Good afternoon, and hopefully the mic's on. Everyone can hear me fine. The title's probably a little hyperbolic. Up until 10 days ago, I was planning to give a very different lecture. I let Pat know. And she says, well, it'd be good if you can get me the new title, because I was about to publish the agenda, the final agenda, for the week. So I came up with this. I decided to leave it. I do want to thank Joe, Salerno, and Lou for giving me the time for this lecture. I also especially want to thank Susie in the library here. When I got here, I asked her to find me some books on the topic. And within an hour, she brought me about six to help fill in some color and some of the information on this. With that, I'll start. So the year 2020 is not passing quietly. We're witnessing events unthinkable even a few months ago. We're told to keep our antisocial distance. It's OK to wear a mask when we enter a bank. Follow the arrows on the floor of the supermarket. All the sporting events canceled. Homeschooling, even for university students like you, is now fully approved by all levels of government and society. Most relevant to this discussion, pot shops and liquor stores are deemed essential and churches during holy week or not. Add to this the protests, more specifically the riots. Police are told by government officials to stand down. Those who intend to defend their lives and their property are the ones who are judged. By the media and potentially by the government prosecutors and the courts. We've also learned that protesting and rioting wards off viruses. You don't need to wear a mask during these activities. And we're supposed to trust the science. What of all of this is directly relevant to you? Why did I feel it appropriate to change the topic of this lecture in the last days? Obviously, we're living through massive cultural changes. While culture always evolves, in the last several days, in the last several decades, the changes have been revolutionary. And I use the term purposefully.  The purpose is to create soldiers for the revolution. What I hear of college, and I know it's true in business and also in government, are stories of various cultural indoctrinations made ever more intense given the pretext for these recent riots. Politically correct speech to include even compelled speech, cancel culture, self-flagellation, a fight for a gold medal in the oppression Olympics. If you disagree with any of this, you're the fascist. To further cement this indoctrination is a requirement to take classes that tear down Western civilization. Even saying those two words in anything other than a scornful tone could be costly. There's a purpose behind this strategy. Events that we have been living through recently are not spontaneous or random. It's not accidental. These events are the result of a political strategy designed to strip us of our liberty. It's an insidious strategy. It's also very effective. Whether knowingly or not, those carrying out this strategy are using the playbook of the most successful Marxist thinker in history. Given the damage this strategy has done to the freedoms of the West, I consider him to be the greatest political strategist in history. And this is what I would like to discuss. Before beginning, I should give you fair warning on two points. First, much of this Marxist playbook sounds an awful lot like the wishes of simplistic libertarians. Libertarianism for children as a good friend once labeled this. And I will come back to this point more than once. Second, there will be a lot of discussion of Western tradition and culture in this lecture. Inherently, this will include Christianity. But if you want to understand the enemy's playbook, then this cannot be avoided. I know many libertarians push back hard on this topic. Christianity is unnecessary for liberty. In fact, it is an enemy to liberty. I will only ask that you keep in mind the most successful Marxist thinker in history believed that Christianity is the enemy to communism. It's what stood in the way of communism's advance in the West. For now, I'll just ask that you stay open to the possibility that he was right. Because when I look around me today, he sure appears to have been right. With this laborious introduction out of the way, let's begin. The political strategist of whom I am speaking is Antonio Gramsci. Malachi Martin summarizes the importance of Gramsci in his book, The Keys of This Blood. Quote, the political formula Gramsci devised has done much more than classical Leninism and certainly more than Stalinism to spread Marxism throughout the capitalist West. What is that formula? Gary North explains, noting that Western society was deeply religious, Gramsci believed that the only way to achieve a proletarian revolution would be to break the faith of the masses of Western voters in Christianity and the moral system that derived from Christianity. I've decided I'm just going to leave this slide up for most of the lecture because it's the context of the entire lecture. The first quote is the ends, the objective, and the second quote is the means. So it's all there. I'd say we could stop now, but I've written a lot of words, so we'll keep going. Religion and culture were at the base of the pyramid, the foundation. It was the culture and not the economic condition of the working class that was the key to bring communism to the West. To be fair to Gramsci, he didn't start this ball rolling. The West was doing a fine job of damaging its cultural tradition. One can point to elements of medieval Catholicism, the Reformation and the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, as I have previously discussed, and post-millennial piasted, you guys try saying these three words fast in a row, post-millennial, pietist, protestants, as Murray Rothbard so clearly demonstrated. These have all contributed to the destruction long before Gramsci hit the scene. But without these cracks in the armor, Gramsci couldn't have ever been successful. What's our current condition relative to Gramsci's objectives? I could speak to the destruction of the family, the loss of all meaningful, intermediating governance institutions, the absurdity of a good portion of what passes for university studies today, especially in the liberal arts and humanities, all of which are symptoms of the crumbling of the ultimate target at which Gramsci aimed. We have this year been given indisputable evidence as to the success of his political strategy in the response by Christian leaders to the coronavirus. Just as one example, from Kentucky, and I'll quote, when I asked Bishop John Stowe of the Catholic Diocese of Lexington what he would say to a pastor planning Easter worship, he was blunt. I would say it's irresponsible. He said, it's jeopardizing people's lives. I know we live in a fact-free world, but was it ever wise to believe that we were facing the Black Death? In pre-modern plagues, did Christian leaders act this way? The simple answer to both questions is no, yet we have churches closed during Holy Week. I cannot think of a better symbolic representation of the destruction of Christianity in the West, and such is the success of Antonio Gramsci. Who is Antonio Gramsci? He was an Italian Marxist, more accurately an Italian Communist, writing on political theory, sociology, and linguistics. His work focused on the role that culture and tradition plays in preventing communism from spreading to the West. Gramsci was born in 1891. He died in 1937. He was the middle of seven children. He was hunchbacked, either due to a malformed spine from birth or a childhood accident. It's not clear. Maybe I just haven't read enough. One of the stories has him falling from the arms of a servant down a steep flight of stairs. Though his family gave him up for dead, his aunt anointed his feet with oil from a lamp dedicated to the Madonna. Rather ironic. Continuously sickly, until the age of 14, a coffin for him was kept at the ready in his bedroom. I mean, imagine what that does to you, psychologically. His father was thrown in prison for political cause and his mother somehow kept the family alive. Prior to leaving Sardinia for Turin and university, he was a nationalist. Sardinia for the Sardinians. I mean, this was just a couple of decades after Italy consolidated into a country as Germany did at the same time. Upon arriving in Turin, he came upon the automotive factories of Fiat. It was here that he found the class struggle, the workers and the bosses. World War I made this clear. Half a million Italian peasants died while the profits of the industrialists rose. He left university and began writing. He founded a newspaper. Loredin Nuovo, The New Order. With its first issue delivered on May day 1919, he was a founder and leader of the Communist Party of Italy and he was a member of parliament. With parliamentary immunity suspended by Mussolini, he was sent to prison. Several years later, a prisoner exchange was proposed by the Vatican. Send Gramsci to Moscow in exchange for a group of priests imprisoned in the Soviet Union. Mussolini put a stop to these negotiations in early 1933. It was during his time in prison when he wrote his famous prison notebooks, describing the contents as everything that concerns people. It comprised over 2,800 handwritten pages. 