Welcome to the Hindu news analysis brought to you by Shankar Iyer's Academy for the day 25th of September 2021. So, displayed below are the list of news articles that we have chosen for today's discussion. And they are also given along with the page numbers of different editions. Further, the link in the annotated notes in PDF format and also the time stamping for the discussed articles is given in the comments section as well as in the description box. Now, let us take up this article. And this article is about a new scheme which is recently notified by the Union Government. And this recently notified scheme is titled as the scheme for the promotion of Medical Device Park. So, for this scheme, a financial outlay of rupees 400 crore has been allotted and this amount has been allotted till the financial year 2024 to 25. So, with this idea in mind, let us now look at the various aspects of the said scheme which will be helpful for a preliminary examination. So, with this idea in mind, now let us look at the various aspects of this said scheme which will be important for us in our exam perspective. See, whenever you come across a new scheme in the newspaper, you should always make it a point to look into the following aspects of the scheme. Say like that of whether the scheme comes under which ministry and department and you should also know who is the implementing authority of that scheme and you should know the objectives of the scheme and also you should make it a point to find out the funding aspects of the scheme. So, when I say funding, I do not mean the actual fund that is being allocated but rather you should note on how the funding is being shared between the centre and the states. So, to put it in simple words, you should know whether it is a central sector scheme or a centrally sponsored scheme. And then finally, you should also note where this particular scheme is being implemented like if it is implemented for the entire India or if only a few states are exclusively chosen for it. Okay, so whenever you come across any scheme in the newspaper, you always make it a point to focus on these areas because when you look back at the previous year's question paper, you find that whenever any scheme is mentioned in the question paper, mostly these areas are covered there. So, when you cover these aspects, you can certainly answer any question regarding the scheme in preliminary stage. Okay, so these aspects are important for your preliminary examination. But then when it comes to the main examination, you have to cover the significance of a particular scheme. So, you should also know to analyse the scheme and to bring out the critical aspects of the scheme. But since this particular scheme is a newly launched scheme, let us wait for some more time to get into the critical part of the scheme. So, as of now with the details available, we are going to mainly focus on the preliminary aspects. So, the first point about the scheme is that this particular scheme comes under the department of pharmaceuticals. And this department of pharmaceuticals, it comes under the ministry of chemicals and fertilisers. So, the first point is this scheme comes under the ministry of chemicals and fertilisers. Now, coming to the second point, have in mind this particular scheme is implemented by the state implementing agency which means a separate organisation is responsible for the implementation of the scheme in different states. Now, say for example, when you take the schemes on skill development in electronic systems design and manufacturing sector, it was a scheme that was notified by the union government. But still, this scheme is implemented in Tamil Nadu by the Tamil Nadu Skill Development Corporation. So, I hope you guys understand what implemented by the state implementing agency means now. Now, coming to the third point, which is the objectives of the scheme. See, basically, this scheme has got two major objectives. So, the first objective is that the scheme aims to create world-class common infrastructure and also testing facilities. And this is done to ensure easy access and in addition to this, the main aim here is to reduce the cost of production of medical services. So, this is because when the cost of production is reduced, the industry will be more competitive in the world market. And when it becomes more competitive in the world market, we as Indians can also get affordable medical devices in the domestic market. So, this is the first objective. Now, coming to the second objective. See, through this particular scheme, the government is actually aiming to achieve economy of scale. So, let me explain this concept of economy of scale. See, basically, this economy of scale is a microeconomic concept and this concept refers to the savings in cost, business entity experiences by making the production process more efficient. See, the economy of scale can be achieved by two ways. One is internally and the next way is externally. So, through this particular scheme, the government is actually aiming to achieve the economy of scale externally, that is, since all the industry will be located close to each other, it will be more feasible to share the skilled labour and common infrastructure. So, thereby to bring down more feasible to share the skilled labour and common infrastructure. So, when they have the potential to share skilled labour and common infrastructure, there are high chances for them to bring down the overall cost of production. So, this is also an objective of this scheme. So, by now, we have a kind of understanding about the scheme's objectives. Now, let's move on to the next aspects of the scheme, which is the funding aspect. See, as of now, the government has given a financial outlay of Rs. 400 crore for the period financial year 2020 to 2021 to the financial year 2024 to 2025. So, this allocated financial assistance would be provided by the centre. So, under this, the centre will provide up to 70% of the total cost of creating the common infrastructure for the states. Whereas, in the case of northeastern and early states, the centre will provide an assistance of up to 90% of the total cost of creating the common infrastructure. So, this sharing between the centre and the state with regards to the funding will be an important focus area when it comes to the preliminary exam. So, make sure you have in mind whether it is a central sector scheme or a centrally sponsored scheme. And you should also make it a point to note down the amount of financial assistance that is being given by the central government. So, coming to the final aspect, that is where the scheme is being implemented. See, the union government has given a principal approval for the scheme to be implemented in four states. And these four states that are chosen are the states of Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Imachal Pradesh. See, these four states were not selected randomly. So, what happened actually is that the union government, they received proposals from around 16 states and from the proposal that was given by the states, the union government they self-evaluated all the states based on various parameters. Say like that of utility charges, the land lease rate, the ease of doing business ranking, the availability of technical manpower, etc. So, based on all these parameters, the union government judged the 16 states from where the proposal came and based on its judgment, the union government is selected four states and those four states are the states of Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Imachal Pradesh. So, you can actually use this point in your main examinations whenever you get a question regarding the competitive federalism. So, by now, we have actually covered all the five major aspects of the scheme which I told you earlier, that is those areas which were frequent in the examination. So, now let us see a little bit about the significance of the scheme which you can use in your main preparation. So, first of all we must understand why this particular sector has been chosen when there is a lot of sectors available. See, the fact here is that the medical device manufacturing industry is actually a sunrise industry. So, when I say a sunrise industry, it means an industry that is relatively new and that which will be growing at a fast pace and also our industry which has got the potential to gain a lot of importance in the coming days. So, that is the reason why this particular sector has been chosen. Now, apart from manufacturing sector, some other sunrise sector includes the hydrogen fuel production sector, the electric vehicle sector, the adiute companies, space tourism, etc. So, therefore, since this medical device manufacturing is a sunrise industry, the government is focusing on it. Now, the next significance is the government's push towards Atmanutva. That is a self-sufficient India in the medical device production and the government by choosing this particular sector is attempting to try and make it complement the already well-developed pharmaceutical sector in India. So, therefore