Off I go. I love these glasses. So yeah, it's Tuesday and Tuesday the 15th. I got my lipstick a super super light today. It looks darker in real life than it does on camera, I'm sure. But anyways, I'm heading to Londonderry and then I am going to probably go to the mall after work. Probably. So I don't think I'm the only one. I hope not anyways. So tomorrow is the royal wedding and I am really, really looking forward to watching it. I don't know. Maybe I believe in fairy tales.  I should say her mother seems like she's really awesome. But her step family, her father and step siblings, yeah, I'm not too sure, you know. The step siblings seem to be, you know, the type of people that are willing to just, they're media hungry. They want their day in the spotlight and they're willing, I think to, you know, say anything to get there. But that aside, I hope it really hasn't ruined her day too much. And I for one, I'm going to get up early tomorrow morning and watch it. Jay and I have another all day review class for our pre-licensing school that we, that he teaches and that I teach. So that's going to be at 9 a.m. Eastern Standard Time. So I'm going to get up at 430. I think all the coverage is going to start about 435 o'clock. And I think my time, 7 a.m. or something like that is when the ceremony will be or 8 a.m. I'm not too sure. So he should be able to catch a lot of it live. Not live, but yeah, live on TV in the morning. And then I'll head to work and then I'll just catch little bits and glimmers of it, you know, later in the day or highlights or whatever. Yeah, I'm just a royal fanatic and, you know, I just, I just love the whole idea of it. It caught me a sap. But that's a, that's probably a guilty pleasure that I have. I'm a royal fanatic, but of course I still have my Barbie dolls. So, you know, I don't know if you can see that one there. So I actually got to watch most of it. It's actually still on. And it's time for me to pack up and go to work. I want to see the rest of it, but I am recording. So, what did you think of the wedding, honey? Oh, it was just wonderful. I've never seen such a wonderful wedding. You're so fantastic this morning. You really are. Well, as long as you enjoyed it, that's what's important. I did. It just, it killed me to have to close down to go to work because... Well, you scheduled the weekend review. I did. And it was like, I had to work around your golf schedule.  So, I sacrificed... My golf? The royal wedding. How did you work around my golf? Because I asked you what day would work best for you. And that's what you told me. Oh, that's June. Oh, I fibbed. Confused. That was the month of June when I asked that. Oh, okay. So, anyways, we're sitting at the lights and I'm talking to the camera and the guy across from us just like looking at us. What is she doing with a camera on a selfie stick or something? I don't know. Well, everybody knows we vlog, vlog, vlog, vlog. Yeah, huh? Have you been recognized in the grocery store yet? I just can't keep them away from me. I bet it'd be cute. I'm really super excited today because we finally, I think, figured out at least the idea of where we're gonna go in Canada. And I'm like, I don't know. You know, the idea of maybe roughing it a little bit, staying in some cabins, in some, you know, maybe in the campground in that tent and just being free-flowing in that sense. You know, I'm like really loving it. So, I think I'm gonna book reservations in Cape Britain in a cottage or a cabin for maybe four days or something to use as a jump-off place because then we can do the cabin trail and all that. But I know I gotta do that now because they're probably gonna be booked already from when I go. So, yeah, so I think my hair is gonna stay a little longer. Probably at least through the summer.  Anyways. So, she usually tries to, you know, trim off some of the dead ends and that probably is keeping. But I'm actually liking this sort of length right now that I have going on. Of course, I can change my mind tomorrow or next week or in an hour. Hey guys, happy Wednesday. At least it's Wednesday right now. When you're watching this, I don't know what day it'll be. So happy whatever day it is when you're watching it. You may never even see this because my vlogging has been really disjointed this week. I haven't really done a whole lot. I think I've been more focused on the upcoming trip that Jay and I are planning. Some of you will know if you watched my last vlog or last couple of vlogs that we're planning a trip to Canada. And I was like convincing Jay that we were going to, you know, try to get some hotel rooms, Airbnbs and then bring the tent and pitch the tent on off nights or something like that. I thought it would be a really cool adventure. Well, Jay has been frantically searching accommodations because he's like, he's like not into wanting to try the tent again. And I'm like thinking, we got this really great tent, why not? So it's like really funny in our house because, you know, he has never, ever participated at all much in travel plans. He usually kind of leaves it up to me and his attitude is usually, hey honey, you know, whatever you want to do is fine by me. And I'm like, come on. So he got us Airbnbs the first night in St. John's, New Brunswick. And then we have a request into an Airbnbs on the second two nights or three nights in a town called Inverness, Inverness. And, and then we want to do, you know, all up the Cabot Trail and we're still debating on staying on the other side of the Cabot Trail. There's a couple of really nice place Iganas Beach or I'm pronouncing everything wrong, but we haven't found any place to stay on that end yet. But then we know that the tail end of our trip is going to bring us down to Halifax, to Peggy's Cove area where we're going to meet up with a fellow YouTuber. And I'm actually really excited about meeting him. We met, his name is Fred, I'm going to link his channel, but we met not in real life, but in tube life. I think when both of us did SSS VEDA a couple of years ago, Savi Sexy Social, vlog every day in August, vlog every day in April. I think that's how we initially connected and we've kind of stayed connected. You know, he's not into, you know, my channel that much at all, but we still stayed connected and he lives somewhere near where we're going to be. So he offered to give us a little tour of Peggy's Cove and we're going to take him up on that. So I'm like, yeah, that's really cool. So we're going to be staying down there for I think two days and then we're going to go into the Yamathe area and we decided we're going to ferry home. So we're driving over and we're ferrying home, which I think will be really cool. So as long as I don't get seasick, though, I really am. So, yeah, that's the down and dirty on my Wednesday. I'm heading into London Dairy. Jay's actually in London Dairy. He's teaching. I'm heading into London Dairy. It is the Wednesday before Memorial Day weekend. We're not going away and we're going to just kind of, you know, it's going to be crappy weather anyway. So I think we kind of made the right decision about staying, you know, staying home. So we're just going to basically kind of you know, prepare the motor home and prepare the house a little bit. The house is a mess for when my stepson comes with his girlfriend. So we're really looking forward to seeing Justin and Tamara. We've met her once before and when we went down to Baltimore for a Red Sox game, they came up. They live in Atlanta and we went down we all met in Baltimore. So it was like a really cool adventure. I think I vlogged some of that. So if I did I'll link it or maybe I didn't. I can't remember how it is when you meet someone they may not want to be on camera. So I may not have but I kind of thought I did but no matter I'm heading to work. I've got to get out of here. See you later guys. So you know the really sad thing is we wait so long for our lilacs to bloom and this winter I was really worried because we lost so many of them you know everything just kind of collapsed from the bad storms we had all those nor'easters there's just a wicked wicked winter and then the lilacs come out and they laugh like a day. Well not really but I don't know if the camera's picking this up but sad to say they're almost all gone. Can you believe it? I mean how quick is that that the lilacs just go away so wicked quick wicked quick yeah I mean I think it's just really depressing because we've had this bad bad winter and you know a lot of the trees a lot of the shrubs everything was damaged and then the lilacs come out for all of five minutes where is the where is the sense of that or whatever it is. Alrighty I'm gonna stop jabberin I'm actually testing oops I'm actually testing my new mic yeah I'm in the car I know let's see I can't tell but I'm testing my new mic so I got a new I got it like about a week ago but I've been using Jays on and off because he has one I don't know what you call it it's a road boomy thing that sits on top of the camera and then I put this like cat tail on it thingy so I could see how it works on muffling the sound because when I I'm using my Canon not my vlogging camera number one because my vlogging camera doesn't have an adapter for a mic and I really feel that sound is crucial and you know granted nothing is really gonna cut out the outside noise like the wind noise and all that completely but I'm hoping it does a little bit of a good job because especially when we go to Canada I don't want to have my videos ruined by not being able to hear what I'm saying I know I just say such wonderfully intelligent things I'm aware though anyways that's that so we just pulled into I just pulled into oh wow I feel like I'm all nostrils here that weird that I feel that way so anyways whoops I am meeting a co-worker and she's gonna hop in the car I don't know if I can vlog with her in the car or not but we're gonna head to the beach that's my favorite place we're gonna head to Salisbury for the event Variety Cares which is my Coast Office I work for a fairly large company in the state of New Hampshire with many many different branch offices and so often I work out of the Port Smith office and Exeter office in London area those are the ones I go to the most and then I go to Lake's region and few other places but anyways the Coast Office group which is Exeter and Port Smith peeps they are the people who work for Variety Cares and that's where our company matches money and we support local charities local endeavors and the Seacoast group decided that they were going to support the veterans and they're putting on this big amazing comedy night and they've got comedians they've got all sorts of different entertainment and the venue is at the Seaglass which happens to be one of my favorite restaurants because it's like right on the beaches a beautiful setting so I'm like super psyched about that anyways Jane and I are riding together J's teaching tonight so it should be fun I'm hoping and I'm glad I'm not going alone so that's a scoop the list goes on and on and on what they've accomplished in a very short period of time again all for a very worthy cause our veterans and who doesn't want to support them so do we have any veterans with us tonight? I think we do I don't even know what half of these I mean yeah I'm washing brushes I wonder you know what am I using all of these brushes for the joy washing brushes I mean I know what some of these are for but I have to question do I really need so many brushes I mean like what am I going to use them all for and why do they all get used to begin with I mean every single brush in there is dirty and I have to clean it hi guys so Jane and I decided we were going to just stay home the weather you know wasn't supposed to be that great but here it is