'm writing two white papers right now And I'm so knee deep in a benchmark right now Okay Right now, but I would love to like sure You know, maybe the homework maybe what you the work you do in those white papers, for example, we'll we'll set you up well to Um, you know produce one for this purpose which may overlap with those. I'm guessing I don't know cool Great. Yeah, fantastic all right, so So next I don't have any agenda. It's a cala containers introduction. So I think How you want to talk about this? So do you have anything to share? Um, let me share my screen Let me stop Okay, okay. Can you see it? Yep okay, and Hello everyone and my name is tau pan and I work for I'm financial in the the Chinese internet payment company and I've been working on cala containers since the very beginning and I'm one of the main maintainer and main contributors to it and There are daily Ricardo as class if we can give some introduction to the to see runtime. So I'm here and it's good to To know everyone and see the how's how they seek seek runtime works and I hope we can have some core collaboration in the future and so I just begin a kind of kind of We started when by observing the traditional containers then it is deployed by by users today and or several years ago And they are they are mostly isolated by namespaces say groups and they have they They share the same names kernel on the host and Then that's how that's that's before cala containers and we we see some Something to do here. We want we introduce a virtual machine layer and the insert and and the It's a middle layer between the containers and the hardware and the host kernel And with this we can have some kind of this better resource isolation and the better security on the host. So basically if you run cala containers, you can You can make give give your Can give you give you users or your your The entrusted users to let them run your run some workload on your machine and you you do not care about if they They made some they do some bad things on on each other or on your host so the main idea is that the the virtual machine interface is a Interstate proven interface that is being used in the is World for for many years. So we just inherent to that and with this we can We we combine the base of the two world we have the Have the speed of containers and also have the security of our of our virtual machine How could could you just explain so this diagram you have here? Um Is is basically just virtual machines that that's how virtual machines work. So just just explain how This is different than just a virtual machine I know you you feel you feel you start virtual machine. You have a four virtual for for guest kernel and for guest operating systems we we by Putting a virtual machine here We use a very lightweight virtual machine and also we customize the guest kernel and we saw also we customize the guest guest operating system Or everything is reduced down to very minimal to just support running a container so For example, if you if you're not your virtual machine on AWS it will at least takes several minutes or several hours before several years ago We started this but We with kind of containers you can have a fully you can have a running Container inside a virtual machine in one or two seconds Okay, thank you and this is the The architecture we currently have is it there are two actually the The above one is the The architecture we used to have until last year for every container inside the sandbox we have Catashim here and also we We have container if you are running container D. There's a container D. So So there may be many streams in the system and many interaction layers and we After working with the container D Community we we introduced the container D Simway to api so that the container D can just call api to kata container D Sim And with that we remove all the interaction layers and all these components into just one One component for per sandbox now. It's not per per container. It's for for every sandbox So we have we we just have one one sim now so that That's a very good Simification on counter counter containers architecture and a main drive for for many users Before that many years trying counter containers and think It is too heavy because there are many too many Too many process to manage on the host and it's a nightmare for enemies for system enemies And after we simplify the architecture many years are starting to are starting to adopt counter containers in the reproduction system right now and current status we be beside beside you can run Very lightweight containers version version containers and then say basic function and now we we support many architectures and And we support different hypervisors If i conquer counter hypervisor and ochre are all ended i think last year And still qm new is a default one because it has most features but If you want to run some special workload as an And one want to have some different optimization. You can use just use different hypervisors Also, also we support different distributions Although the gas kernel is is fake Okay, the gas gas operation operation system is minimized. It can still be Bit of different distributions so that you can users can do very easy customization with it also and on the and on the Ecosystem integration with support cloud or container d docker and portman so you If your system is on any of this you can just install cata canals and run very easily and also Since cata canals is new to community as world and we we many Where the main drive between behind two Two important component features the first one is cut these runtime class runtime classes so with runtime class can Specify what which runtime you which which container runtime you want to You want to run inside in your polyamol. So you just say You you can justify a runtime class for cata containers and and and add to your Polyamol says that I want to run this port with cata. So and submit it to To to kubernetes, you will be you know medically schedule this The runtime they they pulled to up to a node if Then then can support cata canals Provided that you you have installed cata there, of course And also there's another Future