personal notice dangerous my stock and trade if the job's too tough for you to handle you got a job for me George Valentine write full details standard oil company of California invites you to let George do it in just a moment we'll begin tonight's adventure of George Valentine before you buy another gallon of gasoline consider these facts gasoline's can be made to stress one feature at the expense of others but chevron supreme gives you the correct balance of all eight high performance qualities starting warm-up acceleration mileage and he knock vapor lock prevention power and area blending try a tank full in your car asked for chevron supreme gasoline at standard stations and independent chevron gas stations where they say and mean we take better care of your car the common denominator another adventure of George Valentine dear mr. Valentine I don't know exactly why I should spend money to save the life of someone I don't know possibly of several people I don't know I imagine it's because I'd like a little peace of mind call it conscience or whatever you wish at any rate I need your help I believe that together we may be able to prevent another murder if the idea appeals to you please call on me at the above address some evening this week come after nine o'clock when I can be sure we'll be alone I suggest you make it as soon as possible before the next tragedy signed Laura Trask now Mrs. Trask suppose you tell us whose life is in danger and what you want us to do about it I don't know mr. Valentine I haven't the slightest idea who it would be yet yet mr. Trask what do you mean by that just what I say miss Brooks there may be no one at all but after what's already happened I can't take that chance and what is it that's already happened mr. Valentine I have predicted two murders I've known about them before they happened you you have and you didn't do anything to stop them call the police the police no no you see the first time I didn't quite believe it would happen myself well not just a minute Mrs. Trask do you mind telling me how you found out about these murders it may be hard for you to believe mr. Valentine in both cases I've had a sudden premonition very strong premonition that these people would be killed and when and where and there were both people you knew I'd never heard of either of them both times a name came to me very clearly a name and a time and a place it was insistent I couldn't get it out of my mind so what did you do I remember there was a crime reporter on the clarion a man named Henry Ellis oh sure Hank Ellis friend of mine you told him about your impression yes I didn't give him my name of course first time I told him that a man named Arthur Prindle would be shot killed in front of his rooming house on Elm Street that night what a thank you probably what you would have done laughed at me and hung up the next morning it was in the paper it had happened just as I told him but what how do you think this vision came to you Mrs. Trance I have no idea the name and place simply came to me very vividly I see and there was a second word you say several weeks later yes a man named Walter Ransom oh yes I read about that one successful businessman shot and killed in his own study I knew about it an hour before again I called your reporter friend when he got there with the police that it already happened if it happens to me again I I want to call you yeah yeah all right Mrs. Trance you do that but first tell me have you said anything about this to anyone else outside of Hank Ellis that is yes I've told my husband I'm afraid he thinks I have hallucinations dream up things after they've happened here and here now no my husband is busy until very late every night he owns a club oh would he be Tommy Trance Club 52 that's right swanky place complete with gambling casino it's one of the better clubs in town mr. Valentine yes I know you've told anyone else only one other person dr. Schroeder dr. Klaus Schroeder my psychiatrist oh well you don't seem like the sort of person who would need a psychiatrist Mrs. Trance and say some time ago I had a little mental upset miss Brooks nothing serious dr. Schroeder has helped me a great deal in orienting myself well what does he say about these visitations of yours he can't understand it any more than I he's trying to isolate my thoughts learn more about them it's all a little frightening isn't it Mrs. Trance yes but it wouldn't be so much so if I could stop the next one I feel responsible perhaps we can stop it just remember one thing if you get another of these premonitions call me right away I'll take it from there okay broxy that takes care of George did you get Hank Ellis on the phone yeah did Mrs. Trance actually calling both times before the murder took place sure first time Hank thought she was balmy and hung up on a second time he got there too late just as she said well and that proves she didn't just dream all those things after she'd read about them naturally also proves that she's either psychic which you don't believe I'm sure or that she'd had advanced information from some source or other maybe she didn't tell us everything she knows darling maybe not which would just make it tougher Mr. Valentine oh yeah I'm Tommy Trask understand you want to see me yeah that's right oh this is miss Brooks I do miss Brooks why don't you sit down for a minute certainly what can I do for you I don't know exactly perhaps nothing I just came in to lay a few cards on the table you came in oh yes I understand what you mean well perhaps I can accommodate you just a second trust let's get straightened out I don't mean the cards in the back room oh and what do you mean it's about Mrs. Trask she's engaged me to try and help her I see about the thing she's imagined well I I don't think a couple of corpses come under the heading of imagination mr. Trask to you naturally not the fact remains Mrs. Trask knew about both of those killings before they happen yes so she tells me would you mind giving us your opinion of the whole thing not at all either she came across some information somewhere well she murdered them herself but she's a witch I'm afraid the days of Salem are over mr.  Trask no of course not I just wanted to get your angle before we try to help prevent another murder that's all there won't be another murder mr. Valentine at least none that my wife will know about beforehand what makes you so sure of that mr. Trask because I believe my wife will be cured of this strange thing that's been happening to her I'm sure dr. Schroder her psychiatrist will straighten the whole thing out yeah yeah I suppose a good psychiatrist can well thanks for your time mr. Trask tomorrow morning I'm gonna call on this dr. Schroder and then we'll just sit tight and see what happens mr. Valentine miss Brooks yes now what may I do for you well Dr. Schroder you have a patient by the name of Trask Mrs. Tommy Trask oh well I believe you must know the ethics of the profession mr. Valentine whether I have or have not a patient of any particular name is not the business of an outsider oh yeah that's quite right doctor I understand except you see Mrs. Trask is my client too ah you are also a doctor mr. Valentine is trying to help Mrs. Trask in another way dr. Schroder but it has a connection with what you're doing for her so well I I'm afraid I still don't understand why you come to me doctor we know about the premonitions the visions mrs. Trask has had we know you're trying to do something about them is that clear clear yes I suppose but if you are not a member of the profession why did she engage you so that another incident of the same kind could be stopped before it happens that's all now are you willing to go operate with me well but of course mr. Valentine yes I'm sorry what can I do for you can tell me this doctor do you think mrs. Trask has some sort of occult power that makes her predict murders ah mr. Valentine I must confess I am completely at the loss I have studied Berlin Paris Vienna I feel I understand my work but this case has me completely baffled I mean you think it's possible to have supernatural power all my training tells me it's impossible but in this case I'm frank with you I do not know dr. Schroder when you're giving mrs. Trask your treatments or whatever you call them hasn't she ever dropped some little clues to how she knows these things well only some vague remarks about her husband something that she seems I'm forgetting what the lady tells me is for me to know and use the better her mental health yeah I understand doctor well thanks oh by the way yeah when do you think she'll have another premonition of murder who knows perhaps at this moment perhaps next month perhaps never how can I say you're right how can anybody say well good luck doctor and let's hope that between us we can find the answer to mrs. Trask's problem that's right yeah well it's a little late for office hours happened again just a few minutes ago all right let's have it he runs a carnival on West Crenna Street you know what into me all right all right go ahead what else came to you he sleeps in a tent on the carnival grounds mr. Valentine at midnight someone will be there to murder him that's all you have that's all right I know where it is been passed to many times all right that gives me an hour stay where you are and wait for my call okay brook see here we are that must be diggers tent right over there yes