Welcome to my recap of Servant Season 2. If you need a recap of Season 1 first, click the card in the upper right corner. Otherwise, grab a piece of croquembouche and enjoy the recap. At the Turner Home, having found a lifeless doll in her baby's crib, Dorothy frantically searches for her son. Meanwhile, Sean bandages his severely burned hand. He is interrupted when he overhears his wife's panicked voice, speaking to someone. He finds her in the foyer hanging up the phone. He stays silent as she exclaims that Jericho and Leanne are gone. Who did you call? He asks. The police, she answers. Who do you think? Sean quickly tears down the balloons and signs from that morning's baptism, erasing any evidence that a baby was in their home. When the cops arrive, they listen to Dorothy's claims skeptically. Her insistence that dead cult leader, Mae Markham, was in their home does not help. When Julian and Natalie arrive, they conspire to privately assure the cops that Dorothy is delusional. There was no baby. And separately, Julian tells Sean that it's a good thing the baby is gone. Jericho's absence means no evidence of their crime keeping the unknown child. No Bubba, no crime, he says. Then he notices the under-eye masks he left on and removes the large green patches. Officer Reyes, now believing Dorothy to be delusional, and the others complicit in her delusion, says to Julian, I hope you guys know what you're doing. Then the police leave. After inspecting his badly burned hand, Sean rejoins Dorothy, who is now frantically printing flyers with the image of Leanne's aunt, Mae Markham. She insists they must put these up and gather information quickly because the first 48 hours after someone goes missing are crucial. Sean offers to distribute the flyers, and minutes later drops him in a recycling bin. Later, he finds Dorothy watching more of her old reporting on Leanne's cult, The Church of the Lesser Saints. She interviews various people claiming to have witnessed the church's healing abilities. She is skeptical of the claims, while Sean is uncertain, but he keeps that to himself. Then, checking through Leanne's things, he finds her Bible, where his name is written next to a verse on leprosy. The next day, Sean tells Julian that they have to do something before Leanne involves the whole neighborhood in her search. They have to find Jericho, who Julian asks, noting Sean's apparent belief that the missing child belongs to him and Dorothy.  So Julian does something about it. He snoops in Jericho's room and grabs one of his baby shoes. He also grabs the doll and drops it in the trash, along with more of Dorothy's flyers, these ones with Leanne's picture. That night, tensions boil, and Dorothy tells Sean that she thought he would be a better father. You know what I thought? Sean says, I thought you'd always protect him. I never thought that you would. He stops himself. What if he's dead, he asks. I would follow him, she says, assuring she would take her own life. Knife rope or pills, Sean asks. Not a rope, she says, with my Hermes belt next to his crib. Her alarm goes off, signaling the 48-hour mark. Sean holds her until they are interrupted by a knock on the door. Dorothy finds an envelope and in it, her child's shoe and a paper that says, tell no one, baby lives. The next morning, Sean rescues Dorothy's doll from the back of a dump truck, and he bathes it as though it were truly his child. Two days later, Julian's PI, Roscoe, knocks on the turner's back door, and Sean lets him in. Sean asks where he's been, and Roscoe says he was out front in his car all night, as Julian told him to keep watch. Sean stares slack-jawed as Roscoe searches for his car keys, and asks if there's any food left over from the baptism. Sean's only response is, what? He gives Roscoe some of the caramel French toast he prepared for Dorothy, then quickly hides him when Dorothy walks by. Julian asks Sean to talk sense into her, as she's planning to go into work. The studio called and asked if she can cover for one of the reporters who was out. It's been four days and I can't just lie here, Dorothy says. I need to reassure Jericho that everything's gonna be okay, suggesting that if the kidnappers are watching the news, maybe Jericho can have a little mommy time. With Dorothy gone, Julian and Sean join Roscoe in the basement. They quickly learn that he has no memory of the last four days. However, they check his phone and find he accidentally recorded 12 seconds of footage from his pocket. In the recording, they hear Chains and Roscoe crying, begging to make it stop. They also hear Leanne reassuring him that he'll be okay. They're there to help him. Surprised to hear his own terrified voice, Roscoe says that he doesn't remember a thing. Unsure what to do? Sean suggests they call Natalie. She hypnotizes Roscoe and unlocks some memories. He recalls being taken to a dark room where he smelled something rotten. It clearly disturbs him as he starts crying. He mumbles. He's behind the door. Then they're on their knees for him. They're bleeding. His hand is a hook. Sean asks if the baby was there and Roscoe says the baby is crying, passing baby forward where he waits. He's holding him. He takes out the eyes and he throws them away. As Roscoe becomes increasingly distressed, Natalie wakes him up. Dorothy's news report begins. She speaks as though a baby is listening. Hello, Dorothy says. This is the news before bedtime. Her co-anchor looks confused as she continues speaking in her oddly soothing tone. After the hypnotism, Julian writes off Roscoe's ramblings as a result of a drug-induced hallucination. Natalie disagrees and Julian storms off, upset by her and Sean's indulgence in the supernatural. On the news, Dorothy ends by announcing Leanne Grayson is missing, shows her picture, and asks for anyone who has information on her whereabouts to come forward. She closes out the broadcast by saying, Later, while Dorothy is showering, Sean gets a call from an unknown number but recognizes the voice as Leanne's. Why is she looking for me? Leanne asks. Dorothy's shower stops as the pipes rumble and water oozes from the cracks in their basement floor. Sean asks where she is, but Leanne only responds with her own question. Why haven't you told her what she did? The next day, Dorothy reviews the latest tips received from the public after her on-air plea for help. However, the reportedly Leanne sightings thus far have all been false alarms. They face time Julian who is scoping out one of the locations where she was supposedly spotted, a gated mansion. Per Dorothy, it belongs to the Marino family. Julian spots someone drop something off. He investigates it and finds a takeout menu. The next day, Dorothy has an idea. If they pose as a restaurant, they can leave their own takeout menu and get in the house by delivering food. They decide on pizza as the cuisine and work together on crafting a fake restaurant menu. Per Julian's suggestion, they go with the name Cheese's Crust hoping it'll appeal to the Marino family's religious proclivities. Julian drops the menu off at their home and some of their neighbor's homes to avoid suspicion. Eventually, calls start rolling in and the pizza is well received by many of the Marino's neighbors. And eventually, the Marino's themselves order 20 cheese pizzas. Julian rushes from the opera to deliver the pizzas, but as Dorothy points out, wearing a tux, he will not pass as a delivery man. Instead, they send Sean's assistant Toby along with a hidden camera in the form of an iPhone in his front pocket. Toby objects but is quieted by Julian's cash tip. Toby arrives at the Marino's while Sean, Julian and Dorothy watch through the camera. Julian heads to the basement for more wine and finds he has to cross a wooden plank over a part of the floor that's collapsed due to the pipe issue. On the way out, he nearly falls but manages to rescue the wine. At the Marino home, Toby is led in by a group of children. They send him upstairs for payment. At the top of the staircase, he turns down a hallway and sees Leanne. She asks why he's there then quickly leaves. Rather than follow, Toby heads to another room where an ill woman calls to him. Toby enters and the frail woman pays him. Afterwards, Toby accuses Julian of sending him to spy on Leanne. Mission accomplished, Julian says.  Then hangs up on Toby. Then Julian is surprised to see the Marino family order another pie. This time, Dorothy prepares the pie herself. Toby delivers it and instead of running, Leanne invites him in to sit down and talk. She apologizes to him for leaving the turners without saying goodbye, but she was afraid he would try to talk her out of it. She goes on to say that she left because of Dorothy. I couldn't live with her for another day, Leanne says. She's selfish and she's cruel. Hearing this through Toby's spy camera, Dorothy leaves the room. She returns in time to hear Leanne telling Toby that he must not let the turners know Leanne is there. Then Leanne turns pale and stands up to steady herself before fainting. Then Julian takes them off mute as Toby panics saying he needs to call 911. I wouldn't recommend that, Dorothy says calmly. You've just entered a private residence and drugged a young woman with pizza. As Toby panics, Dorothy continues, instructing him, pick her up off the floor, put her in the back seat of your car, and drive her here. If you don't do that, I'll call 911 myself. Then she hangs up and takes a bite of pizza. Later, Leanne wakes up in the turner's attic. Dorothy questions her, but Leanne claims not to know where Jericho is. Downstairs, Dorothy tells a hesitant Sean that they must keep Leanne isolated and break the cult's brainwashing. She adds that Sean must not visit Leanne as she'll manipulate him. Dorothy leaves for work just as the builders arrive to fix the collapsed floor in their basement. With her gone, Sean tries several keys to the attic door, but can't find the right one. Then he meets with Julian, who agrees that holding Leanne captive is, as he puts it, a whole new level of skullfuckery. He also agrees that Leanne will not help Dorothy. Sean needs to be the one to talk to her. In the attic, Leanne has made herself at home, decorating the room with Christmas lights and other items she's found in the old boxes. Just before 2am, Dorothy wakes with a start. She comes to the attic, painfully grabs Leanne's hand, and begs her to return Jericho. You're hurting me, Leanne says. Then Dorothy leaves in a huff. Later that morning, Dorothy delivers breakfast to Leanne, who cours behind a mannequin she's dressed in some old clothes. She continues to ignore Dorothy's inquiries on Jericho, and instead asks to speak with Mr. Turner. Dorothy denies the request and leaves. While Dorothy is at work, Sean finally finds the right key and opens the door. He greets Leanne, and she asks Sean again, why haven't you told her? You don't know, Dorothy, Sean says. You don't know what it would do to her. She deserves whatever's coming her way, Leanne responds. Sean tells her that no punishment would compare to what Dorothy would do to herself. Then offers Leanne anything she wants in return for telling him where Jericho is. She asks to use the bathroom in place of the bucket Dorothy's left her. So Sean escorts her and guards the door while she does.  