Saturday and it hasn't rained yet but it is kind of clouded over and it's starting to get really you know probably oppressive it's extremely hot all of a sudden are humid and yeah it's like night or day you know we go from extreme winter to summer without a spring but anyways I had a question for you guys if you got a package in the mail and it came from say someone you didn't recognize would you a open the package check it out contact the sender especially if there was no note in there but there's a return address contact the sender and say hey you know I don't know why you sent it to me thank you you know and try to get to the bottom of it or would you just keep it or would you toss it the reason I'm asking is that I had put together this I thought a really nice little package for the youtuber she had long been mentioning on my videos how she had been trying to find the vivendum cream that I used and just was unable to so I had an extra I put some in I put some other cream in I put a few little things in a package for her and I asked Jay to mail it I mailed it to the address that was on her youtube description box and of course it didn't have a full name there so I mailed it to her youtube name in that address and then I started to think shortly before she was due to get it because I knew it would be coming from say Jay's name and I thought maybe I'd reach out to her so I didn't want her to think that all of a sudden she's getting some wacky mail from my husband or from a man named Jay so I reached out to her and I prepared it for the package and she was all excited and it was like really fun and the package never arrived another few days it never arrived I checked my tracking number and it had been delivered and I said hey it had been delivered etc she looked at the tracking number and she noticed that we had somehow inadvertently put the wrong post office box transcribed the number the wrong way or whatever so the package was indeed delivered but it was delivered to someone else's post office box and because her full name wasn't on it to find out it just said her YouTube name which was not her real name and so the post office put a little note in that person's post office box and you had a package that was delivered to you erroneously and I think they probably asked them to consider bringing it back so it's been like a week and they haven't done anything and it just got me thinking there are just so many many dishonest people out there like always an eye opener for me because I'm thinking if that were me I'd be like I wouldn't want my post office to be wondering about my integrity or my honesty I would be bringing that right back I'd be saying jeez I don't know or I would look at the person who sent it and sent them a quick note saying hey I received a package for you I don't want to mail it back the expense but at least then we would have been able to you know maybe track it but obviously they're ignoring the note that was put in their post office box you know who knows you know maybe they threw the creams out I don't know but you know how hard would it have been for them to have done the right thing contacted their post office box and then just clarify it and get the cream to the right person obviously in the same town same town so yeah so that was the bummer so very eye opening about dishonest people but I guess you know I've had a couple of shocks lately on YouTube and there was this little poet Susan that said it the best she said something about you know she didn't care what other people did on their channels and I don't either of course it doesn't sound that way because I'm bringing it up again but she said you can you can buy subscribers you can buy views but you can't buy a real channel and that made so much sense to me so yeah you know people can cheat their way through the system but what do they get at the end maybe free products maybe endorsements I don't know maybe they're smarter than the rest of us are but I know that I'm just as happy with my real channel as small as it is with my real subscribers because you're all awesome than anything else so yeah what an eye opener but I'd be curious what would you do if you got a package in the mail that obviously had beauty products in it yeah what would you do with it weird so a number of you have requested or said you'd like to see out my bathroom window a little bit more especially this time of year so I filmed this little clip I've been inserted this is as you can see in my bathroom I'm you know going to show you what it looks like out the window down the street straight out and a little bit in the back sadly this whole area was full of lilacs but after the northeastern number four that we had lilacs bushes have not survived I mean they came back but they're just little tiny ones and they're crunched and they're very very thin and sparse as you can see from behind me and but the storms just really destroyed the lilacs but hopefully next year or the year after they'll be back in full force and you know unfortunately in our in our area lilac season is really shot look at I mean they're all dying already you know it's just really short it goes by in like 10 minutes and boom the season's over but anyways next weekend we're going to have my stepson and his girlfriend Tamara visit us from Atlanta and we are we still have to have some electrical work done on to the motor home so we have a guy coming a friend coming and he's going to increase our electric from 20 amp to 50 amp so that we can run the heater or the AC depending on how we have to look at it they're from so you know they'll probably be cold even though I'm roasting right now so we want to be able to run the electric heater the electric water heater and just kind of you know make it a little bit more comfortable for them the two days they're going to be out there and other than that it's been a disjointed week for my blogging so I think I'm just going to end it here my little walkabout and yeah I'm kind of sweaty and grungy and certainly not at all attractive picture right now so anyways I'm going to end the blog here and if we end up doing a day trip or anything of that nature I'm just going to start a new blog with that and maybe even get a little bit of Justin and Tamara when they come for their visit so yeah that's the scoop oh and Canada's coming along nicely I don't know if I mentioned that in one of my blogs or not but we have all our reservations I'm so so excited so thank you so much for watching if you are new to my channel please please subscribe please like the video leave me a thumbs up leave me a comment I would truly appreciate it and for everyone else that always supports my channel and watches the videos thank you all so much you all rock thank you have a great one bye bye


New students, in this topic we shall discuss, simulate and tabularize all the hormones which are involved in metabolism and development. Several hormones that we have studied so far are involved in the regulation of metabolism and developmental processes. These hormones include insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, thyroxine and growth hormone. These hormones are secreted by different endocrine glands and belong to different chemical categories i.e. they may be proteins, steroids or amines. But all have their role in metabolism and development. We shall summarize them first in insulin which is produced by the beta cells of pancreas. It is a protein hormone and it targets almost all tissues of the body except the neural tissues. Its primary action is to increase the uptake of glucose and amino acids by the cells. This hormone is more secreted in the high plasma glucose and amino acid levels while its secretion decreases in the low glucose levels as a result of which its secretion inhibits smetostatin hormone. Glucogon hormone which is produced by the alpha cells of pancreas is a protein hormone. Its target tissues are the liver and adipose tissues. Its primary action is to stimulate glycogenolysis. It also promotes lipolysis and in the adipose tissues. Glucogon secretion increases when glucose levels are reduced in the blood. In addition to this, somatostatin hormone inhibits its production. Glucocorticoids in which cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone are produced by the adenyl cortex and these three are steroid hormones. Their target tissues are liver and adipose tissues. Their primary actions are to mobilize amino acids from muscles and fatty acids from adipose tissue. They stimulate gluconeogenesis by liver and as a result they raise the blood-glucose level. They also exhibit anti-inflammatory actions. Their secretion is increased during stress and their secretion is regulated by negative feedback through the CRH and ACTH from hypothalamus and pituitary. Also their secretion is regulated by a biological clock. The catecholamines have also important role in metabolism. The epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by the adenyl medulla where chroma fin cells produce these hormones. These hormones are amine hormones and they target most tissues of the body. Their primary actions include to increase the cardiac activity, induce vasoconstriction, increase glycolysis and lipolysis as a result they cause hyperglycemia. Their secretion is stimulated by sympathetic stimulation and controlled through simultaneous release of ATP. Dear students, another major metabolic hormone is the thyroxine produced by thyroid gland. It is an amine hormone and it targets most cells of the body especially muscles, blood, liver and kidney. Its primary actions include to increase the metabolic rate and thermogenesis. It promotes growth and development and also promotes metamorphosis in amphibians. The thyroid stimulating hormone from pituitary induces its release from thyroid gland while its secretion is controlled by negative feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus decreasing the TSH and TRH secretions that decrease the thyroxine secretion. Dear students, the major developmental hormone of the body is growth hormone which is secreted by the anterior pituitary adenyl hypophysis. It is a protein hormone and it targets almost all tissues of the body. Its primary action is that it stimulates RNA and protein synthesis and as a result promotes tissue growth. It also increases the uptake of glucose and amino acids by the cell. These are metabolic roles and it also increases the lipolysis. The growth hormone's production or release is enhanced when the plasma glucose level decreases in blood and at a time amino acid level increases. The release of growth hormone inhibits the somatostatin hormone. Dear students, we see that the processes of growth and development of animals are related to its rate of metabolism. These processes are controlled and integrated by the coordinated activity of these hormones.


Hello, this is LaptopMedia, and today, we will show you how to open the Fujitsu Lifebook U7512 and what's inside of it. To take this machine apart, you first need to undo 14 captive Philips head screws. Then, pry the bottom panel with a plastic tool. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. Inside, we see a 65 watt-hours battery pack. It got us through 14 hours and 30 minutes of web browsing, or about 11 hours of video playback on a single charge. To take it out, undo all six captive Philips head screws and lift it away. Here, we see a metal cover over the two RAM Sodom slots. To access the memory, undo the two captive Philips head screws and take the cover away. The laptop supports up to 64GB of DDR4 RAM in dual-channel mode. Storage-wise, there is one M.2 PCIe X4 slot. As for the cooling, there is one small heat pipe, a quite beefy heat sink, and a rather small fan. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel.