it's also dark around here what do we do now George you stay right out here in the car and wait for Johnson I can't understand why he isn't here they said he was at home they give him the message and have him come right out you'll be along pretty soon then just stay in the car what are you going to go over to that tent and find diggers still got a few minutes before the job supposed to come off hey diggers hey diggers you in there must be asleep I better get inside what's the idea was that I said don't move what sounds familiar what are you who is it what do you want me to get away from me sure I'll let you go in just a few minutes I'll let you take a little ride with the police Mrs. Trask we'll return to tonight's adventure of George Valentine in just a moment frenzy was over a year ago that standard oil company of California announced a revolutionary new oil that had been developed by atomic energy that new oil was new rpm motor oil for which we promised doubles engine life the time between major overhauls due to lubrication and since then actual case histories have confirmed this promise time after time users of new rpm have written in to tell us that everything we said was true new rpm did double engine life new rpm cut in half the wear rate of critical engine parts one cab company operating in the tough grind that all cabs go through found new rpm added 100% engine life no wonder that new rpm motor oil has for years been first choice of western motorists so here's what new rpm motor oil can do for your car if repair bills have been giving you nightmares change to the oil that doubles engine life and if you own an automobile for which the manufacturer recommends a heavy-duty type of motor oil remember this fact new rpm motor oil exceeds all their requirements so for top protection under all driving conditions be sure you're getting new rpm when you buy motor oil to be sure stop in at any independent chevron gas station or standard station where they say and mean we take better care of your car back to tonight's adventure of George Valentine you find yourself with an apparently normal client who has an equally abnormal talent the ability to predict murders before they happen the first to come off according to the precise schedule of her premonitions the third about which she has called you doesn't come off quite the same way because you surprised the lady herself gun in hand at the scene of the predicted crime if your name is George Valentine you're beginning to wonder why you ever took the case when from another corner of the carnival tent you hear I say what's coming off here that you must have tickets of course of course who are you maybe we could discuss that better with a little light you got one someplace right and electric torch here here we are there now what's all this fuss out here I heard a shot of this well the lady to get what is all this now now let's not put on an act you two know each other of course you know this lady I never lied eyes on her before in all my life huh but I'm sure the lady knows you don't you Mrs. Trask what are you trying to do to me mr. Valentine I don't know this man coo what are you two doing here in the middle of the night anyway good question Mrs. Trask ladies first Mr. Valentine I know what you must be thinking but it's not true you think I came here to kill this man myself now what else is there to think kill me I say that what are you talking about let's have Mrs. Trask explain that I can I can I know you told me to stay home after I called you on the phone but I was afraid you wouldn't come I had to be sure there wasn't another murder you had a pretty good idea who was going to commit the murder right no of course not I just realized that if I could stop this one some way maybe I could get the whole horrible thing out of my mind forever you've got to believe me mr. Valentine now see you I don't understand all this I'm a peaceable man I run a carnival and I've run it on is now who'd want to murder me I don't know yet because maybe nobody this your own gun Mrs. Trask yes yes of course it is 22 very pretty what do you mean by that ladies type gun you know Valentine Valentine you in there oh yeah Johnson Bruxy with you sure come on in and join the party I'll just keep the gun for you Mrs. Trask much safer for everybody yeah well I got here as fast as it could Valentine get me out of bed took a little time yeah yeah I guess I needn't have bothered you Johnson looks like we're not going to have a murder here tonight after all what George I heard a shot it came from this way oh yeah yeah somebody did a little shooting all right but it was dark and they missed yeah but who are these people I'm sorry I forgot my manners Mrs. Trask Mr. Diggers Lieutenant Johnson Miss Brooks how did you already know Mrs. Trask Bruxy yeah tell her now let's get this straight from the sign you're out me out in the middle of the night because you think somebody's going to be murdered oh this gentleman as I understand it Johnson yeah and who gave you to understand it well now somebody had a hunch that song that didn't pay off oh by the way maybe you can give me a little information you remember the Arthur Prindle murder yeah yeah yeah sure what kind of a gun killed Prindle caliber I mean it was a 38 bullet was still in them huh and the Walter Ransom killing the same 38 hey look here what are you getting that what's a lot got to do with this might have a lot to do with it you see I've been commuting with the spirits Johnson some of them know a lot about unsolved murders what kind of crazy talk is that oh it may sound crazy to you lieutenant but I think if I get better acquainted with those spirits they may help you pick up you think somebody tried to kill Mr. Diggins and got away whether it was didn't stick around but won't whoever it was come back after we go maybe but his victim won't be around diggers you're coming home with me tonight for safety sake I am well just as you say lad but I can't for the life of me figure why anybody'd want to kill me neither can I yet Mrs. Trask yes you drive straight home yes I will Johnson I'm sorry to have bothered you see you tomorrow tonight good morning Johnson yeah what do you want need some information you need some information but in order to get it I'll have to give you some not a bad idea if it's any good or it is it is no I don't know if you'll believe it okay should all right the Mrs. Trask you met out at the carnival last night as my client she has a little quirk of being able to predict murders Valentine don't you think you've been working too hard it's a fact she knew about the parental killing before it happened same with a ransom murder same with the one that was supposed to come off last night I suppose this Mrs. Trask just goes into a trance looks in a crystal ball gets a message Johnson it isn't quite as fancy as that she she gets a strong villain China I'm in no mood to talk nonsense you don't have to take my word for it and both of those murders she called Hank Ellis on the clarion before they happened of course yeah say I remember in that handsome ransom case Ellis was on the scene when we got there all right then I'll print all and ransom and the little Englishman diggers are apparently as far apart as the polls but somewhere there's got to be a common denominator something they all had a cop that's easy your client is a common denominator I mean that way she didn't know any of them diggers didn't know her say who is this Mrs. Trask anyway her husband's Tommy Trask we mean hmm well 52 that's right well then there's your common denominator yeah how do you figure well he hasn't always been in the chips you know and he made a lot of enemies maybe some of them had something on him he had to get rid of him yeah come on so his wife heard him planning these things or talk to him in his sleep no no no boy I came up with that little cutie myself only I didn't play at that seriously no our common denominator is the men who were killed yeah they got help us much now I'd like you to do something yeah what I want good pictures of both parental and ransom get them sent up from the files now pick them up in a few minutes pictures that's right good ones while you're doing that I'm going to pick up Bruxy Mr. Valentine hello ladies I didn't get a chance to thank you for keeping me in your apartment last night and tonight please you've got there everything going all right today smooth as silk ma'am no need to worry about me I just came out to ask for something certainly come inside my case okay yeah hey did you ever know anybody by the name of Walter Ransom Walter Ransom hmm most I can't say as I have say he was that look as was killed a while back wasn't it yeah that's right now try this one Arthur Prundle Arthur yes all right I knew an Arthur Prundle once quite a long time ago well then take a look at this picture this the one you knew yes sir that's the one where did you know him I'd rather not say Mr. Valentine listen if you want to save your own life and maybe some others you'd better tell me all right then it was in San Quentin this Prundle was in at the same time I was you know the man in this picture certainly he was out at the same time to name is Bill Gates George Lieutenant Johnson said that's a picture of Walter Ransom that's right Bruxy but people do change their name sometimes when they get to be successful and want to get rid of the past now I got