Returning to the attic, she finds that Sean has left her bible on the bed for her. That night, at 2am, Dorothy visits again. She grabs Leanne by the hair, drags her across the room, and strangles her, demanding to know where Jericho is. Then Dorothy leaves and returns to bed. The next morning, she tells Sean that she gets panicky at 2am, as though her body remembers something her mind forgot. After she heads to work, Sean visits Leanne and asks her to bring him back. She demands to know who Sean is looking for, and when he says Jericho, Leanne responds, Jericho died, Mr. Turner. That night, Leanne prays with her bible open to the page where she'd written Sean's name, and suddenly, at dinner with Julian and Dorothy, Sean can taste again. A couple of nights later, Dorothy makes her 2am visit, but instead of Leanne under the covers, finds the mannequin. Leanne hits her over the head with a metronome and runs downstairs, but finds the front door locked from the inside. Behind her, Dorothy approaches, and hits her with the metronome, knocking Leanne out. Later, Sean wakes up to pain, feeling in his hand has returned, and he rushes to run the burdens under cold water. With fresh bandages, he looks for Dorothy, and finds the attic door open. He sees the mannequin in Leanne's bed, and runs downstairs to find Dorothy standing in the kitchen, as though in a daze. He sees something dripping from her hands. When he recognizes the stains on the front of her pajamas, he runs to the basement and finds Leanne buried in their basement's collapsed floor, with a small hose allowing her to breathe. Sean quickly digs her out, and she gasps for air, while Sean tells Dorothy that she's gone too far. Nothing is too far, Dorothy says to Leanne. After cleaning up, Leanne returns to the attic, and Sean tells her she's not a bad person, she just loves him that much. In an earlier time, Dorothy stands over an empty crib, while her son's body lies undiscovered in the car. The time is 2am. One morning, Leanne wakes up to find the door left open for her. In the kitchen, Dorothy lets her know they've decided to let her free for a bit every morning. She makes Leanne pancakes, and even invited Toby over, as she thought Leanne could use a friend. He thoroughly enjoys the pancakes, while Leanne refuses them. After the awkward breakfast, Dorothy brings Leanne back to her prison, and apologizes for hurting her, then adds, you have to understand, for Jericho, there is nothing I wouldn't do. Nothing. Later, Dorothy receives a tiny plastic baby in the mail, along with a note stating, bring 200,000 to the Franklin Mall food court, 8pm tomorrow, cash only.  During one of Leanne's free hours, she tells Sean that she'd like to make a cake. She hands him a list of ingredients, and Sean agrees to have Toby pick them up. Later, Toby arrives with the ingredients. Leanne asks him to stay and help bake the cake. Julian stays to watch over them, while Sean and Dorothy leave with the cash. Toby asks what they're baking, and Leanne says it's a king cake, typically made for the epiphany, a Christian feast day that celebrates the revelation. Her mother used to make it on Sundays, and suggested Leanne could make it for pageants. She said it could be my special skill because I didn't have any. Leanne says, I never won. When they're finished kneading the dough, Leanne reveals the final ingredient, a small baby. Her mother always said that whoever was most special got the baby, and her mother was always the special one. She would find the baby, hold it up to Leanne, and then she'd make me say it. Leanne says, you're the special one. Her voice cracks, and her hand slams on the table. Toby asks where her mother is now, and Leanne simply responds, burning. In the other room, Julian facetimes Sean and Dorothy. It's now 20 minutes past the meeting time, and no one has shown up. Julian tells them to keep waiting, then heads to the kitchen and finds Leanne alone. She tells him that Toby left, and he escorts her to the attic. After Julian leaves, Toby comes out from hiding. Downstairs, Julian talks to Sean through facetime, and they have a realization. The tiny baby was ordered through Sean's account. It must have been Leanne's doing, as she could have accessed the laptop while downstairs. Julian runs to the attic, and shouts for Toby to leave. He does. Then Julian angrily asks Leanne, why would you do that to her? She changed the bedsheets for him.  Leanne approaches him and says, because I want to see her get what she deserves. At the mall, Leanne's uncle George finds Dorothy and Sean, and returns home with them.  She animalistically shovels the cake into her mouth, as lights spark and burn out above her. She finds the plastic baby, and holds it while spitefully staring up at the mannequin. George demands to know where Leanne is, and when no one gives him an answer, he senses something rotten. George rushes to the basement, and stares at their collapsed floor. It's a plumbing issue, Sean says. Foundation crumbling, George says. Is this his despair at her lack of submission? In my opinion, no, Julian replies. George heads back upstairs and sees Dorothy waiting. He demands to know how long they've kept Leanne there. A week, Sean tells him. George mutters no over and over, as he runs to a window and prays that God forgive the turners. Sean suggests to Dorothy that he speak with George privately. He points out that Dorothy only antagonizes him, but Sean can pretend to buy into his ramblings and hear him out. Leanne listens from the attic as George tells Sean about the community he and Leanne belong to. They are people that have been given a second chance at life, and they use it to enact God's plan, helping others. But they can only help who they are told to help. Leanne disobeys. She was never told to bring Jericho back. Sean asks what he can do, and George insists he must bring Leanne back to the Marino home, where she was placed, and pray for forgiveness. Forgiveness for what? Sean asks, and George tells him that he already knows the answer to that. And Sean remembers getting a call from Gourmet Gauntlet, inviting him to be the head judge on Season 2. He declines, saying he has a two-month bullet to take care of. George promises to heal Sean if he returns Leanne. That's how you'll be reunited with him, George says. George heads to the basement, and Dorothy demands to know what happened. Sean explains that George is going to make him a salve for his wound, and he adds that George insisted Leanne must return to the Marino home. He mentions divine repercussions, Sean adds. Dorothy is skeptical, but Sean points out the hole in their cellar appeared the day after they brought Leanne there. Dorothy thinks he's crazy. In the basement, George gathers the ingredients for the salve, including some of his own saliva, while Sean visits Leanne in the attic. He asks if she disobeyed her aunt and uncle when she came to them originally. So you came because you wanted to help, he asks. Then he asks her to help them now, but she says that she doesn't think Jericho can come home. But maybe he can, Sean says. I think we can fix it. In the basement, Dorothy offers George the 200 grand, explaining that he can give it to charity and do a lot of good with it. So, George takes it and dumps it into the hole in their basement. Then he finds some of Leanne's hair there. She was down here, he asks. Her presence is an infection, George says. It's spreading. What hath she wrought? Meanwhile, Sean tells Julian to distract Dorothy, while he takes Leanne back to the Marinos. Julian heads to the basement and Sean grabs Leanne. But before they leave, she begs him to take her, not to the Marinos, but anywhere else, far away where her family can't find her. Sean agrees, but she knows he is lying. Then Sean recalls an earlier time. Dorothy holds Jericho and asks if he can take the baby for a second. But Sean is busy. He is on the phone, agreeing after all to leave his family for LA and appear on the show. I promise, Sean says to Leanne. Then a breaking news report captures their attention. In the basement, insects crawl out of the hole in the ground, chasing Julian and Dorothy upstairs. They join Sean and Leanne, staring at the news report on TV. Gunshots were heard at the Marino home, and the body count is uncertain as they await further details. Joining them, George angrily says, look what you have done. The turners and Leanne only stare like deer in headlights. George blames the incident on Leanne's disobedience, then sits on the couch and prays. Dorothy questions him, but he becomes unresponsive, only staring into space. Leanne runs to the attic, locks the door behind her, and sobs, proclaiming that she never should have come here. Through the door, Sean asks for answers. Why was Leanne supposed to be with the Marinos? He sent me Leanne answers. Someone reads the signs and tells us where we're meant to go. Everybody has their place, and I disobeyed his will by coming here. Meanwhile, Julian tries getting George to snap out of it, but he just continues staring at nothing, only letting out some quiet guttural noises. In the attic, Leanne lowers her nightgown, and cries as she whips herself on the back. Dorothy calls her station to get details on the Marino story, and learns that it was a triple homicide, and the youngest child is missing. A little boy, she tells Sean. Suddenly, the cops arrive at the Turner home. Dorothy quickly orders Sean and Julian to hide George while she handles the police. They drag him into the kitchen, while Dorothy greets Officer Reyes. She asks for Sean, and the three of them sit down to talk. Reyes is there because of a connection between the Turners and the Marinos. She points to the cheesest crust flyer, and an image from Dorothy's news broadcast asking for information on Leanne, the Marino's babysitter. So, Dorothy admits they spied on the Marinos, as they were looking for Leanne, whose cult is behind Jericho's kidnapping. They're probably also behind whatever happened at the Marinos. Reyes says Dorothy is wrong. Mr. Marino is the perpetrator. Dorothy's distressed mind is simply attributing meaning to coincidences. In the attic, Leanne watches Sergio's, the missing Marino boy's, YouTube channel, where she made a guest appearance. And as his laughter plays through the speaker, she frantically constructs crosses. Before leaving, Officer Reyes insists on having a look around. She heads to the attic, and finds dozens of hay crosses strung up under the ceiling, from one side of the room to the other. She assumes that is Dorothy's doing, and emphasizes to Sean that his wife needs help. The officer suddenly feels faint, and heads back downstairs, taking one of the crosses with her. And finally, she leaves. Shortly after that, Leanne turns on the TV, and is horrified to hear. The Marino boy's body was discovered in a concealed crawl space underneath the stairs. Suddenly, a knock comes at the front door, and outside, Sean finds a package addressed to George. He opens it and finds a Betamax tape. George appears behind the three of them, saying, The answer has come, adding that Leanne must watch the tape tonight. He asks for their Betamax player, and they inform him they don't have one. Wrong decade, George, Julian says. George walks upstairs with the tape. Dorothy tells Sean to let him go, and shows him a note she found in the box, stating, Reunite them, Christmas Eve. Dorothy assumes it means that she will be reunited with Jericho on Christmas Eve. In the attic, Leanne sobs, and frantically rips her crosses down. Then sits and breaks the switch she used on her back. Above her, the window suddenly shatters. In the basement, Sean applies George's salve to his wound. Meanwhile, George removes a panel from the package, revealing that beneath the tape, there is a knife, some vials, and some other tools. The next day, Dorothy is in higher spirits after the note. She stays out of George's way, allowing him to make preparations for whatever comes next. Meanwhile, Julian stops by the attic door and tells Leanne that, if she ever wanted to, she can talk to him. She takes him up on the offer. The doorbell rings, and Dorothy finally meets Roscoe, who insists they talk outside. At first, she's frustrated to learn that Julian and Sean hired a PI without her knowledge, but quickly asks what he was able to learn. And he tells her about Leanne's burned down family home. In the attic, Leanne tells Julian about her past. George and May are her chosen family. They're not actually related to her. They said that God sent them walking down the road, where I was buried in ash, Leanne says. They told me that God had given me a second chance. She puts on some music and tells Julian that she was always barred from listening to it. She was told that it's a dark temptation. She also tells Julian that she used to believe Dorothy was a perfect mother, and so much warmer than her own, but she was wrong.  