on that line, once the scheme is fully implemented and when India becomes self-sufficient in medical device production, then our country will become the world leader in those areas relating to the medical sector right from pharmaceutical to medical device production. So, this is also an important aspect of this scheme and also an important reason why government is focusing more on this particular sunrise industry. So, with this we have come to the end of this discussion. So, to have a quick recap in this discussion, we saw the five important aspects relating to the scheme for the promotion of medical device park which will be important for the problems and we ended the discussion with some significance of the scheme which will be useful for us in our mains preparation. So, by now I hope you guys have understood and I try to cover all the major aspects of the scheme and I also hope you guys don't require further research regarding this so with these learned points in mind, now let's move on to the next news discussion. Now, look at this news article. So, the news article mentions about an incident where an elephant was separated from its herd due to the flooding in Mahanadi river. So, in order to rescue that separated elephant, the Odisha disaster rapid action force was sent but then unfortunately they are both overturned in the water and because of that one person among them died. So, this is the news here. Now, let us keep this news aside. Instead, based on this context let us discuss about Mahanadi river which is in the limelight here. See, whenever you read about or you come across any river in the newspaper, please make sure to note for some important areas of that river. See, whenever you come across a river in the newspaper you always try to focus on areas like whether it is an east or west flowing river and you try to make a note of the states which is sharing the river's drainage basin, the notable tributaries of the river and also the important projects or the dams that is being built in that river and apart from this also note if any environmentally important place is situated somewhere near to the river. So, this is the basics of how you need to approach a river whenever you are learning. So, even in this discussion we are going to approach the Mahanadi river in the similar perspective only. See, Mahanadi is one of the major rivers of Penunsular, India. Now, according to NCRT this particular Mahanadi river is said to rise in the highlands near Sihava in the Raipur district of Chateshkar and this particular river it flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of Bengal and there it forms a delta before entering itself into the Bay of Bengal. So, therefore it means that this is an east flowing river or it flows eastwards and the river drains into the Bay of Bengal. Now, next comes the length of the river. See, the river's length is about 860 km and its drainage basin is shared by 5 states and these 5 states are Maharashtra, Chateshkar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Odisha. Have in mind the 5 states sharing the drainage basin of Mahanadi river are Maharashtra, Chateshkar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Odisha. So, basically this river is bounded by the central India hills in the north and when you look at its south and east it is bounded by the eastern guards and in the west it is bounded by Michael Hill range. Now, the next important points is the tributaries of the river. See, have in mind the main left bank tributaries of Mahanadi are Sionath, Haseo, Mund and Hib and when you take the right bank tributaries, they are the Ong, Tel and Jong. Now, among these tributaries, the tributaries of Sionath, Ibb and Tel, they alone together constitute nearly 6.63% of the total catchment area of the river which is very less than half of the total catchment area of the river. And also, make a note, the tributaries Sionath is the longest tributaries of the Mahanadi river. Now, another important thing which you should have in mind is that, see here you should note that in respect to the water potential this Mahanadi river ranks second to the Godavari river among the Peninsular rivers. And another fact to be noted here is that the famous Chilika Lake of Adisha lies to the south of Mahanadi delta. See, if you have carefully followed the news, you might have known that this particular river is often in news every year due to the inundation. So therefore, for the purpose of flood control, along with irrigation and power generation the Hirakud Dam project was built in this river and this particular Hirakud Dam project was built across Mahanadi at about 15 km upstream of Sambalpur town in Odisha. So, this is one of the oldest Hydel projects of India and not just that, it is also the first post-independence major multi-purpose river valley project in the entire country. So, whenever you learn about Mahanadi river make it a point to refresh about the Hirakud Dam project. Now, apart from this other important projects in the river are the Mahanadi Reservoir complex and this complex comprises of three dams which includes the Ravishankar Sagar, the Dudwaha and the Murum Sili Dam. And apart from this, the Mata Hasrio Bango Irrigation project of Chhattishgarh state is also a notable project here and this particular project is situated in the Hasrio river. And the third comes the Tandula major irrigation project of Chhattishgarh which is located in the Tandula river and then comes the Jong diversion project of Chhattishgarh. So, these are some important projects that you should have in mind whenever you learn about the river. So, with these problems related facts in our memory let us get on to the next discussion. Now, our next news discussion is going to be based on this editorial article. Now, look at this editorial this editorial basically deals with the recent economic development of our country. So, with this idea let us approach this editorial article. The syllabus covered by this article is highlighted below for your reference. See, according to the recent statistics our country's unemployment rate has increased from 7% to 8.3% that is the unemployment rate in India was 7% in July 2021 and now this 7% has increased to 8.3% in the month of August 2021. So, within the month itself there was around 1.3% increase in the country's unemployment rate. So, in absolute terms our employment has shrunk from 399.7 million in July to 397.8 million in August. So, that means we have actually lost around 1.9 million employment in just one month. So, such is the intensity of the situation at present and also it is important for us to know that we have lost most of these jobs in the farm sector. See, whenever there is a loss in farm jobs the non-form jobs usually absorb them. So, with the recent laws in farm jobs what happened is that there has been an increase in the employment in the non-form jobs. But here the problem is that the quality of the new jobs generated in the non-form jobs is a matter of concern. See, most of the lost farm jobs were absorbed by the low end service activities. See, what happens is during normal times people who have lost jobs from the agricultural sector they tend to get accommodated in the construction sector. But currently with the COVID pandemic on board the construction sector is facing a struggle and due to this it is not able to employ any new persons. So, because of this many people are finding employment in the household sector and low end services. See, when you carefully notice this pattern is actually dangerous for our country. Now this is because the non availability of jobs in manufacturing and high end services could actually affect our economic recovery in the coming years. So, this is the first important issue that is highlighted by the author in this editorial. Now moving on to the next important point see according to many economic experts increasing investments is the key to economic development and also the key to employment growth. So, this is why public investments play a very important role when it comes to the development of our country. But then in recent times public investments is also struggling to produce the desired results. And one major reason for this is because the demand for products and services in our country has reduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. So, because of that in addition to the public investments we in fact need more private investments to achieve our result. But the problem here is even the private investments have been very low in recent times. So, this on the whole is affecting our unemployment situation. Also remember India heavily relies on foreign direct investment when it comes to the generation of jobs. Yes, foreign direct investment does generate jobs both directly as well as indirectly through an increase in the production activities. But at present we are not sure about the magnitude of employment that is generated to this foreign direct investment and not just that even we are not sure about the sustainability of jobs which has generated through this foreign direct