one more for you to look at tickets certainly sir here we are why George that's just an ad I know something I picked up know this man diggers yes that's the one that escaped oh he was a bad one he was I thought I saw him one day on the street but hey that's the wrong name it says they I thought it might be what's the right name he's Fred Farmer oh yes a bad one he's a killer I'd recognize him even in that picture thanks diggers maybe you solved a couple of murders and kept yourself alive at the same time George what are you gonna do call Johnson fairs Brooks he haven't joined us in a little party oh and diggers you're invited to Mr. Valentine yeah that's right Dr. Schroeder I'm sorry to come right in without being announced no that's quite all right but no wait you seem to be excited about something yeah I am I think I found a way to clear up those premonitions of Mrs. Trask's well that will be a great help only I need one more fact before we can wash it up I'm sure you can give it to me of course what is that fact why did you kill Prendall and ransom farmer farmer I don't know what you're talking about you don't then I'll tell you both Prendall and ransom were classmates of yours at San Quentin weren't they far now young man you're being utterly ridiculous I can understand a thing you're saying it was a great idea getting Mrs. Trask in a hypnotic state and telling her about the murders in advance Mr. Valentine your imaginations they're fantastic Mrs. Trask told me about these things now I'm afraid you have the wrong man yeah how about those traveling bags getting ready to go somewhere I have a case out of town you certainly have missed on the diggers deal didn't you knew you'd have to get up please my patience has limits sure so does mine okay farmer let's not waste any time well diggers come on in what but what where's diggers yes Mr. Valentine what do you want with me where recognize this man diggers recognize him I most certainly do if it ain't all right you fools you bungling amateurs I suppose you think get away with this man's got a gun 38 no doubt and he's already proved it works yes and it'll work again neither one of you is gonna leave this office I've killed two people from my freedom I won't stop at two more I don't think you would farmer only I forgot to tell you there's another guest at our little party okay Johnson you heard the confession come on in and take it I won't go you'll ever get me oh yes we won't farmer this place is surrounded you'd never get away now drop the gun oh yeah he's under control Bruxy come on come on let's get out and give our client a little piece of mind tell you about it on the way if slapdash grease jobs have left your car squeaking like a crate of baby chicks call on car savers and see what you've been missing car saver lubrication service gets rid of squeaks cuts the wear rate of vital parts and car savers stand behind every grease job with a guarantee against squeaks for a full thousand miles for quieter smoother driving and longer car life get a car saver grease job every 1,000 miles at any independent chevron gas station or standard station where they say and mean we take better care of your car George how did you even suspect dr. Schroeder well it made sense after I got the common denominator the other three had spotted him recognized him as farmer even the beard and the phony accent so he had to get rid of him well yes but Mrs. Trask you think he actually told her about these people who were going to be killed sure but only when he had her under a hypnotic spell during those treatments of hers I still don't see why you tell her oh not so strange Tommy Trask has a past too if his wife began predicting murders who would they suspect Tommy Trask and that would take the suspicion away from far right George do you think I could hypnotize you sure I suppose so why what would be the point well you might suddenly find yourself one day in a jewelry store buying something for somebody hey that makes me think what darling I gotta get my watch fixed I better do that right away George tonight's adventure of George Valentine has been brought to you by standard oil company of California on behalf of independent Chevron gas stations and standard stations throughout the West Robert Bailey is starred as George with Virginia Greg as Bruxy let George do it was written by Lloyd London and directed by Kenneth Webb Ken Christie was heard as Lieutenant Johnson Alice Reinhard as Laura Harry Bartell as Trask Larry Dobkin as Klaus and Parley Bear as Glenn the music is composed and presented by Eddie Dunsteader your announcer John Heiston listen again next week same time same station to let George do it let George do it is heard overseas through the worldwide facilities of the armed forces radio service this is the mutual Don Lee broadcasting system


Greetings everyone. We are here to talk about enhancing Apache Cassandra drivers with vector support pretty much what it says on the tin Quick introduction rope just sorry so you guys can know you're not talking to a you know somebody just a random face My name is Brett McGuire. I have worked at data stacks for Almost nine years now. I've done it a number of different things while I've been there But I have recently been working doing a lot of Support and development for our various native driver offerings for the past three or four years somewhere on there and I am currently a member of the Astro connectivity team which for those of you who I don't know if anyone was just in the room next door We were talking about another one of our products ZDM and we we cover a wide portfolio of Offerings at data stacks Including the native drivers EDM DS blog we cover a lot of things But enough about me This is a rare opportunity for me to actually Find out information from from from the field from some of our users who are actually using things I write a lot of software and ship it out into the world and then it goes off and Our wonderful support people give me feedback, but I always like to to sort of get this information directly from people So data stacks currently maintains five active drivers that we we offer support for including the those are drivers for Java Python C sharp C++ and I'm bringing one. No JS there it is So I just just a quick show of hands. Don't worry. I'm not gonna like interrogate anybody Jeremiah is excluded because I know he already knows the answer to all of these things But out of out of these how many for folks who are in them Which of these drivers have have you heard how many people work roughly with the Java driver just rough show of hands? Okay, quite a few How about Python any Python takers still a pretty good representation, okay? We'll kind of lump the other three into a larger bucket. We can interrogate them individually if we need to but C sharp any C sharp takers. Oh, okay, excellent. We know to see sharp here. Um, no JS stuff Kind of a little bit. Okay, that works and C++ any C++ takers Wow, I should have known So, okay, that that kind of matches matches about what I was expecting Out of out of out of the folks in there So my next question for out of the folks who I know people have used or it sounds like people have used the drivers And have used some of the API's does anyone here and I'll again I'll exclude the core developers who I know already know the answer to this There's anyone here having the experience I've spent any time looking at the the binary protocol that the drivers used to interact with the servers Peter Jeremiah keep your heads down anybody else. I okay. I if not, that's okay It does come up a little bit in our talk or in the talk here of things that we need to Review so I'll try to mention those but as mentioned I won't go into too much detail because you know it can be a little little intimidating when first people first meet it So we'll cover just enough of it to kind of move on and then then keep things going from there So what are we trying to get to here? Well, we haven't really even said what's what's been done yet, but I do want to highlight sort of what my intention in this presentation is This is the the another instance in which we've had to add support for Some new functionality in the form of a new type. We'll get into that in just a moment Within the driver So I wanted to sort of document and serve a chronicle for adding for describing that process from a driver perspective So that we have this here in case we ever have to do it again or in case people want to do it on their own by modifying the driver Source that's always an option all of the drivers are referenced our Open source so you're free to make whatever implications modifications you'd like and get your functionality as you wish but I also wanted to highlight some of the How do I phrase this some of the design considerations associated with the driver not not everything it's it's it's very very Easy to look at the drivers and think this is simply a technical question of putting bytes together and shipping them over a wire And then reading those bytes off and generating from them But there are also there is also a number of design considerations that go into that because you are presenting an API to users And you have to think very seriously about how you want to do that and how you want to expose some of that information So we're gonna we're gonna touch on some of those notions as well as we kind of move along here But that's