He blames himself and plays a voicemail for Leanne, where Dorothy begs him to just stop by while Sean is gone. She could really use his help, but Julian was too busy taking drugs. Leanne is disturbed and shares her own story. Her mother had a green dress she loved. Leanne thought if she destroyed the dress, maybe it'd make more room for her mother to love her. So she burned it and wasn't scared as she learned how fast fire grows. She just felt angry like she was burning too. My aunt and uncle said it must have been God working through me. Leanne says that terrible things happen for a reason. Do you think that? Julian asks. I think that if that's God, then I don't want anything to do with him. Leanne answers. Outside, Dorothy gets cold and tries to head inside, but Roscoe stops her. When she and Sean insist, he finally admits that George told him to keep them outside until sunset, no matter what. Dorothy storms past him and corners George. He calmly tells her that he needed time to prepare. We must do these things alone, he says, and promises that the reunion will happen when the clock turns. Skeptical but satisfied, Dorothy leaves him to his work. Meanwhile, Sean kicks Roscoe out of the house, but before he goes, the PI tells him that he can trust George. They're not like us, Roscoe says. They're special. In the attic, Leanne and Julian lie on the floor together. Then she kisses him. In the guest bedroom, George places a cassette into a stereo and plays the B-52's love shack, while repeatedly slamming his head against the wall. In his bedroom, Sean finds that the wound on his hand has healed significantly. Above him, Leanne and Julian take things further, as she makes love to him, Julian weeps. That night, George quietly makes his way into the attic and finds the two of them lying together. Why are you holding that knife, Leanne asks? Do you want to hurt me? You said that you loved me. She sits up, knocking over a candle. As the carpet catches fire, George falls and stares in terror. As Leanne says, everybody lies to me. She'll come for you, George says. Let her, Leanne replies. I can handle May. Not May, George says. Then panics and runs out of the house. Leanne watches through a window as George is struck by an oncoming car. The next day, Sean plucks a goose he's preparing for lunch, and Dorothy prepares for her reunion with Jericho. She is shocked to find that George is missing. In the attic, Leanne calmly tells Dorothy that he left. Dorothy assures herself that George will be back in time for lunch, then heads downstairs to decorate the tree and informs Sean that her father is bringing a date to lunch, Courtney with a K. Sean tells her they don't need to do this, but Dorothy says they do. It's Jericho's first Christmas, and he needs his family. Outside, Julian sits in his father's car and does his best to apprise him of the situation. He is uncertain and Courtney is confused, but Julian gets them to go along with it and not ask too many questions. At lunch, Sean surprises his guests by saying grace and asking God to bring them back what they lost. Julian is put off by the prayer and gets even more stressed, as he ignores call after call from Natalie. He excuses himself to the bathroom, where he scrolls through the dozens of ignored calls on his phone, and indulges in some cocaine. In the kitchen, Leanne is uncertain how to act after what they did in the attic. She tells him that she feels good, more powerful. He says that what happened was a mistake. She brushes her hands lightly on his chest, and he asks what she is doing. What I want, she answers, and he leaves her, then does more cocaine in the bathroom before joining his father and Courtney for charades. Outside on the front steps, Sean comforts Dorothy, who worries George and Jericho won't show after all. In his drug and alcohol infused state, Julian plays a few rounds of very intense charades before excusing himself to the bathroom, where he ignores another call from Natalie, and sniffs another line of the white powder, and another. A voicemail from Natalie begs him not to box her out, and to let her speak with him. He does another line, and another. Courtney hears a thud in the bathroom, and opens the door to find a collapsed Julian. His father runs over to help, and finds his son is not breathing. Sean attempts CPR, while Courtney calls for an ambulance. Two minutes go by, but Julian remains motionless, until Leanne pounds a fist on his chest and kisses him lightly on the lips. Suddenly he springs to life. Talk to us. How are you, boy? His father asks. I saw him there, Julian says quietly. He seemed okay. His father is confused, but Dorothy seems to understand. She heads upstairs, while Sean and Julian's father carry him out to the paramedics. Leanne heads to the basement, where she finds a noose hanging from the ceiling. Sean mustn't know about that, Dorothy tells her. What's it for? Leanne asks. Contingency, Dorothy replies. In case Jericho doesn't come back. You died to be with him? Leanne asks. Of course, Leanne, Dorothy replies. I'm his mother. The doorbell rings, and at the door, Sean finds an old woman in a black veil. I understand you're looking for Jericho, the woman says. She introduces herself as Aunt Josephine, and hands Sean a Betamax player. Dorothy joins them, and the woman asks to see Leanne. Dorothy refuses at first, but eventually relents, agreeing to let her see Leanne for no more than 15 minutes. After that, Dorothy insists the woman will make the deal, Jericho, for Leanne. The woman visits a scared Leanne in the attic, and tells her that she cannot stay with the turners. Then, in Jericho's room, the veiled woman tells Dorothy that Leanne is leaving tonight, and it hands Dorothy a yellow baby onesie. What is this? Dorothy asks. It's the truth, dear. Aunt Josephine replies. Then leaves Dorothy alone. Sean tries to check on her, but the door is locked. Then he goes to his bedroom, and suddenly the door shuts behind him, locking him in. He pounds at it, and calls for Dorothy, but to no avail. In the attic, Aunt Josephine and Leanne finally play the Betamax tape. The veiled woman tells Leanne that this tape will be her final warning. So pay attention, she says. It is an instructional video on how to perform the reunion ritual, and return a lost member back to the light. It involves just a few steps. First, invocation, listening to music that holds some significance to you while hurting yourself. Next, consecration, blinding the member with a knife, oil, or hands. Then you must slice each limb with a heated blade, and the final step, the emancipation, or burning the body in a hand-prepared pyre. After the tape ends, Aunt Josephine demands to know why Leanne abandoned her charge, and came to the turners. Leanne says that Dorothy needed her help, but the veiled woman replies that they are only here for one purpose, to serve him. Downstairs, Sean continues shouting for Dorothy, while she holds the yellow onesie, and seems to have a recollection. No, she says. In the attic, Aunt Josephine has Leanne repeat after her in a prayer. At the words, I will forget Dorothy Turner, Leanne refuses, and runs, but the aunt throws her to the ground, saying, It is a sin to covet someone, even a mother. Then splashes hot oil on Leanne's face. Aunt Josephine heads downstairs, and a partially blinded Leanne follows. She grabs a knife from the kitchen, and when her vision returns, runs to the basement, stumbling down the stairs. Upstairs, Sean's door opens, and he heads to Dorothy. Through her locked door, he shouts for her to open it, but she refuses. They've killed him, Sean, she says, while preparing a noose tied to the crib. Sean realizes what she is doing, and begs her not to. She apologizes. She doesn't mean to hurt Sean, but Sean promises he will never forgive her for this. What if he's alive, Sean asks. What is he supposed to tell Jericho? In the basement, Leanne hides and watches as Aunt Josephine lights a fire. Leanne runs for the door, but the veiled woman grabs her and throws her to the ground. Aunt Josephine slices into Leanne's arm, and cuts from her shoulder down to her elbow, beginning the reunion ritual. Before Aunt Josephine can cut her again, Leanne hears a thud, and the woman falls off her. Are you okay? Dorothy asks, brandishing a shovel. I'm okay, Leanne tearfully says, as Dorothy puts pressure on her wound. Dorothy goes to get help, but first Leanne tells her that Aunt Josephine wanted Dorothy to think he was gone. He's not gone, Leanne says. I'm going to bring him back to you. Dorothy thanks her and heads upstairs. See, Leanne says to an unconscious Aunt Josephine. She protected me, like I'm her daughter. Then Leanne hunches over the flame and heats the dagger, but Aunt Josephine grabs her from behind and strangles her. Leanne manages to rip her veil off, startling the woman and revealing her scarred face. The woman chases after the veil. Vanity is a sin, Aunt Josephine. Leanne says, before stabbing the heated blade into the woman's eye, Sean and Dorothy head to the basement and find it empty. She's going to get him, Dorothy assures, but Sean is skeptical. In the bedroom, Dorothy makes preparations for her son's return, while Sean sits down nervously and begins telling her the truth. About what happened when he went to California and left her alone for a week.  She hears something through the baby monitor, a nursery rhyme. They head to Jericho's room and find Leanne cradling their son, singing to him. While Sean and Dorothy enjoy their reunion with Jericho, Leanne sits in her room and speaks aloud. I don't know why I keep doing bad things, scare myself sometimes. I can feel the dark thing in me getting bigger. The power in the neighborhood goes down and the lights turn off. Leanne continues, but I'm tired of everyone telling me what's wrong with me. Maybe there's nothing wrong, maybe this is who I am, but I know how this works. I know they're coming for me, but don't worry, I'll be ready. I know that killing you started a war. And nearly Anne, in the wall space, lies Aunt Josephine's burnt corpse. Thank you for watching this recap, and if you enjoyed it, make sure to like, subscribe, and hit the bell icon for more. Thanks for watching, and see you on the next One Take.