investment. So, one major reason for this is because the jobs which has generated through foreign direct investment is threatened by the corporate restructuring at the global level. So, say for example if a firm decides to exit from a location we lose our jobs like what is happening with the Ford issue. So, this is not a sustainable one for a longer run. So, after discussing about the FDI job generation the author in the editorial gives special focus to the manufacturing sector. See, in recent times the manufacturing sector has failed to create more jobs and one major reason for this is because important sectors like that of automobiles has been failing to create new jobs. So, when you take the automobile sector it employs around 19.1 million workers both directly as well as indirectly and not just that it has also been an important driver of the manufacturing sector's output and employment growth. But in recent times this automobile sector is facing a lot of roadblocks and the author here has mentioned three major roadblocks that is faced by this automobile sector. So, the first of them is the novel coronavirus pandemic and lockdowns. See, because of the pandemic the aggregate demand in the economy is low and this is affected the vehicle sales. The secondly comes the shortage of semiconductors. See, the shortage of this semiconductors is impacting our production of vehicles. So, this has also contributed to the decline in the automobile sector. Now, thirdly comes the recent exit of food from the Indian market because this exit will completely destroy many jobs and also create more employment. So, these are basically the most prominent and prevailing roadblocks that has affected the automobile sector severely. See, you should always have in mind the exits of the high-profile global firms from Indian market is actually disastrous to our country. This is because such high-profile exits affect our employment generation and it also affects our private investments and not just that it slows the employment growth and in addition to all these it leads to one of the most difficult to combat issue that is the issue of the unemployment. See, if a high-profile global firm exits from India then there is a sudden release of high-skilled workers into the market. So, this creates mismatches in the labour market and this in turn aggravates our existing unemployment problem. So, we can have that the over-reliance on foreign direct investments to create jobs can be detrimental in the longer run because with rising protectionism and unpredictability of policy environments the trust in these high-profile global firms has begun to decline because they are no longer seen as permanent institution and there are high chances for them to exit from the Indian market at any point of time depending on their own needs and circumstances. So, based on all these analysis the author feels that in the longer run we should concentrate more on domestic capital formation instead of relying on the foreign direct investments because only this can offset the unpredictability. So, these are the important points that this article wants to tell us and now let's move on to the next news discussion. Now, look at this news article. So, this article basically reports about a recent speech that was given by our Lok Sabha speaker and he gave this speech in the recently held joint session of the Karnataka State Legislature. So, when you look into the context of the speech during the speech the speaker actually mentioned that the protest which are generally held during the parliamentary session should be done in accordance with the dignity of the house and also the parliamentary norms because in situations where it breaches the dignity of the house and the parliamentary norms there are high chances for it to curtail the debates on important bills which in turn will prevent the executor from fulfilling its duty. So, this is the crux of the news article here. So, now in this discussion with our prelims nearing we will try and discuss the various aspects of the office of the Lok Sabha speaker. See, the office of speaker is an important position in the parliamentary democracy. So, when you look at the order of precedence the Lok Sabha speaker is actually placed in the sixth position. So, being in the sixth position the Lok Sabha speaker is sharing the position with the Chief Justice of India. So, now let's see some important facts regarding the office of the speaker. See, firstly the office of the speaker is a constitutional post and the salaries and allowances of the speaker are generally charged in the consolidated fund and are not voted upon by the parliament. Now secondly, the office of the speaker is guided by the constitutional provisions and the rules of procedure and conduct of business in Lok Sabha and also have in mind the adequate powers are vested in the office of the speaker in order to help him or her in the smooth conduct of parliamentary proceedings and additionally the speaker is assisted by the secretary general of the Lok Sabha and the senior officers of the secretariat on parliamentary activities, practice and procedure. Now coming to the appointment of the speaker. See, electing the speaker of the house is the first acts that is performed by the newly constituted house. Have in mind the speaker is generally elected by a simple majority of the members present and voting in the Lok Sabha. Now here you should note the point, present and voting. See, another important point regarding the election of the Lok Sabha speaker is that the constitution does not mention any special qualifications as such for a person to be appointed as a speaker. So that means the constitution just states that the speaker must be a member of the house and through convention people who have a good understanding of the constitution and conventions of the parliament is often selected as a speaker. Now here you should remember this, it is just a convention and it is nowhere mentioned in the constitution. So finally the a member belonging to the ruling party is elected as a speaker. Now here also the constitution does not mention that the speaker must be from the ruling party. See in fact, when you look back the aware instances where members were not belonging to the ruling party were also elected to the office of the speaker. So this is all about the election of a speaker. Now moving on to the next part which is the tenure of the Lok Sabha speaker. See, the speaker term is similar with the term of the Lok Sabha that is the five year term and additionally when the Lok Sabha is dissolved the speaker remains in his office till the first meeting of the new assembly and until the new speaker is elected. Okay, so this is basically the tenure enjoyed by the speaker. Now coming to the removal, see as I said earlier the speaker's term is similar with the term of the Lok Sabha which is five years but you should know that this term of five years is not absolute in the sense the constitution has given the lower house that is the Lok Sabha the authority to remove the speaker needed. So on that line the house has got the rights to remove the speaker through a resolution which is passed by an effective majority that is more than 50 percent of the total strength of the house present and voting and this is done as per article 94 and 96 of the Indian constitution. Now here you should note the difference that is for the election of speaker simple majority is required whereas for the removal of a speaker effective majority is required. And apart from this the speaker can also be removed on getting disqualified from being a Lok Sabha member under sections 7 and 8 of the presentation of the People's Act of 1951. See we already saw that the constitution just states that the speaker must be a member of the house so that means if the speaker disqualifies to be the member of the house then it means that he also disqualifies to be the speaker of Lok Sabha. So have this in mind as well. Now additionally apart from all these criteria the speaker can also tender his or her resignation to the deputy speaker. Now here also note that the president administers the oath of affirmation of the speaker but then the speaker tender is resignation to the deputy speaker. So here you should note the difference. So in the absence of the speaker generally the deputy speaker discharges the function so any member from the panel of chairman presides over the house in the absence of both the speaker and during cases where both the speaker and the deputy speaker are absent then a member from the panel of chairman presides over the house. Now here note that the word absence means when a speaker and deputy speaker is in vacation or leave. See when the offices of both the speaker and the deputy speaker fall vacant. Now here you should note the word vacant. The duties of the house of the speaker are performed by such member of the Lok Sabha as the president may appoint for this purpose. See generally in the prelims UPIC tend to twist the fact and ask the question. So whenever you learn such topics like president, prime