Now you all know that I love Logitech. It's one of my favorite tech brands, and it's definitely my favorite tech brand that I actually partner and work with. So I'm really excited to be partnering with them through this sponsored video. And very excited to announce the release of the Logitech MX Mechanical Bluetooth Wireless Keyboard and the Logitech MX Master 3S. If you've been following my channel the past few years, you know that I love trying out new keyboards and adding them to my desk setup, changing the aesthetic like the seasons. No question, Logitech peripherals are my go-to devices when it comes to my desk setup. I mean, I think I've been using the same MX Master 3 since it released back in 2018. I'm not 100% sure because I do have like two or three lying around the crib.  I was a huge fan and still am of the MX Keys. The MX Keys Mini is what I had been using previously the past few months. And then probably my most used keyboard, not probably definitely my most used keyboard ever is a full version and graphite of the MX Keys. So transitioning from the MX Keys Mini or at least the MX Keys to this keyboard was really seamless. I'm also excited and happy that Logitech did this because I saw an uptrend and uptake of people wanting customizable mechanical keyboards and Logitech is the best in the business. The MX series of mouse and keyboard is considered the ultimate performance duo. When it comes to a mouse and keyboard combination, I agree 100%. They work so seamlessly together and Logitech makes it really easy for you to pair these devices to your laptop or computer. To all my productivity nerds, programmers and creatives, I think this combo is perfect for us. The duo of the Logitech MX mechanical wireless keyboard and MX Master 3S mouse is the ultimate performance duo, designed as a new generation made for productivity. The MX Keys and MX Master 3 combination was already pretty perfect. So now adding a mechanical keyboard and an upgraded version of the flagship MX Master 3 as an option is even better. As a software engineer, there's this irresistible feel of higher performance and experience while typing on a mechanical keyboard. And I've definitely noticed that feeling while using the MX mechanical and MX Master 3S. The versatility of this mouse and keyboard combo allows you to freely switch between your focus, whether that's coding, gaming or creating graphics and illustrations. One thing I really appreciate about Logitech is that they create their products with a purpose to solve some sort of problem and to optimize your workspace. I also learned more about their intricate process of creating products when I visited the headquarters back in Switzerland in 2019. I got a chance to speak with their engineers and their design team. So it might be the best trip of my life. Now let's talk about the specs, the functionality, the performance of the Logitech MX Mechanical Wireless Keyboard and the Logitech MX Master 3S. You can connect the MX Mechanical Keyboard and MX Master 3S with up to three devices via Bluetooth, Low Energy or LogiBoat USB to Windows, macOS, iPadOS, ChromeOS or Linux. The MX Mechanical comes optimized with dual colored keycaps for a better peripheral view. USB-C fast charging and a long battery life just like the MX Keys. The MX Mechanical can be used in any environment. I noticed how subtle and quiet the typing experience was specifically with the version that I have right now which is the quiet tactile version. It's a version that I specifically prefer just because I don't like too loud of a typing experience especially since me and my wife both work from home. So if you're in a shared living and working environment I definitely recommend the quiet tactile version. But if you prefer a different typing experience there's good news there are three different versions of the MX Mechanical Wireless Bluetooth Keyboard. Linear, quiet tactile and clicky. The tactile quiet version color of Switch is brown.  The linear version color of Switch is red. This version includes uninterrupted key travel and minimal spring force for fast reactivity and an ultra smooth typing feeling. The clicky version color of Switch is blue. This version of the MX Mechanical includes a gratifying audible click and tactile feedback with every keystroke for a familiar mechanical feeling sound. Another incredible new feature that Logitech included in the MX Mechanical Wireless Bluetooth Keyboard are the six different smart backlighting options that you can choose from. Static which is the default option. Breathing, reaction, contrast, wave and random as well. Also like I mentioned earlier, you can choose between the mini version of the MX Mechanical or the full size version of the MX Mechanical. I'm currently using the full size version and I do enjoy it. However, I know that I would prefer the mini version and the reason being is because I like the mini's profile like in the MX Keys but also it feels more natural at least for myself, for my posture when I have a smaller keyboard and the mouse is closer to the keyboard. Now moving on to the updated version of the MX Master 3, the all new Logitech MX Master 3S. Now my initial reaction to this mouse is that it looks very similar to the Logitech MX Master 3. The color seems, this graphite seems a little bit lighter than the previous version but maybe because previous version has more wear on it. I don't know if that would make it look darker or not but this all makes sense that they look identical hence it being a S version. Honestly, I don't have any complaints when it comes to the previous version, the MX Master 3. So, you know, if it ain't broke, don't fix it. Feels more smooth than the MX Master 3. Also the clicking is very subtle and quiet. Now let's get into the functionalities of the icon remastered, the Logitech MX Master 3S. The MX Master 3S comes powered with the same multiple connectivity, LogiBolt and low energy Bluetooth technology as the MX Mechanical that I mentioned earlier. Also as mentioned earlier, one of my favorite features is the quiet and satisfying clicks for focus work in any environment. USB-C fast charging and long battery life just like the previous MX Master 3. The MX Master 3S includes max speed will of a thousand lines per second. So my fellow programmers will definitely appreciate being able to scroll through large code bases quickly. This iteration of the max speed will is the fastest, quietest and most precise scrolling experience ever when it comes to the MX series of mouse. A new functionality is the speed and precise even on glass from 4,000 DPI to 8,000 DPI track on glass to be faster and more precise and ideal for large monitors. I definitely noticed this really important feature for someone like myself who loves using ultra wide monitors to be more productive and use multiple screens especially when I'm programming. I noticed that the MX Master 3S is very precise in how it moved across my screen. I noticed how precise the MX Master 3S movement is across my 34 inch ultra wide monitor. The MX Master 3S is designed for sustainability which is something I really appreciate. The MX Master 3S is made with recycled plastic and there's no plastic FCS packaging. You can also get the MX Master 3S in a pale gray color if you prefer a lighter version posed to the graphite color that I'm using. You can also customize a pointer speed in Logitech options plus. So that wraps up my initial review and overview of the Logitech MX mechanical wireless Bluetooth keyboard and the Logitech MX Master 3S mouse. If you'd like to see a more thorough review of the Logitech MX mechanical keyboard or MX Master 3S or even both, be sure to give a comment down below and give this video a thumbs up. I'll greatly appreciate it. Helps out with the algorithm. Also consider subscribing for more content like this. Once again, thank you to Logitech for sending over these wonderful devices and for sponsoring this video. I'll see you all soon. Peace.


Hello, my name is Gijs Sante and I'm a clinical geneticist in training in the Leiden University Medical Center in Leiden in the Netherlands. I'd like to talk to you today about our paper, the Coffin-Cyber syndrome and the BAF complex genotype phenotype study in 63 patients. I'm standing to you here on the bridge that connects the lab to the clinic of our department and this is quite fitting as this paper was a truly collaborative effort between these two disciplines. As you know, last year the cause of Coffin-Cyber syndrome was elucidated and it was shown both by our group and that of Namichi Matsumoto in Japan that mutations in the BAF complex in fact cause Coffin-Cyber syndrome. As there are several genes with cause Coffin-Cyber syndrome, we thought it might be interesting to try and tease out the differences between these patient groups. So what we did is to do a mutational screen in 63 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Coffin-Cyber syndrome. We found a mutation in 45 of them, 28 of those were in A1b. Now this complicated our genotype phenotype study a bit because consequently the other mutation groups became smaller. However, we do feel that we've made a good first start in trying to tease out the differences between these patient groups. Another key point of our paper is that we found for the first time that mutations in A1a appear to be mosaic. This is quite clear in several of our patients. We think that this may be true as also in mice, heterozygous knockouts appear to be lethal and this might be the same in human beings. It might also explain the difference in frequency between A1a and B1b mutations. Another thing we did to try and find out how good we are at trying to make the distinction between pathogenic and non-pathogenic mutation is that we extracted the variants from the exome variant server. We applied our algorithm and tried to find out whether we would have classified those as pathogenic or non-pathogenic. We found out that this was relatively easy for genes for which truncating mutations are causal but for other genes this was a lot more difficult which is why we recommend that parents are screened whenever available to find out whether mutations are de novo as expected. Now, I hope I have inspired you to read the full article and I'd like to thank our collaborators and the patients and their parents without whom this paper would not have been possible. If you have any questions or comments please send me an email at senton.lumc.nl. Thank you for your attention.