those two things are kind of broadly what I'm what I may mean to get out of this this talk All right, so what is a vector anyway? It is an object that has been added into Cassandra will get to which versions in a moment which has a couple of these features And I or a couple couple characteristics, and I list those characteristics up here I swear I have a quote from Jonathan Ellis somewhere that actually lists these these properties But I cannot for the life of me find it So I'm going to present them for purposes of our conversation as a framing device and you'll have sort of to take my word for it These are these are basically fixed-length constructs. They consist of elements that all of those elements are of a common type so vectors do not have that we don't know none of the strings and ins and combine there they are all of a common type and They also don't allow nulls and this you can think of this very similar to for those of you who are familiar with Java These come sound very very similar to Java rays. We'll come back to that in a moment But that's that's what we're talking about broadly speaking All right, so why are we talking about this at all? Vector support was originally being discussed and some has been referenced in a number of talks here in in the Cassandra enhancement proposal 30 Which there's a link to for those who want to download the slides Which originally proposed the idea of implementing vector vectors backed by storage attached indexes We originally had there this the support was originally rolled out and made publicly available Via debt via data stacks astra the hosted Cassandra offering that data stacks makes available And as you all have been hearing over the past few days of talks that support is also now coming to Apache Cassandra 5 itself Yes, who we all have a great party for that because that is awesome But our initial driver support Was intended to support data stacks astra With the intention that we would eventually support Apache Cassandra once it stabilized its implementation of drivers 5 the the conversation was Not exactly like but not dissimilar to hey, we're going to be releasing this thing out Can we get driver support and if we can't get it tomorrow? Could we get it the day after tomorrow? So it it got it got done pretty quickly, but but it got done Reasonably well and has has been a point of so far. I don't have it on this slide But we I'll mention now that we do have native driver support in or excuse me native vector support in three of our drivers right now that the Java driver and the Python driver and Subsequently, it's been added to the Node.js driver as well. So though each of those three drivers already include native support for vectors All right, so how do we implement this and we're going to go a little bit under the hood here So bear with me again. I'm sort of wanting to document this process so that this is the services as an instance Vectors are implemented via custom type I miss I'll ask generally if folks are familiar with the concept of a custom type in Cassandra. Is that is that resin for people? Okay, good. I'm getting good nods The really nice thing about implementing vectors in this way is that we don't need a new protocol version Because a new version of the the binary protocol is a really big deal It's it entails a lot of changes to not only the drivers, but also The servers as well and and administration costs. It's very very intrusive Sometimes it's necessary to bring new functionality. That's life But adding a new data type ideally is not one of those one of those instances doesn't necessarily drive a new protocol version It can be coded in subsequent protocol versions, but it shouldn't drive one itself and as we mentioned here We actually do have Some precedent for the way this has been approached I don't know for those for those who might remember but the earlier version of the protocol just before or currently on protocol version 5 Protocol version 4 introduced the notion of a duration type That was supported by by the servers and that was originally implemented as a custom type in a very very similar to what we're going to describe here And it was subsequently elevated to a first level type in the the new version of the protocol version Which is protocol version v5, which is the version that is supported by Cassandra 4 So There this is not the first time this process has been done, but it gives us a rough idea of kind of kind of where we're at Cool. All right, so what does this look like in practice? We'll take a a simple example The process of iterating over the rows and results has something everybody has done before And now we're going to get into some of the the row level messaging because that's really what the driver deals with In large part it implements this at a messaging level or implements support for the messages involved in and processing them and evaluating them So rows are returned in a certain kind of result message It's a very a very specific message which includes a format I can I can go into the format here if people want to see it, but That that result message, oh, sorry, there we go that result message includes a set of metadata to provide additional information about The the data in each of the columns that are in in the rows that have been returned And included in that that metadata is a notion of call specs This is lifted almost entirely from the the binary protocol spec Which talks about I Won't read it all to you there. You can see it all there But it talks about this notion of an identifier for the type of the column that is provided in the call spec defines that For most for most first types that are supported as a false that have full support within the protocol version There is a unique integer identifier that will identify them zero zero one for I don't forget which one one is but in for say in Two for flow to the center etc for caught for custom types The call spec, which is a pair it is an integer key integer tag in the the string identifying it the integer identifies that we are dealing with a A custom type, but the string then subsequently defines what the actual type is to the driver That's what the driver looks at to know Kind of what it should do and we have an example here to see kind of what this looks like for the type I referenced earlier for the duration type which was a custom type in Particle version 4 but was elevated to a full type of v5 This is what the driver will actually see when it goes to parse this this result message that it gets back from the server And it's it's dealt it's dealt with a it has a large infrastructure To parse these types and to to understand how to what to do with them So For vectors this looks a little different. This is this is an actual extracted custom type that we get for For a vector of size three of floats Notice anything different We we now have Params we didn't have params before The This is the first instance of an actual custom type which includes Parameterized types in which we don't simply say hey the parameterized type is a date type or is a duration type But now it's a parameterized type. This isn't new for the type system within Cassandra to be clear We've had the notion of parameterized types for some time in the form of lists and sets and maps But we haven't had to deal with them in in custom types at all so Implementing support the first task in implementing support for vectors was to make sure that our parsing infrastructure for Custom or for the custom type handlers for to handle these types of type streams Could handle the notion of parameterized types and process them accordingly took a little while to get that down But not a big deal. That's that was that so we got that done So so that's it right we do we do parameterized custom types and and we're done and and that's it I'll not not exactly We also have a second type of type names or a type type specification which are available within Cassandra introduced in Cassandra 3.0. I Meant to look up the JIRA for where that was and I did not find it But it's used within the system tables and it's sort of a simplified shortened version of the string that you just saw earlier So instead of this long lengthy Java ish class name that we have before we now have a much smaller version in the form of as you can see list and List what so our simple are much larger version of list type and float type reduces down to list and float Vectors are actually implemented on the server with this similar notion. So when one goes to look for Vectors and and sees them then then you will actually see this this is primarily implemented within the schema tables So the drivers don't you wouldn't necessarily hit a problem with this from regular usage of the drivers But if you did say want to go to the metadata that is provided by the drivers and look at any type information that is within there You would immediately hit some exceptions for being unable to parse this notion of vectors. Oh Sorry, sorry. I jumped ahead here. Sorry Yeah, it works for vectors too So we have the simplified notion of types in the form of vector and float 3 That we see within our within our schema table, so We are required to make sure that we can handle this We're actually this is a little better than the previous case because the types in question here Already support parameterization. We already we use these simplified types in the schema for some of