minister governor or speaker you just make sure to note the important points like absence, vacant, simple majority, effective majority or the major points of difference between each post. So with this let us wind up this discussion. So in this discussion we revised various aspects of the office of the speaker like its position in the order of precedence, its election, its tenure and also its removal procedure. So now with these learnt points let's move on to the next news discussion. Now let us take up this news article regarding the iron dome system. So the news here is that recently the United States has decided to provide 1 billion dollars to resupply the Israel's iron dome missile defense system. So in this slide we are going to see some important facts about the mentioned Israeli iron dome system. See this iron dome system is a short range ground to air air defense system which is manufactured by the fail advanced defense systems. So the development of this iron dome system can be traced back to the year 2006 when the Israeli Lebanon war happened because during which Asbollah fired thousands of rockets into Israel. So following that event Israel they announced to come up with a new air defense system that would be designed in a way to protect its cities and people and that led to the emergence of the Israeli iron dome defense system. See this iron dome system is capable of being used in all weather conditions that took both during day as well as during night and not just that it is capable of engaging itself with multiple targets simultaneously that is at the same time it is capable of engaging with many targets. See this is a multi mission system and this multi mission system is capable of intercepting rockets artillery and mortars and not just that it is also capable of intercepting aircraft helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles and it possess this capability over short ranges of up to 70 kilometer and know that it can be deployed both over land as well as over sea. Now when talking about its working the iron dome consists of three main system and these three main system are the detection and the tracking radar, the battle management and weapon control system and then a missile firing unit of three vertical launches with 20 intercept of missile age. So what happens is these three systems they work together and they together provide a shield over the area where it is deployed by handling multiple threats in that particular area. So in the process they use a proximity fuse to detonate the target warhead in the air. So you can have a look at this picture for a better understanding of its functioning. So one unique feature of this iron dome system is its ability to identify the anticipated impact point of the threatening rocket and not just that it also has a capability to decide on the engaging action by calculating whether the threatening rocket will fall in a built up area or not and this helps in preventing the unnecessary interception of rockets and also the damage that is caused by it in open areas. But however everything comes at a cost that is the system has got its own limitations as well. Say for example and one major limitation of this iron dome is the saturation point. That is this system has got saturation point meaning it is capable of engaging only up to a certain number of targets at a same time and if at all additional rockets are fired in a crowd then at such instances it cannot defend and this will eventually lead to damage. So this is one major shortcoming and also an important shortcoming that is associated with iron dome. So with this we have come to the end of this news article. Now look at this news article this article reports about the latest excavations that is being made at the Maligai Medu which is situated near Gangai Kondachauraburam which is situated in the Aryalur district. So a copper coin and an ivory object, glass beads and bangles were some of the recent findings that were found in this place and not just that even substantial portions of brick structures have been unearthed by archaeologist here and these structures are believed to be the remains of a Chola Palace. So this is the basic crux of this article here. Now in this context let us very briefly see about the said Gangai Kondachauraburam which is mentioned in today's news. See whenever we read about Cholas the first thing that comes to our mind about them is that the Cholas are one of the longest ruling dynasties in the southern regions of India. So basically their rule began in the 9th century after they defeated the Pallavas and since then they were ruling until the 13th century. It was only during the medieval period of Indian history this Chola dynasty witnessed absolute power and development and one major reason for this was that it was during this period only the prominent rulers of the Chola dynasty expanded their kingdom into the Tamil region. So one such powerful and also a prominent ruler of the Chola dynasty is the Rajendra Chola who is mentioned in today's discussion. Know that Rajendra Chola is the son of the mighty Raja Raja Chola and this person Raja Raja Chola only built the famous Brishadeshwara temple. So this person that is the Rajendra Chola he was well known for his vast empire and also for having a strong military and naval force. He was such an efficient ruler that his rule is considered to be the golden age of Cholas. Remember he became the first Chola king to venture into the banks of Ganga and as we know the rulers back then they had a practice of creating inscriptions or to build structures to commemorate their victory and this was followed by the Rajendra Chola as well because after his conquest of the Gangetic Plains he built a great city and it is this city which was named as Gangaikonda Chola Buram and adding to that he also built a Shiva temple called the Gangaikonda Cholaswara Ganga in order to commemorate his victory in the Gangetic Plains. So after the construction the king shifted his capital from Tanjavur to this newly built town and since then this city served as the capital for the Chola empire till the end of the Chola family rule. So that is all about the Gangaikonda Chola Buram and according to today's news materials like Terracotta period copper coin and ivory object, glass beads bangles hopscotch markers spouted knobs, terracotta pieces and even ceramics such as red ware, black ware, decorated ware and Chinese ware where the materials were found from the excavations that was made in this age old city that is the city of Gangaikonda Chola Buram and it is widely believed that the palaces of Chola kings had existed there about thousand years ago and they were believed to have been destroyed during the Pandya invasions or later and the present structural evidence that is available also supports that view. So with that let's wind this discussion and move on to the next news article. Now look at this news article so this article basically reports about a decision that was made by the central bank of China so the news here is that China's central bank is declared all the financial transactions that are involving cryptocurrencies to be illegal. So this is the news here. Now based on this context let us have a very basic understanding about cryptocurrencies. See in simple words a cryptocurrency is a digital or a virtual currency and generally these cryptocurrencies can be brought using credit card or through mining which is a process of earning them without spending money. That is in this process of mining the cryptocurrencies are gained by solving cryptographic equations through the use of computers. See have in mind many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks which are based on blockchain technology and for those who don't know blockchain is a specific type of database in which the data is stored in blocks that are chained together in chronological order and this database is used in a decentralized way that is without any central authority so that no single person or a group has control but instead all users collectively retain control over them. See using cryptocurrencies we can transfer funds directly between two parties without the need for a trusted third party say like that of a bank or a credit card company and have in mind these transfers are secured by the use of public keys and private keys and in addition to that they are also secured using different forms of incentive systems. So for those who are not aware the public key and private key are the major tools that are required to ensure the security of the crypto economy. See the funds which are generally transferred using cryptocurrencies are completed with minimal processing fees so thereby it allows the users to avoid the steep fees that is charged by the banks and the financial institutions for wire transfers so this is one major advantage that is associated with the use of cryptocurrencies but then cryptocurrencies has also got a lot of problems or concerns associated with it and one such problem with the cryptocurrency is the semi anonymous nature of the cryptocurrency