then that's called a port overhead then the main Benefit from the the main purpose of it is to to Count to account resources utilizes utilizations Of the of a port of a port itself instead of just a containers In this one silvered although there are there are there is still some overhead for every port and every container But then he is not accounted so so when kubernetes is trying to make some scheduling decision the There are situations that things can go very bad because there are resources There are resources then kubernetes thinks it's free, but it's actually been used being actively used by some unknown components so right now the port the Every port can define its own Resource overhead is especially the cpu and memory overhead so with it With the port overhead the kubernetes can have have a better view resource overview of the entire Cluster and do better scheduling the seniors so then that's a main Main features we we've been we have put to the kubernetes mainstream and Both of them. I think they are they are they are data now I'm not sure this there's but they Then the master or one point 15 maybe have the port overhead as a class one On runtime class is is before that. I think it's one point 13 or 14 So if you install kubernetes, these features are automatically enabled right now and And this year we are looking to release karta karta containers to door zero And we are planning some important features. The first one is we we although we We have been minimizing our Our response with resource consumption for every container and every port We we noticed that I should have mentioned that Right now the project is mostly written written in written by goal Go language, but we have identified that the go runtime is is too heavy to for some of the components. So we've been Justifying some of the components by justifying. I mean this right this right it in rust. So right now we have In alongside of the go agent We have a rust agent that is being active testing and we plan to push it to the and the default agent inside a guest in in to door zero and also the communication channel that now is it is using grpc, but They actually the htgp layer is not necessary for for us and So we think it is it is too heavy. So we we write a gtrpc rust to replace replace the go Go rpc component And also there's another thing that we want to do in the to door To the old time frame is the image putting inside the inside the sandbox right now in the architecture The the image all the images are pulled by By CRID months such as cryo and continuity and But this this will have a main drawback that and since the since this CRID months are No, uh No, the wide demons. They cannot enter actually enter any user namespec user net especially user network namespace, but for for kata we the an important use case for kata is to is for the cloud hyper cloud cloud vendors For the cloud vendors, they want they want they want to allow different users to run their containers and ports on on the same on the same host but Different users will have different network. So we have we will have to pull the Image inside the users network namespace. So that's why we want to do the image pulling inside Inside the sandbox and also with it. We can do some Do some tricks about the image format so that we can We we can accelerate the image pulling process for example by instead of a poor an entire image We can just pull a very small metadata layer then can Just then can construct a root fs Dems them a space overview for the container, but But no data is actually pulled so that the container can We can start the container very instantly instead of having to wait to wait the entire image to be downloaded Then that's a very useful use case for For If you if you have Have large images For example, we inside our company. We have Gigabytes images and this will reduce the container startup time from Seven minutes to just several seconds Also in 2.0 In 2.0 plan We want to improve kata containers of the availability and we were defining kata's own events api So that we can integrate it with with projects just science permissions and we also We are defining some kata a specific debug debug api so that users do not have to actually Look into the container to debug their applications And another feature we are we are looking at is to improve kata containers ios stream handling right now Every sgd ios ios stream is handled from container d to kata to kata Do the agent inside kata and there are there are too many layers I think we think there are many too too many layers and we we want to simplify this use case and Make it easier to for for the For the for the control path to upgrade them themselves And another main change we are trying we are actually Actually, we're working on is the code is reported to a consolidation Right now we have different reports in for runtime for different streams for for say for agent So we want to Consolidate this occurs report to you to just see just a single report And so that you could be easier for for new developers to just Get clone and test their local changes So that's that's all for the to the open And this is our these are our community channels. We have kata containers.io. That's our Main page and we have a github organization. That's kata containers And we have IRC IRC channel and slack channel twitter and many list you feel are interested in kata feel free to Contact them by any of them So that's all Any question? All right. Thank you. Dole. Anybody has any questions? Yeah, I have two But I can wait for others first I always seem to be the the one talking here anybody else Yeah, I'm pretty familiar with this project because I've been a contributor. So Anybody else? Well, we wait for others. I'll ask mine so long So first question is I could you first of all, thanks for a great great presentation Very very interesting very informative and particularly your two dollar plans look very interesting Um So could you sort of summarize? You know if If I took a kvm qmu vm, um, I mean the basic process is that I Load the guest kernel And then boot whatever's in the root file system Um, and then I have a running virtual machine, right? um Yes, and