Hey curl friends, I'm Bianca Renee and you're watching Bianca Renee today and today We're gonna get a little creative with my favorite fruit in the whole world I'm even wearing a pineapple onesie in honor of the occasion Now I put a poll on my Instagram and some of you guys thought that this looked more like corn Than a pineapple. Well, I actually kept the tag on because it says hello My name is fine apple to prove to you that it's a pineapple guys. Come on. Look if you see it see a little green It's a pineapple whatever You can keep your corn spiricis if you want to but today I'm gonna do something in honor of Halloween instead of carving a pumpkin I think it's only right that beyond grenades day Carves a pineapple now. I've seen this all over the internet all of my pineapple Correspondents you guys always make sure to send me pineapple things. I don't miss any Pineapple thing ever created and I see this on Pinterest and I'm gonna give it a try for the first time today So I have to here because I might mess up So this is gonna be my pineapple of choice if you are a child Don't use a knife without parents supervision, but I am going to start off by cutting off the crown of the pineapple I was gonna go right about There is juicy That's why I'm not on a cooking show Beautiful and now I'm gonna grab one of the greatest inventions of all time If you don't have one of these and you eat pineapples you need one in your life This is a pineapple core er So I'm going to literally just twist out all of the pineapple goodness with ease I will make sure to link this in my Amazon store if you guys want to get one. I think they're also at like bed, bathroom beyond Maybe grocery stores, maybe Target. So what you do is you put this right over the core. Oh Yeah, and then you literally just twist Just keep twisting what do we do we twist twist? Then once you get to the that's not supposed to happen. Then once you get to the bottom you just pull it up Right there looks like it just came straight out of a dole can Isn't that great? So now I'm going to place this in my pineapple plate Because everybody has a pineapple plate right like so so now this is how it looks on the inside It just has the core, but we took out all the pineapple Now I'm gonna grab one of these little pumpkin carving knives, and I'm gonna use this to cut off the core Just take it off piece at a time.  I Mean the inside of a pumpkin is gross The inside of a pineapple is juice Cheers Mmm. Oh That's fresh. So now I have a little ice cream scooper. I'm gonna try to use this to scoop out the bottom Ha ha. Mmm Things you can't do when you're carving a pumpkin All right, so now I got my core out of the pineapple And now we're gonna start carving it like a pumpkin, but we're gonna create our little jack-o-lantern So now I'm going to just make my little triangles like a jack-o-lantern. I'm just gonna put one right here Triangle number one Try to make these as even as possible. We're gonna make them mouth. So I think I'm just gonna do a simple Just a simple smile for this one Twisting the knife in. Mine has one little tooth. He's a little angry.  Well, I could just do my little pineapple And voila, that's all there is to it. Isn't my little pineapple lantern so cute? I might never do pumpkins ever again. Not only is it a lot less messy. You could just take out the insides and start eating and They wonder why pineapples are curly girls favorite fruits.  I post two new videos every week once on Friday and once on Sunday So I'll see you guys next time. Thanks for watching Bianca Renee today. Happy Halloween


One day, during fairly routine cataloguing of the deeper and more sequestered archival stacks, your humble servant chanced upon discrepancy. These are not uncommon, mind you. The records of the records, the documentation, macro-directories are often hopelessly out of date or corrupted, simply ensuring the veracity of one's material is as much work as parsing the actual material itself. However, divergences are usually a difference in naming conventions, a misplacement of location, perhaps a chronological displacement readily accounted for by the sequential drift inherent in the multiple intersections of imperial calendar systems. No, no, this was altogether different. It is common for material to go unaccounted for only to resurface. It is far rarer for something to simply appear. And yet, here we are, or rather, here I am, having perused a volume entitled The Transit of the Human Soul Through Strife, that somehow simply appeared within the depository dedicated to the Battle of Pluto. Attempts to simply verify its existence prior to its discovery have met with no success. It could have had a single print run, but one suspects that, given its contents, it is likely bespoke. Any attempts to cross-reference the title through generalized historiography met with similar frustration, until one chanced upon a sole reference wafer for items pertaining to the almost fully redacted Chondax campaign. The wafer, as with the tome itself, had not technically existed before its discovery, but had offered one more piece of information about the book itself, an alternative cargonamen, the Codex Hydra. I would hope that keen students will I have at this point largely surmised what the work pertains to, although I doubt acolytes could conceive of the full scope. Indeed, I could not, nor could I even begin to quite believe what I had read, and re-read, and re-re-read. It is nothing less than the confessional of a primarch, the most enigmatic one at that, the Hydra himself, alfarious, 20th son of the emperor, and the claims he makes are nothing short of revelatory. That being said, they are all lies, or so the primarch himself states at the outset, along with the lie inherent in his name. What shall follow herein is a committing of the work ascribed to this alfarious to imperial chronicles, for the sake of nothing else than desperation on my part. Greater and better humanity than I have long laboured to unravel the sneaking threads that form what is the best discernable morass of history of the 20th Legion and their progenitor. Many have been simply driven mad by the process. I have previously attempted to render their chronicle as competently as I could, and even that experience was taxing. The Alpha Legion and alfarious existed. That much is historical fact. Everything else, it could be lies, it could be truth, we will never know. I suspect that is the point, but I shall hold such musings until later. For now, know then that this is a record of they who are Legion, the unbalanced scales, the perennial question, the primarch of the 20th Legion Astartes, alfarious. It is something oft remarked upon by those inducted within the deeper mysteries of creation, that the names in this universe of ours carry great power. Certainly this is one of the cardinal rules that govern the never-born, those hateful not-things of unreality itself, and as the warp mirrors the real, so too can it govern we ourselves, although in ways admittedly far subtler. To the Alpha Legion, the name of their primarch was akin to a memetic weapon. They and he would describe it as a tool, and while I must agree, simply giving it so benign a term, does not allow for the full scope of its offensive and defensive capabilities. Its clearest purpose was obfuscation. Avowedly not one to stand upon pride or ego, the primarch of the Legion allowed any of his sons to refer to themselves as alfarious, a symbol to them of purported unity and singularity of purpose, and a statement to those without of the same, but additionally of anonymity. To the Imperium at large, alfarious was not a person so much as an idea, a perception routinely confirmed by the Alpha Legion themselves, as, even when placed in a position where the primarch's presence was by all standards of protocol and decorum demanded, they would often instead send an individual who, while purporting to be the primarch, was on many occasions confirmed to not be, simply an impersonator, bearing the primarch's will. His name alone invokes all that it needs to, even if all it needs to do is confuse, frustrate, and obfuscate. The name, you see, has power. It was not alone amongst his brothers to bear such harshly isolationist tendencies, the con of the fifth Legion white scars being a distant second, with even the Warhawk's mysteries a result of more ignorance on the part of those who treated with him as opposed to deliberate choices of the primarch himself. As such, the chronicling of the life of the 20th son is functionally impossible. There will only ever be the ability to infer, as one can never be certain if the account one is reading is of the primarch, or one of his sons, or a combination of both, or an outright fabrication in its own right, coils within coils, yet always the name, the name endures. For the purposes of clarity within this record, we must render a terminology at the outset. Arpharius, the cognomen of the primarch, is hereby to be referred to as the idea that the primarch sought to embody as opposed to the actual individual. The human, the primarch who first bore the name, will herein be referred to as Alpha. It will be necessary, as there will be need of another idea, and another name, subsequently. The author of The Transit of the Human Soul through Strife, sets forth his account by naming himself Arpharius and stating that this is a lie. We have not finished one sentence of this damnable piece, and we are already unsure of everything that may follow. Regardless, we shall for now refer to the author as Alpha, the tale initially accounts the early life of Arpharius, and it is one of the clearest accounts of any primarch's infancy, if such a term can be used, that we have ever discovered. Its veracity is obviously questionable, but there is an impossibility in the details herein that they could possibly be known to any, but the smallest group of personages. The information has such clarity and such purity that I do question it. However, claiming to have been cognizant from the moment his genitor, Pod, crashed from the void into a wasteland upon an unknown planet, Alpha recounts that his instincts and grasp of reality were razor honed from the first moment of his cognition. To the extent that when Scavengers chanced upon his downed Pod, he was able to presume danger and hid. Such hiding was ultimately unnecessary, as uncannily soon after, the Pod was discovered by none other than the Emperor of Mankind, Alpha's father, who attracted by means unknown. His delight upon discovering his son was without measure. As any student of Imperial history will know, an accident had scattered the primarchs during their gestation, while the master of mankind still yet sought to unify Terra under his manner. The planet Alpha had landed upon was not recorded, but is known to have been an incredibly close spatial proximity to Terra itself, to permit the Emperor to travel there at such a vital time. To find a primarch, his 20th son, so close to the