transaction that is in cryptocurrency transactions the transactions and the accounts can be traced but the owner accounts are usually not easily traceable so this quality of the cryptocurrency may easily facilitate crimes like drug trafficking, prostitution terrorism, money laundering tax evasion and also other illegal undermining activity which may benefit from moving money in untraceable ways. And apart from this another major concern is the volatile nature of them so to understand better see the market prices for cryptocurrencies are generally based on supply and demand so the rate at which a cryptocurrency can be exchanged for another currency can fluctuate widely mainly because the design of many cryptocurrencies ensures a high degree of scarcity so this is also one of the concern or a shortcoming that is associated with cryptocurrency so with this we have come to the end of the article discussion so now let us move on to the next part of our Hindu news analysis which is going to be the practice question discussion. So look at this question about river Mahanadi Statement 1 its basin also extends our smaller portions of Jhakanth Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in addition to Chhattishgarh and Odisha and Statement 2 it is the second largest east flowing Penunsula river so we need to find the correct option here take the first statement it is correct because its basin extends over 5 states and it extends over major parts of Chhattishgarh and Odisha and comparatively smaller parts of Jhakanth, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh so that makes the first statement to be correct now coming to the second statement see this statement is incorrect because it is the Krishna river which is the second largest east flowing Penunsula river whereas Mahanadi river system is the third largest in the Penunsula India and also the largest river of the Orisha state and at the same time in terms of water potential then Mahanadi river ranks second to that of the Godavari river among the Penunsula rivers. So this statement is incorrect and since only the first statement is right here the correct option will be option A which is one only. So this question consider the following statements regarding pro tem speaker. First statement is the pro tem speaker is appointed by the prime minister statement 2 generally the senior most member of the house is chosen as pro tem speaker statement 3 he administers the oath of office the newly elected members of the parliament and the fourth statement he oversees the election of the new speaker. Actually after a general election and the formation of a new government a list of senior Lok Sabha members which is prepared by legislative section is submitted to the minister of parliamentary affairs who in turn will select a pro tem speaker so the appointment has to be approved by the president so the pro tem speaker is appointed by the president in case of Lok Sabha and by the governor in case of a legislative assembly so that makes the first statement incorrect but apart from this all the second third and fourth statements are correct with respect to the pro tem speaker so the right answer here would be option C that is 2, 3 and 4 only. Now moving on to the next question consider the following statements regarding the production linked incentive scheme for promoting domestic manufacturing of medical devices. Statement 1 the scheme will be implemented by the project management agency nominated by the department of pharmaceutical and statement 2 under the scheme 5% incentive will be provided on incremental sales over base year that is financial 2019-20 of medical devices manufactured in India so here again we should find the correct statement see the production linked incentive scheme for promoting the domestic manufacturing of medical devices is also a scheme that was launched by the department of pharmaceutical. Some important points about the scheme is that it has an incentive of 5% on incremental sales over base year that is financial year 2019-20 of the goods manufactured in India and secondly coming to the targeted segment under the scheme a broad range of product segments ranging from capital equipments implants and consumables are the targeted segment of the scheme and apart from this the production linked incentives of up to 3420 crore will be avoided in the scheme's tenure and the tenure of the scheme is from the financial year 2020-21 to the financial year 2027-2028 so with this understanding we can find that both the statements which is given here are correct so that makes option C that is both 1 and 2 to be correct here and a reminder here please note the difference between the two schemes that is a production linked incentive scheme which you discuss now with the scheme that we discussed today regarding the medical devices manufacturing sector. So now let's move on to the next question. Now look at this question iron dome is often mentioned in the news what is it about statement A climate engineering system statement B cyber protection system statement C air defense system and statement D environmental management system so based on our discussion we can easily infer that option C that is the air defense system is the right answer here so with this we have come to the end of today's Hindu news analysis so if you like the video then don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar Aya's academy youtube channel for more updates regarding UPSC civil services preparation


Yeah, so basically, I want to talk about a very hot topic at the moment and we have only 40 minutes, so better start. I'm going to talk about a tool set that I've been using for the last year and a half called Nix and how it applies to the whole stack of packaging development and deployment. Basically packaging in Python, we all know it's a quite a depressing topic, but it's getting better. And one of the main things that I really, really, really hate about it is that we have the setup.py that is dynamic and whatever you do, you have to run this dynamic script, at least run the egg info command to get something out of it. And that's why, for example, we don't have dependencies in the PyPy and so on and so on. And for example, Node.js community has this simple JSON file that is static, you write it down and you can easily parse packages and stuff with it. But there is hope. There is the PEP426 meta data 2.0, which specifies basically the JSON meta data for packaging and hopefully people will then generate this file, put it into a distribution with the Python source and we will have static meta data available. It's in the draft mode, so who knows when this will get upstream. But yeah, there is hope. And the second point is we have a lot of legacy infrastructure, which is kind of connected to the setup.py, but there is now Python packaging authority group that's working on this and all the contributors. And I think they really deserve an applause for their work. And then there is this scary third part of the problem, there's our non-Python dependencies. And this is the problem that every community tries to solve by, you know, building an infrastructure to package all the other stuff, not just Python. And we all share this goal. But maybe it's time, you know, to look out and take something else, you know. Nowadays JavaScript stack is basically inevitable. You have always JavaScript stack in your tool set. And you know, we can either build all the tools in Python to process JavaScript dependencies and so on and so on. Or we can take the JavaScript tool set that they use. But then we need a tool that will actually package Python and JavaScript, right, for our application. And there might be even other things. So Nick's project was basically started 11 years ago. And it was developed by Elko Dostra as part of his PhD. And the PhD talks about dependency hell and how to approach that. And it was done in a university in Holland in a functional language department. So the idea is to take functional model thinking and apply it to the packaging problem. And it turns out it's a really, really, really fits the problem. So basically Nick's is two things. It's a package manager and it's also the language, which we also call Nick's expressions. It's a very minimal language. It's basically a configuration files plus lambda functions and a little bit of other stuff. It's lazy evaluated. That's something that we're kind of not used in the Python community that much. And you have to get used to the whole thing that when you actually something is actually touched, then it's actually evaluated. And that gives it a really a lot of power for configuration, which I will show a little bit later. It's a standalone package manager. You can install it on any POSIX system. The official support we have for Linux, Mac and 3BSD. There could be, it could work on Windows if a company will sponsor that work. But currently the support is basically discontinued. Yeah. So what is a purely functional language? I will give a very vague description in the sense of the software package. So basically the