Hello, and welcome back to the Croftbox. My name is Brenton today. We are doing a companion showcase on Mormo So I'm in Valencia today. I don't know why I just felt like it. So don't judge me, please Yeah, so Mormo he's a witch doctor he's Pretty lit. He has these these things I gave him Coward's Bane 2, Mojo Echo 2, Jovo's Ruse He's gonna do that for now He is Pretty good. He is a witch doctor. He has gained He's a witch doctor only companion. He has gained, where is he gained? I think he's gained at around level five when you go into the tavern at the start and be like hey I need the things Before you get your ship. So yeah And Yeah, he's really good. He's helped a lot Booba de bub He's quite great as well Why? Okay, second challenge. So yeah, Mormo is a water mole, which is so cool. How could you not like a water mole? That's a witch doctor. Okay, these guys are gonna pee. These guys are kind of good Why did I do go bananas?  Oh my I Don't really want him to die, but I will. Well, he killed one of them. That's good He might die So yeah, he has a ranged attack, okay He has a ranged attack, which is quite cool And yeah We'll see if he can actually like These guys might be dead. I tried to go to high level guys just so they're not dead in like one hurt, but Obviously, we're dead in one hit here. You know who do Do that We'll show you his attack Done, let's see. Hopefully we don't kill them Okay Loop so basically Mormo Just another witch doctor really there's nothing more to say about that. I should should probably show you his like natural attack He doesn't have really spell which is annoying, but that's quite cool when he does I will hit him with Mormo, so let's do Do that or do that and We'll do that Probably yeah done. We'll see how that works Okay Really? He would block so basically just hits fire, which is quite cool So yeah, that's fun Um Yeah, that's just quickly to feed off this guy and then that's probably the end of Mormo Let's just let Mormo do it and I'll scratch sure He's actually really cool So yeah Bloodstorm okay, we get it. You're good. We get it. You're good.  So yeah, here's many things his mega and epic blonde or natural attacks are quite cool But yeah, that's probably gonna wrap up Mormo, so thank you for watching Remember to leave a like and subscribe if you want more and if you've already subscribed press the little bell to know exactly When I post another video and remember craft outside the box


Hi everyone, happy Tuesday. I'm Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with our first break of the day 2019-2020 Panini Chronicles basketball fat pack break number seven nine one which sells out Panini one-in-one basketball coming up in a separate video Given away the final six spots in this particular pack break So as always we're gonna do the break itself first big. Thanks everybody taking part here and And all the teams in as well. Let's roll it and randomize it three and a one four times for names and teams three And oh one and then we'll do a new dice roll for the giveaway at the end Sean down to Ron three and a one four times for the teams one two three And oh one fourth and final time. We got the bulls down to the Rockets All right, so here's the first half of the list right here All right Lakers for Ron Louie with the Palakins, you know, there could be some surprises in here Jacob with the Grizzlies Obviously the whole point is winning those one-in-one spots, but We've seen some surprises in these little filler breaks as well. All right, so here's the official printout right here Cameron Johnson some Cam Reddish's is James Harden. There's a Yanis Camera for the decent game last night. I don't want to say Kobe White and Deandre Hunter. All right, so the Kobe White goes to Sean and the bulls and The Yanis goes to the Bucks that'll be for Milwaukee Brian Frank All right, there you go. So nothing too earth-shattering here. I guess in the way of Zion or or John Morant, but the whole point of this of course is to see who wins those One-in-one spots. So let's grab everybody's names. Let's get some new dice here. There's some new dice. Let's get a new list Get everyone's names in here and let's roll it randomize it two into two hard four. So it's gonna be top six after a hard four good luck one two Three and fourth and final time now from seven on down my apologies We'll get them next time But I appreciate your time Top six you're in one-in-one coming up in a separate video after this Louie Ron Louie Raymond Louie and Louie. There you go. Certainly had the odds there. You have it ladies and gentlemen I'm Joe for Jasper's case breaks calm. I'll see you for the next one. Bye. Bye


Once upon a time on this series I described Wilson Fisk as the best villain in the Marvel cinematic universe. In the years since We've seen some other dastardly bad guys on screen. Cottonmouth and Black Mariah, Purple Man, Killmonger, Hela, the Ebony Maw, Thanos. All good. But honestly, I stand by what I said back then. I still think Wilson Fisk is the best of them because out of all the villains in the MCU He's the one I think is the most believable. I covered why at length in another video But there still haven't been too many other villains who have anywhere near as strong a connection to a real world counterpart Or who have motivations that aren't just some variant of I'm a lunatic and want to destroy the world However, there is one other antagonist that comes close the vulture Although the setup for his character doesn't get a whole season on Netflix the opening scenes of Spider-Man homecoming give Adrian Toombs a clear and dare I say even relatable reason to turn to a life of crime cronies With that in mind hit that subscribe button ring that bell icon and welcome to out of frame Adrian Tooms is like a lot of business owners around the world He worked hard to build a successful company so that he could support his family and create value for other people at the same time In the aftermath of the Avengers battle for New York against a Chitauri alien invasion He sees an opportunity to sell his company services cleaning up the wreckage of the city and salvaging materials and technology from the weapons and vehicles left behind He invests hundreds of thousands of dollars in new trucks warehouse space Capital machinery and hiring new employees He goes through what he understands to be the proper channels and gets approval from City Hall to begin working But at the very moment it looks like his company will begin to profit a federal government official shows up and strips Everything away from him in accordance with executive order 396 be all post-battle cleanup operations are now under our jurisdiction To make matters worse the government doesn't prevent Everyone from potentially profiting from the cleanup and salvage efforts in New York It just brings them under the auspices of a new public-private partnership with stark industries And to add insult to injury one of the bureaucrats who comes in to seize command of the scene takes a cheap shot at Adrian When he has the gall to protest the injustice, maybe next time don't over extend yourself. He's right. I overextended myself It's hard not to empathize with Adrian's situation Imagine how you'd feel if you invested all your money and countless hours of your time working on a project With the expectation that it would help you generate a good income for your employees your wife daughter and yourself Only to have someone in power come in and tell you that not only did you waste all your time? Money and effort planning something that they won't actually allow you to do They also have no obligation to even compensate you for your losses. I'm sorry, sir. There's nothing I can do You'd probably feel like you weren't being treated fairly You might rightly feel like a victim Now just to be clear I'm not saying that this justifies Adrian's choice to become a supervillain armed with a high-powered flying suit and Chitauri weapons But it does make it a lot easier to understand why he turns that direction. You don't understand how the world works Yeah, but I understand that selling weapons to criminals is wrong. How do you think your buddy Stark paid for that tower or any of his little toys? Those people Pete those people up there the rich and the powerful. They do whatever they want guys like us You me Don't care about us We build their roads and we fight all their wars and everything. They don't care about us We have to pick up after and we have to eat their table scraps Adrian is hardly alone In reality, these kinds of things happen all the time Especially in societies where government has a lot of power over people's economic activities There's a strong correlation between cronyism and corruption and a lack of economic freedom When governments have the power to select which companies are allowed to do which kinds of work and which aren't The people who invariably win are the individuals and businesses who are well connected and or well liked by the political class The losers are well People like the vulture with the government picking which companies would be allowed to clean up the city and without sufficient political connections Adrian's entrepreneurial dream never really stood a chance on the other hand as a weapons manufacturer for the US Government for the better part of a century now run by one of the most prominent super heroes in the world Stark industries didn't really have that problem and Stark isn't the only big player in the MCU Other companies like Roxanne or Hammer Industries are also shown to have direct ties to the government And even some of the government officials themselves are clearly corrupt We see this kind of cronyism in real life all over the world Well connected people get all kinds of special privileges and protections They get regulations and rules written in their favor. They get subsidies and special tax breaks They get government contracts worth billions of dollars and these benefits create major Incentives for people to try to influence government so that it works in their favor at the expense of their competitors and opposition You can see this in the United States in any industry where the government plays a major role in financing and regulation Take the agriculture sector for example according to open secrets since 1998 the farm lobby which includes various state Farm Bureau's co-ops unions and trade Associations as well as major individual companies like Archer Daniels Midland Merck John Deere and even Pepsi Have spent an average of over $116 million a year Influencing politicians in both parties now that probably sounds like a lot But the US government pays out over two hundred times that amount around $25 billion a year in cash subsidies to farmers the government also severely restrict certain kinds of agricultural Imports and limits competition in order to protect favored us producers Point is the return on investment is enormous Of course, I can see some of the comments already Some of you will say that this is a good thing. Don't we want to protect American farmers to this I would say that while we absolutely do want to create an environment with a level playing field where farmers can thrive That's not actually what these subsidies are doing According to a recent Heritage Foundation report it is almost never the struggling small family farms who benefit from these policies Instead it is