Right, thanks so much. I'd like to thank the organizers for this opportunity to present some of our recent work. Since this is a conference partly to honor some of Pierce's contributions to Condense Matter, I kind of changed my title here to talk about some aspects of heavy fermion physics and frustrated magnetism. I guess Pierce's kind of has interests in both these and he's contributed a lot in collaboration with long-term collaborators like Premi who's here in the audience. And so what I wanted to, he's also had a lot of influence on the field through his pedagogical lectures and his textbook and I couldn't resist sharing a little Facebook post I had when he advertised his many body book a couple of years ago. And so it's been kind of learned a lot from his stuff. So what I'll talk about today is really thinking about what happens to magnetism when we get close to a MOT transition. And we'll see that this has kind of connections to two things that I'll discuss in the talk. But for motivation it's useful to think about the triangular lattice organic materials on which there have been a number of experiments where people can induce a MOT transition by using pressure to go from an incidating phase into a metallic phase. And depending on the kind of organic material one studies, one finds a variety of phases where you could either be inside a magnetically ordered phase at ambient pressure and then you pressurize it and it enters a conducting phase beyond some critical pressure or in some of these organics this MOT insulating phase which has no magnetic order, this paramagnetic phase gets pushed all the way down to zero temperature resulting in what seems to be a spin-liquid ground state which you can then again pressurize and drive through a MOT transition. So the question is, so there are various possible sequences for what happens to the spins as you do this and as you apply pressure, for instance, you could go from, as in one of these cases from an ordered phase into possibly through some kind of first order transition into a conducting phase or you could have novel magnetic orders or have some kind of intervening spin-liquid. So the spins can do various things and seems to depend to some extent on what the material properties are. And at least one of the driving forces for possible novel forms of magnetism or spin-liquid is the recognition that you not only have to deal with two spin interactions which are progressively probably getting longer ranged as you go towards the metallic phase but also that you're getting many body exchange interactions between spins as they are being driven into this phase where they're going to completely delocalize. So there have been kind of number of studies of this motivated partly by the organics but even motivated partly from experiments looking at Helium-3 on graphite going back to work from Claire Luria's group and Gregoire Miskvich where they had done some diagonalization studies but there's been work on effective spin Hamiltonians by Leszek Mortonich many years ago and a very recent pre-print from a Berkeley group where they've actually done DMRG on a Hubbard model where again as they go from take this for me on Hubbard model and do DMRG it looks like there is some kind of an intervening phase that they tentatively I think identify as a chiral spin-liquid phase but it's kind of at this point I think one needs to understand some of these results better. So the two questions that I would like to kind of ask in the stock which are kind of related are first could such kind of physics also play a role in heavy fermion systems and I'll kind of give you some motivation for why that might be interesting to think about and the second is going back to what I just mentioned of the organics but thinking about other types of spin liquids that might be driven by multiple spin interactions and in particular can one relate in some of these cases we find that we can sort of relate these spin liquids to some kind of interesting magnetically ordered phases and that will be kind of the second half of the talk. Okay, so let me begin with the first part and this is sort of an ongoing collaboration with my colleague Youngbeck at Toronto, Sangbin at KAIST and Youngbeck's student, Adarsh Patri and I've been collaborating quite extensively also with Simone Trebst and his two students, Frederick and Jan. So I'll present some numerical results which they've actually obtained during the course of this collaboration and we benefited a lot from discussions with Satharuna Katsuji and Kitasakai. So this is just some people, couple of them are out on the archive and a couple of them which are in preparation. So what is the conventional way to think about sort of the heavy fermion systems goes back to very early work by Doniak where the point is you want to think about some local moments coupled to conduction electrons and if this interaction between conduction electrons and the local moments is weak then you imagine integrating out the conduction electrons and asking what happens to the local moment degrees of freedom and typically you'll get some kind of two-body RKKV interaction driving some form of magnetic order and then as you keep increasing pressure eventually the spins completely hybridize with the conduction electron and at that point it's no longer legitimate to say I'm going to integrate out the conduction electrons that's no longer a meaningful thing to do when we are on this side of the phase diagram. And so the point is that there is this transition then between a magnetically ordered small Fermi surface state and this fully hybridized large Fermi surface state and it has been proposed by a number of people including Catherine who's here in the audience that one can think of this transition in terms of a more transition of the F electrons. You say that on this side it's as if the F electrons have become kind of metallic by hybridizing and here they have become localized and they've done something ordered or done something else. So here we kind of started to think about this motivated by experiments from Nakasuri's group on this class of heavy fermion systems. So these are systems where a prasadium has a 4F2 local moment degree of freedom and it's coupled with this complex set of conduction electrons coming from transition metals and aluminum that kind of form these cages around the local moment degrees of freedom and the condo coupling is of course doing various things in the problem it's going to scatter the electrons. In general if you go to lower temperature this might lead to various things such as possibly ordering of these local moments or this it might nucleate new types of metallic and or superconducting phases and one of the important things to understand is sort of what is happening at least in this class of compounds hopefully that will shed some light on the physics. So these systems one starts with the local moment degree of freedom is this 4F2 ion which has an orbital angular momentum phi and a spin angular momentum one which gets spin orbit coupled into a J equal to four spin degree of freedom and the crystal field splits this multiplet giving rise to a low energy doublet which is separated from all these excited multiplets by about 60 Kelvin energy gap and this low energy doublet is a non-cramers doublet because this is a 4F2 ion it's a non-cramers doublet which you can sort of write down explicitly in terms of these angular momentum components or one can write down effective pseudo spin half degrees of freedom which for reasons that will just notational convenience we've kind of chosen to work with spin up and spin down being these superpositions of this particular combination of doublets that I've written here, okay? So the interesting thing here is that unlike typical cramers doublet degrees of freedom this one has the X and Y, tau X and tau Y the pseudo spin components act as a quadrupolar degree of freedom so they even under time reversal and they have various lattice transformations that I'll touch upon later whereas the Z component of these pseudo spin acts is has a non-zero octopole moment so it's actually odd under time reversal, okay? So there have been a number of experiments on these systems in particular by changing the transition metal ions so for instance here is data on titanium whereas a function of temperature they find when they cool the system they find a single phase transition into a state which has been identified as having ferro quadrupolar order so this is the tau XY component of the pseudo spin ordering into a ferro state in this case when they replace titanium by vanadium they find that there are two fairly closely spaced transitions and it turns out that here they've identified that the quadrupolar order is not ferro order it's some kind of anti-ferro order the precise details of which are not yet known from the experiments at this point so that's what is known and one of the signatures that at least that the second compound the vanadium one is probably closer to this critical or to the space transition from and this kind of weak hybridization to the song hybridization that you're closer to that comes from some signatures which is still kind of I think a little bit tentative is they've identified signatures in the resistivity where there is something that looks like a square root T behavior which they kind of identify as possibly arising from two channel condo I think it's still a little bit unclear to me because it's over a limited range in temperature and the sign at least is not like this single ion condo sign of the square root it's a positive coefficient so it's not entirely clear how to interpret this data at this point but that's at least a tentative thing that they have kind of highlighted in their experimental work so the question that we would like to ask is the following so let's imagine that we are somehow on this side of the transition where it's legitimate to integrate out the conduction electrons you want to ask what happens if I start deep in the magnetically ordered side and kind of march towards the phase transition into the metallic large Fermi surface side you would expect exactly as in the organics you should expect that if these Fs are on the verge of delocalizing then these F moment interactions should also become progressively more complicated as you get closer and closer to this transition into delocalization and so what you would expect is that one must go beyond simple RKKY type interactions and look at sort of possibly more complex types of Hamiltonians and I'll turn to sort of reasons why this might be the case so for instance the simplest kind of terms you might write down in the hope of describing some of these experiments is to say well I'm going to integrate out the conduction electrons and write down the simplest symmetry allowed Hamiltonian on the diamond lattice which is where these local moments live and the simplest Hamiltonian then which is symmetry allowed at the nearest neighbor level takes the form where the quadruple order has some XY symmetric interaction but the octopolar can in general have a different coupling because it's not directly related in the same way this carries an octopole moment that forms a doublet under the so this carries a quadruple moment okay so the phases you might say well I can understand the titanium I just pick a negative sign for this it's ferromagnetic coupling with some lambda that's smaller than one then you can potentially use this to understand the ferro phase whereas the anti-ferro phase you would say well maybe the sign changes of this coupling and you can drive some kind of anti-ferro phase of these moments but it turns out that that's actually not adequate for reasons for various reasons and I kind of just sketch some of them here so for instance one of the important facts is in fact when you get this ferro orbital order in the titanium case it's known that it actually from NMR experiments it's known that it picks it doesn't have full XY symmetry actually you have to break the XY symmetry down and you have to favor only three of the possible angles in this XY plane and it turns out Hamiltonians which you know of this sort or even ones that will generalize these kinds of two-spin interactions are basically inadequate to describe the second thing which is also known from from at least some kind of land-out theory which I'll touch upon but for which there seems to be some evidence from ultrasound measurements with the elastic constant seems that any state which has anti-ferro quadrupolar order should have parasitic ferro quadrupolar order that accompanies it and again that's not something that would be contained in Hamiltonians of the sort and for instance the role of what these degrees of freedom do is not clear if you only focus on these quadrupolar degrees of freedom the question is can these octopolar degrees of freedom do something more interesting and what I'd like to point out is that multiple spin exchange interactions actually provides a potential route to kind of addressing all these issues. So the way one can we're going to write this down is to start by just analyzing sort of what are the symmetries of what how do these local moments transform under various lattice symmetries and for example under time reversal we know that this is odd the Z component and one can write down