software package should be output of a function that is deterministic. And it only depends on the functional inputs without any side effects. So when we describe the packages in Nick's, the metadata that we put on those files, that's the only thing that should affect the package and nothing else. And we call this purity in Nick's. So there you see an example package. This is the prefix where the package would get installed. So slash Nick's story is like a flat repository for the packages. And then you see the cryptographic hash as how on and then the name of the package and the version. So every package is stored in this separate folder. And because we want these results, the outputs to be deterministic, we want to make it immutable so the whole Nick's story is mounted as read only just to be sure that nobody will touch it. And all the timestamps are set to Nick's daytime plus one and so on and so on. And this hash that you see there is basically the hash of all the inputs. So if this theory works, the result should depend on the inputs. Then if we hash it, then we can uniquely identify a package. So this is, can you actually see this? It's a little bit, I hope you can see it. But this is like an example engine package, how we would package engine X. It's a little bit simplified at what we currently have in the repositories. So at the top you see this is anonymous lambda function. It gets high order functions. So those are just another functions passed in. And then we call the standard environment make duration, which is the main function that does all the heavy lifting. And in there, you basically see it's like we call it attribute sets in X, but this is basically a dictionary. And we pass it name, version, and then we tell it where to go to download the sources. We tell the dependencies, which is called build inputs, some configure flags, and then some just description about the package. And then all this is basically passed to a bash script that goes to different phases and it knows what to do with this metadata. And what you see here, this is basically what gets hashed. These are all the inputs to build engine X. This is all the information we need. And of course, there is a dependency graph of the packages, so OpenSSL, Zlib, and so on and so on, are also written in this index. So this is like a quick example how powerful Nix is. If you look, if you go a little bit back, if you look at this file, we want to override two things, basically the lambda function at the top and the metadata by the package. So we want to give a user of this distribution or package repository the power to change anything. So the top line basically overrides the lambda function with something new. But it's probably fell asleep. So basically it overrides the lambda function and we can say, okay, let's take another OpenSSL and feed it into and then we get the new engine X package with a different OpenSSL version. And we can override the derivation itself and, for example, at the bottom example, I override the source and we can, for example, take engine X from Git. And this is what you can do in the user space, right? Because sometimes you have to change what the upstream does. So to install Nix on your distribution, this is like, I mean, from a security point of view people will go crazy, but you can download the script and see it's not doing that much and you can run it yourself. But basically this is the easiest way to install it.  And you also have to remove the profile in your free user. So this is basically where everything comes together and there's a lot of things to explain around how the Nix works. So okay, we said that we have slash Nix, slash store and inside there are the packages and you can see version and Firefox. So somehow we need to get this file system here that we're used to nowadays, right? That basically is then joined together into a user environment which you can see on the right. And this is basically your environment where all the binaries are, libraries are stored and under slash bin, slash label and so on. And because we have this set of packages, wouldn't it be cool that we can have multiple of those, not just one on the system? So this is what we have so-called profile synics. We have then, I will talk later about Nix size, which is distribution builds on top of the package manager. And we have a system profile there, which is basically your distribution, but then each user gets a profile and you can create profiles on the Plyper project. And each profile has its own life cycle of how you install packages inside and upgrade and delete them and uninstall them. And basically then the profile also has a whole history of what's changed. So basically, when you install a package, you would get a new user environment with that binary inside and the profile would get like another version number in the history. And basically the last thing that you actually do something to the package manager is that sim link, Nix profile default will then at the end of all operations change to the new user environment. And because sim links are atomic in Linux, that means that we have atomic operations of installing, upgrading and uninstalling packages. And then on the left you see that each user then has its own profile and that means that users without root access they can uninstall packages for themselves. Of course you can disable this if you want and so on. So one of the really cool features is that Nix is source and binary based collection of packages. This is very unique and the way that this actually works is that we have a so-called build farm called Hydra and we build all the packages there. And basically because the hash basically provides the, basically uniquely identifies the package you can go ask the Hydra server, oh do you have a package with this hash and if Hydra has this package it will fetch the binary and if not it will go and compile it. And this is something that companies then use to set up Hydra at their own servers and have their own like basically continuous integration tool for building the packages. And there is now in the Nix 1.7 I think there is also support for SSH so you can do the same thing through the SSH protocol not only HTTP. So just, I don't know if this is going to work but let's try it out. It's a little bit, so basically like this is Nix so it's a little bit different than if you only use Nix but like my VIM binary then points to the VIM binary that is stored inside the Nix store. Let me show you Nix store just so that you see that there is a bunch of stuff in there. So yeah this is the whole thing. And for example if we look at the linker of VIM you will see that all the dynamic libraries point to precisely one package in the Nix store. And that makes it very deterministic that you know for sure that if you build this on two different machines you will get the same result if you use the same source of Nix packages. So right let's talk about Python. Of course we have also a collection of Python packages and we have this function called build Python package which is basically a wrapper around make derivation that knows about these tutorials and setup tools and it works a little bit quite the same than the make derivation and this is like for example how you would package pillow, provide the dependencies, source, metadata and build Python package will know how to run the setup pie, build and then setup, install at the right phases. You can check inside the Nix packages repository how it works it's just like 200 lines for the whole implementation. So when you have a lot of packages for example I also do a clone development and we have like 250 packages. You don't want to do that by your hand. So there are basically two tools for this. Python to Nix is basically just goes there grabs the table gets the hash and splits out a template that is very generic and if there is something really like non-Python dependencies then you will have to fix that on your own and there is this cool tool called PyPy to Nix which we will also be working on during the sprints. There's quite a lot of Nix developers here that tries to handle all the edge cases and automatically basically fetch packages from PyPy and then generate these Nix packages for you and we have these tools for Node, we have Node to Nix and we have R and so on and so on. Right so that's packaging, let's move to development, right? So wouldn't it be cool if we had a tool like virtual environment but on the layer of the package manager not just for Python software so that you would activate environment and you would get like geeks and all the other non-Python basically dependencies and tools available and that's what Nix shall do. So basically how Nix shall works is that it will build all the dependencies of your package, it will source all the information it has about those and instead of actually go and building this package it will get you into the shell that it would actually build the package so you have everything there available. And there is a cool, well not really a hack because it's also meant to use this way but there