21 of the notebooks bear the stamp of prison authorities. Given the risk of censorship, he used bland terms in place of traditional Marxist terminology. Though completed by 1935, these were only published in the years from 1948 to 1951, not in English until the 1970s. By 1957, nearly 400,000 copies had been sold, and my sense is that's a lot. Suffering from various heart, respiratory and digestive diseases, he was eventually transferred to a prison hospital facility. On April 25th, 1937, the same day that he received news that he would be released, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and he died two days later. Through his notebooks, he introduced several ideas in Marxist theory, critical theory and educational theory. Most important was the idea of cultural hegemony, which was the unifying idea of Gramsci's work from 1917 until he died. So what is cultural hegemony? Why hadn't the Marxist revolution swept the West by the early 20th century? Gramsci suggested that capitalists did not maintain control simply coercively, as Marx would describe it, but also ideologically. The values of the bourgeoisie were the common values of all. These values helped to maintain the status quo and limited any possibility of revolution. While Lenin felt culture was ancillary to political objectives, as do many libertarians, Gramsci saw culture as the key. The working class would need to develop a culture of its own, separate and distinct from the common values of the larger society. Control their beliefs and you control the people. This was only possible if the hegemony of the ruling class was in crisis. John Comet expands on this point. Hegemony is described as an order diffused throughout society in all institutional and private manifestations. All tastes, morality, customs, including religious and political principles are infused with the spirit. This tone is set from the top, one class or group over the other classes. From Comet, quote, the fundamental assumption behind Gramsci's view of hegemony is that the working class, before it seizes state power, must establish its claim to be a ruling class in political, cultural, and ethical fields. There are three phases to the revolution in this regard. First is to take claim to be the ruling class in culture. Second is to seize state power. And the third is to transform completely the economic base. You can decide how far along we are in this path. A second important idea was Gramsci's focus on intellectuals. Gramsci believed that the working class would have to develop their own intellectuals with values that were critical of the status quo. This would require the takeover of the educational establishments and institutions. These intellectuals through the educational establishment in the state had almost a free reign to push forward the revolutionary idea. Gramsci's idea of intellectuals is much broader than academicians and the like. From the book, Gramsci's Politics by Anne Sassoon, Gramsci identifies two groups of these intellectuals, organic intellectuals coming from the working class, and traditional intellectuals, the clergy, philosophers, and academicians. This latter group presented a false air of continuity from their predecessors. Today I would include thought leaders from entertainment, sports, business, and politics into one or the other of these groups. Gramsci is the foundational theorist for what we now call cultural Marxism. When it comes to the importance of culture and the value of mass media and influencing the political and economic system of a country and economy, Gramsci's work spurred the growth of an entire movement in the field of cultural studies. Gary North describes Gramsci as the most important anti-Marxist theorist ever to come out of the Marxist movement. He was anti-Marxist because unlike Marx, he did not place the mode of production at the center of social development. Paul Piccone furthers this point. Gramsci's vision contradicted official Marxist-Leninist ideology, providing an ethical and subjective dimension superior to the former's materialism. Many libertarians, like Marx, are equally focused on the mode of production as the key to liberty, but on the other side of the coin, they are focused on economic freedom as the means to deliver liberty. For all, and like Marx, they virtually ignore or even despise any cultural aspects. Gramsci knew better, and it should be obvious by the comparison I'm drawing, he offers a lesson for all libertarians who believe that broader cultural questions beyond the non-aggression principle are irrelevant for liberty. Continuing with North, Gramsci argued and the Frankfurt School followed his lead that the way for Marxists to transform the West was through cultural revolution. The idea of cultural relativism. The argument was correct, but the argument was not Marxist. The argument was Hegelian. The Frankfurt School further developed the concept of critical theory. Critical theory teaches one to be critical of every prevailing norm, attitude, and cultural attribute in society. The purpose is to challenge power structures and hierarchies. Spelling out precisely the discourse of tolerance, Herbert Marcus of the Frankfurt School would write, quote, the realization of the objective of tolerance would call for intolerance toward prevailing policies, attitudes, and opinions, and the extension of tolerance to policies, attitudes, and opinions which are outlawed or suppressed. Violent revolution was not the answer. From Malachi Martin, while firmly committed to global communism, Gramsci knew that violence would fail to win the West. American workers would never declare war on their middle class neighbors as long as they shared common Christian values. Gramsci agreed with Lenin that there was an inner force in man, driving him to the workers' paradise. But he felt that the assumptions underlying this Marxian view were too basic and gratuitous. Yes, the great mass of the world's population was made up of workers, but this was insufficient as Martin would write. What became clear to Gramsci, this is Martin, what became clear to Gramsci, however, was that nowhere, and especially not in Christian Europe, did the workers of the world see themselves as separated from the ruling classes by an ideological chasm. These workers would not rise up against their co-religionists, those with whom they shared culture, custom, and tradition. They would certainly not offer a violent overthrow as long as these traditions were held in common. Gramsci found the logic of Marx as it found its home in Lenin to be futile and contradictory. Was it any wonder that the only state in which Marxism took hold was the state which held it together by force and terror? Without changing that formula, a Marxism would have no future. A common culture grounded in Christianity would always stand in the way, requiring ever-increasing terror or requiring a different path, Gramsci's path. Murray Rothbard noted the Gramscian long marched through our institutions in 1992, writing so colorfully, yes, yes, you rotten hypocritical liberals, it's a culture war. Angelo