and that takes I haven't done it for a while But I'm guessing something in the order of a minute Is that is that around about accurate? Yeah, yes, yes, okay, and now It sounds like you do essentially the same thing um But you have presumably a smaller kernel uh, and a smaller root file system um and So so so building a kernel and and stripping out all the stuff you don't need is is a reasonably straightforward process And then similarly stripping down a root file system to only be the stuff that you need Is is fairly straightforward. So what is the difference between that and kata containers? And I mean, how do you how do you get this almost 100x speed up other than by You know building a smaller custom kernel by excluding all the model modules and things you don't need and and You know removing things from the root file system that you boot with Yeah, I think there there are many two Two difference between them the first one is in you know, you are to cut down the speed and And the consumption we have a very minimum hardware support for in in cumul. So we we customize cumul as well. So There are there are very small The memory footprint is very small. The device emulation is very small and And when we started The project we actually were defaulting to To cumul that then that is developed by intel and as we As we develop we are developing kata and the intel team are sending Most of the cumulite features to upstream cumul. So that's why we are switching. We have switched to upstream cumul because Because before that the upstream cumul is the overhead of the upstream cumul is way above the The cumulite so Yes Yeah, so yeah, right now the the cumul overhead is no because most of the cumulite features are upstream now And but still we customer we and there's an important feature you introduced by as the intel team is then is cumul came came out of support so that every more every Component of the qmu can be cost can be configured independently so and with that we we can Make basic because they have the virtual machine manager are very small right now And That's the first difference.  I think Okay, um, I still don't I still don't quite understand whether the sort of hundred x speed up comes from because um Yeah, I mean kubernetes seems to have very little to do with with The actual of a single A single virtual machine in this case Yeah, you feel are very interested about speed and I have some data We just recently found out found out actually made To to start our qmu inside with With kata to start our qmu qmu you You basically spent 100 to 200 milliseconds and to Then then then then we include to create the kvm environment to create the all the The qmu emulation and also start boot the guest kernel and uh, next next is to start the we There is no They we implement a kata agent inside the inside of the The guest that that will be run and the unit process So that that with with that start that's about 20 or 30 milliseconds. So in total you can you can start a And without if you just run Run around hello world for example If you have an image around hello world You can start you can create from nothing to To you to to the point that you see hello world this string come out Then that would be below 300 milliseconds. That's what we can do now Yes, and just to clarify my i'm not doubting that what i'm what i'm trying to understand is if i If I ran a hello world in a in a plain kvm qmu container with a stripped down kernel and with nothing excessive in my root file system If I did that and then I also did what you just described on kata containers I don't understand what What is happening in the kvm qmu case without kata containers? compared to kata containers like what accounts for the 100x speed up I'm still not clear on what that is Maybe we can take it offline. I think we're out of time now anyway So so I can take that question offline or go and do some research. It's still a little unclear to me. I must say Okay Maybe we can email and I have this have a discussion Yeah, I had one more question actually does any has anyone else come up with questions in the interim? No, I don't I don't have any I mean Yeah, my last question is actually very brief is is kata containers part of a foundation at the moment and if not are they interested in becoming part of the cncf And right now it is part of OpenStack Foundation Okay, interesting. Cool Cool, yeah Yeah, I think another interesting thing about kata is that they also support firecracker as a vmm so and I think the AWS team has actually spent a lot of time optimizing their firecracker vmm so for You know running like serverless type of workloads and using it for AWS lambda so cool Yeah, I would I would comment. It's feeling pair that tau if you have If you have if you have a paper describing the performance you mentioned Maybe you can put a reference to the link on this like channel. That would be It would be good And it's just you said we we are testing internally, but okay yeah Yeah, and and so if you can post Maybe slides and and whatever follow-up information on the sick runtime cncf slack channel. That would that would be great Yeah, I think I can post this that's not All right Well, thank you. It's nine o'clock. So thank you everyone for joining. So we'll have another meeting and then in two weeks Thank you. Thank you. Thank you