the collection types I referenced earlier some of the types that are already parameterized things like lists and maps This simplified syntax is already there So the many of the the type parsing machinery within the drivers already support this We just have to extend it to make sure we can deal with vectors. So, okay, cool Here is a very specific example to show Precisely what I'm talking about. This is a table that has been created which includes a a vector type the the we want to make or retrieve these operations on and a query underneath to show The schema tables provide a by Cassandra so we can see precisely how those types are rendered now This is actually very similar to The queries that are done By the driver when it connects to the server the one of the things that a driver does what it initializes this connection Is it queries all of the schema tables so that it has some notion of what the tables key spaces and columns and types for those columns are a connection or that is for the what it's dealing with Cool, all right, so now we're done right like we've we've added support of parsing for both kinds of this Surely that's it. Yeah, of course not quite so We still have to be able to read and write data in this form in the format that we're getting from the server So the implementation for this varies pretty widely across the drivers and I I'd like to take just a brief digression here to talk just about a little bit of history Oh, in the in the past we have we have largely had Discrete teams for handling all of the the various drivers that data stack supports We had a driver for Java driver for Python the teams would collaborate on sort of higher level goals and General principles but didn't necessarily worry about Implementation levels of tails that was left largely within team The the result and the key up update or the key upshot here Is that the internals of implementing this can can vary considerably across the driver? So don't assume that when you implement support for this in one driver that you will simply find the Parallel implementation the other drivers you very definitely will not We'll make that make that kind of concrete here I'll just run through a couple instances so you can kind of see what I'm talking about This is what sir day looks like for the Java driver It it actually has a a third-party object in the form of a codec who is responsible for serializing deserializing objects Each type has its own type codec in some cases multiple type codecs That are responsible for turning bytes into objects and objects into bytes Those are implemented separately. This is a extremely simplified version of the The codec interface, but it's enough to give you the idea Python does it differently Python actually has Representations for each individual type that we have but the types are responsible for serializing and deserializing themselves So we have an example here for duration type but you see that the type is is responsible for saying given a set of bytes create myself and and the inverse Both with static methods on on the the classes that define them I'm not I'm not saying that any of these are preferred over the other That's not that's not my intention My intention is merely to point out that there is there is a significant difference between how each of the drivers approach this problem last we have The last driver to get vector support, you know JS driver Which kind of does away with all of this and just has some functions for doing decoding and encoding If you there's actually an encoders file within the driver Which has a whole host of encode functions for all of the types that you can imagine and a whole host of decode functions For all of the types that you can imagine So in each case you can imagine what adding vector support for each of these drivers involves it But it's different for each of them one other thing to consider and here we get into Something of the design consideration of this. This is not really a technical question. This is What is it is a it is a mixture? I should say of both a technical question and and a usability question, which is if we if we we need also need to expose The data that we're getting in some way that in a type within the program language that is meaningful for that system So what is what does that mean if we if we want users to get to do queries on? Rows and get back data out of that. What what type should we give them? It should be a type that is meaningful within within the system that they have But that though that involves a lot of judgment about what is really the right way to do that and And and and here we get into sort of some of the principles that have guided some most of the driver implementations Over time in general The drivers try very very hard to reuse as much as possible native types within the platform You don't see within very many of the drivers very often. There are certainly exceptions This is not a blanket rule But you do not see instances where the drivers implement a new float class instead of just giving you back a float That is very much by design. It is much easier for developers and engineers to reason with floats that they are already familiar with from having worked with Floats in Java or floats in Python than having to learn about the functionality of your cool new float class That does all kinds of neat things that they don't really care about That's something we do very much by design now as I say that is not a universal Constraint we do not apply that universally because it doesn't always work. I cite an instance here of The the Java driver not reusing what seems to be a very natural mapping for duration Because of differences in implementation that actually prevented that so unfortunately we had to have our own duration class That's just like sometimes you have to deal with that Why this matters more than you might think because The the drivers have there are certainly a number of situations in which the drivers will try to infer types Based on what is passed into it. This happens a lot with say creating a sequel statement that accepts arguments of just some some random type of Data type from the user we're then tasked with with trying to find some way to convert that data type into what we need based on the schema But that means that that we the way this is set up Once the type is assigned once a native type is assigned to an underlying sequel type They don't get reused because you want to know that when you see a type of say a Float type that you know that this codec will be used to handle that for it So you don't you don't wind up reusing those cases. So you want to be very judicious about assigning Codecs for very common types to or excuse me assigning codecs to handle very common types The situations where where they they will actually make sense and not be reused And we'll see an example of that come up here in just a moment So here are the decisions that were actually made with respect to how we expose vectors for each of the three giant two drivers now We now let's get into Java is a sort of the example that I wanted to refer to earlier with respect to The the reuse of something that is very common within the language The very natural mapping for a vector based on the criteria that I defined earlier is to a Java array It has very very similar properties and can very naturally map to a vector as it stands However again, once we once we map a given type to the the the sequel type We then can't you we then don't use that for other situations We see an array from that point for we try to make it a vector and we may not want to do that for a New type like this that is just just sort of catching on so I Decided given that situation to not use arrays for for the representation to and from vectors and to represent them via via new custom class sequel vector This was a difficult one because I was very tempted to go with arrays But in the end it seemed seemed easier to have have a custom class to handle that and that class actually supports The idea of being able to easily move back and forth between arrays, but it is not itself an array Python is less of a concern really we Were helped out quite a bit by the dynamic typing and basically returned something that's that's Seekable, and that's broadly broadly workable for what we need in Python No JS was more of a challenge Because again our implementation across the drivers is very distinct So in the node JS case, we already had arrays taken care of their that rays have been mapped earlier to the notion of list So on a node JS driver if you pass in An array of elements that will be get converted to or the the type system will try to convert that into a list before sending That off in the sequel query So we couldn't use that that was already that was already taken up Fortunately, I was I discovered that we have a Relatively new issue at least new to me. I had not come across this before Type in JavaScript called the the numeric type arrays which actually matched very closely again to the notion of Numerical arrays in other languages And they hadn't and maintain some of the prop most of the properties that we have defined for Vectors originally in my and the earlier slide. So so that was That's how this is represented for a node JS It's a little bit of a change because not everyone's familiar with type arrays, but oh, hello. What is that go away? All right So now we're done right