Codavia writes that there would be no need for brute force, contrary to the general Marxist view, transform the enemy into the soldier you need. He will then do the rest. Gramsci's method would be more Machiavellian than Marxist. In the place of the prince, it would be the party. Destroy the old laws, the accustomed ways of living. Inculcate new ways of thinking and speaking. In essence, introduce an entirely new language. Language is the key to the mastery of consciousness. Language can achieve what force never could. Reform the morals, reform the intellect. In this way, people who would otherwise never spend a minute on such things would become the most rabid soldiers. In the meantime, use their rules against them. The democratic process, lobbying and voting, full parliamentary participation, behave just like the Western Democrats, except all political parties, forge alliances where convenient. Unlike the majority of Marxists, Gramsci would make common cause with all leftists. Communists and non-communists alike. Every group with a bone to pick with tradition and Christian culture was an ally. Knowingly or unknowingly, they would assist in the communist cause. Martin writes, quote, Marxist must join with women, with the poor, with those who find certain civil laws oppressive. They must adopt different tactics for different cultures and subcultures. They must never show an inappropriate face. And in this manner, they must enter into every civil, cultural, and political activity in every nation, patiently leavening them all as thoroughly as yeast leavens bred. Regarding these alliances, Father James Thornton adds, in Gramsci's time, these included, among others, various anti-fascist organizations, trade unions, and socialist political groups. In our time, and he wrote this 20 years ago, in our time, alliances with the left would include radical feminists, extremist environmentalists, civil rights movements, anti-police associations, internationalists, ultra-liberal church groups, and so forth. Gramsci was writing in the interwar years, Christianity was already weakened foe. The Enlightenment divorced God from both the individual and reason. Nietzsche announced the death of God in the latter part of the 19th century. World War I was the crushing blow, leaving Christian Europe reeling. Gramsci spotted a wounded enemy, and he knew this is where the fatal blow to the West must be struck. Whatever was left of the Christian mind must be changed. Every individual, every group, and every class must think about life's problems without reference to God and God's laws. No Christian transcendence, at minimum, antipathy, and even positive opposition to any introduction of Christian ideals. These could not possibly be allowed in the conversation regarding the treatment and solution to the problems of modern life. I could say the same things about many libertarians. Yet who do you believe has a better understanding of human nature, of the direction where such a path leads? Antonio Gramsci or any libertarian who views the broader culture as ancillary or even irrelevant to liberty. The Christian culture is being destroyed, this we know. Who has been more successful given this path of removing Christianity? Is liberty defined as rights in property and life? Blossoming in the wreckage of this wake? Or is it the other thing? I think to ask the question is to answer it. Martin continues, all the meaning of human life and the answer to every human hope were contained within the boundaries of the visible, tangible, material world of the here and now. Limited to this material view offers the limits of meaning for us. Is it merely coincidence that the West is at the same time going through a crisis of meaning? We have no idea who we are, where we came from or where we are going. Given that we are told to believe that we are nothing but the result of random atoms smashing together randomly, why would we? Academic institutions were already well on their way. Proud of their position as vanguards of forward-looking thinking, these new Marxist interpretations of history, law and religion were like red meat to a hungry lion. Throw in easy to get student loans, extend the college experience to all, and add a couple million newly indoctrinated crusaders every year to the cause. Speak of man's dignity and man's rights. Speak of these without reference to Christian transcendence that underpins these. In fact, speak of the Christian transcendence as standing in the way of these. Tim Cook of Apple gave a speech that was precisely along these lines. Man's dignity and man's rights. While finding a way to mention Muslims and Jews, he made no mention of Christianity. As Jonathan Peugeot offers, what Cook is describing is a totalizing system, a system that includes everything except Christianity. From Cook's speech, there are only two values that matter. First is total inclusivity. Second is, don't oppose the system. Total inclusivity means no borders, not physical, whether for the state or your private property. No borders for mental, not for emotional, not even of your body. If you don't embrace total inclusivity by definition, you are opposing the system. Therefore, you are to be excluded. This was Gramsci's message, and it is Cook's. Jeff Dice describes such libertarians who believe that, liberty will work when humans finally shed their stubborn, old ideas about family and tribe, become purely rational free thinkers, reject the mythology of religion and faith, and give up their outdated ethnic or nationalist or cultural alliances for the new hyper-individualist creed. We need people to drop their old-fashioned sexual hangups and bourgeois values, except for materialism. And if I read that whole paragraph again, and instead of starting with the word liberty, if I started with the word communism, it would have been exactly what Gramsci was after. This hyper-individualist that many libertarians have in view was precisely the type of individual Gramsci desired for his project. Hans Hoppe offers that libertarianism is logically consistent with almost any attitude toward culture and religion. He writes, logically, one can be, and indeed, most libertarians in fact are, hedonists, libertines, immoralists, militant enemies of religion in general, and Christianity in particular. One can be these things and still be consistent adherents of libertarian politics. Hoppe says that libertarians can be this way in theory, but libertary will not be the result. You cannot be a consistent left libertarian because the left libertarian doctrine, even if unintended, promotes statist and libertarian ends. Gramsci understood exactly that which Dice and Hoppe describe. Gramsci believed that the destruction of these traditional values would lead to communism. Many libertarians believe that destruction of these same values will lead to liberty. Who do you think knows better? Murray Rothbard would add, contemporary libertarians often assume, mistakenly, that individuals are bound to each other only by the nexus of market exchange. They forget that everyone is necessarily born into a family, a language, and a culture, usually including an ethnic group with specific values, cultures, religious beliefs, and traditions. Rothbard offers that Gramsci's hyper-individual is not a human being, yet hyper-individual is the view of many contemporary libertarians. Hoppe summarizes regarding what are known as left libertarian positions from his book, Democracy, the God that Failed. The views held by left libertarians in this regard are not entirely uniform, but they typically differ little from those promoted by cultural Marxists. In other words, the cultural views of libertarians such as these cannot be differentiated from Gramsci's. This is not to say these libertarians have communism in their sights. Yet look around us today. Is freedom advancing or retreating? We're sitting at a time when the evidence could not be more clear. We live in a narrative. The West had a narrative. There will always be a narrative. Destroying the traditional narrative will not leave a void. A new narrative will take hold. We're seeing it on the street, kneeling, washing feet, sitting with arms raised