Hi and welcome to the session my name is Shashi and I am going to help you with the following question. Question is in figure 6.59 abc is a triangle in which angle abc is less than 90 degree and ad is perpendicular to bc prove that ac square is equal to ab square plus bc square minus 2 bc multiplied by pd. Let us start the solution now first of all we will write whatever is given in the question we have given this figure and angle abc is less than 90 degree and ad is perpendicular to bc. So we can write in triangle abc ad is perpendicular to bc and angle abc is less than 90 degree. Now we will write what we have to prove so we will write to prove ac square is equal to ab square plus bc square minus 2 bc multiplied by pd. Let us start the proof now we know ad is perpendicular to bc so this implies triangle adb is right triangle right angle at d similarly triangle adc is right triangle right angle at d so first of all we will consider triangle adb so we can write in right triangle adb ad square is equal to ad square plus bd square by pythagoras theorem now let us prove that ad is perpendicular to bc. Now let us name this expression as 1 now we will consider that triangle adc so we will write in right triangle adc ac square is equal to ad square plus cd square this is my pythagoras theorem we know cd is equal to bc minus bd. So we can write this implies ac square is equal to ad square plus we will substitute for cd bc minus bd now this implies ac square is equal to ad square plus bc square plus bd square minus 2 bc multiplied by bd here we have applied a minus b whole square formula for this bracket we know a minus b whole square is equal to a square plus b square minus 2 ad so we have written bc square plus bd square minus 2 bc multiplied by bd now this implies ac square is equal to ad square plus bd square plus bc square minus 2 bc multiplied by bd we know ad square plus bd square is equal to ab square from expression 1 so we can write ac square is equal to ab square plus bc square minus 2 bc multiplied by bd plus we get ac square is equal to ad square plus bc square minus 2 bc multiplied by bd hence proved this completes the session hope you understood the session take care and goodbye


So I'm gonna make this video super short so the title of this video is will Bitcoin hit $10,000 in value I first want to talk about the why Currently Bitcoin is increasing a price and there's a couple of reasons why I'm not gonna talk about all the reasons I'm just gonna talk about some of the main reasons reason number one Korea is buying up Bitcoin left right in the center They're opening up exchanges every single day number two Japan is set to open up 10 brand new exchanges this year So that equals liquidity that equals buying power that equals selling power So the Asian market right now is very hungry for cryptocurrencies and specifically very hungry for Bitcoin Next thing is the ICOs there seems to be a brand new ICO almost every single day And when people are doing with these ICOs is quite simple They are taking the profits that they make from the ICOs and then they're putting into Bitcoin They have to protect their profits. They're not gonna keep it in these, you know tokens They're not gonna keep in these brand new cryptos So if you notice any time that there's green on say coin market cap or if you notice that you know The alt marketplace is going crazy with profits and then you notice another week. It's all red That's because everyone's taking their profits that make from the alt coins in the tokens and they're putting them into Bitcoin and Ethereum and Finally another reason why Bitcoin is increasing value. It's the original It has the longest immutable chain It has history and due to the scaling issue which will be getting to a second due to the scaling issue right now it seems to be one of the well seems to be the strongest and Most statistically proven place to put your cryptocurrency or your other cryptocurrencies into okay now Let's switch gears and talk about will Bitcoin hit 10,000 Well, there's a couple of key things we first have to talk about we have to talk about the scaling debate right now The scaling issue between Bitcoin unlimited segwit and their future proposal for lightning network So just as of today from the consensus conference They stated that there could possibly be a user activated soft fork To a signal segwit and that may happen around August now There's some issues with that because there is a strong statistical chance that with this user activated soft fork that there Actually may be hard for meaning that the original Bitcoin chain will split into two. So you have a Bitcoin unlimited Then you have regular Bitcoin now. That's a very small probability I do see a lot of issue with this user activated soft fork But that being said, I think August September in the fall is a big big three months when it comes to Bitcoin Who knows what's gonna happen? Maybe this segwit solution is a solution they need to finally go to the lightning network to scale the issue because right now There's more than 200,000 backlog transactions on Bitcoin. The transaction fees are too much A lot of businesses are bogged down and people are fed up So they're gonna have two options either they're gonna leave Bitcoin go another chain like light coin Which is much better instant transactions It has segwit and scaling issues kind of solved at least for now as opposed to staying on Bitcoin or Bitcoin Does what it needs to do activate segwits maybe splits in two and everybody goes their own way So yes, I actually do believe the Bitcoin depending on what happens with the technological aspect and the political aspect I really do believe it has a strong chance of Reaching 10,000. I don't know if it's gonna be the Bitcoin up today. I don't know if it's gonna be a new Bitcoin I don't know if it's gonna be based on technology today There's so many different variables and it also matters on the ICO landscape It matters what happens with for example Ripple and Ethereum and all these other Cryptocurrencies of tokens, but still, you know, I have huge trust and faith in Bitcoin I think it's gonna stay around for a long time. So to answer your question. I don't think so We're gonna see 10,000 soon. I think we're in a micro bubble I think we might hit 4,000 5,000 US on Bitcoin then we'll see a correction 50% So if it's gonna hit 5,000 we'll see a correction down to 2,500 Which is not too bad and worst-case scenario if it does fork if there are two bitcoins You're gonna have to double up your bitcoins, right? And then you decide which chain do you want to stay on same thing with Ethereum Ethereum classic and without a shadow of a doubt I do believe if this fork does happen. Yes for a long period of time. There's gonna be uncertainty There's gonna be a loss of trust loss loss of faith when it comes to the immutable ledger that was Bitcoin However, I do believe it'll rebound even stronger because now each side will get what they want This side will get their technological