sort of various symmetries how these moments transform under a lattice symmetries and it turns out that there is actually an interesting and important third order three spin interaction that one can write down which involves taking three spins on the diamond lattice which are kind of neighbor neighbors to each other and have it such that you can have all three of them appearing with a tau plus so if I think about this in terms of a U1 symmetric some kind of Bosonic theory to begin with three particles appear and disappear and that's an allowed process in the problem. So it turns out that this is useful because this is precisely the kind of term which would lead to ordering so this just shows sort of Monte Carlo study of this Hamiltonian including the two spin interactions at the classical level and it has basically a thermal phase transition which is weakly first order as seen from this energy histogram and it's consistent with having this kind of a clock model rather than having the full xy symmetry as is expected based on this form of the Hamiltonian but and one can sort of explicitly see this by staring at the configurations and you see that at low temperature you pick out not the full manifold but you favor three of these states and these are precisely consistent with what NMR has observed. So you favor ordering into the tau y direction and it's 120 degree variance of that. So and this Hamiltonian if one can sort of then say well let me kind of do a long wavelength theory starting from here and it turns out that's precisely what we need that this three spin interaction will eventually lead to a cubic term in the Landau theory that pins the xy order into these three angles independent of the sign of this coefficient here you pick three of the possible directions on the circle. This problem also kind of helps with the antiferous side because if you have an antiferous quadrupole coupling and you add this cubic term it turns out it precisely produces this extra staggered, this canting so you start off with something that you think is perfectly staggered like in an antiferous magnet but in fact this cubic term produces a spontaneous canting and produces this weak parasitic ferro order so these two spins on the two sub lattices no longer point exactly opposite each other but they develop some canting leading to a ferro component which seems to have been observed indirectly from as I said from elastic constant measurements. And again one can sort of understand this from a Landau theory perspective where the square of the staggered moment can linearly couple to the ferrocodropolar order and so when you do this then any time you produce the staggered order you immediately drive a small parasitic linear coupling to the uniform component to the ferro component. So most recently we've looked at what happens if you start generalizing this to the vanadium case where you might expect as you march towards this phase transition that more interactions might become important and in particular we think that it's possible that there might be some coupling between the X, Y quadrupolar degrees of freedom and the Ising octopolar degrees of freedom and the reason to at least kind of explore this is if we sketch the phase diagram as a function of let's say we sit here, you know let's say the second neighbor interaction we've explored a large window but let's say the second neighbor interaction is small the first neighbor interaction let's say is antiferromagnetic in the X, Y but let's turn on this force spin coupling that I just wrote down it turns out that once you produce some X, Y order then this force spin coupling if it becomes strong can actually drive Ising order of the moments to coexist. So what you can end up with are phases which we tentatively think might be relevant to the vanadium compound where as you cool the system you enter from a paramagnetic phase into a phase where the quadrupolar degrees of freedom order and when they order they can actually drive the secondary order parameter it's not slave to this it has to be an actual second transition where time reversal symmetry is broken and that can give rise to a second transition shown here in sort of specific heat numerics on this Hamiltonian where time reversal will be broken at the second transition and there is some evidence for this from recent magnetostriction measurements in these systems. So let me maybe spend a few minutes talking about a closely related problem as I mentioned which is you know chiral spin liquids which also arise from very similar physics and this is work done with my student Kiran Hikki who's did his PhD with me and then has now a postdoc in Simone Trepp's group and this was with Lucas Sanchio who was a postdoc at Perimeter and Zlatko who was also there at that time and the kind of question we were asking was how interaction effects in flat bands can drive interesting phases so we kind of started thinking about a very similar problem in some sense which was start with some problem where you know you want to think about this transition a more transition but in the presence of in band structures which might have some non-trivial band topology and so there has been a lot of work on thinking about this physics and flat bands where the physics might have some resemblance to fractional quantum Hall effect in landar levels but we were asking a question which is related to thinking about something like the Haldane model where you have churn number one and minus one so it's like a lattice version of the quantum Hall and you imagine filling up the lower band with spin up and spin down so that you're at a filling of one particle per site or one electron per site and ask what happens to the mott insulator what happens as you start cranking up interactions so you start with something that has a quantum Hall effect with 2e square over H and you want to drive up interactions to go into the mott phase just like so it's some kind of a metal insulator transition of some sort and again you want to ask what happens to the magnetism in the vicinity of this transition and there have been a lot of suggestions for what kind of phases would appear based on analogies with particles in landar levels and one expectation is that one should find some kind of a spin liquid phase, a chiral spin liquid which might be stabilized in the system in the mott regime so we started to look at this model and one way to kind of think about this is to again do what I mentioned earlier so of course if you're at very large U very deep in the mott phase two spin interactions dominate the physics and that will just give rise to some kind of effective J1, J2, Hamiltonian on the honeycomb lattice but once you becomes once you get smaller so that you're being driven into the conducting phase progressively higher spin interactions will become important and the next important leading term that plays a role here is a term that involves the scalar spin chirality so what you can do then is you can ask well I can start asking this question both from the strong coupling perspective and from just doing mean field theory of this fermion Hamiltonian you can ask well what are the phases you find in the system and in both cases we find that in contrast to a simple not simple but a chiral spin liquid phase what we find are magnetically ordered states from both these approaches and it's an interesting magnetic order so it's this what's called a tetrahedral state so it's a non-coplanar state of these spins which arranges in this manner so all the green points here would have spins pointing along this direction red points correspond to a different spin direction so overall the magnetic state you break spin rotational symmetry but you order into this non-coplanar state of these spins so in fact you don't find at least in the simple model we don't find a spin liquid phase but we find something that's very close in some sense because this has large spin chirality and in many ways this is almost liquid like in the sense if I look at any correlation function that doesn't directly involve this broken spin rotational symmetry it's perfectly uniform across the lattice so if you look at nearest neighbor spin correlations it would be equal on all three neighboring bonds or if you look at any spin multi-spin correlations for example they all respect all the lattice symmetries except time reversal and so now what we asked ourselves can one sort of then just imagine melting this order so it's a non-coplanar state it has large chirality the only problem is that it's actually magnetically ordered but it turns out you can sort of perturb the system very gently so imagine we have these two spins that are parallel we turn on a very small anti-ferromagnetic coupling that would tend to kind of take these spins which are lined up and try to disallow that and it turns out that as you keep cranking up this third neighbor coupling you can actually drive this tetrahedral order into this tidal spin liquid which I was mentioning and evidence for this comes partly from exact diagonalization studies where you see that there is on this torus geometry there's an isolated doublet which is what you expect for the nu equal to half Laughlin liquid of bosons which is what this state is related to and there is also additional evidence from DMRG looking at the edge entanglement spectrum showing that this is an SU2 level one edge theory that comes out from looking at the entanglement spectrum if within DMRG so this idea then we thought how general is this idea so can one take these non-coplanar states and imagine disordering them by frustration and quantum fluctuations can one disorder them and is that a way to actually access spin liquids that people have found in other lattice geometries and we find that in fact it seems to be very generic so in particular we are aided by this very nice work by Greg Barmisch which Laura, Missio and Claire where they classified what they called regular magnetic orders so you look at all possible classical magnetic orders on different lattices and you ask that this magnetic order should be such that if you do any lattice operation followed by spin rotations and they took spin inversion but that's not a real symmetry in the quantum case but so let's if we restrict ourselves to asking which magnetic orders are such that if you do a lattice transformation followed by some global spin rotation then the state is left invariant so this is in some sense a classical analog of PSG type constructions where you want to say well you want to do some operations on your spartans and then follow it up at some gauge transformation this is kind of an analog of that in the classical problem in some sense and so they have classified all these regular states and the simplest one for example might be a ferromagnet or a state like this a collinear nail antiferromagnet these would be examples of regular orders but if you look at the non-coplanar orders in fact it turns out that there are very few so in particular there is a single one on each of these lattices so if you look at the honeycomb lattice the Kagome and the triangular it turns out that there's a single non-coplanar order that is a regular magnetic order and we now have numerical evidence so we had numerical evidence on the honeycomb which I showed you earlier there is work from Andreas Lauchli looking at a very closely related problem on the triangular lattice more recently and they also find that they can sort of drive this transition here using second neighbor coupling between a very similar tetrahedral phase and spin liquid on the triangular lattice which is this like this Kalmeyer Lauffelin type liquid but with SU2 symmetry and we also have some diagonalization and DMRG on this again pointing to this connection between this ordered state and the spin liquid and more recently with Simon I've been doing some variational Monte Carlo calculations showing that something very similar happens on the Kagome where you start with an octahedral state where spins point towards the various spin axes plus minus x, plus minus y, plus minus z that's again a regular non-coplanar order and you can drive it into the chiral spin liquid which was initially one of the first chiral spin liquids that people had found in DMRG studies so it looks like that it's probably like a very generic mechanism that you can start with these non-coplanar magnetic orders and either by frustration, materials you might imagine if you have a non-coplanar order maybe apply pressure or tune something to actually drive the system into this chiral spin liquid phase and we are still thinking about some aspects of this phase transition between these ordered phases and the spin liquid phases. So with that I'll conclude and put up my summary here so one general message to take away from the first part might be that these multi-spin interactions which I mentioned the context of heavy fermions might actually be generically important to think about especially if you're driving your heavy fermion system close to a transition into the large Fermi surface state then such multi-spin couplings might give rise to interesting ordered phases or maybe even spin liquid phases and then in these chiral spin liquids it turns out that one can view them fruitfully as having descended from various types of non-coplanar phases. So thank you for your attention.