we've done we've done all kinds of type parsing. We've done serialization surely We're done. Yes, fortunately. We're done So I provided this here as a summary. This is this is how I've I've included this To reference a summary of the set of things that need to be done to perform a task like this That includes this includes a notion of type information includes the serialization deserialization operations And again the very important notion of considering how you expose this within a language and how you make this available So that these these goals right here sort of represent the the the sort of concepts that one has to deal with in dealing with this in the language That's cool, but Where's the new stuff for vectors The the nice part about this is that we actually don't really need one Because of the way vectors were implemented both in the server as well as implemented with within these mechanisms within the driver They fit within the existing driver APIs So as long as you are aware of the types that are involved with either submitting or reading data Into the driver APIs You'll be able to use everything as they stand and not really have to change very much. This was again very much by design We didn't want Vector-specific operations or vector-specific APIs that would potentially confuse things So as much as possible, we've tried to preserve the existing functionality All right, so Cool, we're done Anything else to do. Yeah, we do still have some things to do The original implementation as I mentioned for this was designed to support data stacks astra Data stacks astra includes support for vectors of a single type or at least it did in our initial rollout That was vectors of type float and that was that was all we had Apache Cassandra 5.0, which is coming out very very soon And is much more expansive in terms of the set of types that it will support within vectors So our drivers need to make sure that they can work with Vectors of many many different types in order to support everything that users of Apache Cassandra 5.0 will want We have some work to do to do there to make sure that we're okay on that front We also have a lingering problem With respect to when we get to that depth process around The serialization for variable size types We I mentioned that we can support floats right now and we can pretty easily support given the current implementation Types that are of a fixed size so floats integers things like that but when you start getting into types of a more indeterminate size because of the way the serialization works within within Cassandra 5 We have more of a problem as things stand right now So we have some work to do here in order to support this This is all represented within within a the JIRA the JIRA referenced here So if you want to find out more about that process and sort of what that effort looks like You can find out some additional information at that spot And I believe that is all I have I have some time left here for questions if anybody has some Yes, sorry go ahead. Sorry say again Check with check with me after the talk and let's see if we have a if we have a ticket for you already If not, then then we'll see if maybe we can submit something I'd like to see the the sort of the code in the area you're actually seeing that was the yeah That was the most recent version on MPM. That's the one you were using. Yeah Yes, it's tested the the current version of node the the MPM version or the version that we last pushed MPM Supports, I believe it's I believe it's officially supports 18 and 20, but it also works for 16 kind of unofficially, but it's it should work pretty well for 16 So any of any of the the major LTS versions of nodes should be supported pretty well with that so But check with me after and we can talk about that any other questions anybody have any other questions about anything We talked about oh sorry So the the vector the the param in the in the vector case. Where is it? Oh Definitely did you have Yeah, those so the the yeah those those that yeah the most of the the native the native numeric types in Python are set up via Packing or the implementations off a packer for yeah, that's that's yeah, that's that's That's that's what opens truck gives us so I mean, you know, it's just kind of the life we live Right. Yeah, so that's that's that's what we have to live with in that case. Yeah. Yeah All right anybody else. Oh yes in the back. Sorry Same same situation. I mentioned earlier check with me after I we got to make sure we have time for the next speaker So check with me after we can talk about that some more, but we'll we'll we'll get we'll get see we can get you some information on that Okay. Oh, yes, good Right now there are no plans to add vector support to either C sharp or C plus plus If you would like to see that I would encourage you to Either get in contact with data stack support or post something on the mailing list and sort of indicate that that's a Desirable case you could also file a juror as well You know, we have a lot of those so I'm not I'm not gonna make any guarantee I can't make any guarantees on any specific ticket getting addressed in a specific time But that would be certainly a good way to get it into the conversation and and have a discussed What Jeremiah said? Like we've we've laid out an excellent example here to give you a lot of guidance as to hold all the things You would have to implement in order to support it. So I'd love to see that. Yeah And our C sharp developer is wonderful. So yes Fortunately, they don't let me anywhere near the C sharp code. So that's that works out well for everybody All right, anybody else any other questions. I we're wrapped up. I think I'm time So if anybody else has any questions, please come down check with me and I think that's it. Thanks everybody


Alright, you are still watching where January 16th was adopted as the national start-up day in 2022, with the focus on promoting and encouraging upcoming businesses in the country, calling start-ups the backbone of the new India Prime Minister, Narendra Modi's announced rather the formal adoption of the day. On the day as part of the Azadi Ka Amit, this conversation is not for me a celebration. Several events have been organized, more than 75 places across the country. That's in India with the aim to foster a spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation by involving the start-up community. I mean, I think we should bring this day back home in Nigeria. There are loads of start-up companies, loads of people doing amazing things.  I mean, like when you see some people's business, you wonder, why didn't I think of this, right? Very impressive start-up companies in Nigeria. So it would be nice for us to have a day like that to also celebrate, you know, start-up in Nigeria. So what did we find in the news? Let me start with you, Chinnello, quickly. Okay, so there was this sad story about the lawyer, Balani Rahim, who was killed by ASP Vandy or rather allegedly killed by ASP Vandy. So I saw that the trial of ASP Vandy began today and at Lagos State High Court, she was killed on Christmas Day, I believe. And it's said that ASP Vandy was attacked to enjoy a police station in Nigeria. And, well, he pleaded not guilty. I mean, I really want to know the details of this and then I'm actually going to follow up to know how this... because I saw that they didn't finish today and then the trial has been postponed again till I think the 25th or something like that. So Vandy appeared before Chief Minister Ade Dayo on December 30, 2022, after a day after the Police Service Commission approved his suspension over their alleged killing. And Ade Dayo ordered that he should be kept at the Ikoi-Kostodeo facility pending the advice of the Lagos State Director of Public Prosecutions. So again, he will be tried on the 25th of this month and I'm actually looking forward to where that leads us. This conversation, you know, it happened while we were on breaks so we didn't have the opportunity to talk about this. I mean, I've had several people talking and saying that is it because the lady was popular she knew a lot of celebrities that came out to speak up on the matter that people get killed every day. So I don't have a problem with the fact that, first of all, I must commend them that because it seems like, okay, this... because I think it's a bit linked because it's around elections, right? It's quite detrimental if they are seen not to be worse. But you can see that there is attempt to actually expedite whatever it is, the judgments and all of that for this particular case. But we need to still understand and that's why for me, good governance goes beyond politics it goes beyond just the elections and all of that. We need to understand that, first of all, every human life matter so when people are being mishandled or oppressed or whatever it is your duty as a government regardless of whether anybody makes noise or not. So I'm happy that they are, what's it called, they are on the matter but I'm also saying that let us focus on just cleaning up the system so we don't even have to get to where we are with this case because I feel like what people are saying on the streets, right, it makes sense a lot of people are actually going through this on a daily basis but because this particular lady, she's popular and all of that and it's the election season. Yeah, I saw it today because