aspect That's how we'll get their technological aspect and both will scale how they want to scale and I think it's gonna skyrocket from there There you have it. That's kind of like my idea around will Bitcoin hit 10,000 like always guys I do want to state this cautionary tale. Please. Please listen Always invest what you can lose always invest what you can lose. That's number one Number two, don't blindly invest understand what you're investing in understand the team understand the technology understand the problem It's no different than investing on startup number three Don't keep your cryptocurrency and tokens online use a hard wallet. I have a link below this my favorite is ledger There's other ones you can use. I'm gonna post any of those. That's the one I personally like Number four. Okay. Once again, don't invest what you can't lose and guess what number five is don't invest What you can't lose and simple as that. Okay guys, those are my thoughts If you have any suggestions or comments for me leave a suggestion to comment below this video and I'll talk to you guys soon. Peace


The top five most iconic things about New York. I've been here 15 years. I've picked some things up and come here my whole life. Number five would be the Empire State Building. I'm sorry, it's still amazing. At night, you get the right angle. Boom. Empire State Building, fire. Number four, the subway.  All right. Number three, do not sleep on the world's most famous arena Madison Square Garden. Number two, delicious New York pizza, of course. And number one, the reason I ended up here in the first place, hip hop, New York is the birthplace. So you always got to show respect when it comes to New York and hip hop. But now you got to add something else to your list of the most New York things. And that would be Fandals Sportsbook. Because as of now, Fandals Sportsbook is live in New York. That's right. Go sign up right now with my promo code Rosenberg and get your first bet risk-free up to $1,000. Fandals here.


All right, so the title of my lightning talk is obviously Developing Developers. There's my Twitter handle. So I just want to start out with one of my favorite quotes in the world from Mahatma Gandhi. Be the change you wish to see in the world. Does anybody disagree with this statement? Raise your hand. That's what I thought. So my question to all of you is, what are you going to do about this? So there's all of this talk about, oh, we're sort of developers, and businesses need to step up, and schools need to step up, and I don't think a lot of us agree with that. Obviously, some of you are gem maintainers, gem writers, core contributors to many things. So you're used to stepping up to getting stuff done. I think this is one of the biggest problems that's facing our industry, not just from the Ruby standpoint, but from a technology in general.  But we are not going to have enough people to do all of the cool stuff that we need to. Only I got three minutes left, four minutes left. So last night, we started a discussion. It started out as a diversity discussion, and I kind of railroaded it into more of a kind of what are we going to do about not having enough people discussion? So we started a Google group. It's called the growing programmers. Marty was nice enough to do the first post. Your phone went dead, Marty. What are we going to do about this? So if you want to get involved, join the Google group and get active. I have decided that I am going to do something about that. So I am currently taking applications, quote unquote. This is not an official job. You will not be getting paid. I will be doing this in my free time for an apprentice. That apprentice must not currently have a job developing software. That apprentice must be looking for it to get a job developing software, must be willing to drive their own education. So a lot of the things I get from people is I want to learn Ruby, but I don't know where to start, or I'm just going to kind of sit back and expect somebody to lead me down the path. I wish I had time for that. I unfortunately don't. So this person must at least ask questions. Like, where do I start?  You will go through said links, and you will come back with another question. I am more than happy to navigate, but I cannot drive the bus. They must be willing to mentor somebody else. So this is a pay-forward thing. If you become my mentor, you will be expected to become a mentor to somebody else. Not immediately, but we'll work out the details of that. And all prerequisites apply to any other apprentice is in the lineage. So I'm literally hoping to be kind of a lineage holder, as we call it in yoga, for a long line of people that are teaching other people how to program. I have no idea what this looks like. I literally came up with this in the shower this morning, hence the meditation, right brain, rich brain, linear brain thing. So I have no idea what this looks like. There will be blog postings, I'm sure, and some people will get pissed at me, and I'm sure there'll be all kinds of fun stuff. So that's the challenge I'm going to leave all of you with. I've decided I'm going to step up. I'm going to take someone under my wing and teach them how to program. I challenge all of you to go look at the group, pick one of the things in the list, and do it. And that's all I have. So if there are any questions, I have 1 minute and 28, 7, 6 seconds. Sure. Growing programmers is the name of the group. Marty came up with that. Awesome. So actually just to touch on that, because I had some time, Marty is actually one of the lists in the group is starting to mentor children. So Marty has been talking about going into his daughter's school and actually working with the kids there to get them more into technology, which I think is a great idea.   All right, that's awesome. So the kids are ready for this. We just need to get in there, get them started, and give them kind of a nudge in the right direction. And I'm going to cut it off early, because I'm done unless anybody else has any questions. All right, thanks everybody. Oh, and living social, we are hiring in Boulder, so please come talk to me if you're looking for a job.