to heaven, the sainting of a Minneapolis martyr. Once we lose our story, our narrative, our tradition, we are lost. We are easily manipulated, not having any foundation of meaning. With no foundation, we blow freely in the direction of the new, loudest narrative. Narratives are always exclusionary and if you don't embrace the total inclusivity of this new narrative, you will be excluded. Christianity teaches one way of handling those who are excluded, those who are on the margins. Love, this new narrative teaches another and it does not bode well for liberty or life. Returning to Gramsci from Martin. Total materialism was freely, peacefully and agreeably adopted everywhere in the name of man's dignity and rights, autonomy and freedom from outside constraints. Above all, as Gramsci had planned, this was done in the name of freedom from the laws and constraints of Christianity. Create the autonomous, completely sovereign individual, freed from all hierarchies and freed from all responsibilities. Martin continues. Good. By just that process, authored by Antonio Gramsci, has Western culture deprived itself of its lifeblood. There's only one way to fight this battle, an embrace of objective values and ethics. Murray Rothbard knew this. He would write, what I've been trying to say is that Mises's utilitarian, relativist approach to ethics is not nearly enough to establish a full case for liberty. It must be supplemented by an absolutist ethic, an ethic of liberty, as well as of other values needed for the health and development of the individual. Grounded on natural law, that is the discovery of the laws of man's nature. Natural law, ethics beyond the non-aggression principle, which we heard about starting even Monday evening this week. This is an idea flowing from Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, C.S. Lewis and Murray Rothbard, among many others. Available for all to discover, Christian and non-Christian alike, through right reason. It seems to me that the true political divide today in society is not based on the stereotypical left and right, or liberal and conservative, or even libertarian and statist. But it's based on where one sits regarding natural law and objective ethics. Rothbard takes this idea of natural law quite seriously. I at no time, quote, I at no time believed that value-free analysis or economics or utilitarianism, the standard social philosophy of economists can ever suffice to establish the case for liberty. He makes a very blunt point in his book for a new liberty, the libertarian manifesto. And I'll quote Rothbard. The natural law provides the only short, the only sure ground for a continuing critique of governmental laws and decrees. I'll conclude. Friedrich Nietzsche would write in Twilight of the Idols.  What is Christian morality, if not at minimum, the non-aggression principle? Antonio Gramsci understood this more than 80 years ago. It is his political strategy that is at the root of what we see happening today in universities, government, and society. I hope this is helpful to you to understand this background, perhaps gain some insight into why libertarians such as Hoppe and Rothbard concern themselves with matters of culture, tradition, and objective values when it comes to law and liberty. In any case, it would be helpful if more libertarians took Gramsci seriously. Liberty's enemies certainly are doing so, and by doing so, they are advancing. And this is what makes Antonio Gramsci the greatest political strategist in history. Thank you.


Hey guys, it's MJ the student's actually and I've been getting quite a few comments around actuarial salaries So in this video, we're gonna be talking about money But how much do actuaries really earn? It's quite a difficult thing especially when you see job adverse like this where they say that your pay is gonna be excellent plus bonus plus benefits whatever that means and That's a big thing when it comes to actuarial salaries and I guess salaries in general people keep it a secret even when you're applying for a job. They're like it's gonna be market related and Something else that further complicates it is that actuarial salaries differ quite drastically around the world I mean if you're in London or America like New York, you're gonna be paid a lot also in Singapore There's massive demand for act trees Then in India and South Africa, there's also a lot of demand But there's also quite a lot of supply so salaries are a little bit lower But I was able to find a little bit This is for a junior act tree and you can see that they can be paid as much as 80,000 pounds per annum. Now this is this is when you're starting out.  Oh, I'll accept anything.  Pass the fellowship exam once you get that your salary is going to spike through the roof And then as always after every single year of working You're gonna be adding on a little bit more as you get more experience But if you're chasing the highest salary, I would say don't go and work for anyone Rather become an entrepreneur because you know what they say the bigger risk you take the bigger reward You're going to get But as always it's important not to be captured by greed Because there's a saying in a book of wisdom that says whoever loves money never has money enough So always remember that in the back of your mind and job. Thanks so much for watching. Cheers guys


I'm Shannon and today on the show, we have an unboxing and review. If you guys have been following Come Again for the past few weeks, we've been doing reviews on Funko Pops, particularly the Family Matters Funko Pops from the Warner Brothers 100, which the logo says celebrating every story. So this pop is the one I just received today, the one I had been waiting on before I began producing these videos. So let's go ahead and hit that intro, then we'll come back and open this pop. ["Come Again"] All right, and we're back. Let me go ahead and turn this light on. There we go. Now let's go ahead and open this pop up. I'm trying not to cut into the pop at all.  That was perfect for this video and this video alone. We have the Funko Pop number 1380, Steve Urkel. Let's go ahead and open this plastic up. You guys may hear some sounds in the background. The power company did send a tree service out, take down a tree, most of a tree in our yard. They've been on a break for the past hour. I was hoping to get these finished before they start back up, but looks like they're gonna be starting back up here in just a little bit, so. Let's see if I can get through this pretty quickly. I'm gonna go ahead and bring up the IMDB. Steve Urkel was played by Jalil White and he was in 208 episodes between 1989 to 1998. Steve Urkel was not an original part of Family Matters. He came in midway through the first season. This series originally was supposed to revolve around Harriet and Carl Winslow and their children. It was supposed to be another version, a working class version of The Cosby Show, that, however, changed with the introduction of Steve Urkel. He was supposed to be a one-off character, one episode, but fans really loved him and he became a pop culture icon selling merchandise and having his own dance and raps hung and everything. Steve Urkel was the most popular character on Family Matters. He was the comedic relief. He was constantly getting into trouble and it soon became a Steve and Carl show rather than a Carl and Harriet show. Which ultimately led to Joe Murray Payton leaving the show midway through the final season. As you can see, this is pop number 1380 from Pop Television. There's the front. There's the window side. There's the display side, how I usually display my pops. And there's the back. It looks like there's a little bit of damage on this side of the box, like some scrapes and over here. That is not from me cutting the box. Cause as you saw, I was very careful opening the box and cutting. I don't know, those look like scratches to me. But anyway, let's go ahead and open this pop up and take a look at Steve Urkel. All right, so Steve does come in a clamshell and he did come with a display stand, which was loose in the box. I am not going to make the same mistake with this stand that I made with Laura. I'm not