commercial farms that account for just ten point one percent of all farms But who receive seventy three percent of commodity payments and eighty three percent of crop insurance indemnities That is it's the biggest most well connected companies getting billions of dollars from US taxpayers Meanwhile, the smaller farms get squashed and we end up with less competition lower quality and higher food prices The subsidies benefit huge corporations at the expense of everyone else The same thing happens in health care energy education Aerospace and defense Infrastructure and pretty much every other sector of the economy that's heavily controlled or paid for by the government And yes, I can imagine even more of your comments telling me that this is all the fault of greedy Corporations and not well-meaning government officials But as easy as it usually is to blame corporations for lobbying and influencing politicians The reality is that they only do this because the government has the power to pick winners and losers That power creates the incentive to influence government not so much the other way around We know this in part because the more power governments have over their economies The worst the lobbying cronyism and corruption gets and the US is actually one of the least corrupt countries on this basis In many other parts of the world people rely on the outright bribery of public officials in order to conduct any sort of business at all Modern socialist and communist countries throughout history like the USSR, China, India, Pakistan, Cuba, Venezuela, Congo, Mozambique, Somalia, East Germany, North Korea, and on and on Were and are notorious for their astoundingly high levels of corruption By contrast when governments have less power over the economy the incentive to bribe, lobby, or use the state to gain Subsidies and special privileges actually goes away This is true when we compare whole economies country by country But it's also true when we look industry to industry For example, the US government has little involvement in the fashion and apparel industry The market for clothing is about as free as it gets open to any and all competition from pretty much anywhere in the world Fashion designs can't even be patented Anybody can start a business and sell just about whatever they want. It's also big business Almost three hundred billion dollars a year in the US alone Surely we all agree that there's no shortage of greedy CEOs in the fashion world And yet in 2018 the US Fashion Industry Association spent just $40,000 on lobbying. It's worth asking. Why don't they spend more? But what good would spending more on lobbying even do? US politicians probably aren't going to give billions of dollars in subsidies to Tom Ford and Everyone knows that so instead of blowing tons of money trying to get government favors Tom Ford spends his time and resources designing better clothes and creating better marketing campaigns And that brings us back to the vulture Adrian Toomes could have taken his setback as an opportunity to find other ways of creating value with the resources at his disposal He could have shifted his operation to cleaning up private commercial and residential buildings destroyed in the attack He could have reverted to engaging in a more traditional salvage operation Reclaiming human building materials on behalf of construction companies desperate for resources But he didn't do that Instead he used the fact that he was the victim of an unfair system To justify his decision to steal technology and sell alien weapons to criminals Knowing they would go out and hurt innocent people That's a real shame But for me, this makes his character even more believable Unfair cronyism and corruption doesn't just create economic victims It also chips away at people's belief in the rule of law as a concept over time When people think that their economy is rigged when they believe that the only way to succeed is to know the right politicians When they are certain the rules are unfair They eventually quit caring about the rules altogether and that is how we end up with villains like the vulture If we want a world where we don't have to deal with people like that We need to go back to the root of the problem If we want to reduce cronyism and corruption The government cannot have the power to pick winners and losers and the rules have to apply equally to everyone In short, if we want a world where people spend their time trying to create value and improve each other's lives Instead of spending their time trying to get political favors. We need free markets Hey everybody, thanks for watching this episode of out of frame If you have an idea for a video you'd like to see me make in the future Or you want to fight me about the idea of economic freedom as the antidote to corruption Let me know what you think in the comments If you like this series in general Please help us avoid having to get more clickbaity in response to YouTube's new algorithm changes by Smashing those like and subscribe buttons and ringing the bell icon so you see our content first in your feed And as always don't forget to check us out as at fee online on YouTube Facebook Twitter and Instagram See you next time


Mae'n rydyn ni'n fwyaf cael iaith o bobl i chi'n ystyried. Mae'n rydyn ni chi'n mynd i'r gweithio gwybod. Pe ffeidio bai yn bachwr. Gweithio gwaith yng Nghymru. Mae'r gwah Kimchi a'r allan i叫 City. Felly mae fi bwyd hacia'w, mae'n rhan i'r arferio edrych ei gweithiau. Rydyn ni'n rhan i'r ffocused mewn cwyrdd. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r cwyrdd o'r cymryd nad oedd o'r cyfwyr nolog. yw gwneud eich bobl ni'n gweithio ar y cyfnodd. A'r cwethaf ymweld sy'n dweud i chi wedi'i gweithio'r cyfnodd sy'n cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd ac cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd cyfnodd. A wedi mynd i gael eu scenario, wedi gael eu gwneud, mae'n rhaid i'n mynd i chi'n ddim yn llwyddo ac mae'r gweithio'r bod yn rhaid i mi sy'n gweithio'r gweithio i gael. Ond ydych chi'n gwybod dwy'r cyfnodd, y dywedodd a'r cyfnoddau cyfnodd ywr gweithio'r gweithio'r cyfnodd. Yn y gŵr, 30 munud, Beker a Rhywun yn gallu i amwysgwyd o'r gweithio'r cyflwygu cyffredinol a'r cyflwyngau cyflwyngau cyflwyngau. Yn y gŵr, dyma'n gwneud dyma'r cyflwyngau cyflwyngau cyflwyngau cyflwyngau a'r cyflwyngau cyflwyngau cyflwyngau cyflwyngau cyflwyngau. A greaddfyn ni'n meddwl ita phobbiadau'r daloeth dyfynodd yn dwithego'n ddymiad byddai cyfieisio cyfieisio a gyfieisio'n ddyddiad ar gyfer y dynodd a ddano i ddweud y dynodd yn dweud rythaf sy'n teimlo i chi'n meddwl i'r ddahl. Ysgrun이 itsiwn ar y ddweud yn rhan o gyfrifoedd o'r gaur dim, ond i gynyddiadau o ddond i'n meddwl y mae hyn wedi g annoyedd ar bod yn syl cevodd fod yn ddweud, leidio i'r gweithio ddatyr gennym. Os ydych chi'n gweld y legend ddiwg, os wych yn gweithio'r hyn teimladau newydd yw ychydigau sydd gyda'r newid. Mae ymlaen gwybr â diffwng yn ei hion i fynd i fynd i'n gweithio. Rwy'n meddwl, felly i'r cyffredin ar ymddangos y mod i ei gobyl. Felly, er mwyn amgylchedd, â'r cofosod o'r cywyr ymddangos i fynd i'r gweithio o'r gweithio, data engineering department in Goldman Sachs. I co-manage our global data models and governance team, so there we're really looking at modeling our transactional data for the global markets division, making sure that we can process their data for all of the trades that are going through from front to back. And prior to that role, I was actually in operations, so I was part of the credit middle office supporting our credit derivatives trading desk, and really there I felt firsthand the complexities and the difficulty in managing such large amounts of data in the financial industry. And that's really set me up for my role now, both within the firm and in the industry. And so from an industry perspective, I also co-lead the Finos financial objects and really working on that industry collaboration with many of you here as well. So Bika, do you want to introduce yourself? Yeah, thanks so much, Fii. Thanks everyone for joining us today. We are super excited to be here. So I'm Bika. I'm a vice-president in data engineering at Goldman Sachs. And I've been part of the legend open source journey right from the beginning. And drove various aspects of the legend project and continue to do so as my role as product manager for the legend stack. I also work with internal and external clients and the Finos community to help them understand the legend tool set as well as the functionality and also support them in their journey to evaluate and adopt legend. So fun fact about me. I'm originally from Germany, lived in five different countries. And I may be one of the very few Germans who doesn't like eating potatoes. So handing it back over to Fii. Thank you. So data governance can cover a vast array of concepts and really depending on your use case and your business and your organisation is going to depend what really drives that for you. But it's said that data is the source of knowledge. And even for us as individuals, I think that's definitely becoming more relevant. You may have travelled here today on public transport, whether you were querying train times, using the status boards on the subway. Perhaps you ordered an Uber.  For those of you who bucked that trend and went for the healthy options, well done. But why is data governance important in the business use case? And really for the financial industry, there's external and internal factors that drive this. So externally being able to deliver exceptional client service has to be top of the list. Being able to exchange large amounts of data and keep up with the moving markets, as well as being able to transform data for downstream processing, such as perhaps settlements and confirmations. Another key post-trade processing aspect is regulation. And we've already heard about it today in some of the keynote speeches. And it's something that's going to continue to drive the industry as we go forward. Regulation in itself is a form of data governance on us as a financial industry. But equally, it requires us to then have our own internal data governance to be able to ensure that we are sending accurate, timely, complete data to our regulators. From an internal perspective, really the baseline is for driving business decisions. Now, this can be on the revenue side if we're trying to sort of drive those business decisions in terms of trading. But it equally covers other aspects of the organisation. So driving business decisions in terms of human resource or perhaps more something that's a little bit more in the news at the moment around COP26, some of the environmental, social and governance aspects of the organisations that we're having to sort of comply with. So all of those hopefully show you why data governance is important. Just a touch on a few and I'm sure many others will be coming to mind for you. But what do we mean by data governance? So data governance, as I said, will touch on a couple here. I'm sure there's many of you out there which will have others in your mind. But starting with ownership, privacy and security. So really thinking about sort of who has access to my data, is it being stored in a secured manner? Really important for us as well as individuals. We want to make sure that companies that own and have our data are holding it in a secure manner and it's not