NBA chairman actually attended, he was in court today and then someone tweeted and said, oh so is it because it's Bolani Rahim? Is that why, and then the man came out and said, no, that's not why it came out I'm just coming out to tell you guys that however, whatever, whoever it is that this happens to wear here to actually support humanity. Alright, so your story. Okay, so mine is a bit, it's another sad one but it's also a play or rather it's just to remind us all that yeah, the year is still starting and okay, so let me go back to the story Aprocot had, Aprocot doctor, the popular doctor, you know, that dishes out health tips He had been ill all through December and in fact, you know, he had a brain tumor and it was so funny that a lot of people didn't even know that, you know because he had done, in spite of that, you know, he was still enjoying a lot of his content so I think wash truck for me is the fact that it's important that we're kind to people it's important that we just, I mean, regardless of how crazy the day is regardless of what is going on with us, we should make it an intentional plan for us this year to be kind to somebody because you just never can tell what they're going through I was going to add that I remember watching Game of Thrones one of the lead character, what's her name, the dragon Oh, Emilia Clarke You know, she went through series of brain tumor surgeries, right? So I mean, when I saw the video, I was quite proud first of all that he did that surgery in Nigeria Yeah, yeah Right, I mean, so when we say that human life plays value these are the things that we're saying because imagine if he did not fall in the hands of competent people Of course It would have just been, oh, sorry, another sorry, you know, and all of that but I'm happy that first of all the surgery was done in Nigeria I mean, they were celebrating the doctor as well, I think, in fact, I remember his name now some time or something, they were celebrating the doctor as well so it's important that we understand that this thing is really holistic So talking about good governance, the Labour Party presidential candidate was at the Chatham House as Royal Institute of International Affairs London and he was talking about different things, of course again, how his plans for Nigeria, you know, and he was saying I mean, a question was posed around agitations and all of that and he says the truth is 63% of Nigerians are in massive poverty, right? Which is in itself, it fills agitations So you can't have that number of people in poverty and not have all this kind of agitation or people use them as tools for mayhem or havoc So for him, quality of life for an every Nigerian is what his focus will be on servant leadership, you know, of course, again, he's going to focus on getting like a marriage between clean and skilled hands So I mean, when I hear things like this, it just gives me a bit of hope that okay, yes, it's possible that we can actually achieve these things You know, when he says 63% of Nigerians are living in poverty My mind, you just said that number, is it correct? But the thing is looking like 95% of Nigerians are living in poverty You know, everywhere you turn, everybody's asking you how far now, how far, you know So I mean, that for me was a fantastic, people should go watch that it was quite brilliant, you know, it was quite brilliant Maybe it was in London, Dando Okay, let's take a break, right? When we come back from the break, we'll be speaking to our guests and of course, unpacking the conversation around the ballot and of course how it will drive good governance Stay with us, we'll be right back


Hello everybody, HoodieCobraCommander788 here, and this is a very quick look at the 1982 G.I. Joe Infantry Trooper codename Grunt. And this is a very generic looking figure, a very basic looking army man. But I kind of have a soft spot for Grunt. I kind of just think this figure didn't get any respect. I think they could have done more with the character than they did. Although both in the cartoon and the G.I. Joe comic book, Grunt left the G.I. Joe team. And in both of those instances, his exit was very well written and very dramatic. Very nicely done. He came with an M16 rifle, a helmet, and a very tiny backpack. I'm not quite ready to do a review of Grunt yet because I don't have the 1983 swivel arm version of Grunt, but I'll pick one up at some point. And for now, this is just a very quick look at the action figure. I hope you enjoyed it. And keep checking back at this channel for more full Vintage G.I. Joe toy reviews. I'll see you next time.


While the Nets were out west recently I asked some of my friends what they would do if they had 24 hours in his shoes listen to this I want to know if you were commissioner for a day. What is one thing that you would change? Wow, that's a good one. Yeah, one you want to be surprised. Well, I did want to be surprised one thing I would change. Oh, this is easy We got to get rid of those clothesline fouls that stop fast breaks that aren't clear path out You know like when you're dribbling up the court and I just hit you to stop We got to abolish that immediately. We want to see fast breaks. What is that? They're not basketball plays their fouls on the ball and because there's someone behind me I get away with not having a clear path fell there. Just yeah, I just you just hit people get abolish it It should be two shots in the ball. I'm a fan of player empowerment Okay, I like that guys have been able to have more of a manifest destiny when they want to build their team together And so I would have Some sort of either a compensation Program where if say a player does request a trade or takes it into his own hands that that's not so frowned upon as much as it is right now and Perhaps the team that has to go through it They could get some sort of commensurate pick down the line or something The league would provide that it wouldn't be that the other team trading For that player would have to provide so that more of these deals would be possible. I will go from what is that? 99 million not a cap yeah to like 74 I will bring it the cap down right because I'll spread these Superstar guys out and put them on different teams that way they compete against each other and cut out all the super team So that's what I would do you wouldn't have the payroll to put our KD and Staff and our clay and a buggy and a dream on all ones. No But you understand we're all the only reason why they're the cap is that high is because the league is making that much money Are we gonna give the lead the money back to the league? What are we doing? That's players as players I think we if you make all NBA team and things of that nature Yeah, that's where you get your boost a lot more bonuses because we can't just give money to the top guys like you I'm tired of that. I'm tired. Okay. I like that's a hair that one before that's a good one See when you when you're with your friends and you just want to support them like Tracy. I love Tracy's He's like a big brother. But yeah, Tracy. I do recall you teaming up with Grant Hill You leaving Toronto him leaving him are him leaving Toronto Grant Hill leaving Detroit and then Tim Duncan most went all most went The first super team they were all free agents in the exact same year, but now he wants to spread them out. Okay, Tracy What are your thoughts of your commissioner for a day? Well, first of all? I think when Tracy McGready said that I think Michelle Roberts Lebron James and Chris Paul fell off their chairs hearing that That's how a player wants to reduce the cap a couple of things number one a quick one Overtime during the regular season. It's a three-minute overtime one time out per team. Let's play enough for the five minutes But my big one is playoffs best 16 teams one through 16 Let's reward the best records in the league and don't shake your head. I don't want to hear about You're not traveling by stagecoach. No, but you travel by charter, but it's the time difference It's the advantage for the team if a team like let's say Philadelphia if they play Portland in the first round Just because of matched up and then the and let's say the net's where to play the Knicks and then in the second round Let's say, you know Philly Golden State like that amount of travel Ultimately, it ain't a limit and eliminate but it eliminates rivalries Boston wants to play against Philly Philly wants to get a Second chance at at you think if Boston played the Lakers in a playoff series would be bad If it was in the first round if it was in the second round No, that's what when you were saying that about the travel They should have played violin music the poor players You just think you'd have to order two meals on the cross-country flight We feel badly for it's for the fans get the best 16 teams in the playoffs eliminates rivalries It will eliminate rivals No one will care if Chicago versus Sacramento are playing a 2-7 see you'll create a rivalry You can't create a rivalry throughout all the teams. That's impossible. It'll it'll happen I think you need to get the top six the time has come to get the best 16 teams I think you could not be anyone not what Dave McMeneman said be nice time for another break on the pregame show