birthrock of humanity, kindled hope within the Emperor that others had yet survived, so unsure he had been up until that point. For Alpha's part, his existence was known only to the Emperor and Malkador the Sigillite, lest the instigators of the primarch's scattering seek to complete their aims altogether more thoroughly. Alpha would be trained and nurtured in secret, unbeknownst to the Imperium or even the Imperial household. The implications of this revelation alone are simply staggering, an almost beggar belief by how thoroughly they upend established Imperial history. Should it be true, the Emperor had a primarch at his side, the 20th and final son no less, from barely any time subsequent to their scattering, from before the unification wars had even concluded. Horace Lupacal of Cthonia was not the first found son. It was Alpha, Alphaeus, and he was known to the Emperor himself from before the Great Crusade had even left Sol's light. That such a thing had an impact on Alpha himself is doubtless. He recounts as much in the transit, detailing the training and development he received under Malkador's cool and exacting gaze. He reports to have witnessed, and indeed taken part in, the first combat engagement of the Ligionnes Astartes, during the failed coup of Grand Provost Marshal Uama Kandawair and Ligio Cataeus Primarch Ushotan, the last Thunder Warrior General-King. He infiltrated the Imperial Palace from without, attempting an assassination upon the Emperor's very life to prove the insufficiency of Ligio Custode's security measures. In doing so, he revealed his existence to the Captain General of the Guard, Constantine Valdor, and aided him in developing the Blood Games, a Custode's infiltration protocol designed to probe palace security that had been created following the betrayal of Amar Astarty and her destruction of Space Marine Genetic Stock. He was, as he claimed, present at the rediscovery of several of his brothers, including both the Lion of Caliban and Lorgar Aurelian. He was specifically not present at the discovery of Twelfth Primarch Angron, something he states is no regret of his. It would appear that, throughout the Unification Wars and the Great Crusade both, Alpha was present where he deemed his presence was necessary. He himself was a necessity by his own account, the Emperor's clandestine failsafe, an operative to root out that which could not be easily foreseen, to deal with that which was oft complicated, tenuous, or sensitive. Almost every regime throughout the great arc of human history has had need of such people, individuals of deniability, operatives to engage in what the state, for whatever reason, could not be seen to do so visibly, but nevertheless deemed a requirement for the perpetuation of its power and its existence. Special operations are not new, they are as old as the concept of the state. The difference with Alpha is simply in scale, and indeed, scope. It is oft hypothesized that the Primarchs, singular beings that they are, were molded in the Emperor's laboratory with specific purposes in mind, to fulfill specific outcomes in what impossible plan the Emperor was devising. It appears that within the individual of Alpha, and his given name, Alphaeus, the master of mankind vested a supremely keen independence and pragmatism. He was to protect the Imperium, but without guidance, unshackled from the command structure of the military regime to pursue the mission statement of his father's realm entirely unseen. He existed to be denied, a ghost carrying out the will of the Emperor, as the ghost saw it. This, in and of itself, corroborates entirely with what historiography has been built to account for the Alpha Legion's history during the Great Crusade. It is known that at its inception, the Legion was placed separately from the Remainders, along with the 6th and 18th legions to form the Emperor's Treefoil, legions whose development was conducted by distinct and even more sensitive standards than the remaining 17. While the 6th Legion Spacewolves and 18th Legion Salamanders would chart their own course from their creation upon Terra, forging their own destinies throughout the Crusade, the 20th effectively disappeared at the point they were confirmed to have reached the Alpha induction phase, namely the point in their development where they had attained minimum combat effective legion disposition of 1,000 Astartes. Despite this apparent redaction from the pages of history, discrepancies continued to appear across all Crusade theatres and fronts, of Astartes operating under no identifiable banners or markings, yet in possession of clearance codes and ident tags of unimpeachable provenance. Frustrated Imperial commanders who had gumption enough to query why covert Astartes were operating under their jurisdictions had their inquiries either rebuffed or perfunctorily shut down. There had been no such Astartes, for how could Astartes be operating outside of the Legion's framework? There were 20 legions officially, yet one could never be accounted for. The Ghost Legion, as some began to refer to them, were never a thing in actuality, more a presence discernable only by the unaccountable absence they left. Of course, the revelation of the Alpha Legion's later existence is fully part of Imperial record, as is the nature of their Primarch, but it was never at any point officially confirmed that the special operations of nameless Astartes in the decades prior to the 20th Sunveiling were in fact their doing. The Ghost Legion remained a question, denied officially, denied repeatedly. Or at least it had, until whomever penned this book directly made the link between them. Alpha, alfarious, was abroad across the Imperium and operating at the head of the 20th Legion Astartes from the beginning of the Great Crusade, according to his word. The manner of their comportment is entirely in line with historical record. They flew under no confirmable manners, or if needed deliberately appropriated the panoples of their fellow legions. They would often embed Alpha Legionnaires into other legions for intelligence gathering purposes, or as cover to achieve specific aims. As mentioned, Alpha himself did so too, to monitor the recovery of several of his brother Primarchs. This naturally raises questions, foremost amongst them, how could a Primarch, beings of physical stature that exceeded even those of the Astartes themselves, possibly disguise himself so thoroughly as to avoid detection. Surely they could be discernible by height alone. In the transit, Alpha purports to explain this. It is recorded in the annals of Crusade history that many of the Primarchs possessed uncanny abilities averged upon the Arcane, almost certainly the result of gene science and bioalchemy inherent in their creation. Many of these talents manifested a psychana of some form, from the premonitions of Curse and Sanguinius on one end of the scale, to the towering psychic might of Magnus the Red upon the other. It would appear that Alpha's rested in the former subtler side, as he claimed to be in possession of a talent that allowed him to bend perception, not to fully hide in plain sight, mind, or even to avoid wholesale detection, but more to cause him to blend in, obfuscating details that would cause questions, such as obviously physical height. It is often remarked that Alphaeus was quite slight of build and short of stature compared to his brothers, and many of his line marines were taller than regular Astartes. How much of this is actuality, versus the Primarch applying his gift, we will never know. The explanation is however a solid one, and indeed one in line with the cataloging of the uncanny abilities of the brothers as a whole. Crucially, it is also one that was not entirely without failure. On one notable occasion, in the aftermath of the defeat of the world prince, Seventh Legion Primarch Rogel Dorne sought to confront Alphaeus about the tactics utilized by his legion, the lord of the Seventh having deemed them needlessly wasteful. Alpha appeared before Dorne as one of a triad of identical figures, the other two being first captain Ingo Peck and harrowmaster Kel Silonius. Dorne, by Alpha's own account, picked him out of the three with ease. Interestingly, there is a fragmented chronicle, born of the archives of the first legion that reference a similar encounter, but with a completely different outcome. During the second rangdan zenocide, one of the darkest chapters of crusade history, when the fate of the imperial vision appeared to teeter upon the edge of oblivion, Alpha and the 20th Legion chose to reveal their presence to another at last, and to one of his own kin, the lion of Caliban and his dark angels. Ostensibly to offer aid to the first legion, who had been sustaining punishing losses in the ongoing zenocide, the entreaty held for Alpha, perhaps unsurprisingly, ulterior motives. He wished to obtain legion strength deployment within a volume that the first were campaigning in, in order to provide military cover for his own movements towards one specific planet. But he also wished, by his words, to assay the abilities of the lion, to test whether his vaunted brother, the emperor's first maid, could see through his own gift. He was not permitted to go unhelmed before the presence of a primark, but this was mitigated by his entourage for the meeting. Formed of a group of nine other Astartes, it included Consul Delegatus Altalon Skor, called King Killer, and his head hunter Attaches, Astartes named Gjatenna, Haimor, Dursius, and Itan, as well as several of the Legion's most senior figures, Shidranco, Kel Silonius, Ingo Peck, and Matthias Herzog. Of these, only Skor, Ranko, and Dursius retained their own faces. The remainder had, through gene seed expression or surgical augmentation or a combination of both, had their visages altered to be simulacrums of their primark. This was by almost all accounts the document them, a highly standard practice for the Legion, to better obfuscate their identities, so confusion amongst their enemies and allies both, and to preserve their inherent anonymity and unity. In this particular case, being the first open contact between the 20th and a fellow Legion, it was a statement, and doubly so when one considers its motive was also as a test for the lion himself. The firstborn primark's questioning to this strange delegation was pointed and direct, including asking the 20th whether they had been reunited with their primark. Alpha's answer was characteristic. No, he said they had not, which the lion obviously took at face value, but to the 20th the truth was plain. They had no need to be reunited, for they had been united from the beginning. Ultimately, the exchange was perfunctory, and perfectly within Alpha's allotted schemes. He was not recognized, he was allowed passage, and most importantly, allowed to assay one of his brothers, believing the lion to be peerless in many respects, yet also curiously self-absorbed, given to brooding over his own secret