a timely big picture report on Alaska, the 49th state. Picture, an official report produced for the armed forces and the American people. Now to show you part of the big picture, here is Sergeant Stuart Queen. Not since the year 1912 has a new state been admitted to the Union. It was then that Congress accepted Arizona and New Mexico. Today, nearly half a century later, the big picture focuses its cameras on the land, the people, and the military position of our newest state, Alaska. Ever since Alaska was acquired by the United States nearly a century ago, the American public has thought of the area in terms of sub-zero temperatures and Arctic winds, of crushing ice and constant snow. This picture of our newest state is true, but only in part. Alaska is considered a rugged land and rightly so. Like saw's teeth, two lofty mountain ranges span its length from north to south, the Pacific and the Rocky Mountain Systems. The face of Alaska is as varied as it is large. Steep mountain faces fall away to rivered valleys and sweeping plains. During the warmer months of the year, melting snows flood countless inland waterways. Though much of Alaska is rocky slope or barren tundra, there are nevertheless nearly a million acres of fertile land. Alaska's coastline, longer than that of the earlier 48 states, has waters teaming with fish and fur-bearing animals. The best known of Alaska's big game animals are the bears, which are found in greater number here than in any other area of the world. For many inhabitants, reindeer and caribou are the sole source of food and clothing. Alaska's more than 1 half million square miles constitute an area one fifth the size of the continental United States. Russian Orthodox churches are a reminder today that until 1867, Alaska was populated by Russian settlers. Orthodox religious services such as these are most common in the Aleutian islands and in the southeast part of the mainland. 1855, the Russians first tried to sell this territory to the United States. But the transaction was not made until 12 years later when Secretary of State Seward urged the Congress to purchase the area. The territory cost over $7 million and was known as Seward's Folly or Seward's Ice Box. A major general in the United States Army served as the American commissioner for the transfer. In those early days, Alaska's greatest known wealth lay in the firs sought by trappers. Discovery of gold on the Klondike in the late 1890s caused the famous gold rush and stampede to the territory for sudden riches. No new wave of settlers of any size appeared until the 1930s when men and their families from the United States moved north to try their luck at farming under a homestead program sponsored by the federal government. Not until World War II when Japanese forces invaded Atu, the western most of the Aleutian islands, did Americans again take an active interest in this northern outpost. American military forces were quick to throw out the invaders here at Atu, Agatou, and Kiska were the only scenes of land combat in North America during the war. In most of Alaska's principal cities today, there is little to mark them as different from many of the communities in the other 48 states. Suburban homes look very much like those found farther south in Washington and Oregon. In general, Alaskans today are a sturdy pioneer breed of people who are independently minded and democratic in spirit and practice. Totem poles, the distinctive work of Alaskan Indians, are graphic reminders of the new state's close cultural ties with the past. About one fourth of the population is made up of Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts. The Eskimos compose the most numerous native group.  They are very loyal American citizens as their wholehearted support during World War II so clearly demonstrated. Influences from the older states of the Union have been many and strong among most of the Eskimos. Nevertheless, their ancient traditions and customs are preserved today by the tribal elders to be passed on to succeeding generations. Eskimos are amazingly adept at developing mechanical skills. Today, they perform many jobs that would have been unthinkable a generation ago. Eskimos play a large share in helping to meet the demands of the labor market in this largest and most underpopulated state. Much of the credit for helping to develop the natural mechanical abilities of Alaska's original population groups goes to the vocational schools where young men from remote villages with not too much formal schooling are taught the skills of a particular trade. All but those Alaskans living in the most remote areas have schools readily available to them. The majority of schools in the state today are rural. Every city of any size has a high school. Most are modern buildings with all the facilities found in the better public schools in other American cities. Teachers in Alaska's school system compare favorably and ability with their counterparts in our other states. High school students after graduation may go on to the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. Anchorage is soon to have its own university. Alaskans celebrate all American holidays and a few of their own when sports like Eskimo blanket tossing are enjoyed. Most sports and spectacles from basketball to stock car racing are typically American. Any lover of the sound and sight of motor, roar, and battered radiator from New England to California would be right at home here. The younger generation is as car-minded as their junior contemporaries hundreds of miles to the south. But at such annual festivals as the Anchorage Fair Rendezvous, Alaskans enjoy sports events rarely seen in our older states. In many parts of Alaska, dog sleds even today provide the fastest and most efficient means of transportation. Fishing is Alaska's principal industry bringing in $80 to $90 million a year. Of the numerous market fish taken from Alaska's offshore waters, salmon are by far the largest catch, accounting for approximately 90% of the value. The fishing industry, both catching and canning, is the source of livelihood for approximately 30,000 people. Alaskans today are working to help the salmon industry regain its former strength. Agriculture in Alaska is an industry of great interest and the subject of constant study. Alaskans today must import more than 95% of their food, chiefly dairy products, meats, and fresh vegetables. Alaska and agriculture continues to expand. But there are several basic problems to be overcome before it becomes a satisfactory industry in the state's economy. More land studies and financial help for farmers are needed. The unusual length of the summer days in Alaska helps produce some remarkable vegetable specimens. Because of its isolation and the high cost of transportation, Alaska's farmers get good prices for their produce. Mining, for many years, Alaska's second largest industry virtually stopped during World War II. Since then, it has not regained its former stature. Production thus far in Alaskan mines has been chiefly of high value, low volume minerals such as gold and platinum, which can be turned into marketable form under frontier conditions. United States paid Russia a little more than $7 million for Alaska. More than $700 million has been mined in gold alone. Exploration and drilling went on for years before 1957 when oil in promising commercial quantities was discovered in the Kenai Peninsula not far from Anchorage. Within two months after the discovery well came in, more than 8 million acres of land were leased for continued oil prospecting and exploitation. Black gold may prove to be one of Alaska's most valuable natural resources. Among Alaska's mineral assets, coal runs a close second to gold in value mine today. Bass deposits are known. Transportation is the major drawback to the industry's development. Alaska's commercial timber is contained in two great national forests, the Tongass in the southeastern part of the state, and the Chugach near Anchorage. Because the demand for Alaska's timber products exceeds production each year, great opportunity for expansion exists in lumbering. For Alaska's private and industrial interests is the Alaskan Communication System, established in 1900 by Congress as part of the mission of the United States Army Signal Corps. The system provides complete telephone and telegraph service within Alaska and also beyond Alaska to almost any other area of the world. The worst bottleneck in the development of Alaska's vast natural resources is the lack of land transportation. A little more than 5,000 miles of roadway exists, and less than half of that is considered first class. The Alkan Highway, built during World War II by Army engineers, is the only land link with the rest of the United States. In all year, all-weather highway it runs from British Columbia in Western Canada to Fairbanks in the heart of Alaska. Alaskans and all those interested in Alaska's future know that adequate ground transportation to and within the state is greatly needed. Alaska's only railroad is owned and operated by the United States Department of the Interior. It furnishes year-round freight and passenger service to all points along the line between the cities of Coastal Seward and inland Fairbanks. In America's newest state, air transportation is the big thing. Because of its vast size, rugged terrain, and primitive nature, air transportation alone covers the entire state. Air miles traveled per person are higher in Alaska than anywhere else in the world. Passengers in freight travel in hundreds of private and commercial aircraft. Almost one out of every three planes in Alaska is a sea plane. And of all the sea planes in the world, one quarter are found here in Alaska. The air routes of Alaska were pioneered by the United States Army in the 1920s. Alaskans today are particularly air-minded because of their geographical position. In this day of missiles and long-range aircraft, Alaska finds itself in a uniquely strategic position. With only 56 miles between them, Alaska is truly next door to the Soviet Union. Ever since the communists came into power in Russia, the leaders of the Soviet Union have turned their eyes to the East as an area for many ambitious projects. Often the Tchukotsky Peninsula, with its Kalimsky mountains, can be seen from Alaska. Eastern Siberia today is of great interest to these Soviet scientists as more than a good place for prison camps. There is little doubt that the communists have recognized the military potentials of this area. This close by Soviet territory is a logical one from which to launch air and missile attacks against the United States. Several new military air bases are known to have been built here. With so much of the Soviet Union lying within the Arctic Circle, the communist military machine has a large manpower pool supplying fighting men familiar with the Arctic snow and bitter cold. To provide early warning of any attack against the United States, all three military services work together, manning our detection network. Many different types of radar-equipped ships of the Navy constantly patrol the Bering Sea between the coast of the Soviet Union and the shores of Alaska. Outposts of the Dew Line, the distant early warning network, anchor the western end of a line guarding our half of the Arctic Circle. All air traffic in the Alaskan area shows up on the radar scopes. Every aircraft, friendly or unknown, is spotted and followed on the plotting boards by the men of our air defense teams. Every unidentified plane approaching this continent is intercepted and challenged. And at regular intervals, simulated attacks are made to test the response and fighting readiness of Air Force jet interceptor squadrons stationed in Alaska. Each military service in Alaska contributes to the nation's total defense in ways it is best qualified. In addition to