So if you want to know which medical schools are harder to get into than Harvard itself, stay tuned. Alright guys, welcome back to the channel. My name is Lakshman, internal medicine physician and resident in training. In today's video, we are going to talk all about some of the hardest medical schools to get into and I'm going to be breaking down some of their MCAT scores, their GPAs, as well as their acceptance rates. So let's get into it. And also stay tuned to the very end of the video because I'm going to talk about how you can use all of this data to help you possibly get into one of these medical schools if that's your goal. And the data used in this video all come from the US News 2020 report, which I'll link down below in case you guys are interested. But we're going to start from the bottom and work our way up. And at number 10, we have Harvard. Now you probably won't expect to me to talk about Harvard right off the bat at number 10 and you're probably now more curious than ever to hear about what schools went from number 9 to number 1, but it just goes to show you that there's going to be a lot of variability in both acceptance rates in the MCAT scores and the GPAs and can at the very end, we'll talk about why that's important for you. But at number 9, we have Wake Forest University with an acceptance rate of 3% and the GPA of 3.6 MCAT of 513. At number 8, we have George Washington University at 2.9% with the GPA of 3.6 and an average MCAT score of 512. Now we're back to a familiar name in the Ivy League industry at Brown University with an average acceptance rate of just 3.82% and an MCAT score of 515. Now to avoid this video just being a bunch of numbers, in case you're kind of wanting to know a sense of reference, the average MCAT score is for somebody who gets acceptance medical school is around a 510, 512. That number will always go up or down depending on the year. An average GPA tends to stick around a 3.7 to a 3.8. So at number 6, we have Howard University Medical School, which most of you guys may be familiar with, actual university, which is Howard University, and it's known to be one of the many historically black colleges that we have here in the United States. In terms of acceptance rate, they currently are sitting at a 2.5%. I wasn't able to find a consistent MCAT score GPA for this video, so I just kind of left it out and hopefully you guys can let me know in the comment section down below in case you do know. At number 5, we are back to a familiar name. We're talking about NYU with an average acceptance rate also of 2.5%. Average GPA of 3.93% and an average MCAT, this just blew my mind of 522. I'm pretty sure I wouldn't get into NYU today if I was to apply. And many of you guys may be familiar with NYU being one of the many institutions that are now kind of releasing this free med school tuition platform, and I'll link down below an article in case you guys are interested in learning more. But to continue to wrap up this list, at number 4, we have Mayo at 2.4%, average GPA of 3.92%, and another floridly high MCAT score of 520. And our final three medical schools in terms of hardest to get into are really just neck to neck in terms of their acceptance rate. But at number 3, we have UCLA at 2.4%, an average GPA of 3.85%, and an average MCAT score of 517%. At number 2, we have Stanford at 2.3% acceptance rate, an average GPA of 3.87, and an average MCAT score of 519. And so that leaves us with number one. Now hopefully you've dropped your comments down below because I know when I saw this institution on this list, I was pretty surprised, pretty floored, but with an average acceptance rate of 2.2%, average GPA of 3.7, and an average MCAT score of 506, we have, drumroll, Florida State University. So as you guys can see, and I'll put it up here, you can see the hardest medical schools to get into based off their acceptance rates. And the most important part about this list is not really where the schools are comparatively to each other. There's really two things. One, it's about the various lessons you can take away from this list, and two, how you can use those lessons to ideally increase your chances of getting into whatever school you aspire to go into, whether it be one of these or something outside the top 10. And so here are the various lessons that I was able to take away when investigating this list. And number one, the definition of the hardest medical school to get into is extremely relative. As you guys can see, there's institutions that you expected to be higher or even on the list that weren't. And some schools that you saw on the list that you probably won't even cross your top 10 or 20 in terms of your hardest medical schools to get into. But there's a lot that goes into the acceptance rate that a medical school reports. For example, one, it's gonna depend on how many people actually apply to that medical school. So if you have a really competitive Ivy League program, there's gonna be a lot of people and the acceptance rate, understandably, is gonna be pretty low. But on the flip side, you may be able to report the same low acceptance rate if, for example, you had a smaller medical school class. So if you had a thousand people applying to two different medical schools, or one medical school could only take 100 people and one medical school could take 200, really the competitiveness and the quality doesn't really say as much. You just know that one medical school may be smaller, but their acceptance rate looks like they're more competitive. And finally, you have to understand that the acceptance rate also doesn't only take account for how many people apply to the actual school, but also the values that the institution has. And this is really the most important part of this video. So listen up. Keep in mind, there's gonna be institutions that have a very specific value of what kind of student they want and what kind of future doctor they wanna create. For example, as you can imagine, an institution that's associated with a historically black college like Howard University is going to have a very particular candidate in mind in who they wanna make into a future physician. On the flip side, you're gonna have institutions that are very driven towards creating researchers and people who can contribute to the scientific community as a whole. And so when you have an institution that has a very specific mindset of who they want to take because of what they can offer that student that will also go into play at the acceptance rate. So all in all, don't use this list to understand which medical school you should be applying to or you don't have a chance to get into. Really understand that there is a whole spectrum of what a medical school can offer you and what you can offer them back. And so it is important to start thinking about what type of things you value. Do you wanna go into primary care? Do you wanna go into surgery? Do you wanna go into research? Do you wanna go into public health? There are gonna be institutions that are very specific to the various goals that you may have as a future physician. And if you don't know, that's completely okay. Just kind of ask yourself what parts of becoming a physician attracts you the most and then ask if the institutions you're most curious of possibly going into are able to offer that kind of experience for you. But this video does fit the theme where I share on the channel to all the premeds out there that you don't have to go to an Ivy League program or the hardest medical school ever that existed to become a great doctor. All of the medical schools out there are gonna be able to give you the proper training. There are definitely going to be different qualities and so it's important that you assess it based off of your specific needs. If you're watching this video and you have more premed related questions, go ahead and drop it in the comments section down below. I'll also link all of the premed related videos that we have here on the YouTube channel and on the podcast down below that you guys can check out. But on that note, if you did enjoy this video and you're interested in watching more premed related videos, before you click down on the playlist, consider hitting that subscribe button because we're putting out videos just like this twice a week just for you. And if nothing else, if you can go ahead and just hit that like button down below, I really do appreciate it. Putting this video together definitely takes a lot of work and editing and time and research. And so if you did get something out of it, go ahead and hit that like button. And if you're on your premed journey and you would like for me to basically tell you what I would have done if I was in your shoes then go ahead and check out the premed journey which is a book that I wrote when I was in medical school of all the things that I've basically done and did do when I was in your shoes. And you can find that book on Amazon for just 99 cents. So if you're trying to increase your chances of getting into medical school, check it out down below. And before you click off, if you did enjoy this video make sure you hit that like and subscribe and also check out this video to see exactly how hard medical school actually was. And also this video to see all the essential tools you'll need as a future doctor. But with that being said guys, thank you so much for watching. Hopefully I was a little help to you on your journey. Thanks for being a part of mine. See you guys in the next one. Peace.


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