thoughts. One should not exactly be taken aback by the lion's performance in this meeting. To be considered broadly as one of the finest military commanders of the Imperium, to be the firstborn son of the master of mankind, only to find a legion you were never aware of, that was arriving at your doorstep uncalled for at full combat strength, and for that legion to bear the cognom in Alpha, an ancient Greekan term redolent of primacy and true beginnings, it would presumably be enough to unmane even a being a singular as a primark. Indeed, Alpha included within the transit many oblique and achronological asides, referencing his supposed contact and conversation with his other brothers, and his various opinions of their characters. He muses on whether it was responsible to deliberately deceive the lion, his own kin, in so blatant a fashion, but rest assured that the relationship web between this family of demigods was never an especially healthy one. The lion was not beloved by any, seen instead as aloof and distant at best, belligerently prideful at worst, as his famous jewel with the Wolf King displays. Thus, for his part, had at the time of Alpha's account fought two brothers, the lion and angron, and his hatred for Magnus the Red was already peaking. Alpha believes the arrogance of Ferris Manus and Fulgrim made them hard to love, but was also presumably the reason for their own unexpectedly close kinship, whereas the family as a whole reserved only pity for angron, who perceived it enough to become resentful in the extreme. Alphaeus was known to have something of a rivalry with Rebut Gulliman, which creeps into this account, with Alpha referring to the 13th Primark as being so utterly self-assured as to believe that he has not only solved warfare, but also thinks that it can be committed to a book. To the 20th Primark, the Khan and Korax were unknowable by their own choices, and Mortarian, bleakness personified, impossible to bring to conversation or any sort of relationship. Only in Alpha's mind did Vulcan and Sanguinius embody people anyone could truly love, possessed as they were of nobility and grace, respectively. And forms an interesting counterpoint to this is what we know of the brothers' own opinions of their serpentine kin. It is indeed confirmable that Gulliman held him in no higher regard, the tactics employed by the Alpha Legion, deemed by the Lord of the 13th, as needlessly Byzantine and lacking any means through which they could be integrated into wider strategic exigencies. Dorn's feelings upon the matter I've already touched upon, while Horus Lubacal was perhaps Alphaeus' only champion, or at least the only brother beside Ferris Manus to ever openly compliment the 20th Legion on their efficacy and abilities. Most kept their own thoughts to themselves, if they had any. The 20th maintained, as we have previously discussed, a willful separation from the remaining legions, and would appear that the Emperor's sons regarded Alphaeus with understandable weariness.  There are two instances, aside from the incident with Dorn, that one can reference where Alphaeus' brothers apparently saw beyond the veneer into something more real about the individual themselves. And it is perhaps surprising the Primarchs who were responsible. The first face-to-face meeting between Alphaeus and Leman Russe, many, many decades after Alphaeus was presumably present for Russe's reuniting with the Emperor, was at a victory feast, where Russe was drunk and gregariously celebrating, or at least putting on a good show of being both. He demanded of Alphaeus a question, what are you supposed to be then, to which Alphaeus responded, naturally, I am Alphaeus. Russe, in return, clarified, he had asked what, not who, listing off the roll call of rolls and aspects each of the brothers had been assigned by their father. Alphaeus' only response was, I am the one who keeps the secrets. Russe said to have laughed, and replied, in that case, I am surprised there's only one of you. The second instance is of a similar vein. Lorgar Aurelian, arch-traitor, faithless, accursed Lorgar Aurelian, is known to have made copies of his self-pend work of philosophy, the book of Lorgar, each tailored to each of his brother's temperaments and cardinal aspects. To Pertuabo, for instance, he bequeathed a book bound in metal. To Alphaeus, he presented two copies. Herein, we catch at glimpse of the deepest mystery, the most occluded secret of Alphaeus. It is one kept by the legion and only them. If it was known to any outside it, we do not yet know. Say for what is being committed to this record, and I know not what possible clearance level this one will carry. Did Russe or Lorgar know? Did they merely suspect? Impossible to say. But, by the word of this author, we have it. The Alpha Legion, alone amongst the Emperor's twenty, had two Primarchs. Officially, they were known as Alphaeus and Omegaon, explaining perhaps why Alphaeus got his oft-used and widely known second name from. But, of course, no second name this. Another individual entirely, a twin, referred to by Alphaeus as a second half of his soul, his mirror, like him in every capacity. If the Emperor intended it thus, or if it was a product of their separation, or if the Emperor even knew what he had wrought in their creation, all of this is unknown. As with a lot of things concerning the Alpha Legion and their Primarchs, there are far more questions and answers, and even the answers do not tell the full tale. This new individual, for the sake of clarity, will hereafter be referred to as Omega. He was found by Alpha upon the world of Bar Savor, hunting the Xenos Slough, long suspected as having been part of the Rangdan Xenosides and apparently now confirmed. Indeed, Alpha's presentation to the Lion had been entirely to obtain passage into the War Zone to extract the now suspected Omega, revealing his Legion and discarding its secrecy as having been determined to be an acceptable cost for the recovery of his twin. What is especially interesting about this account is how it brings within this overall narrative an odd completeness, when the commonly recorded tales of Alphaeus's discovery are considered. In one's previous record upon the 20th Legion, I alluded to these origin myths and how, unlike his brothers, Alphaeus possessed many. One account extracted from the mind of an Alpha Legion Centurion during his interrogation by the Ligio Custodes resembles Alpha's own, with him being discovered upon a nameless dead world by human pirates. Ironically, because the official discovery myth to be related later, this account was deemed a lie by the Ligio Custodes and all Imperial historians subsequently. Yet another account refers to the Slocke as having made the Primarch their plaything on the world of Bar-Savore, twisting and warping by invasive memetics his mind, only for him to be rescued by the Emperor, spirited away to Terra for full recovery and reprogramming. Finally, there is the account that most will know of. Of a human realm encountered in the wilds of space, of Horus Lupercal taking it to task, only for a stranger to board the vengeful spirit at the height of a major naval battle, forcing his way bloodily to the Strategium, only for Horus to recognize him as the last and final Primarch, his brother, Alphaeus. Previously, each of these accounts has historically been deemed a lie. Even the most broadly accepted one of Horus finding the 20th Primarch had been muddied by the presence and spread of the others, the propagation of which was with absolute certainty the work of the Alpha Legion themselves, committed to disinformation as they were. What this leaves us with, at this point in the record, is a curious position. We can either assume they are all lies from the get-go, as Alphaeus is more of a construct in their person, this may extend to his personal history. But we can also assume that they are all shards of the same truth, fractal elements of the whole, dubbed lies only by dint of not telling the full story. The account of the Centurion to the costodes is true, the account of the Slok is true, the account of Horus finding Alphaeus is true. Because as it turns out, the ultimate reveal of Alphaeus the Primarch, Alphaeus the figurehead, was conducted by the twins in concert, with Alpha blending back into the shadows of the Legion under the guise of Omegaon, and Omegaon being the individual that Horus encountered upon the vengeful spirit, the individual henceforth known as Alphaeus. Omega became Alphaeus, Alpha became Omegaon. They would, by the word of Alpha, go on to switch these identities throughout the remainder of the Great Crusade and into the Great Heresy, meaning there is simply no means by which to verify which Primarch is which at any given time, even if they can be confirmed to be a Primarch, and not Ingo Peck or Kel Silonius, Matthias Herzog, Amelius Dinad or any number of tens of thousands of Astartes impersonating them. We are presented with the idea that the being who had been with the Emperor since the beginning of the Great Crusade, the individual who had been narrating the totality of the transit of the human soul through strife, the Alpha, was not the one that ultimately wore the face of Alphaeus. Finally, and most damnably, there is one more twist to this Byzantine tale. The tale of Omega's reveal, the attack on the vengeful spirit is told within the transit in first person. Ostensibly, it appears as Alpha. By the finale of this wretched work, it has even cast doubt upon its own narrator. Now, at the end, this taxonomy I have assigned to them, Alpha and Omega, the people, the individuals, not Alphaeus and Omega on the figures, crumbles. Has it been Omega relating this story all along, pretending to be Alpha? The very words at the beginning of this ring truer than ever. I am Alphaeus. This is a lie.  Such is the price paid, the cost to be endured for attempting to understand the 20th Legion, and the mysteries of Alphaeus. One supposes a soul question is paramount upon your minds at this point. Why? What could possibly be the point for such an insane degree of obfuscation, such maddeningly oblique existences? There is no answer that will suffice because they do not wish you to have one that will. The question is the point. The question is also a weapon. They have weaponized your curiosity, baiting your investigations with dead ends, partial discoveries, unsundry fabrications, the layers of them, the stratifications built up over decades, then centuries, and now millennia, to the point where no one believes no truth can ever be unearthed. Ease the point. Names have power. The Legion is not just the Alpha Legion. They are the threefold path, the unbroken chain, the azure serpent, the vigil, the strife wrought, the ghost legion, the last unity, and hundreds of other recorded names besides. They are simply the Legion, known and yet unknowable, existent and impossible to actualize. We have always treated names with power, and even more so in the cases of the Primarchs. They are mythic beings now, and were from the moment of their revelation. They are their identities, they embody their own legends, titanic beings exerting tangible weight upon history. The idea of the Primarchs carry as much heft as they do themselves, and it is in this the Alpha Legion changed the paradigm. They took this one step further, diffusing the name of Alphaeus to such a degree that it has transcended language to become a pure idea, enhancing its power in the hands of the wielder and mitigating its danger in the hands of those who mean ill. Other Astartes would undoubtedly view this as offensive in the extreme, venerating the power of their genesires in form and function, to Alpha, to Omega, to Alphaeus, to Omega, to their Legion. This does not matter. There is a translation one may proffer to that single phrase, that damnable hateful phrase, I am Alphaeus, and I take it from the author of the transit themselves. My name is unimportant. Only my function matters. That is the Alpha Legion. That is Alphaeus. They are their own selves, and they are Legion. They are a system. They are an idea. They are a weapon. We have never known them, and we never will. And that, in grandest totality, is the point of a Imperator. Gloria in Excelsis, Terra. Head on over to patreon.com slash Oculus Imperia. If you'd like to receive more updates about the channel and any future videos, you can contact me or follow me on Twitter, at Oculus Imperia. Otherwise, please like, subscribe, comment, let me know your feedback, and as ever, thank you very much for watching.