helping maintain our radar detection network, the Navy provides logistical support for Army and Air Force units in Alaska. With only one railroad serving the entire state, much of the burden of supplying our military forces is carried by the Navy. Once assured, the bulk of the supplies are moved by the Army in whatever vehicles best suit the terrain. Snow trains are frequently the only means of transport supporting the men stationed in remote Arctic and subarctic outposts. Lessons learned in World War II and the Korean War showed that the Army's capabilities for combat were weakest in cold weather climates. These experiences showed that men and equipment must be extensively trained and tested in northern latitudes to provide combat-ready cold climate forces. Long-ranging patrols are carried out by Army combat units of different sizes to provide living and working experience under difficult weather conditions. While these patrols are carried out chiefly for training purposes, they frequently prove to be the most reliable and often the only source of information concerning the remote regions of the new state. Operating in Alaska too is the United States Army Test Board manned by officers and men from all branches of the Army. It conducts Arctic and subarctic tests of both standard and experimental weapons and equipment. Of a combat-ready Army to fight in all types of war is the chief concern of the men who guard our northern outposts. Members of the Alaska National Guard are welcome comrades in arms. These units composed of Eskimos and Indians are unique. Members of these battalions are scattered among the native villages along the northern and western edges of Alaska. They are organized into units varying from squad to platoon strength. Their native ability to operate in remote and extremely cold areas makes them particularly well-suited for their mission of reconnaissance, surveillance, and patrol in the areas assigned to them. In addition to gathering information, the members of the Alaskans' scouts could act as herring forces in the event of an enemy invasion. Their presence in the remote areas would give valuable time for regular forces to move up to the front from inland bases. To many of these men, the mythical enemy of this tactical problem is quite real. Alaska has a higher percentage of enrollment in the National Guard than any other state in the Union. The fact that Alaska was the only part of North America invaded during World War II may well be largely responsible for this dedication to preparedness. Army II shares in the air defense job in Alaska. Today, Nike Hercules missiles which can carry atomic warheads are being inspected in the area for the protection of our chief military establishments throughout the state. In addition to sharing in the air defense of the area, the Army is also responsible for land defense, the protection of cities and missile sites, of deep water ports, and airfields. Regularly scheduled maneuvers provide realistic training for men stationed in Alaska. They also test the combat readiness of these troops and give commanders a chance to examine their plans of defense and counterattack under artificial combat conditions. Here, mock aggressor forces are launching an invasion of the plateau north of the Alaska mountain range. The news of the invasion is received. Two battalion combat teams, closest to the point of attack, are sent out to engage the aggressor forces and to destroy them. The part of aggressors, these Army paratroops are learning their jobs against the day when they begin to jump into these same hills to counter a real enemy airborne landing. Where the nearest railhead is hundreds of miles away, where even rudimentary roads are non-existent, the fastest and frequently the easiest method of supply is by air. Alaska has been mapped, but only about one-fiftieth of its vast area has been surveyed. Should an enemy try to take over our air and missile bases after a knockout attempt through the air, he would be met by seasoned foot soldiers familiar with the terrain and accustomed to surviving at the far end of a long logistical chain. In joint maneuvers such as these, members of neighboring Canadian Army units frequently participate. The importance of Alaska from a military standpoint was realized during World War II. Today, in an era of guided missiles, supersonic planes, and new concepts of strategic areas, there is little doubt of the size and gravity of the job being used by the men who maintain our northern ramparts. Alaska has also been regarded as America's last frontier, a land that has long held the imagination of pioneers and empire builders who sought and found opportunities here. Our newest state, it also offers the greatest extremes. On the one hand, many of its principal cities are as modern and as typically American as those to be found anywhere in the Union. On the other hand, the raw materials of the United States are as modern as the Union. On the other hand, the raw frontier is never far. For here in the shadow of shops and office buildings lies the boundary of virgin wilderness. In rivers fed by icy mountains of melting mountain snow, the fish are as big and as plentiful as any in the grandest dreams of seasoned fishermen or hopeful boy. Unquestionably, Alaska is the last great land frontier of the United States. With the opportunity for those seeking new worlds to conquer, there is vast wilderness to tame, great distances to bridge, uncounted resources to locate and use. At one time or another, Alaska has attracted all kinds of people, fur trappers and gold hunters, adventurers and gamblers and later explorers, scientists, farmers and businessmen. Many who came soon left, but the real pioneers stayed on and today more and more people are finding this a land of promise and opportunity. Alaska, our outpost of democracy and the 49th of our United States. Alaska today is a vast and potentially wealthy area. From a military point of view, Alaska did not come into its own until World War II. But now in this age of long-range missiles and aircraft, the polar concept leaves little doubt about the magnitude of the possibilities of our armed forces in Alaska. The guardians of our northern frontier. Now this is Sergeant Stuart Queen, your host for the Big Picture. The Big Picture is an official report for the armed forces and the American people. Produced by the Army Pictorial Center. Presented by the Department of the Army in cooperation with this station.


A great or great market sometimes confused with the similar term parallel market refers to the trade of a commodity through distribution channels that are legal but unintended by the original manufacturer or trademark proprietor. Great market products, great goods are products sold by a manufacturer or their authorized agent outside the terms of the agreement between the reseller and the manufacturer.


What's going on guys, welcome to another video. Before I even start this video I'd like to say my whole website, clothing and everything, grind shirts, sweatshirts, beanies, hats, who rags, baits, everything on the website is 30% off, so go check it out. I'll leave the link below, join the nation. If you post it, but if you post any of your pictures on Instagram and tag me in them, I actually repost them on Team Kick and Their Bass TV and I'll get you got some publicity, but let's go ahead and get this video started. The three best all around rods. So if I had to choose three rods, if I was on a budget, I could only own three rods, then I would choose these rods. So if you guys haven't watched the one rod best all around rod, in my opinion video, I'll leave that link below. That's where I actually go in depth on, you know, my favorite rod for pretty much all purposes, like a sub rod that, you know, I can use for pretty much any bait and only if I had a budget for one rod, then I would just go for that one rod only. But in this series, I'm in this video, I'm actually going to be making it over three different rods. So we're going to be talking about that now. So as you guys can see, this doesn't matter about the brand. I'm just going to talk about, you know, if it's medium heavy, heavy, what action, the power, the whole deal, but I am using 13 fishing. So this one is actually a Muse.  Those are the three rods I'm going to be talking about today. So when coming down to the three rods, what I think the most important thing is most of you guys are on a budget. So you guys aren't wanting to spend too much money. And that's why I'm kind of layering it down to this. And if you have one rod, it's more of, you know, you just got one, one rod, like what are you going to do for one rod? When you want to tie another bait, you're going to have to cut it off. And that's why I'm talking about this video today, especially for you guys that are hopping in, maybe you just got your own bass boat or you're fishing with the buddy off their bass boat, and you don't just want to bring one rod, you're going to want to have multiple. But what's the right kind of rod that you need? What's the, what's the right combos that you need for, you know, all around fishing? That's going to be great for most of the baits. So in my first video, I did talk about my favorite all around rod is between like a seven foot, seven foot, three medium heavy.   So let's talk about the three. So two of these rods are actually going to be pretty much the same. So just like the one I talked about before is the medium heavies anything between a seven foot to seven foot three medium heavy is pretty much what I'd use for most baits. So two out of three of these rods, I would highly recommend you get it between a seven foot, a seven foot three heck seven foot five medium heavy.  It's going to be perfect because it's so versatile.  So I would I would definitely look into a seven six heavy, very important, because I want to just leave all three of your rods to seven foot, seven foot three medium heavies. If you really needed to layer it down into like one rod, definitely 100%. I wouldn't go with the seven six heavy. Me personally, I would go with, you know, a medium heavy. But going on to the three, definitely two, seven, three medium heavies, the seven foot to seven three anywhere between that range, medium heavies, I think it's the best rod out there in my opinion, then the seven six heavy, but those are the three rods that I would take. And these reels are seven three to one gear or seven, yeah, seven, three to one gear ratio reels. All my reels, I range in between that. These are actually concept days by 13 fishing all three of them are great all around reels. I've used them, you know, the past couple of months, they've been absolutely amazing. I haven't had any problems whatsoever. They cast really good cast really far. And I know you guys are waiting on the concept Z video, which I will be making. I want to make a few different things to that reel because that reel is absolutely insane.  It's very hard guys to get around 100 a day. So I'm trying, you know, like I spend an hour before I go to bed just kind of jotting through replying to people because you know, I just have a little bit of time before I go to bed and I would love to reply and talk to you guys and create a conversation. And I love to share a conversation, you know, all my story, maybe get you guys some followers and show you guys the love as well. But overall guys, I hope you guys enjoyed this video over the three best all around rods in my opinion. If you enjoyed it, please smash the like button, please comment below what you guys want to see next. Because I do want to bring back some Tackle Tuesday videos. And that is why I made this video today. And also subscribe if you haven't already and hit the little bell. But thank you guys so much for the support. I hope you guys are grinding every day. And I'll catch you guys in the next video.