is a cool feature that you can say that you're not building any package you set source to null and then you just provide the build inputs and you say Nix shall and you only get these dependencies available in your shell for example and in this right this works on on a POSIX system so this POSIX system so you can give this to developers and they will get always the same environment with the same geeks and so on and so on. There is also a flag called pure so by default Nix shall will inherit your current environment and you will have all the tools available and pure basically means that it will not do that it you will have only the tools available that you list in the build inputs. So let's I'm sorry for the I hope you still see something so this is basically activated Nix shall I mean I did this before on my laptop otherwise it would go and download those packages from from Hydra but the network here is a bit flaking so basically now I have git available well let me just see that file yeah so now I have git available and if I do pure here and then git it will say it's not available because it will not inherit it and this is one way to to make sure that you have all the tools in your Nix shall so the same thing goes this is I use this this trick to actually install a media core on CentOS because I just didn't want to bother with Python there so I just use the whole Nix stack stack of packages and to use Nix shall and then I have everything available and run virtual install and that's it um so the same goes if you have a python package basically so this is for example a python package of this is one project that I did like I have gstreamer in there debas and all kinds of things that are hard to package normally with python and and there is a this cool trick we call we have a like we have a variable called Nix shall so when you actually run the shell this will be true and we can act the extra dependencies in this case and if you only build a package those dependencies will not get into the derivation so so then okay then okay we have this set of packages how could we extend this idea of a functional language to to the whole operating system and build a distribution on top of it and it turns out yeah that yes this works really nicely and when you think of it like a configuration files are basically just one file and software package is a bunch of files the only difference is that your linux distribution will package software for you and the the configurations files is what you will normally write yourself or change some default but nix nix is basically the language that we have now so you can use this language on both sites so nix says basically is a stateless this uses a stateless approach to configuration so for example in puppet and and chef they they have declarative configuration in front but at the back basically they still execute a step-by-step imperative they check if engine x is up and if not I mean then it will start it and so on and there are a lot of edge cases to cover here um so a lot of errors that you can hit onto and here basically the way it works is if something changes I will show later an example of how how to do a system d process and if any parameter to that system d process changes then it will know that it has to restart or reload that process so it all boils down to this data going through these functions in x and and when something changes it will do an update so here you can see like a minimum configuration and I just like a configure a morning um and uh you would then say nix OS rebuild switch and it would activate and get the machine into this state so so one of the things that's also good to mention here is that nix OS is basically DevOps from the beginning you won't go and change some configuration files by default you have one file you specify it what do you want your state machine state to be and you execute it and then we have a tool that basically does provisioning of cloud servers and so on on top of that um so for example if we wanted to use pyramids which I'm using my day job basically we would import that to default that nix file that we were using before for development so the project is already packaged but then we would say package write tests and we would write the production any uh file to nix store that's write x is basically a function that will write a configuration files to the nix store and then we will do a declaratively uh specific file okay we have a process a system d process uh that should start with pyramid being served and pass the production any file and for example if the production any file changes here then uh this hash of will change of this uh service and it will know it has to reload or restart it and so on um and then of course on top of that we want to use a provisioning tool right um and this is like the minimum example how to how to then provision nix OS machines uh you install nix ops you specify uh for example this is a trivial a trivial machine so we have like a web server uh running Apache serving some static files uh this is like the the physical configuration and then we have the logical which is basically where do we want to deploy it uh we say okay the back end is virtual bugs giving me one gig i'm a bite of memory and we then i have like a trivial hat snare um because nixop supports like amazon uh hat snare uh and now also google compute engine it's experimental bits and docker yeah and then you would say create the create this uh configuration and then deploy it and it would actually provision the virtual box and and um you would have Apache running in your virtual box so uh i don't really have a demo for this um because it's going to take a while to actually show it but just to just to show you the whole stack so when i would actually deploy my projects then i would have three files one in default dot nix which is for the development and the building of of this project i'm developing example machine which defines the physical and then the physical state of machine and then the virtual box okay and then also the hit snare so it's four um and if we look at all those files first default um it's a little bit stripped but basically there you have just like build package my name sources current directory and dependencies pyramid and this is this is for example uh configuration of machine that would launch a chromium full screen in kiosk mode and serve the pyramid so at the top you say we say okay import the package uh then enable x server enable display manager window manager and et cetera et cetera and the desktop manager we provide our command which is basically waits three seconds and then run chromium at a local host 8080 uh and then uh lower you see again the configuration of the system d service uh for pyramids very simple example and at the bottom you see how we define declaratively uh a user called guest that we use for the for this um for the chromium um graphical interface uh and it's this is basically then the whole configuration of the machine um so you can see like your package the package was about 10 lines this is about i don't know 100 lines or something 150 and the the virtual box uh is is like a few lines also and this is and this is the whole packaging development and deployment stack that you then use to to actually and let's let's still try to so now it tries to download a basic image and it's yeah we can wait for a little while but uh i guess there is no point so basically now it would download first the image and then uh all the dependencies uh configure them to launch the virtual box copy all those sneaks uh store packages inside and then activate and you would get the the full screen chrome with with the pyramid application running we are having the second nix i sprint in in Slovenia and Ljubljana where i'm from in from the 23rd to 22nd of august so this is a great opportunity to me the developers um talk to them the the core the L code also will probably also be there the core developer and this is this is basically the image from the last year um just two two shameless plugs i wrote a blog post a little bit more into detail why why my nixis tries to solve this problem in a little better way than other other solutions and i had a talk at four's them about uh nixis it was more focused on nixis so there is a video on youtube if you want to watch it and of course well check it out on nixis.org and you're welcome on free note to stop by and say hi and meet the community so questions yeah um so it looks quite interesting and i didn't know nixis as before so it looks like my puppet my vagrant and everything i can throw away and then get nix and it all runs out of the box why isn't it um like widely adopted so um so far um what do you can you mark out uh what are the differences what are pros and cons and so on so the question is if why do why is it not that's popular yet um yeah a comparison to like vagrant and all the established tools uh which are of course very different have different dsl's and so on so of course it would be awesome to have one approach to this kind of problems yeah i mean the short answer