The analysis of 30 years of global monthly normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, data revealed that almost half of the land surface areas showed significant seasonal trends. The most common type of trend was an increase in NDVI in the green season, which was balanced out by a decrease in the brown season. This was mainly seen in grasslands and shrublands, as well as in tigers and tundras. No single attribution of cause could be determined for this trend, but it was clear that it was related to climate-related ameliorations of growing conditions. This article was authored by Asaf and Yamba, Florencia Sangermano, Elia A. Machado, and others.


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Compared to other technology revolutions, where are we in the information age? We compared it to, say, the industrial revolution, I would say we're in the mid-19th century. You know, seminal breakthroughs have occurred, you know, there's impacting broadly the economy, but we still haven't seen the full consequences of what IT is going to do for the world.


Nigeria has moved to sixth in the latest global terrorism index, GTI, following successes in the fight against Boko Haram insurgents. The country dropped two places from fourth, a position it has occupied since 2017. The GTI published by an independent and non-profit think tank, the Institute for Economics and Peace IEP, indicated that Nigeria, Syria and Somalia are the only nations among the ten most affected by terrorism to get an improved score from 2020 to 2021. Aholding to the report, there was a decline in the number of terrorism-related deaths in Nigeria. It attributed this to the deaths of Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shikal and the federal government's effort at the feet of the group.


Mr. President, this event brings great honor and much joy to our university community. Thank you very much for that warm welcome. Governor Beliles, Congressman Slaughter, and my very special thanks to Senator Warner and President O'Neill for suggesting this invitation. And you know, as president, I have certain privileges. So I checked with President O'Neill and I'm delighted to announce that starting Monday night, you all have four weeks off. But here at UVA, we are surrounded with memories of Thomas Jefferson. One of my staff mentioned that Thomas Jefferson's favorite recreation was horseback riding. And I said he was a wise man. And another member of the staff said that Thomas Jefferson thought the White House was a noble edifice. And I said he was a man of refined taste. And a third member noted that after retiring as president, Thomas Jefferson, in his 70s, didn't sit back and rest, but founded the University of Virginia. And I said there's always an overachiever who makes it hard for the rest of us. But no speaker can come to these grounds or see the lawn without appreciating the symmetry, not just of the architecture, but of the mind that created it. The man to whom that mind belonged is known to you as Mr. Jefferson. And I think the familiarity of that term is justified. His influence here is everywhere. And yet while those of you at UVA are fortunate to have before you physical reminders of the power of your founder's intellect and imagination, it should be remembered that all you do here, indeed all of higher education in America, bears signs too of his transforming genius. The pursuit of science, the study of the great works, the value of free inquiry, in short, the very idea of living the life of the mind. Yes, these formative and abiding principles of higher education in America had their first and firmest advocate and their greatest embodiment in a tall, fair-headed, friendly man who watched this university take form from the mountainside where he lived. The university was founding he called a crowning achievement to a long and well-spent life. Well, you're not alone in feeling his presence. Presidents know about this, too. You've heard many times that during the first year of his presidency, John F. Kennedy said to a group of Nobel laureates in the state dining room of the White House that there had not been such a collection of talent in that place since Jefferson dined there alone. And directly down the lawn and across the ellipse from the White House are those ordered classic lines of the Jefferson Memorial and the eyes of the 19-foot statue that gazed directly into the White House, a reminder to any of us who might occupy that mansion of the quality of mind and generosity of heart that once abided there and so rarely seen there again. But it's not just students and presidents. It is every American, indeed every human life ever touched by the daring idea of self-government that Mr. Jefferson has influenced. Yes, Mr. Jefferson was obliged to admit all previous attempts at popular government had proven themselves failures, but he believed that here on this continent, as one of his commentators put it, here was virgin soil and abundance of land, no degrading poverty, a brave and intelligent people which had just vindicated its title to independence after a long struggle with the mightiest of European powers. Well, here was another chance, an opportunity for enlightened government, government based on the principles of reason and tolerance, government that left to the people the fruits of their labor and the pursuit of their own definition of happiness in the form of commerce or education or religion. And so it's no wonder he asked that his epitaph reads simply, here was born Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom and father of the University of Virginia. Well, as that epitaph shows, for all his learning and bookishness, Mr. Jefferson was a practical man, a man who made things, things like a university, a state government, a national government. In founding and sustaining these institutions, he wanted them to be based on the same symmetry, the same balance of mind and faith in human creativity evidenced in the law. He had known personal tragedy, he knew how disorderly a place the world could be. Indeed, as a leader of a rebellion, he was himself an architect, if you will, of disorder. But he also believed that man had received from God a precious gift of enlightenment, the gift of reason, a gift that could extract from the chaos of life, meaning, truth, order. Just as we see in his architecture, the balancing of circular with linear, of rotunda with pillar, we see in his works of government the same disposition toward balance, toward symmetry and harmony. He knew successful self-government meant bringing together disparate interests and concerns. Balancing, for example, on the one hand the legitimate duties of government, the maintenance of domestic order and protection from foreign menace, with government's tendency to preempt its citizens' rights, take the fruits of their labors and reduce them ultimately to servitude. So he knew that governing meant balance, harmony, and he knew from personal experience the danger posed to such harmony by the voices of unreason, special privilege, partisanship or intolerance. And I do mean personal experience. You see, despite all of George Washington's warnings about the divisiveness of the partisan spirit, Federalists and Republicans were constantly at each other in those days. The Federalists of the Northeast had held power for a long time and were not anxious to relinquish it. Years later, a New York congressman honored the good old days when, as he put it, a Federalist could knock a Republican down to the streets of New York and not be questioned about it. Well, the Federalists referred to Mr. Jefferson as, and here I quote, a mean-spirited low-lived fellow raised wholly on hot cake made of coarse ground southern corn, bacon, and hominy with an occasional fricasseed bullfrog. Well, by the way, was the 1800 equivalent of what I believe is known here as U.S. B.A.A. as a Gusburger? And an editorial in the Federalist, Connecticut Courant, also announced that as soon as Mr. Jefferson was elected, murder, robbery, rape and adultery and incest will be openly taught and practiced. Well, that was politics in 1800. So you see, not all that much has changed. Actually, I've taken a moment for these brief reflections on Thomas Jefferson and his time precisely because there are such clear parallels to our own. We too have seen a new populism in America, not at all unlike that of Jefferson's time. We've seen the growth of a Jefferson-like populism that rejects the burden placed on the people by excessive regulation and taxation, that rejects the notion that judgeships should be used to further privately held beliefs, not yet approved by the people, and finally rejects to the notion that foreign policy must reflect only the rarified concerns of Washington rather than the common sense of a people who can frequently see far more plainly dangers to their freedom and to our national well-being. It is this latter point that brings me to the University of Virginia today. There has been much change in the last eight years in our foreign relations. And this September, when I spoke to the United Nations, I summarized much of the progress we've seen in such matters as the human rights agenda, arms reduction, and resolving those regional conflicts that might lead to later or wider war. I will not recite all of this here again today, but I do want you to know I found in the delegates afterward a