getting sort of into the wrong hands. Regulatory compliance, touched in it already, in itself is already a form of data governance but equally means that we have to drive our internal data governance to meet it. Data lineage and data contracts. So really thinking about where does my data come from? Do I have any SLAs in place if I'm a producer or a consumer of data? I'm really being able to document those in data contracts to make sure that that lineage and traceability exists across organisations. Data lifecycle and milestoneing or perhaps versioning. Really making sure that you know which version of your data you're looking at. This is something we'll come and talk about a little bit later as well in the terms of the industry collaboration efforts as well. Really making sure that we know which version of the data we're looking at to avoid duplicating efforts. And finally, data quality. This is the one that we're going to spend a little bit more time on today and really put it into the context of how legend can help you. So some of the concepts you'll hear us coming back to are accurate, timely, completeness and also traceability. So you'll hear us bring those words back in over as we go through and sort of how legend can help us meet that side of things. So, Bika, I'll hand over to you. Yep. Thanks so much, Fi, for telling us more about data governance and also bringing up the importance of data quality in that context. So what I'd like to do is now dive a little bit deeper into the subject specifically how legend may be able to help increase data quality in each individual organisation. But first, let's take a step back and let's imagine we work in a firm that is interested in getting data about the vaccination status of its employees as part of the return to office strategy. That may sound simple, but in reality, getting high quality data that are relevant for your use case and actionable can be quite tricky. So let's take a closer look at how a typical scenario to retrieve raw data for a business-driven report may look like. You can see here at the top what kind of report we have in mind. It should list the legal entity, the office location, the employees first and last name, as well, of course, their vaccination status. So, but how do we get the data now? Now, a hypothetical firm, there are three databases. A firm database, a person database, and a vaccine database. And in our example, the names of the databases like clearly indicate what kind of data we would expect in there, but that often is not the case. And what you can also notice here are the fairly cryptic column names of the data sets in these databases. So a business user who may be less familiar with where the data is stored or what the overall database schema looks like may have difficulties knowing which database and databases and columns of interest for their particular use case. To now actually retrieve the data, we may have to use SQL or any other query method to extract the data from the different data sources. And then we may even have to use some Excel magic to merge all these different data sets into one coherent report. So, long story short, this is likely going to be an error-prone, multi-stab manual process that can only be performed by a quite tech savvy person. So, bringing this into the context of data quality, you may notice the following problems. It may be tricky to ensure our report's data is complete as the business user may find it difficult to verify that all the relevant databases and columns have been queried. This would also require them to understand how the data is related to each other. It may also be complicated to ensure that the data is accurate as the process of data extraction and creation is quite manual. The business consumer also may have to solely rely on the accuracy of the query written by the developer with little opportunity to validate the data by herself. So, and lastly, there is little transparency about the origins of the data and how it got transformed along the way. So, if our data is being moved or altered, our queries may break. And we as the business user have no idea what happened. So, may there be a better way? And as you may be guessing right, there is with legend. So, what is legend? Legend is a free open source data management and modeling software. And we work together with Finos to make the code available on GitHub for everyone to install it on their own premises. Finos is also hosting a public version of legend on their servers. And we will talk a little bit more about the industry collaboration happening with that version of legend later on in the presentation. So, at GS, we developed the platform because we've seen firsthand the struggle with data silos, duplication and quality as the complexity of data just accelerated dramatically. With legend, there is now a free solution on the market that aims at providing efficient and reliable access to timely, secure, and safe data. The heart of the platform is legend studio, our data modeling environment. And studio allows users to define business friendly data concepts, connect disparate data sets and also visualize model data for easier collaboration. And most importantly, it allows developers and non-developers to work together using the same platform so it's intuitive and flexible interface. So let's take a look at legend more closely in the context of the use case that we brought up earlier. So instead of querying raw data, we can build a data model with legend studio and query model data. You can see a data model that would work for our use case displayed here. And I walk you through it in just a second. But maybe let's define first what a data model actually is. So simply put, a data model allows you to build a better understanding of your data by creating business friendly concepts of your data and also define data relationships. By doing this, data models add a layer of abstraction on top of your raw data to organize it and make it more usable in a variety of use cases. Concretely, where we had cryptic column names before, we can now define business friendly concepts that are relevant and meaningful to us. Specifically, a firm class, an employee class and an office location class. And we can further define attributes such as the first name and last name in the employee class to define the introduced concepts in more detail. We can also specify how the different concepts are related to each other. So for example, our firm class can have one or many office locations or zero or many employees. And really, really importantly to note here is that this entire data model can be created in legend without writing a single line of code. And in the context of data quality, this is fairly important as the data can now be described and agreed upon across different teams independent of their technical knowledge. This tackles the historic divide between business and tech teams or differently said, the consumers and producers of your data. Lastly, you can see here that our relational databases that store the data we are interested in are mapped to our data model. And these databases can be of different types and scattered across the organization. Legend brings all of these together in one coherent data model. Quick side note here, legend currently supports connecting to Snowflake and BigQuery databases as well as an in-memory H2 test database. We also recently added the capability to connect flat data sources such as a CSV file to your data model. And we at GS, we continuously work on adding new connectors to the platform and would encourage the community to do the same. So putting our business hat on again for a second here, what legend allows us by adding or by enabling us to mapping these relational databases to our data model is for us to create and query and execute model data without the need to know any technical details about the firm's databases. This is enabled by the platform's powerful execution engine that is running the queries. Thanks, beaker. And do you mind if I jump in with a couple of questions as you go through this next bit? Yeah, sure. So you've made it really clear why we need a data model. Perhaps as someone who's a little less familiar with this use case, could you perhaps share some features that allow me to get familiar and sort of being able to navigate the model a little bit more? Very good question. So what I could do to help you navigate the data model a little bit better is by adding descriptions to my classes via tag values. So you can see an example here on the slide where I added an alias for firm, namely organisation. So if you search for key concepts using different terms such as organisation, it really helps you to find the information that you're interested in. So making it easier for people to search across the data model can definitely help reduce data duplication. As it facilitates reusing existing concepts and their mappings to data stores. It's especially easy to look out for these descriptions in the actual data model code in text mode. And what's the text mode that you just mentioned? Yep, so... Yep. Userscan and Legend Studio actually easily switch back and forth between a user-friendly user interface, which we call form mode, and the actual data model code in text mode. So changes made in either view can be seamlessly translated. One more reason, right? It's super easy for developers and non-developers to work together using the same platform. That's great, and I'd like to come back to that point you made on data duplication. Are there any other features that allow us to sort of avoid data duplication? Yep, so... Can you see the error pointing to this illegal entity class here? That adds a hierarchical layer to your data model in which the firm class inherits all the attributes from the legal entity class. In Legend, we call this supertype. This reduces the need to recreate attributes and allows users to leverage existing defined relationships and mappings to data stores. So just to check my understanding as well. So we're saying that through the idea of tag values and the inheritance and also being able to map your data models to the data sources, we can really help remove that data duplication as we guide people to the authoritative data sources for them to build upon. Yep, correct. And this may likely lead to more accurate and complete data. Great, and further looking at your model, I assume vaccination status is going to be quite a sensitive piece of information for people. Is there a way that we can make that clear on our data model?  That's definitely something we have to keep in mind. And Legend allows you to add labels to your classes and attributes via stereotypes. So in this case, we can add a sensitive label to both the employee class as well as the vaccination status attribute. This feature is quite helpful to draw attention to data that may need specific entitlements. So the owners of the data can then make sure it's properly entitled so that only Legend users who are allowed to can access it. It's great, I love that Legend can really help us make sure that data is not getting into the wrong hands. On a different note, can Legend help when I'm querying data to actually bring it back in the format that I'm interested in? Yep, there are actually quite a few different ways that you can accomplish this. So for every attribute that we define in our data model, we can specify the data type. So for example, if you only expect numeric or date entries, you can specify this via the respective data type. And you can also specify which fields are mandatory versus optional or how many values you expect to retrieve via the catenality. And what if I wanted to actually restrict the values that get returned to me? So if you know your data quite well, you can specify the valid entries via enumerations. So for example, I have predefined the valid entries for vaccination status, more specifically fully vaccinated, first shot only and not vaccinated. That's really great. It really helps making sure that we sort of understand the data and get it in the format that we need. Yep, so those were all fantastic questions for you.  