going to put them on the display stand because I want to be able to put them back in the box. And I do not want that peg to break. So let's go ahead and pop the clamshell. Now some pops can balance pretty well without display stands. And Steve is one of them. Let's go ahead and see how he stands up against, against his pet, Laura Winslow. And I say, I say his pet because he always referred to Laura as his pet. I wasn't trying to be sexist or anything like that. Steve just, he always said, Laura, my pet because he was madly in love with her all through the series. Yeah, they look good together. And spoiler alert, spoiler alert for those who have not seen the series finale, Laura and Steve do become engaged. Laura chooses Steve over Stefan and tells him that she loves him and agrees to marry him. And the series ended with him returning from outer space. So let's go ahead and put her back since I can't stand her up. If you've seen the previous pop review video, you will understand why I cannot stand her up. But anyway, Steve comes with his trademark glasses and they do actually have lenses in them. He's got his jeans with the cuffs hiked up to well over his navel, his spectator shoes, which I've always loved spectator shoes. I've got a pair myself, white socks, his cardigan sweater, yellow, looks like a yellow polo shirt with a red stripe and then his suspenders.  His head is solid. It's not hollow or anything. And yeah, they've got his stance perfectly. There goes the chainsaw. Hope nothing falls on the house. But yeah, really good pop. Very hesitant after what happened to Laura of putting him on a stand. But let's go ahead and bring in Eddie and Carl, who Steve was most commonly got into precarious situations alongside and they display pretty nice together. If I was an open pop collector, I would definitely display them just like this. With Laura, if I were able to get a new display base and get the peg out of her foot, but yeah, I think I'm gonna have to cut this video short because the chainsaws are starting back up and I don't want them to interrupt. So anyway, let me know your favorite episode of Family Matters in the comments. Do you think the addition of Steve Urkel was a positive or a negative of the show? Let me know. I've been Shannon. This has been Comic-Con TV, the only place on YouTube where all geek culture collides. Take care, geeks. 🎵 Space for life, it's the bigger life. 🎵 If you enjoyed that video, make sure you check out one of these two playlists for more videos just like the one you just watched. I've been Shannon. This has been Comic-Con TV, the only place on YouTube where all geek culture collides. Take care, geeks.


And so we're going to look at some more optimization problems. So remember, optimization is all about either making a variable get the biggest possible it could be, or the smallest possible it could be. There's some quantity we're trying to make big or get small, and it's time to figure that out in this lecture. So for this first example, imagine that a man launches his boat from point A on the bank of a straight river three kilometers wide and wants to reach a point B, which is eight kilometers downstream on the opposite bank as quickly as possible. So imagine like he's in a race. This athlete's in a race. And part of the race is he has to cross this river. And he has to row across the river in order to do it. Well, he could row his boat directly across the river to some point C and then run directly to B. So one option is he just goes directly across the river, directly across and then runs the whole way. Now, that right there already is going to maximize the distance that he travels. So that might not be the best idea. Another option is that he could row directly to the point B from A. That would actually minimize distance if he did that. Or one other option is he could go from A to some point D in the middle and then run the rest of the way. That is some of the time could be in the water. Some of the time could be on land. Well, what's the best option here? Well, it depends on what's he trying to optimize. If he's trying to minimize distance, he should row directly to A from A to B. If he's trying to maximize distance, he should go from A to C and then to B. But he really is trying to do it so that he can get there as quickly as possible. Quickly as possible means that this man, this athlete here is trying to minimize time. He wants the shortest time. He's in a race. It doesn't matter about distance. It doesn't matter about speed. It matters by time. How can you get there faster? Now, admittedly, speed and distance will affect these things. And so that's how he's gonna make this decision. Well, so if the man can row at a rate of six kilometers per hour, six kilometers per hour is his rowing speed. And then he can run eight kilometers per hour. So he can run faster than he can row. So there is a benefit of having a lot of running distance and cutting the rowing distance short. But if he cuts the rowing two distance, he adds a lot of extra distance along the journey. And so it might not be the right thing. How does he optimize all these things together?  So imagine that if you think of just the horizontal distance, the distance between the point C and D call that X. Well, if the total distance between C and B is eight, then we see that the distance from D to B will be eight minus X. And how about the distance from A to D? Well, as this is part of a right triangle, one side is X, the other side is three, the distance along the diagonal is gonna be the square root of X squared plus nine, just using the Pythagorean equation right there. And so if you try to calculate time, we often use the following rate formula where distance equals rate by time, that is speed times time. If we try to minimize time, we can solve for this by taking distance over your speed that's equal to your time, right? But there's really two parts of this question.  Now, I imagine there might be some math professor who just died somewhere because of how I wrote this equation, land plus water equals time, what the heck does that even mean? It is somewhat nonsensical, but I think it's not a bad practice to sort of write these simplistic equations and add details and specifications later on so that we can get a good intuition of what's going on here. And then we can add more detail. So there's the time he spends on land and there's the time he spends on the water there. Well, if we look at the water time a little bit more, there's the distance over the water, which we found out a moment ago was the square root of X squared plus nine and this we measured in kilometers and this would be divided by his speed on the water, which was six kilometers per hour. And then there's the time he spends on land, which the distance he spends on land is eight minus X and then he runs at eight kilometers per hour. Now, admittedly, there might be other ways of setting this problem up. I did choose the variable X to be the distance between C and D to try to simplify the forthcoming equation, this equation right here, this optimizing function, but one could have made other choices as well. Now, as every optimization problem, it always has an optimizing function. This is the function we just built. And honestly, I think building the optimizing function really is the hardest part of optimization problem. The calculations of the derivative are fairly routine and then there's always a constraint and the constraint that comes into this problem, of course, are the distances involved, but also the speeds that the men can run a row. So if we take the derivative of time with respect to our choice X here, right, we're gonna get one sixth, take the derivative using the chain rule right here, we're gonna get one half X squared plus nine to the negative one half power times that by a two X, the inner derivative and then over here, we're gonna get one eighth times the derivative, which would be negative one. We're taking the derivative with respect to X here. Simplifying some things, for example, this one half cancels with the two right here and well, I mean, we can write things as fractions again. We're gonna have an X on top for the