warmth that I had not seen before. Let me assure you, not due to any eloquence on my part, but just a simple perception on their part that there is a chance for an opening, a new course in human events. I think I detected a sense of excitement, even perhaps like that felt by those who lived in Jefferson's time, a sense of new possibilities for the idea of popular government. Only this time, it's not just a single nation at issue. It is the whole world where popular government might flourish and prosper. Only a few years ago, this would have seemed the most outlandish and dreamiest of prospects. But consider for just a moment the striving for democracy that we have seen in places like the Philippines, Burma, Korea, Chile, Poland, South Africa, even places like China and the Soviet Union. One of the great unnoticed and yet most startling developments of this decade is this. More of the world's populace is today living in relative freedom than ever before in history. More and more nations are turning to freely elected democratic governments. The statistics themselves are compelling. According to one organization, Freedom House, in the past 15 years, the number of countries called not free declined from 71 to 50. And the countries classified as free or partly free increased from 92 to 117. When you consider that according to the Freedom House count, 70% of those not living in freedom are in China and the Soviet Union and even in those nations, as I say, we see glimpses of hope. The picture is even brighter. The most dramatic movement of all has taken place. More than 90% of the people are now living in countries that are democratic or headed in that direction. This democratic revolution has been accompanied by a change in economic thinking comparable to the Newtonian Revolution in physics. And that is no accident. Free market economies have worked miracles in several nations of East Asia. A UN General Assembly special session on Africa has called for more market-oriented structural reform in that region. In Europe, the tide is against state ownership of property. And even in China and the Soviet Union, the theoretical underpinnings of socialist economics are being reexamined. In this atmosphere, we've continued to emphasize prudent but deepening development of economic ties which are critical to our economic health and the conduct of our foreign policy. In our own hemisphere, we are about to implement a historic free trade agreement between the United States and Canada that could well serve as a model for the world. These democratic and free market revolutions are really the same revolution. They are based on the vital nexus between economic and political freedom and on the Jeffersonian idea that freedom is indivisible. That government's attempts to encroach on that freedom, whether it be through political restrictions on the rights of assembly, speech or publication or economic repression through high taxation and excessive bureaucracy have been the principal institutional barrier to human progress. But if this remarkable revolution has not been obvious to many, certainly one other eye-opening change has been self-evident. Consider for just a moment the sights we've seen this year, an American president with a Soviet counterpart strolling through Red Square talking to passerbite about war and peace, an American president there in the Lenin Hills of Moscow, speaking to the students of Moscow State University, young people like yourselves, about the wonder and splendor of human freedom. An American president only last week with a future American president and the president of the Soviet Union standing in New York Harbor looking up at Lady Liberty, hearing again the prayer on the lips of all those millions who once passed that way in hope of a better life and future, a prayer of peace and freedom for all humanity. And yes, even this week, in the devastation of Armenia, Americans and Russians making common cause, as we once made common cause against another terrible enemy 44 years ago. But it's not the visuals and the sound bites that matter. We've signed all of this as a record of diplomatic movement and accomplishment. One of those visuals you've seen in the last year is the signing of accords between Mr. Gorbachev and me and the destruction of American and Soviet missiles. It was more than just good television, more than just action news. The INF Treaty is the first accord in history to eliminate an entire class of U.S. and Soviet nuclear missiles. The Draft Treaty, which deals with far larger arsenals of long range or what the experts call strategic weapons, calls for 50% reductions in such weapons. In Geneva, where the portions of the draft treaty disputed by one side or the other are put in brackets, we are slowly seeing those brackets disappear so the treaty is coming closer. We progress on nuclear testing agreements and chemical weapons, and we're about to begin new negotiations on the conventional balance in Europe. Mr. Gorbachev's recent announcement at the UN about troop reductions was most welcome and appreciated, but it's important to remember this is a part of and the result of a larger disarmament process set in motion several years ago. Another area where the achievements are visible is that of regional conflicts. In Afghanistan, we've seen a settlement leading toward Soviet withdrawal. In Cambodia, the first steps have been taken toward withdrawal of Vietnamese troops. In Brazzaville, just this Tuesday, an American mediated accord was signed that will send some 50,000 Cuban soldiers home from Angola. The second reversal of Cuban military imperialism after our rescue of Grenada in 1983. In the matter of human rights, we've also seen extraordinary progress. The release of some political prisoners in the Soviet Union, initial steps toward a reduction of state economic controls and more politically representative forms of government, some greater scope to publish and speak critically, an increase in immigration and visible steps toward greater religious freedom. And finally, in our bilateral exchanges, we're seeing more Soviet and American citizens visiting each other's land and a greater interchange of scientific, cultural, and intellectual traditions. The summits themselves are indications of the progress we've made here. I look to the day when meetings between the leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States will be regular and frequent and maybe not quite so newsworthy. Where we're strong and steadfast, we succeed. In the Persian Gulf, the United States made clear its commitment to defend freedom of navigation and free world interests. And this helped hasten an end to the Gulf War. And the country stood firm for years, insisting that the PLO had to accept Israel's right to exist, sign under resolutions 242 and 338, and renounce terrorism. And now that resolve has paid off. Now the democratic revolution that I talked about earlier and all the change and movement and, yes, breakthroughs that I've just cited on the diplomatic front can be directly attributed to the restoration of confidence on the part of the democratic nations. There can be little doubt that in the decade of the 80s, the cause of freedom and human rights has prospered and the specter of nuclear war has been pushed back because the democracies have recovered their strength, their compass. Here at home a national consensus on the importance of strong American leadership is emerging. As I said before, the Congress at the start of this year, no legacy would make me more proud than leaving in place such a consensus for the cause of world freedom. A consensus that prevents a paralysis of American power from ever occurring again. Now I think much of the reason for all of this has to do with the new coherence and clarity that we've brought to our foreign policy. A new coherence based on a strong reaffirmation of values by the allied nations. The same idea that so energized Mr. Jefferson and the other founders of this nation. The idea of popular government has driven the revival of the West and a renewal of its values and its beliefs in itself. But now the question, how do we keep the world moving toward the idea of popular government? Well today I offer three thoughts, reflections and warnings at the same time on how the Soviet-American relationship can continue to improve and how the cause of peace and freedom can be served. First, the Soviet-American relationship. Once marked by sterility and confrontation, this relationship is now characterized by dialogue, realistic candid dialogue, serious diplomatic progress and the sights and sounds of symmetry. All of this is heady, inspiring and yet my first reflection for you today is all of it is still in doubt. And the only way to make it last and grow and become permanent is to remember we're not there yet. Serious problems, fundamental differences remain. Our system is one of checks and balances. There's for all its reforms, remains a one-party authoritarian system that institutionalizes the concentration of power. Our foreign relations embrace this expanding world of democracy that I've described. There's can be known by the company they keep. Russia, Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Libya, Vietnam, North Korea. Yes, we welcome Mr. Gorbachev's recent announcement of a troop reduction. But let us remember that the Soviet preponderance in military power in Europe remains and a symmetry that offends our Jeffersonian senses and endangers our future. So we must keep our heads, and that means keeping our skepticism. We must realize that what has brought us here has not been easy, not for ourselves nor for all of those who have sacrificed and contributed to the cause of freedom in the post-war era. So this means in our treaty negotiations, as I've said, trust but verify. I'm not a linguist, but I learned to say that much Russian and have used it in frequent meetings with Mr. Gorbachev. Dover yi, no prover yi. It means keeping our military strong. It means remembering no treaty is better than a bad treaty. It means remembering the accords of Moscow and Washington summits followed many years of standing firm on our principles and our interests and those of our allies. And finally we need to recall that in the years of détente we tended to forget the greatest weapon the democracies have in their struggle is public candor, the truth. We must never do that again. It's not an act of belligerence to speak to the fundamental differences between totalitarianism and democracy. It's a moral imperative. It doesn't slow down the pace of negotiations. It moves them forward. Throughout history, we see evidence that adversaries negotiate seriously with democratic nations only when they knew the democracies harbor no illusions about those adversaries. A second reflection I have on all this concerns some recent speculation that what is happening in the Soviet Union was in its way inevitable that since the death of Stalin the Soviet state would have to evolve