An important factor in data quality is to make data safely accessible to end consumers. And ideally, the end consumer should also be easily, should be able to easily understand the data they are looking at. Even better, data consumers should be empowered to build data queries themselves without the need to know any coding language. So that way, they can really be sure that they get the data they want. All of this is possible through Legend. Data consumers can use business-friendly terms from the data model and build their queries drag-and-drop style. And you can see the results I expected to see in my report on employee's vaccination status created here in Legend, where I just dragged the key concepts that were relevant to me, such as office location, into the execution panel. And then all I had to do was hit the execution button and the data was returned to me. So for enhanced transparency, Legend makes it also easy for consumers to understand how the physical data sources have been mapped to the data model attributes. You can see the mapping details from our use case here on the slide further at the bottom. Making it clear to our consumers of data where the information is coming from is a key ingredient for high-quality data. And lastly, I'd like to mention that Legend also allows for programmatic consumption of model data, not only via ATOC queries, as you can see here. Users can create APIs with a simple click of a button and then consume the model data via executable Java files which they can deploy in their Java applications. And we are also working on making the consumption via REST APIs available. So hence, high-quality model data can be used systematically in production processes. And this is really helpful. I have a couple more questions. So what if I'm interested in a slightly different query? So I want to know if employees are vaccinated or not vaccinated and I guess this might become more important to us as we go through the next season with sort of booster jabs, what do we really mean by fully vaccinated? But do I have to go and create my own data model to be able to do that? Yeah, good question. You actually don't. So what we can do in this case is do a transformation from the model that I built to the one that you want to see. We do a model to model mapping in this case, mapping the enumeration values I specified to the ones that you have in mind. And in the context of data quality, you'd still see the original shape of the data and how it got transformed along the way, creating lineage of your data. And you can see the model to model mapping and the slightly different query results here in the slide. An interesting point to bring up here is that you can see how the accuracy of the data is very subjective to the individual use case. So your expectations feed towards receiving accurate data was different from the one that I had originally. So a legend is providing the flexibility to end users to bring the data into the shape and quality they want to see. Yeah, it's really true. And how about if I wanted to restrict the value? So perhaps I'm just interested in my legal entities or a firm that's got more than 100 employees. Yeah, so what you can do is you can create a constraint, in this case on our firm class, which adds a validation rule to your data model. So if you're executing your query, legend would return a defect if the firm does not have at least 100 employees. And these constraints can be both on the source and target class, which may enable some interesting and complex cross-divisional consumer and producer constraints. Great. So in an attempt to summarise everything that you've just seen, legend is a toolkit that offers a way to instill data quality into your data models and when you're querying data sets. The main aspects that we have been through are completeness, through sort of cardinality and enumerations, accuracy through data types and constraints, timeliness through that reducing of data duplication, looking at sort of tagged values and inheritance. And finally, traceability with the model to model mappings and also being able to actually identify the sensitive data points as well. Hopefully through the use case we've taken you through today, things are coming to mind for you in your sort of business or your organisation where this could be helpful. Perhaps if you're a producer of data, you want to go out there and now make models for your data to really help your consumers to be able to engage with it. Perhaps you're a consumer of data and you want to go and build your data model to be able to map that back up to your producers. Or perhaps you're the engineer that right now feels like you're sat in the middle between producers and consumers and actually you could go and connect them directly using legend and step yourself out of the process. These are all ways that we have done it at GS and so hopefully that's an encouragement to you that you could go and do the same and as we've said, obviously there's legend is available for you to download on-premise if that's the way sort of that you wanted to go and feel free to come and speak to us about that if you wanted to. We also mentioned at the beginning that Finos has the shared instance and that's where we do a lot of the industry collaboration. So just to close out the session, I want to have a look at that piece and how data governance is being instilled there as well. So in the industry collaboration, we've been collaborating in the industry for a number of years already. Many of you will be familiar of industry standards that are already out there but as we sort of launched legend, we built some pilots around the ISDA common domain model and so this is a model looking at transactional data, specifically in derivatives, but actually looking to expand that to broader products as we go through. And so really legend helps to bring those business people into the conversation as you've seen and we've really seen that push forwards over the last year or so. Over the last year we've had, I think we're at about four contributions from the community back into the ISDA common domain model. That's at a much quicker pace than we've seen the ISDA common domain model being developed in the years prior. And we've also seen two new models being created using legend. So some of you might be familiar with the currency reference data or seen that one and also the product control. So looking at price dissemination and how we actually do that alongside banks and vendors. What's really we've seen as an encouragement is that we can get much broader participation by doing this on Finos. We can bring our clients into the conversation. We can collaborate with vendors. It's a safe space for us to be able to do that together and really legend provides that change management aspect to this to ensure that we're working on the right version. We've got the latest version. It allows people to sort of jump in and get started at the time that they're ready. And also legend allows you to do all of that through the GUI.  But it is all happening in the background so it has that SDLC and change management in the background. But you can do it all from a touch of a button within the legend GUI being able to make sure that your data is being tested. That you can send it for review and finally have it merged back into the final one. A quick note on the industry body. So you will have seen or heard this morning that Isla joined and Isdor are also members. So having those industry bodies as part of the Finos community now really helps us have that oversight as well as we're building industry standards such that we can really build the confidence of the industry together. If you would like to get involved in any of the industry work please do come and find me today. I'll be at the legend stand or around. But please do come and have a chat. It would be great to get you involved and start getting some more industry standards out there. Thanks so much for joining everyone and find us at the legend table.


Welcome folks, we have the Dow Industrial's close down 9, Nasdaq off 16, S&P's down 6.5, gold, gold contract flat, $18.3420 an ounce, we had silver also flat, $21.13 an ounce, light sweet crude, still taking it on the chin, down to buck 81 at $82.41, notes and bonds, a 10-year note, up 7.6, trading $107.10, the 30-year down 3 at $111.13, and King Dollar, King Dollar, this is the second day, we'll see if we can get three days in a row folks and get the jobs done by tomorrow morning, King Dollar was down 464 ticks, trading out at 106.334, the euro at 105, the yen at 148 and the British pound at 121 to 1 U.S. Dollar. We get over and take a look at the S&P first and we're looking at is this, you rejected lower price today at 421, you closed at 424, not a bad setup, you know, we already got back to the 420, we go look at the spy, I mean the NDX100, the three cues, same type of deal, take a look at the cues, the cues rejected the 355 today, close at 358, had a contraction of volume also, so that's saying it wants higher price, and then the cues in particular folks, okay, what the cues did, the cues were only under the swing point for one day, so that's telling me that tomorrow the jobs number is going to be soft, this thing's going to bounce, and we'll see just where that bounce can go. We look at the note and bond market, so what do you have with the note and bond market, what do you have inside the note and bond market, is you had to attend the year, it gets to a low yesterday, you know, not much follow through today, we only get six ticks today, you know, you want to see wide price spread, but there will be wide price spread tomorrow, the real question is, is it going to be wide price spread on the way up or the way down, you know, if this jobs number is soft, you're going to have wide price spread on the way up, and then let's get to the good old US dollar, because the dollar has been running this market for quite some time right now, since July, and this was the second time, second day rather, and as I said at the beginning of the show, the dollar hasn't been down more than two days, and this whole run going all the way back to July 13th, that's the longest, we'll come down, now you can see by looking at this trend line, that if we do get out and then you break the whole trend line, if you break a trend line with conviction, meaning wide price spread, then you're going right down to the bottom again, and then it's here we go, S&Ps, here we go, commodities to a higher price, have a great night folks, have a safe night, come back and visit Tommy tomorrow morning, kicks us off 9am, great show folks.