first piece and then we get six times the square root of X squared plus nine and then we subtract eight from that and this is our T prime. We're looking for critical numbers right now, set this equal to zero and so you don't necessarily have to worry about cleaning up the derivative too much. Simplification's not a big deal. Just start solving for X right here and if you do that, you're gonna get X over six times the square root again and this will equal one eighth and so my recommendation here is since we have a proportion equal to a proportion, let's cross multiply like so. This is gonna give us eight X is equal to six times the square root of X squared plus nine. I don't really like the square root involved there so I'm gonna square both sides. One should always be cautious so when you start squaring things, excuse me, you might add extraneous solutions into the system that is these party crashers, solutions you weren't invited but we'll just check our answer before we're done here and so if you square both sides, we get 64 X squared is equal to 36. Don't forget to square that X squared plus nine like so distribute the 36 on the other side, of course. Oh, I guess actually before we distribute, I take that back. It's always better I think to divide before you can multiply if there's some common factors because after all 64 and 36 have a common divisor, let's see 36 is four times nine and 64 is eight squared, which means it is just four times 16. So you can cancel out the fours there and so we end up with 16 X squared is equal to nine X squared plus nine. Now distribute, you get nine X squared plus 81 if you subtract nine X squared from both sides all right, you're gonna get seven X squared equals 81 that is X squared equals 81 over seven and if you take the square root, you're gonna get nine over the square of seven. This is our critical number but there are some domain concerns we should have X and T, so nine over the square of seven sits in the middle, what's the domain right here? If we come back to the original picture, the slides here, the original picture, well we kind of talked about the two extremes one could take. One could take the journey where you just go directly across the water to C that would be setting X equal to zero, right? The other possibility of extreme you should take A directly to B in which case that would be taking X equal eight and so that's gonna be the domain of the problem here from zero to eight, zero, eight and be aware nine divided by the square of seven is approximately 3.4 kilometers so it does sit inside there. If you sit X equal to zero plug X back into the original function you're gonna get the square root of zero squared plus nine that's a three over six, three over six gives us one half so 30 minutes will spin on the water minutes on the water and then he has to run eight kilometers and he can run eight kilometers per hour so that's one hour right there on the land and so he'll spend one and a half hours if he just rose directly across. If we did the other extreme where we did eight right that the land parts easy you're gonna get zero hours on land but in terms of going across the water if you plug in the eight you get eight squared plus nine take the square root and then divide by six in that situation you're gonna get the square root of 73 over six which that's approximately 1.42 hours let me lower that a little bit, 1.42 and so that is a little bit better it is better for the man to row directly across than directly it's better for him to go entirely across the water than to go directly across because he does shave off a few minutes there but if you were to plug in nine over the square root of seven you actually end up with one plus the square root of seven over eight if you want an exact answer in terms of approximation though you'll get 1.33 so about an hour and 20 minutes and so that's gonna be our optimal situation right here this is the fastest approach he should actually go approximately what we say before 3.4 kilometers down the stream and that'll save this man a couple of minutes right so because after all the 1.5 would be an hour and 30 minutes 1.33 is about our 20 minutes and so by this strategy as opposed to taking the first option he saves himself about 10 minutes he's not gonna get as good with this option but he does still save himself about five or seven minutes and which case this is still a better solution after all the man's in a race right here he wants to win the race and so saving those couple of minutes could be very very useful now of course you'll notice we spent like 10 minutes on this problem itself so if his point was to sit down solve the problem to save time clearly that didn't work for him he would have been better just making a bad choice than trying to sit down and solve the problem but really most likely for our athlete here is he knew the track long before he actually ran it and so they could actually he and his team his coach could sit down and figure out what is the best strategy to take for this prior to getting there and so this is the thing that sometimes gives calculus a bad name and other mathematical problems is we realize how long it takes to solve the problem and some people are like oh I would be faster if I just guessed and checked right in some situations yeah in this situation yeah if he was in the middle of the race it would not have been profitable for him to stop and solve this calculus problem but if he could have done this prior to the race he could have saved himself a lot of time that might make the difference in this competition so mathematics is about planning ahead defining good solutions here optimization's all about that


Hi everyone, Joe for jasphyscasebreaks.com coming at you with a 2019-2020 Panini Mosaic basketball pack break, a cello pack break, number 189 with a chance to get a $1,600 hit pack spot. We've got an ultra high-end hit pack product curated by us just for you on jasphyscasebreaks.com right now. There are still spots straight up if you're feeling spicy and we can do that tonight if you want to. Alright, big thanks to all of these folks. So as always we're going to do the break itself first. So there are the names, there are the teams, let's roll it, let's randomize it one and a four, five times for each list. One, two, three, four, and five. After five times we've got EO down to JF, five times for the teams, one, two, three, four, and fifth and final time. After five times we've got the Los Angeles Clip Show down to the Dallas Mavericks. Alright, so I'm not going to read off all the names for just this little pack break but let's see who has the grizzlies. Brandon with the grizz. Maybe we'll find a John Moran in there and Brandon you also have the pelicans. Nice. Oh, there's Yu Chang in action. I think a lot of people have ended up with his autograph in various baseball breaks of ours. Let's print and rip on this baby here. The old Adam Plutko on the mound. Is Luis Robert playing this? Yeah, he's batting seventh. We'll see him in maybe the next frame if someone gets on. Alright, so and one spot being given away at the end, we'll re-randomize that list at the end there. Alright, there it is right here. Grant Williams Green. Matisse Tybal rookie. David Bertand's Silver and a Jackson Hayes NBA debut. Green Grant Williams goes to the Celtics, Brenton Young with the Cs. And let's see if there's anything special in here. Damian Jones, Pink Camo, Taj Gibson, Pink Camo, and a Ty Jerome rookie, Pink Camo for the Phoenix Suns. That will be for volleyball Nancy. Nancy with that one. I saw Mike Tower say that Michael Bridges for the Suns had a good scrimmage game the other day. So could be one to watch. Alright, so let's grab all the names again from Sean down to Nick. And the name on top after, this is going to be crazy, the name on top after seven times, lucky seven times, he's going to get a $1,600 spot. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time. Fingers crossed everybody. So from everybody from two down to 30, thanks. Thanks for trying. There'll be a few more opportunities to try to chase $1,600 spots for $50 if you want to. $54, something like that if you want to. So keep going on jaspyscasebreaks.com. And the name on top, congrats to Brenton Young. I think he certainly had the odds. And he'll get that $1,600 spot. I'm Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com. Thanks for watching. There's more, like I said, more opportunities on the website. Check it out and I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