into a more moderate and status quo power in accordance with some vague theory of convergence. I think this is wrong. It's also dangerous because what we see in the Soviet Union today is a change of a different order than in the past. For example, whatever the Khrushchev era may or may not have represented in Soviet internal politics we know how aspirations for greater freedom were crushed in Poland and Germany and even more bloodily in Hungary. We also saw the construction of the Berlin Wall. We saw Cuba become an active client state, a client state spreading subversion throughout Latin America and bringing the entire world to the brink of war with the missiles of October. And let me assure you, Mr. Khrushchev gave no speeches at the UN like that recently given by Mr. Gorbachev. As one British UN official said about Khrushchev appearances there we were never quite sure whether it was indeed Mr. Khrushchev's shoe being used to pound the Soviet desk or whether Mr. Gromyko's shoe had been borrowed or whether there was an extra shoe kept under the Soviet podium especially for banging purposes. All of this was hardly encouraging for the growth of freedom in the path to peace. We know too what happened in the Brezhnev era greater and greater expansionism Afghanistan economic decay and overwhelming corruption a greater and greater burden on the peoples of the Soviet Union on all the peoples of the world. Now this is changing how much and how fast it will change we do not know I would like to think that actions by this country particularly our willingness to make ourselves clear our expressions of firmness and will evidenced by our plain talk strong defenses vibrant alliances and readiness to use American power when American power was needed helped to prompt the reappraisal that Soviet leaders have undertaken of their previous policies. Even more western resolve demonstrated that the hard line advocated by some within the Soviet Union would be fruitless just as our economic successes have set a shining example. As I suggested in 1982 if the West maintained its strength we would see economic needs clash with the political order in the Soviet Union. This has happened but it could not have happened if the West had not maintained indeed strengthened its will its commitment to world freedom. So there was nothing inevitable not all of this. Human actions made the difference. Mr. Gorbachev has taken some daring steps as I've said before this is the first Soviet leader not to make world revolution a priority or let us credit those steps let us credit him and let us their strength is all in Canada have also made a difference this is the hard line one what happens in the next few years whether all this progress is continued again this is a large part not to us it's why now more than ever we must not falter. American power must be exercised morally of course but it must also be exercised and exercised effectively but a cause of peace and freedom that power made all the difference and many will prove no difference. And this is the heart of my point what happens in the next few years whether all this progress is continued or ended this is in large part up to us it's why now more than ever we must not falter. American power must be exercised morally of course but it must also be exercised and exercised effectively for the cause of peace and freedom in the 80s that power made all the difference. The 90s will prove no different and this brings us to my third point the relationship between the Executive and the Congress it's precisely where Congress and the President have worked together as in Afghanistan and Cambodia or resolve differences as in Angola, the Persian Gulf and many aspects of US-Soviet relations precisely there our policies have succeeded and we see progress but where Congress and the President have engaged each other as adversaries as over Central America US policies have faltered and our common purposes have not been achieved Congress on again off again indecisiveness on resisting Sandinista tyranny and aggression has left Central America a region of continuing danger sometimes congressional actions in foreign affairs have had the effect of institutionalizing that kind of adversarial relationship we see it in the war powers resolution in the attempted restrictions on the President's power to implement treaties and on trade policy we see it in the attempt to manage complex issues of foreign policy by the blunt instrument of legislation such as unduly restrictive intelligent oversight limits on arms transfers and earmarking of 95% of our foreign assistance denying a President the ability to respond flexibly to rapidly changing conditions even in arms reduction a President's ability to succeed depends on congressional support for military modernization sometimes attempts are made to weaken my hand the founding fathers understood the need for effectiveness, coherence, consistency and flexibility in the conduct of foreign affairs as Jefferson himself said the transaction of business with foreign nations is executive altogether it belongs then to the head of that department except as to such portions of it as are specially submitted to the Senate exceptions are to be construed strictly well the President and the Vice President are elected by all the people so too is the Congress as a collegial body all who are elected to serve in these coordinate departments of our national government have one unmistakable and undeniable mandate to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution to this, this foremost they must always be attended for a President it means protecting his office and its place in our constitutional framework in doing that the President is accountable accountable to the people in the most direct way accountable to history and to his own conscience the President and Congress to be sure share many responsibilities but their roles are not the same Congress alone for example has the power of purse the President is chief executive chief diplomat and commander in chief how these great branches of government perform their legitimate roles is critically important to the nation's ability to succeed nowhere more so than in the field of foreign affairs they need each other and must work together in common cause with all deference but within their separate spheres today we live in a world in which America no longer enjoys preponderant power but must lead by example and persuasion a world of pressing new challenges to our economic prosperity a world of new opportunities for peace and of new dangers in such a world more than ever America needs strong and consistent leadership and resilience of the presidency are vital I think if we can keep these concerns in mind during the coming years public debate and support will be enhanced and America's foreign policy will continue to prosper all of us know the terrible importance of maintaining the progress we've made in the decade of the 80s we're moving away from war and confrontation toward peace and freedom toward a future beyond the imaginings of the past these are the stakes some may find such prospects daunting I think you should find them challenging and exciting and I think you can see that in all of this and you and your country will have a special role to play the issue before the world is still the same as the one that Jefferson faced so squarely and so memorably can human beings manage their own affairs with the best determination and popular representative government possible Mr. Jefferson's work and life amounted to a great mighty asset to that question so too will yours and America's if we can keep in mind the greatest and last left of Jefferson's life and it has something to do with what I just spoke to about the executive in Congress I'm fond of recollecting that in the last years of their lives Jefferson who had worked so hard and well together for the nation's independence both came to regret that they had let partisan differences come between them for years their estrangement lasted but then when both retired Jefferson at 68 to Monticello and Adams at 76 to Quincy they began through their letters to speak again to each other letters that discussed almost every conceivable state gardening horseback riding even sneezing as a cure for hiccups but other subjects as well the loss of loved ones the mystery of grief and sorrow the importance of religion and of course the last thoughts the final hopes of two old men to great patriarchs for the country that they had helped to found and loved so deeply it carries me back Jefferson wrote about his correspondence with his co-signer of the declaration of independence to the times when beset with difficulties and dangers we were fellow laborers in the same cause struggling for what is most valuable to man his right to self-government laboring always at the same oar with some wave ever ahead threatening to overwhelm us and yet passing harmless we rode through the storm with heart and hand it was their last gift to us this lesson in tolerance for each other in charity this insight into America's strength as a nation and when both died on the same day within hours of each other the date was July 4th 50 years exactly after that first gift to us the declaration of independence a great future is ours and the worlds if we but remember the power of those words Mr. Jefferson penned not just for Americans but for all humanity that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness thank you God bless you could one possibly be other than moved by those words Mr. President your address fully met our very high expectations we had been led to hope that this would be a major statement on foreign policy and we were surely not disappointed your invoking of Jeffersonian values and traditions especially delighted us for reasons that you can well appreciate we've been deeply honored by your choice for this message as the fine teacher that he is the president has graciously agreed to respond to student questions time does limit the number of questions six names were drawn by lot among those who are here each questioner will come to the microphone give his or her name and ask the question of the president I will leave the rest to the president in complete confidence may we have the first question Mr. President I think I can speak for everybody we really do thank you for coming to UVA but my question is considering that Lenin claimed that the Soviet should let capitalist countries fund the building of communism I'd like to know what is your position on granting most favored nation status to the Soviet Union and you think if we do grant this status that it will help promote democracy it will help promote congress or this democracy in the Soviet Union but I believe that we still we've got to proceed by watching whether deeds match the words now in some instances they certainly have permitting me for example to speak to the students of the University of Moscow I found out afterward however that they couldn't