To help you create amazing, gorgeous black and white images, it's time to turn to the master of the art, the very famous photographer Ansel Adams. How's it? How's it? I think it's fair to say most people with even just the passing interest in photography either know the name Ansel Adams or have seen one of his wonderful black and white landscapes at some point in their lives.  He wanted people to be able to replicate what he was doing so he wrote a number of books about his approach to black and white photography and they're called The Camera, The Negative and The Print. And what we're going to do today is actually do them in reverse because as far as I'm concerned it's the end result that we're really interested in. It's the print isn't it? The final image although final is actually a bit of a misnomer there as we're going to see fairly shortly. So if we know the destination then it makes the rest of the journey easier. So that gorgeous print that you want to loving your frame and put on to the wall for everybody to admire isn't just simply a color photo that's had a desaturation applied to it. No, great black and white photographs are a rich range of tones. When you look at the work of Ansel Adams you can see this in action that it's not just contrasty punchy images or images that are smooth tones. They have a variety to them that they use these ideas when they are needed. You understand when they're needed when we get to the process of actually visualizing the image but to know at the end where you want to be is so important with black and white photography because the steps that you take when you have the camera in your hand are setting you up for success here in the dark room. In the modern world there's a tendency and I'm certainly guilty of this as well to take a photograph to do whatever is that we want to do to it and then we'll never really come back to it ever again but just take a moment and listen to what Ansel himself has to say about this. Over there the three prints are from the same negative aren't they? This is probably by my first visualization I chose a filter especially for the dramatic effect of the sky so I began to see as a dark heavy sky and intense shadows and so it was made in 1927 and this is the first print which is about 54 years old and the big one the end was made here at about uh oh 1962 or three and this center one is about maybe five years old so it's a case of different performances of the of the same maybe but all three of them have totally different emotional qualities haven't they? Well if I were pianist and were giving a concert I probably would play a particular piece very differently in February than I did in June I'd say so or at least with 10 or 20 or 30 or 50 something years difference you would have a different feeling. I love that idea this thing of like you know that it is you know the photograph that we make is a piece of music and we can revisit it again and again and of course when you do that you are practicing your dark room skills either digital dark room or traditional wet dark room things like dodging so that's when you hold back part of a print so you bring out say details in the shadows and burning in this is when you're letting more light hit onto the the print and bringing you more little bits of detail these are two very simple ideas but they alone will make your black and white prints so much more richer because you are starting to add a little bit of interest to the image rather than just being a blanket that you've kind of draped over the whole thing that's why Ansel Adams's prints have stayed in the public consciousness because they have this ebb and flow to them and start bringing that into your own images at photo school we were told that you can't make a good print from a bad negative although as I discovered it is quite easy to make a bad print from a good negative so how do you make these good negatives well there's a lot of talk about you know getting things right in the camera and what kind of stuff and think about what you're doing with black and white photography as making a base for you to then have all the detail that you want to make that wonderful sumptuous print that we were talking about earlier to help you with this of course Ansel has a system doesn't he right and that's called the zone system very simply because if you're familiar with the zone system you don't really want to go over it again even if you're not familiar with it I also don't want to overwhelm you with too much but simply put it's broken down it's shades of gray from zone zero and whatever that is on the page right which is paper white through to the zone 10 which is inky blackness and then sort of shades of gray in between right and this is one of the reasons why you see these flat lifeless black and white prints is because they are mostly having their tones in that middle area that zone five area so they don't have any light and shade or you know rich and you know sort of well that's kind of the other terms that I can't really think about right but this is what you are going to have in your images the easiest way to sort of get to this place of having a good range of data in your image if you want to call it that is to yes shoot raw especially if you are new to photography because at least then the camera's not making some decisions about what it is it's going to to keep in terms of the the information and to have what's what I would call an even exposure so that can be done very simply by not relying on your camera meter which can be thrown off by various things like snow for example if you photograph snow with your meter and you know your camera and it's come back looking well gray that's because your camera meter is trying to make everything great which is what it's supposed to do so the way to get around this is to either have a gray card which you then take a reading from and I'll link to these in the description box below or if you want to look really fancy an incident light meter this is one of these handheld light meters that people sort of wave around and get readings from right those are going to give you a nice average exposure from which you can start exploring the tones and if you are interested in exploring a bit more about you know the zone system in more depth I do have a series every Wednesday called you know the five minute photo school where we kind of touch on these more technical aspects you know each week and and build up a a depository of knowledge for you to help grow as a photographer now we talk about the camera the camera to be used for black and white photography that's the title of the book surely it will all be about the types of cameras and of course nothing can be further from the truth the camera is simply a tool it is something that holds what in Ansel Adams's case was the film right and in your case is the sensor and puts light onto it in various different ways and it's your job to think about black and white photography to visualize the image so many of these images that have been up on screen of of Ansel's and other great photographers anybody who does really good black and white work you'll look at it and go aha okay so they are thinking first and foremost how the scene will look in black and white and now do you understand why we were at the beginning thinking about the end product because if you don't know what the end product is going to look like then it makes the beginning so much harder you can't just go around snapping whatever you want right in the in the off chance that it's going to look kind of cool black and white this is why you get this people can ah you know I can't decide what the color or black and white you know that's it's because I haven't given it some thought they haven't visualized or pre-visualized the image so the next time that you are out and about with your camera and you're thinking about photographing black and white specifically right think about the zones right once you have gone through some of the processes one with that you know testing out how different things look and doing a bit of dodging and burning as well you're going to get an and inherent feel for that richness of a wonderful black and white print which is a what I want to see them I want to see those beautiful prints because I love I love a great black and white print so when you look around you out there right right now outside my windows there's some green trees they're vibrant against the blue of the sky there's some of those wonderful clouds are like quite billowy and have that gray part underneath now a lot of people might look at one there's some nice colors but think about how that scene is going to look in black and white right and so Adams he knew that if you put on a red filter or an orange filter with black and white film that it makes blues darker you may have seen these things in lightroom you know like a red filter or a blue filter and how it changes the image but this is what he was doing with actual filters in front of the lenses and I know that if I right now that sky is fairly blue that if I put a red filter on it it'll make that sky black how dramatic would that look against the white clouds with just their little bit underneath it as you go and you look at photography black and white photography think about how that scene would look in color and then how it's been transformed into this insanely great image through the application of pre-visualizing what the tones are going to look like understanding how to record those tones on on the film and then being able to tease them out into the print and then in the print using a phrasal I can't stand but it seems appropriate in this in the sense massaging the image to make it something so much more than just simply a muddy flat gray puddle of tones a photographer who I absolutely adore who also creates spectacular black and white prints that are simply epic is Sebastia Salgado and I would suggest you go and look at his work as well and try to figure out why black and white is so successful in his images thank you ever so much for watching and I'll see you again soon


Today I will tell you about a tool that we've been developing in the group. So as Amin said, I'm currently doing a postdoc in the lab of Richard Nair here in Basel. And yeah, I will tell you about this tool, Pongraph, that we've been developing, that it can be used to represent basically genomes or plasmid as graphs. So to introduce it a bit, let's say that I have a set of isolates maybe of plasmids that contain some cassette that maybe provides antimicrobial resistance. And I'm interested in studying the evolution and the spread of such resistance. There are different ways in which I could go about it. So one could be maybe stratifying my sample by presence and absence of the resistance cassette. But then I could also take the sequence of my cassette and try to align it and see variation amongst the isolate, maybe to study sequence evolution. And then since most, since many of these cassettes are kind of mobile, I also might be interested in knowing where these cassettes integrate inside the broader context of a genome or where it is placed inside the inside of a plasmid. And what we've been interested in is kind of finding a representation that allows one to ask meaningful questions on all of these levels. And a very natural one is the pungenome graph. So what is a pungenome graph? Let's say that I have a set of assembled chromosome, maybe assembled bacterial chromosome or maybe plasmids that I want to compare. So here in this case, I have five isolates, A, B, C, D, E. And part of their sequence is homologous. So here I color the homologous sequence with the same color. I want to build a representation in which homologous sequences are grouped as kind of edges in a graph and isolates are represented as closed path inside of these graphs. So this representation has two main elements. One are what we call blocks. So blocks are sets of homologous sequences. And these have a consensus, but they also contain variations on this consensus for each isolates. So it's really information on the alignment of these homologous sequences. And then I have paths that are basically a representation of my genomes, of my sequences as a list of blocks. So here in this case, isolate A is composed by block one, followed by block two, block three, block four, block five. And in my graph representation, there should be a closed path inside this graph. So what I will refer to as pan genome graph is this collection of blocks and paths where blocks are really alignments. So they contain information on each occurrence of these homologous sequences. And paths are representation of these isolates as list of blocks. I hope I can convince you that with this representation, one can ask meaningful question on all of these levels. So one can check whether a given stretch of sequence is present or not, once you know in which block it's present. You also have the alignment that is present inside the blocks. And for each block, in which context it appears. So you can kind of explore all of these dimensions. And at the same time, it's a meaningful representation. Also, if one is interested in sequence evolution on the broader level. For example, you can think of recent insertion level, insertion events, sorry, as a new part of the sequence appearing that is not present in any other isolate. And this appears in my graph as kind of a deviation from the common path taken by your isolate of a given single path. In what we've been trying to develop is a tool that allows you to build these representations starting from the sequences. So this is a work done in collaboration with Richard and Nick. We've come up with PAN graph. This is a Julia-based library and common line interface for aligning whole genomes into a graph. So really for building this representation. This is currently available on GitHub. And yeah, most of the heavy lifting has been done by Nicholas Knott, who was a postdoc here in geocentrum and now is at KITP in the University of California. And the interface of this tool is very simple. Given a set of genomes that can be contained, for example, let's say a set of plasmids that are contained inside the FASTA file. Once the tool is available in your path, one can simply type PAN graph build. So this is the common to build the PAN genome graph. Then there's an optional flag here, minus, minus circular, because this signifies that the plasmids we are considering are actually circular plasmids. And one can pipe the results into a PAN graph.json file. And this JSON file really will contain two