would be we need more marketing people the long answer would be that um actually now for about a year or two we have uh nixops and and nix shell and so on and now i think finally this is this tech is ready to be used and one of the the biggest two companies is logic blocks and zalora and they have about 100 servers provisioned with this um and and the community is really growing the haskell community basically uh there were a few blog posts in the last few months explaining how people develop haskell with nixis and it went very viral and i would love love that the same happens to to the python community if we actually want to solve these problems and i think now it's the time that's you know this is we really see a lot of a lot of new users you can see that mailing list irc and everywhere and i hope that we get there uh i hope that we get to the same point it looks really interesting um the you said that it's supported on posix systems yeah that include mac yeah yeah yeah we have we have quite a bunch of uh unhappy homebrew x users that now use nixis for for the packages yeah all right thank you but we don't have that much free bsd users yet so uh it's more of a just one thing maybe was not clear what it does like what are the benefits of it's not a question it's just as uh what i missed from the the talk what are the benefits uh of actually using uh and starting developing uh nix uh they're using nix and with python it's uh you get in our company we got uh development environment which was we kind of switched to continuous development environments like not the only for deployments we use this thing but also for continuous uh development right so each time a developer comes like in a snap of a finger you have a development environment ready and no virtualization right it's just your system so it's kind of a lot different way and quickly getting started with new projects that was a major boost for us cool thanks hi uh thanks for a great great talk i had a few questions one is that you mentioned briefly binaries right do you provide like does nix itself provide binaries or do you expect the one wanting to use binaries for deploying stuff with nix to like roll your own binary storage or something yeah so the the hidra project basically you can host it yourself and then it will build the binaries of your customized packages or your uh projects in your company and you can point that to the official hidra and to your hidra and it will just ask about for binaries and fetch them another question that came to mind is more like a security related okay let's say you find you know things that would never happen you find a bug in open ssl or something and you get like like how i'm thinking it's like if i run normal like say depending on the box i get the new open ssl which has the same a bi compatibility and the only thing i need to do is just restart my services for them to end up in the same uh like using the newest version so how do you because i saw that you link specifically to those like a certain versions of software how do you solve this in nix do you this just mean rebuilding everything or yeah so um yeah this is this is one of the problems that we so basically yeah if you if you change the open ssl then hidra has to recompile all the binaries this norm like the last time that was a hole in the open ssl i think it took like one day or something uh that's of course unacceptable um uh but we have now an option called uh i think it's called security updates or something in xs and basically there is a hack around xs that the hash will not change so you don't have to recompile everything so you say the original the original library was open ssl and the new one is open ssl blah blah blah and then that will replace all all the everything that uses this open ssl library and it will not go and rebuild everything that's needed um and that way you can really really quickly you know update your server and because if you're using nix so as it will also know that which which processes we're using open ssl and go and restart those um the um the uh hash of of your package depends on its inputs which is can you be a little bit louder sorry so the hash for your package depends on the inputs which say for a pure python package would be python itself um so you can rebuild that and get the same version but is there is there anything that also ties it to the version of the nix toolchain that you used to build it because if there was a new feature introduced in the nix toolchain or something is that is there a way of basically rebuilding a package of like two years ago or something exactly as it was at that time so if uh basically a nix uh upgrades or something yeah um but that's like the whole nix uh is upgraded separately um so it doesn't affect the nix toolchain but everything else down to the gcc and glib and so on is basically a dependency then of of your uh python uh package i don't i'm not sure if that answers your question and so so um i believe the nix toolchain sort of if you build a binary will change change it our path or something in in binaries etc but if the so if they if that behavior slightly changes or something like that can you rebuild it is especially the version of the nix toolchain that you used in part of that hash just as uh as its dependencies are is that part of the dependency i'm not i'm not sure i understand the question so um i'll maybe let's yeah come to me and we can yeah okay any more questions just in your slides i missed the version definition when you listed the dependencies um where are they defined like so basically this is kind of like ubuntu style where the name is the version is tied to the name um and the name basically the version is is is not important um in nix at all because that's just basically amateur data um and when when the the nix packages repository changes you will just get the the new package uh and inside there of course there is the the version name but uh we don't do any like detection or something to uh about the versions but if you you showed this part next sample so i want some specific like gstreamer version and um it was part of the name um yeah so so when we have like when you have like gstreamer which you have version one and the the version before one then we have basically two packages uh and then you can pick which one you want to use um and you can always override the source and get another version uh if you want to change the upstream default for your project or server or whatever what is the difference between uh nix and docker that's so basically docker tries to isolate the environment from your system right uh and provides a very nice api on top of that whilst nix basically tries to solve the packaging problem and configuration problem so these are not like i think they'll those two things go together you can use nix as inside the docker if you want uh of course we're also using docker to solve uh the packaging problem and providing a huge binary blob but that's another discussion and in nix you don't have to do this uh you don't have this problem but it's still nice to have you know those lightweight containers and to experiment around that and so on that's very short answer cool well then one one question just one do you use nix in the web development because you showed a lot of stuff about the uh os dependencies and os package dependencies and even if python dependencies let's say uh right now it's for the back end but in our company we have a lot of struggle of packaging uh and deploying services with a lot of let's say uh for example javascript with bower and so on so how does nix apply to that i i know that you can uh it's declare your own sources and it can be javascript sources but uh do you have any for example javascript uh repository and how does it apply to the package so that for example python code finds uh those javascript libraries and so on because this is our crucial problem the debian for example can handle their own dependencies and it's fine you can do your own py peep repository and it's fine but gluing peep peep and bower for example that's a struggle and how does nix apply to that yeah yeah that's that's that's exactly where nix shines really good so we have a tool bower to nix i think it's called to generate the bower packages uh to generate nix packages from bower upstream in the nix packages repository and then you would go in your project do the same for all the extra stuff that you want and basically the nix knows all about about both sets of packages and you have those available and then you have all the python dependencies available uh and then uh you use the make derivation and nix shell to to develop on that and it will make it um it will expose those packages for you to use uh it's really hard to explain this without an example um but there are there is a blog post if you if you google around you will see uh uh how it's used for note packages for bower i don't think it's but it's the same thing i mean it's just the front end um and this is exactly where nix really shines when you have to combine two two stacks together