get all the student body in 200 so they decided that the few hundred would be those who are members of the young communist league but I think that there are differences between us and with this man when we had the first summit at Geneva and I'll try not to make my answers this long again people more experienced in this who would be on our team told me that if we could get just the agreement to a second summit that the summit would be worthwhile well I had an idea of my own in the first meeting and as we sat there on their side of the table my team on ours I looked across the table at the general secretary you know I don't know which to call in he's got three titles now general secretary president and chairman then he was the general secretary and I suggested that why didn't we leave our teams here to start talking the subject that was raised was disarmament and why didn't he and I go out and get some air well he jumped up before even finished speaking and out we went and it was planned there was a fire in the fireplace it was very cold that day down in a little house along the lake from below where we were so we walked down and for an hour and a half he and I had a meeting and a discussion and then we decided we better get back up to the regular meeting and we were just outside the building and he said something to me about that I had never seen Russia and I turned to him and said you have never seen the United States this has never been in the United States before I said we're having a summit here why don't we have the next summit in the United States and I hereby invite you and he said I accept and he said then why don't we have the following one 1987 in the Soviet Union I said I accept but when I told our people that we were already scheduled for more summits they almost fell down they couldn't believe it so there was a immediately we saw a great difference between this man and the previous leaders of the Soviet Union see I hadn't had much chance to meet with them they kept dying on me Mr. President my name is Matt Erskine with regard to the recent developments with Yassir Arafat and the PLO do you feel that this marks a culmination of your policies and your efforts to bring peace to the troubled region of the Middle East? well it is merely a step forward to that because peace which does not exist there most people forget that those countries still technically are in a state of war with each other it's only going to come when the principles come together to negotiate outside we have been trying to help internationally both the other nations and this has been a great step forward and again it was similar to our using strength and sticking to our purpose in other areas that brought it about we had said from the very first that there were these main points the 242 and 338 resolutions the recognition of Israel's right to exist as a nation which had never been advanced before and things of this kind that had to be agreed to before that we could have a dialogue with the PLO which was the principle opponent and when that took place as it just did for the first time clearly and without fuzzing it up with ambiguous dialogue when they gave met those terms we said yes and already the process is going forward to arrange for that dialogue but the piece must be brought about by the principles in the dispute and we're hoping that this now is the main step that will lead us toward that Mr. President my name is Pamela Marston and I would like to congratulate you on two completely successful terms Mr. President my question is do you believe that your policies on terrorism have been effective and will the Bush Administration continue these policies or will they work on new ones completely on their own? Well I think for the next administration if I correct in your question there yes we'll continue the policy we adopted a policy of complete resistance to terrorism no recognition of a country that supported it and there were countries that did and I think an example the shortest example that I can give you was when we had the irrefutable proof that Qaddafi of Libya had been responsible for terrorism that took the lives of a number of people at an airport in Europe including some Americans we responded I'm going to knock on wood just one more line on that since that response there has been no Libyan terrorist move Mr. President to many people my age you're the only president we have known or at least care to remember I know I speak for many of us when I say your words carry very special significance what advice do you offer us as we approach a new century and an ever more in a certain future? Oh the age group 18 to 24 among voters is the one that is most definitely in support of the type of things the things that we've been doing in these eight years but now I have to say to you it is the age group also in which the fewest number or proportion vote so I would suggest to you because it's your world that we're talking about and if you haven't gotten around to registering or bothering to vote or you know someone that hasn't make sure that age group of viewers who are going to have to take over the reins of government pretty soon that you make your views known in the polling place I think this is most vital and then oh I could lobby for an awful lot of things like a balanced budget amendment and a line item veto your governor has that I had it when I was governor of California the line item veto Mr. President welcome to the University of Virginia thank you for coming and I think you've been a great leader as everyone has said thank you for your advice I'd like to know what you feel are your most significant accomplishments in the areas of number one foreign policy and number two domestic policy what do I what do I feel was the most important accomplishment well I think in both of those that we have redressed in foreign policy our strength when I took office on any given day half of the military aircraft of the United States couldn't fly for lack of spare parts half of the ships in our navy couldn't leave port for much the same reason or lack of crew and I immediately met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and wanted to talk to them about restoring a patriotism where the young men and women in uniform wouldn't feel they had to get into civilian clothes when they left the base but would be proud to be seen wearing the uniform today a higher percentage of our military our high school graduates and it's a volunteer military than ever in our history and there are three intelligence brackets used in the military for the assignment of people as to what proper functions and so forth the highest percentage in the top intelligence bracket that we have ever known before in our military of all the things I'm proud of I'm proud of the young men and women who are wearing our uniform more than anything but this redressing of that but also I came into office thinking that for some time I was thinking that there was a hunger for a spiritual revival in America and I think that has taken place I'm here from more and more people talking about the pride they have in country on the economic front I got a degree in economics I didn't deserve it but I got it but I took away one I remembered something that happened several hundred years ago and it was a man named Eben Caldoun in Egypt I didn't know they had economists then but Eben Caldoun said that at the beginning of the empire the rates, tax rates were low and the revenue was great at the end of the empire the rates were great and the revenue was low so I came away with the belief that you didn't gain revenue by raising taxes and in fact our old national experience proves it when Coolidge took to tax reductions the revenue of the government increased and the same thing happened to a certain extent with President Kennedy's tax reduction which was similar to ours so one of my first goals was to unleash the economy of this country and get government off the backs and out of an adversarial relationship with the private sector so that the people of this country could do with their freedom what they were intended to do that's all we really have done in this administration we got out of your way and we have these people that say that we have a target of 1993 for a balanced budget and we we're meeting that that target on every step now but these people who still are talking that we've got to have to raise taxes they'll undo the great economic reform we have created almost 19 million new jobs in these several years of economic reform the people's personal disposable income after taxes has risen higher than it ever was before and revenues in the income tax increased by 375 billion dollars since we implemented our tax reform and our tax cut the trouble is spending increased 450 billion dollars I haven't had a budget yet by law I have to submit a budget every year I do and present company accepted the congress just puts it on the shelf and sends me a continuing resolution of their own doing so I think the great economic recovery I have had the pleasure of facing a number of our trading partners, the heads of state of our trading partners Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom on and on in a meeting and had them, I was the new kid in school and I had they were sitting there silently and then one of the spokesman said tell us about the American miracle well, the American miracle was simply the unleashing of resources and the last point was regulations George Bush, I put in charge of a task force to see how many government regulations he could eliminate he eliminated so many that our estimate today is that the paperwork imposed upon you and on community governments and on state governments has been reduced by 600 million man-hours a year well, I got too long on that answer Mr. President, you are of course near the end of your second term after the inauguration of George Bush, what does the future hold for Ronald Reagan well you know in Hollywood if you don't sing or dance you wind up as an after-dinner speaker and so that was my personal appearance role was a speaker out there on the mashed potato circuit and there are always I think for everyone who ever leaves this post there are things you didn't get done and I think I'll be out on the mashed potato circuit again extolling the virtues of line item veto and the balanced budget amendment and again defending the right of us to maintain our military defenses and so forth do that and I I'm very tempted about the idea somebody's talking to me about doing a book and there are a little backstage some backstage stories that I might enjoy getting out but I'm going to be active I'm not going to be up at the ranch any more than much than I've been able to on the visits that I occasionally make there but I'm going to be active and I know that Nancy's going to continue her activity in the anti-drug campaign too is there were you the last one or is there a sixth did I miss count that was the sixth alright I miss count