elements, a list of blocks and a list of paths. So this is what I've been telling you about. And yeah, there's also documentation available in which more details on how this JSON file is organized and all of the functions are well documented. This is also available online. So I want to tell you a bit about the algorithm that we use to build this representation. So starting from our set of genomes, what PAN graph does, it's first of all building a guide tree. So this is done by using alignment-free distance. So in our case, we use a mesh to obtain a quick measure of how diverse, how different each of these genomes is from the other. So this allows us to build, in a fast way, a guide tree. And in these three genomes that are more similar are closer together. And then we will place each genome on a leaf of the tree as a trivial graph. So this is a graph composed of a single block. And then what happens is that we'll propagate this graph along the tree and at each internal node of the tree, we will perform a merge of two graphs. And we will collect the PAN genome graph at the root of the tree. And notice that this process, each of the merges on the upward part of the tree is independent of the one occurring afterwards. So they can be running parallel and they are running parallel by PAN graph. But really the interesting part is happening at this level, at the merge of two graphs along the tree. So I can explain a bit more in detail how we do this, how we merge two graphs. So you can imagine that on two branches of these trees, I'm collecting two graphs, the blue and the yellow one, and I want to merge them into a new green graph. So each of these two graphs, the blue and the yellow, we left blocks. So these are what I was telling you about before, these alignments of our homologous regions. What we do is we run a pairwise alignment of every block against each other using the consensus sequence of each block. And in our case, we use minimap2 as a tool to perform the alignment. And every time we find an homologous region, we have to decide whether we want to merge this into a new block. And we do this using pseudo-energy. Every time this pseudo-energy is negative, the merge will be performed. And this pseudo-energy goes as minus the length of the alignment. So the longer the homologous region I was able to match, the more likely the alignment is to occur. But then I also have two other terms that depend and see on the number of cuts that I will perform when merging the two blocks. So you have to imagine that if I'm able to match a subpart of this blue block, I will have to perform cuts on the edges of the part that is alignable. So this will make the graph more fragmented. And then there's a term NM that counts the number of mutation basically of polymorphism that I have in my alignment. So this makes so that if the sequences are too diverse, too diverse, too diverse, then they won't be merged. And one can control these parameters alpha and beta depending on whether one wants more merging or at the cost of a more fragmented graph or less merging and a graph with a smaller number of blocks. So for blocks for which the pseudo-energy is negative, merge will be performed. And in this case, a new block is created and is connected to the rest of the graph as given by the path structure. So this is really how at the core how PanGraph works and how PanGraph builds this PanGenome graph representation. So talking about performances, I think the most important things I can maybe show you are times for aligning genomes of some species. For example, here for 51 genomes of mycobacterium tuberculosis. So these are chromosomes downloaded from RefSec. The time is around 90 minutes, so an hour and a half. And the good scaling we obtain is mostly because the number of mergers is equal to the number of inner nodes of this binary tree. So it's around the number equal to the number of leaves, so the number of genomes that I am trying to merge into a PanGenome graph. So overall, and this is not executed in a cluster. It is on an eight core machine. And I can show you some example of PanGenome graph. So here, for example, I took a set of 105 Klebsella Preamonia chromosome and I picked nine of them. So these are three of these strains on the average pairwise divergence on the core genome is around 0.5%. So around the five snips per kilo base pair. And I picked nine of these strains on the tree.  Using PanGraph, I can export my PanGenome graph into a .gfa format that can be opened and explored with Bandage. And this is a graphical representation of the graph. So you see in, so here the color indicates whether a block is common to every of these strains, in which case it is colored in red, or belongs to only some of these strains or paths, in which case it's some darker shade black or darker shade of red. So you see there are stretches of synthetic regions, and then you have regions in which you have some diversity between the paths. And one can look at the distribution of the length of these blocks. So here, for example, if you look at the blue distribution, this is a cumulative distribution of block length, you see that in total for these nine strains, I'm considering genomes that are around the five mega base pairs long. I have around 1,200 blocks. And half of them are bigger than a kilo base pair. But many of these blocks are actually short. So if I weight this distribution by block length, giving more weight to blocks that are longer, actually I see that if I look at the total amount of sequence in my graph, then more than half of it is present on blocks that are around 20 kilo base pair long. I can also look at the frequency of blocks. So for every block, I can check on how many strains this is present. So blocks that are present in only one strain will be kind of private accessory blocks, while blocks that are present in all of the nine strains will be core blocks. And again, if I weight blocks by length, so the red curve, I see that I have that most of the sequence is either in very private blocks that are present in only one strain, or in conserved blocks that are common to every strain. So again, this is a cumulative distribution. And if I look at the distribution of block length versus block frequency, I see that many of these accessory blocks that are present in only one strain are potentially very short or of intermediate length. And then instead, the core blocks have a higher average length with around 10 kilo base pair long. And I can also ask what happens if instead of these nine strains, I take all of the 105 strains in this tree. So in this case, the graph looks much more messy because obviously it's more fragmented. But if I look at the distribution of block length and block frequency, it still shows very good properties. So again, most of the sequence, it's in blocks that are around 10 kilo base pair long. So the number of strain has been multiplied basically by 10. But the average length of blocks if weighted by length has been basically divided by 2. And I see this very common pattern of bimodal frequency of blocks. They're either very common core or they're very rare present in very few strains. And if I look at the average size of a single chromosome, so a single of the strains that I'm that I'm trying to include in this graph, I see this has a size that is comparable to the total size of the graph, especially if I look in this case, I have 105 chromosomes, each one around the five megabase pair long. And the total pan genome graph size is around double of this size. So this is a good compress representation for this set of strains. One last thing that I can tell you about pan graph is that another common that one can use is the marginalized common that is used to project the graph on a subset of strains. So let's say that I have a complex graph, but I'm only interested in the difference between maybe a couple of strains, strain A and strain B. So I don't want to, I don't want to keep the complexity of regions that are in which the two strains behave the same. So I can basically project the graph on only these two strains. And this will basically highlight differences between these two strains. Just to give you an example, again, I can take the pan graph that was produced by the nine Klebsiella strains that I showed you before, and I can marginalize it over two particular strains with the marginalized common. And what I obtain is a much more simple graph with only one point of contact. So you see in black, you see local diversity between the two strains and in red parts that are common. And if one looks into why this pinching point is present, it's really because these two strains have a big inversion. So actually what is happening is that one path will kind of perform an H shape while the other path will remain outside. So this is why I have this pinching point in the middle. Yeah, this is roughly everything I wanted to tell you about this tool. We have a pre-print out on BioArchive. And we are currently working on polishing and improving the tool. Version 0.5 was released three days ago, and we are currently under active development. So we are currently working on adding another alignment kernel inside of pan graph because we have some limitation on the diversity of sequences that we can align. So we are working on overcoming this limitation. Then we're also working on making installation a bit simpler and still catching bugs and trying to make sure that everything runs smoothly. And at the same time, we are working, trying to apply this tool to study the evolution of bacterial pan genome. And yeah, we're very excited to hear what, if you have the occasion to try it, but what you think about it. And yeah, we hope that you will find it exciting and useful. Thank you very much. So yeah, I want to really, most of the hard work of coding the tool has been done by Nick under the supervision of Richard. And also I want to thank Liam, who's going to talk later and who's been here visiting us in Basel and contributed with a lot of useful discussion. And thanks to the organizer for having me. And yeah, I'll take questions or it's their time. That was a fantastic talk. Thank you so much. It was really interesting. And that's a subject a lot of people have been working on for a while. And it's the first time I've seen something quite interesting that's quite new, that really deals with like the whole genome problem. So thanks very much. Thanks. I'm going to squeeze in one question here from Olivia. Let me read it out so everyone can hear it. Very nice explanation of your tool. Very nice tool to see large rearrangements in the genomes. Do you find the bimodal block frequency pattern in other species that you also found in Klebsiella? And also, did you look at the blocks that were causing the bimodal patterns? Is it coming from certain types of genes or mobile elements? So we did look at other species and we do find this pattern also in other species. So I only showed you here an example, but the pattern seems to be consistent. And we can also match it with the same frequency of genes. So we can check that actually the frequency distribution of blocks matches the frequency distribution of gene clusters. And indeed, it does up to a certain threshold of divergence. So things that are too diverged will currently not be merged. We are talking about around 5% divergence will currently not be merged. And yeah, we are in the process of looking at these disordered regions and try to see if we can impute this diversity, local diversity to mobile genetic elements or recombination hotspots. So we still don't have an answer on that. But yeah, we are also interested in trying to see if we can come up with one. Verify if really there are some causes to this local diversity. Can I squeeze a small question? You talk about the limitations in terms of the sort of sequence diversity at the bits that do align and guess driven by the mapper. Are there limitations in terms of like how much of the sequence of the genome can align? So will it still work okay if it's heavily rearranged or if you've only got say 40% alignment between the genomes? So it will still merge the regions that are homologous. If all regions are more than 5% diverged it will basically, so maybe I can show an example. That's fine. I was less worried about the divergence in the lined bits as the proportion that was not aligned. Yeah, the proportion that is homologous will still merge and the rest will be isolate loops that will be outside. Okay, well, thank you very much. Thank you. We've got further questions. We might bring them up in the discussion later. I'll be here. Great. And if people could please feel free to add questions to the chat, which we can save for later to bring up in the discussion. So thank you for that and time to move on to the next talk. So wait a minute. Alice, has Rowan Mehta stepped out? Was about to invite... Yes. Yes, so sorry. Oh, it's in there. So I'll move straight to Julian Paganini, who's going to be talking about an optimised short read approach to predict and reconstruct antibiotic resistance plasmids in E. coli. Julian, have we got any? Hi, guys. Yeah.


The assistant inspector general of police in charge of zone 2, Beaudois-Laby has urged security personnel to exhibit a high level of professionalism during Saturday's elections. Laby assured residents and safety during and after the pause. We want to enjoy all of you to display the populism we have displayed before and I'm glad to inform you that the IGP is very pleased with all of you in this command because the state command is one of the most peaceful state commands that recorded no dissidents in the last presidential election and I'm going to accept the election. So we want you to achieve the same feat this summer and we want you to improve your performance in the last election by ensuring that you provide the very conducive atmosphere in August 8th for the count of this coming election peacefully and ensure that everybody has a level play fit and I want to use this opportunity to advise the political gladiators, the political players to please advise their supporters and followers to play according to the rules. We don't want anybody to get involved in any violence. Your election is not to do or they are fair. I believe it's just a contest among the players and they should allow peace to reign. We support them, we cooperate with them but those of them who are not in any feelings or any plan to cause any violence, they should be ready for us that we are prepared for them too. We will not allow anybody to do or target this in the electoral process.