In this video, we're going to calculate the length of the arc of the parabola y squared equals x from the point 0, 0 to 1, 1. Now you'll do notice that yes, this is y squared equals x, right? This is a concave right parabola. We want to go from 0, 0 to 1, 1. So we actually only need the upper half of the parabola. What we can do is we can solve for y here and get y equals the square root of x. Normally, there should be a plus or minus here when you take the square root. But like I said, we just want the upper half, which is the positive side. So we'll just keep it as y equals the square root of x. And this will be our function describing what's going on here. We want to find the length of the arc, a.k.a. the arc length. And so therefore, by the arc length formula we saw before, you get s equals the integral of ds, which equals the integral of the square root of dx squared plus dy squared. And you can go from there. We saw previously that if you factor out the dx squared in this equation right here, this will end up with the integral of the square root of 1 plus f prime of x squared dx. You can integrate this thing with respect to x if you want to, right? And that works nice and dandy. But in this situation, our function f would be this guy right here. We could take the derivative y prime to be 1 over 2 times the square root of x. We could plug that in there. That would be perfectly nice and kosher, but let me mention to you that I keep on throwing this formula out here because it's actually quite versatile. We went from here to here because we factored out the dx squared. Well, what if we factored out instead the dy squared? What if we did that instead? What would happen is your integral would look something like the following. If you factored out the dy squared away from the dx squared, the dx over dy quantity squared plus 1. You think it's square root of dy squared, which this thing would simplify to be the following. You're going to get 1 plus g prime of y squared dy. That is to say you could integrate with respect to y just as easily as you could integrate with respect to x. And because of that, you can actually make a choice. Do I prefer to integrate with respect to x or do I prefer to integrate with respect to y? And in this option here, if we take y to equal to square root of x, they're going to have to deal with a 1 over 2 square root of x inside of a square root. So it's a nested square root. It's like, hmm, I'm not sure I like that one so much. On the other hand, if we just take the original expression and say that g of y, which is x, is equal to y squared, that situation seems much more tame to me because g prime of y would equal just 2y. And again, that doesn't seem so horrible whatsoever. And so actually this format where we're going to integrate with respect to y is going to be a little bit more preferable here. And so the thing is I emphasize this so that you know there's an option. You can choose do I want to integrate with respect to y or integrate with respect to x very easily with arc length. We ran across this problem we dealt with volume problems in the past where we had two methods, the washer method and the shill method. The reason we had two methods is so that we could always integrate with respect to x or y. You know, we could choose the variable that was best for the situation. We don't need two formulas for arc length because the arc length formula symmetric in that regard, it can be easily adapted to dx or dy. So our arc length is going to look like the integral for the square root of 1 plus 2y squared dy. Our boundaries are going to be y-coordinates y equals y equals. Going back up to the original picture right, y will range from y equals 0 to y equals 1. Good news here if you actually didn't wrote the x-coordinates you would be right for the wrong reasons. That's still correct. I guess that's good news, right? So we're going to integrate from 0 to 1 right here. So rewriting this integral because we can square the 2y, integrate from 0 to 1, the square root of 1 plus 4y squared dy. And we've seen integrals like this before. This is actually one where a trigonometric substitution might be quite appropriate here. We could set, because notice we have a sum of squares inside of a square root, we could set 2y, 2y equal to tangent theta. This would then tell us that 2dy would equal secant squared theta d theta. So solving for dy we get dy equals just 1 half secant squared theta d theta. We also know that the square root of 1 plus 4y squared is going to equal a secant theta. So make those substitutions. You can draw a triangle to help you out on this last one if you want to. But using those substitutions, we're going to see that we're going to integrate the square root of 1 plus 4y squared becomes a secant theta. We then get for dy 1 half secant squared theta d theta, like so. If we change the bounds as y ranges from 1 and 0, what's the corresponding theta values? We'll plug this into this equation right here. When y equals 0, the left-hand side becomes 0. So we get tangent of 0. So sorry, tangent of theta equals 0. The arc tangent of 0 gives us a 0. So that's nice right there. On the other hand, if you plug in a 1 into this equation right here, you're going to get just a 2 on the left-hand side. And so when does tangent theta equal 2? That one might not become to us immediately. That's just going to be arc tangent of 2, which again, that's not one of those special angles we had memorized from our trig class. For the sake of brevity, I'm just going to call this arc tangent of 2. I'm going to just call this alpha for short. We'll know that it's arc tangent of 2. But just for, again, simplicity's sake, our integral range from 0 to alpha right here. So notice what our integral has now become. This thing is now one-half the integral from 0 to alpha of secant cubed theta d theta. And so we can proceed to compute this anti-derivative like we've done with our trigonometric integrals in the past. If secant cubed might look a little bit familiar to you because we actually did do this one in a video previously, it was actually someone of a doozy. We're not going to do it again. If you are curious how the calculation goes, please view that video. But we're just going to use the conclusion we had from that previous calculation that the anti-derivative of secant cubed is going to be one-half times secant theta tangent theta. Plus the natural log of the absolute value of secant theta plus tangent theta. Oh boy, ran out of space there. And this will go from alpha to 0 right there. And there's an absolute value showing up right here. So again, there's a little bit of a calculation going on, a little bit's an understatement. So there is a difficult calculation there that we're kind of scurrying over because we've done it before. So the one-halves will combine to give us a one-fourth. That's a coefficient that sits out in front. Let's stick these numbers in everywhere else. So we're going to get secant of alpha times tangent of alpha. Then we're going to get the natural log of the absolute value of secant of alpha plus tangent of alpha. That's the first bit. Then we're going to subtract from this secant of 0 tangent of 0. Also we need to subtract from this the natural log of the absolute value of secant 0 plus tangent of 0. Like so. So that's a little bit of a doozy, but let's try to simplify this thing. We're going to start off with the 0 portion first. So remember, tangent of 0 is equal to 0. We saw that already. So you get a tangent 0 there. So this whole thing is going to go to 0. You're going to get tangent of 0 right here. So that's also 0. Secant of 0 is not 0. So don't make that mistake here. Remember, secant, if you're not sure, you can just consult the calculator, but secant of 0 will equal 1 over cosine of 0. And hopefully we do remember