but which teams are we really sleeping on and it could be one of those teams that we're not really talking about that could go on to win the Lombardi Trophy come February 2022. Well, to give us a little bit more insight on that, we wanted to bring in our buddy, a very good friend of the show, host of the Go For Glory podcast, which I'll include that link in the description after this live stream ends, Sean Landry. Sean, how you doing, my man? Doing well this morning. How are you? Hey, I can't complain, man. I am very, very appreciative that you're joining us on this episode and giving us your insight because I asked you who are three teams that we're really sleeping on and let's just go one by one. Let's talk about one and then let's stop, talk about them, then let's go down to the next one. So who's your first team? So the first team I've got, you talked about it just a few moments ago, but ever since the Rams have kind of been the talk of the town and the NFC West, I'm going to go with the Cardinals as a dark horse. And even though they are the top contender in the NFC, you know, you haven't really heard too much about them over the last few weeks, especially given the injuries to Kyler Murray. Obviously, Colt McCoy has stepped in, done a really tremendous job for that team. So they're kind of falling under the radar right now just because so much of the media and the news has been surrounding the Rams and, you know, all the big price talent they have out there. Obviously, they're not doing so well themselves, you know, given their losses past Sunday to Green Bay. So I've got the Cardinals as the first team, just because, you know, once Kyler does come back, you know, offensively, we know what Cliff Kingsbury can do offensively. They're going to be explosive defensive. As always, a little bit of youth mixed with some veteran leadership like JJ Watt. So I have the Cardinals as being the first sleeper to really make it to the Super Bowl this year. I like it. And I mean, with the Cardinals, maybe you could say that loss against Green Bay Packers was just a mess up on the part of AJ Green, Kyler Murray, just none of that connection. But could they potentially beat the Green Bay Packers a second time? I think so. I really do. You know, obviously, Green Bay is ailing right now. You know, yes, they are playing the best football in the league right now, even though Aaron is playing on a broken toe. But I feel like, again, once Kyler comes back, you know, Kyler is the lifeblood of that offense. You know, Colt McCoy can only can only extend drive so so much.  You know, obviously, you look at last year similar to Tampa Bay when Brady and Gronk and Antonio Brown came in. I mean, it took them until the bye week to really click on all cylinders. So I think this this could be the same for the Cardinals as well. Yeah, the Cardinals are definitely a team that you do not want to count out. We actually did a Super Bowl simulation. I think Sean, you join us for that show. But then later on we did a whole computer simulation for when the NFL schedule was released. And our computer showed that the Cardinals and Titans would go to the Super Bowl. So I mean, more than likely that that is a possibility this year. Who's your second team as a dark horse? The second team I have as a dark horse is no surprise. I feel like it's going to be the return of the Empire. How about the Patriots this morning on get up? Tim Hasselbeck talked about whether or not he has enough confidence in Matt Jones leading them to Super Bowl. And he said confidently, yes, just because of the amount of success he's had so far. They have a 19% chance to win to reach the Super Bowl second best in the AFC. And you can't you can never count out Bill Belichick.  But this team after ever since losing to Dallas earlier in the year, they've been on a six game winning streak. Obviously, I'm sure you weren't happy to see them put a stomp into the birds a couple of weeks ago. But I feel like the Patriots are in prime position, then you'll find out what they are coming next Monday night when they when they go up to Buffalo to play the Bills, who are also kind of starting to click on all cylinders too. So I really feel like that game Monday is going to ultimately decide the east. But I think it's also going to set the Patriots should they win that game in a very good position going into the postseason. And who knows, we might finally get to see what everybody's been wanting to hope for. And that's a Patriots bucking near Super Bowl Brady versus Belichick round two. That would be incredible to see. And you talk about the maturation process of Mac Jones compared to the beginning of the season to where he's really going on right now in full stride. We know this defense is good. But do you think at any point there is any room for error for Mac Jones to really mess up like, can this hot string of games really last for the Patriots? Well, you know, Josh McDaniel said this morning, he said, you know, we're waiting on a perfect game.  But I feel like his margin for error is really small just because he's in a really great environment. He's in a winning culture, you know, Belichick prides himself on eliminating mistakes and really putting his players in a position to be successful on the field. And so with Mac Jones, you know, we're starting to see that, you know, him starting to transcend upward in a direction that I feel that he's not going to he's not going to have a little a little mistakes, if you will. But again, he's still rookie.  Absolutely. Mac Jones, Bill Belichick return on the empire, like I said, against Tom Brady, the bucking ears would be amazing to see. Who's your final team that could be a dark horse contender?  I got the Cincinnati bangles as my third dark horse team. And, you know, obviously, the emergence of Joe Burrow in his second year, you know, last year, he was starting to trend in an upward direction. And then obviously with the injury, you know, set them back. But they just put a wall up on the Steelers 41 to 10. And even though they're second in the north right now, and we're all talking about Lamar Jackson, the Ravens, I would not sleep on the bangles. Just because, you know, they have the second highest odds to reach the Super Bowl, according to the fan side.  But the bangles are just, I just feel like they're just super talented both on, you know, on the offensive side and on the defensive side with Sam Hubbard and Trey Hendrickson, who as a Saints fan is hard to see him let go. But I'm a big bangles fan too. I had to adopt them, obviously, with Joe going up there. But, you know, he's doing, he's doing wonders for that defense as well. The back, the secondary, they're playing on all cylinders. So I feel like the bangles are a really good chance going forward to put themselves in a very good position in the postseason and may end up being in the Super Bowl. I mean, obviously Russell Wilson, if my memory serves me correctly, he reached the Super Bowl in his second year. So just think of what that could be like for Joe Burrow, given the success they've had this year and have really played some outstanding football thus far. Yeah, definitely. I'm a huge fan of Trey Hendrickson as well, 10 and a half sacks on the season so far. And my opinion was snubbed from the Pro Bowl last year for sure. This bagels team, it's shifted more towards Joe Mixon running the ball in the last three weeks. Jamar Chase, Joe Burrow, they've kind of taken the step back. In your opinion, do you think that this is the recipe like running the ball? Is it passing the ball? Or do you think like, hey, whatever game script allows, we can do it all? Yeah, I feel like you need a healthy balance.  It's been more focused around Mixon, but you don't want to allow yourself to be one-dimensional. You want to have a healthy balance of the run and the passing attack. But obviously, it's great to have a great running game right now because it sets you up for the play-action pass. It puts you in a better position as opposed to the running game getting stuffed and focusing so much on Joe bailing you out. And, you know, I feel like they should continue to ride Mixon. If the run game is successful, keep doing it. But if you come to a point where, you know, he's starting to not pick up as much yardage, that's when you need to change things, kind of create a healthy balance of the run in the past. And I feel like they can do that. Zach Taylor is doing a great job up there and since he's so, I feel like they'll find a way to create a balance if for some reason Joe, his numbers start to decline just because of team starting to figure out their run game. Absolutely. So the Cardinals, Patriots and the Bengals are the three dark horse teams via Sean Landry. Sean, I'm going to let you go. But before I let you go, give us a little bit of a plug. Go for glory. Where can we find you? So you can find me on Podbean. I'll admit I have not been on there since the beginning of the season been a little bit busy with the home life and work life as well. But you can check me out on Podbean. It's free to subscribe, free to download. And I'll hopefully get back on there soon. Obviously right now, even if I was doing it, given given the Saints track record this season, I probably wouldn't have a lot of good things to talk about. But you know, hopefully for everybody out there, I looked at your chat this morning, a lot of people are asking questions about should they start Hill or Ingram and Camara. You touched on it earlier. Sean said he's not, you know, he's not for sure who he's going to go with tomorrow night. Hopefully Taysum Hill is the guy because I cannot watch another week of Trevor Simeon. So, but you can, again, the podcast, your final pod being free to subscribe, free to download. And I hope to be back on pretty soon once my schedule frees me up to do so. Absolutely. Always a pleasure to have on Sean Landry. I'll include that link in the description right after this live stream. And Sean, always a pleasure. We'll connect after the show. Sounds good. Talk to you soon. And that is Sean Landry, guys, that is joining us for that episode of Time2Football, giving us a little bit of a preview between the Super Bowl from now and the Super Bowl, who's going to be making that transition into being that dark horse contender. Very, very appreciative of him joining us.


How can I create Moodle courses in bulk? Instead of adding courses one at a time, as an admin you can create the course information in a file offline and upload it from Site Administration, Courses, Upload courses. Note that these are not ready-made courses, just the basic empty outline which teachers can then fill with content. To do this, we first need to create the course information offline. We can either use a spreadsheet program such as MS Excel or LibreOfficeCalc or a simple text file, fill in the details and then save it as a CSV file. We need short name, full name and category. These are required fields and must all be written in lower case. There are other optional fields such as course format, enrolment method, course start and end date. For more information see the documentation. Here we've entered the short name and full name of our course. For the category we have to use the ID number of an existing category. Clicking on a category on the Manage Courses and Categories screen we see the number in the browser. The completed file is saved as a CSV file and uploaded from Site Administration, Courses, Upload Courses. Once the file is added, making sure the delimiter is the right one for your language we are using commas, it can be previewed. Note that we can use an existing course as a template and also set default course values. When we press Upload Courses, our courses have been made. To summarise, new courses may be created in bulk with a text CSV file uploaded from Site Administration, Courses, Upload Courses.