this one. Cosine of 0 is 1, so you get 1 over 1, which is 1. So because if we had the natural log of 0, that would be a no-no. Natural log of 0 is not a real number. But secant of 0 is actually going to equal 1. This actually then gives us the natural log of 1, which natural log of 1 is 0. So it does turn out that all of these portions, this whole right-hand side here, is all going to go down to 0. So what else do we have here? We're going to have a 1 fourth, a secant of alpha. Remember, what was alpha? Alpha was arctangent of 2. Now, when you take tangent of arctangent of 2, that one's pretty clear. That's going to be a 2. And when you look at the second one, you're going to get the natural log of secant of alpha again, right? Plus 2. Tangent of alpha is not so bad, but how does one do secant of alpha? If you had a triangle diagram listed earlier, well, I guess we didn't need one for this one. But let's draw a triangle real quick to kind of see what's going on here. So if we have a right triangle associated to the angle alpha here, right? What do we know about alpha? Alpha is arctangent of 2. So we know that tangent of alpha equals 2. That is 2 over 1. That's our opposite over adjacent. And so by the Pythagorean equation, we get the square root of 5 over here. 1 squared plus 2 squared is 5. So this is our right triangle. And so if we look for the secant ratio here, secant of theta, sorry, secant of alpha. Well, secant is 1 over cosine if you forgot. So cosine is adjacent over hypotenuse. So secant will be the reciprocal. You're going to get the square root of 5 over 1. And so therefore secant of alpha is equal to the square root of 5. We can make that substitution in above. So we're going to get 1 fourth secant of alpha is the square root of 5. You get 2 there. So you get 2 root 5. Then you're going to get the natural log of the absolute value of 2 plus the square root of 5. Like so. Now 2 plus the square root of 5 is already a positive number. You can distribute the 1 fourth through if you so choose. And so to finish this thing off, we're going to get the square root of 5 over 2 plus 1 fourth the natural log of 2 plus the square root of 5. Like so. And so again, we get this interesting irrational number as the length of the curve along this parabola, right? And this would be approximately, again, we probably won't need an estimate to know how big this is. We get an approximation of 1.478943. Like so. This is a pretty nice estimate here. And we get this pretty cool number. This calculation here did require a trigonometric substitution. It was a little bit harder than the previous example we did. But this is starting to show you that arc length formulas can get very complicated, that is the arc length integral can get very complicated very quickly when it comes to trying to calculate these arc lengths here. So you have to be very cautious. The square root of 1 plus the functions derivative squared. That is our formula, but it doesn't generally lead to a simple anti-derivative. And we'll see that in our next video that things can even get worse than we are right now.


I got a question recently about how I do my terminal plots. In my mind, there's two ideas here. One is to make terminal graphics like you would see on Julia's Unicode plots. And the other is to make images like JPEGs or PNGs and push those to some kind of cloud server. The focus of this video is on that second option when you're in the terminal and you're working on a plot and you just want to see how it looks. You can look at it through your browser.  So if you work for a large company, there's a good chance that there's a big security layer around some of the devices you might be using. So I mostly never work on my local machine. I'm usually working on an EC2 instance, a Linux instance. And the way I get into that EC2 is through a Bastion server. This is all pretty standard for large companies. On my local machine, I'll SSH to the Bastion and then SSH to the Linux instance. And so all I have is a terminal with my VIM configuration and I just get working. On that Linux instance, I'll output plots as JPEGs and use some kind of command utility if I'm using AWS or AWS utility to copy files from your computer to S3. If you're using Google Cloud Storage, it's a GSUtil and push those files to the Cloud Storage and then I can view those files in the Cloud Storage from my browser. An additional thing I'll be showing in this video is how to automate pushes when your image file changes and that's going to be done with Enter. I will note that AWS does have a sync option which allows you to sync a folder so when you make changes, it will update on the S3 bucket but I haven't had great luck with that and I searched the issues a little bit and found that there's a few other people struggling with it too. It's an open issue on GitHub and so I thought it'd be useful just to show how to do it with Enter so you don't have to rely on AWS to make sure their stuff is working. You can just take care of this kind of thing on your own. So the first thing is to curl the Google SDK and which is what I'm going to be using in this video and then unpack the tar file that you just curled with tar-xvzf. Once it's unpacked, you can go ahead and run the install script. You'll get a few prompts here. So for Google Cloud, the first thing you've got to run is gcloud init. What this is going to ask you to do is to log into your Google Cloud account. So this is a plot that I wanted to play around with. You don't need to know anything about the code or how this is generated. I'm just going to be editing the title of this plot and just showing how to move this plot around between the terminal and the browser. It looks like I don't have tidyverse installed. To install this, I run sudo apt install r-cran-tidyverse. If you don't have any r installed, you can run sudo apt install r-base with r-base-dev. So to push this, I just do gsutil and then use copy, just like the copy utility on Linux. So I'm copying my plot.jpg to the location shown in Google Cloud Storage. This shows that the copy worked so I can look at it in the browser. And that's really all there is to it. So when it comes down to it, it's just using gsutil to copy the file over to the browser and then you can refresh the browser to see your changes. So now for the cool part, this is the stuff I like, at least, is using enter ENTR. So with enter, what you can do is you can pass a file to enter and then it's going to look at that file.  So the first thing is to apt install enter. I'm going to run a toy example here where I look for any file in the directory and run echo when that file changes. So here I'm just finding any final directory, passing it to enter. If you run a shell command, you just do sh-c and then echo. And so the first time you run this command, it runs. And so I'm going to go ahead and just edit a file here in the directory. And if it's successful, I should see update echoed. And I'm using a Tmux paints here. So you'll see that update worked. So with these Tmux paints, I've got one pane that's going to keep running enter in the background and one paint where I do all of my file editing. So in reality, I don't want enter to run when the script changes. I want it to run when the image changes. So here, what I'm going to do is I'm just going to make a change to the script, such as just adding this comment. And I should see that no update was made. Perfect. I worked exactly how I wanted it to. But now I'm going to change not just the file, but I want to change the image. So again, I'm just changing the title of this plot. I'm going to save and close this file and run the script, which will save the JPEG file. And you can see update there. So the update worked. So we know enter is working just exactly how we want. But we don't want enter just to print update. We want it to print update and to push the file to Google Cloud Storage. So that's what I'm going to be adding here is a command to push. And this is the same command that we used before. It's going to be gsutil and then copying the JPEG file up to the location in Google Cloud Storage. So enter went ahead and did its first run where it should have pushed the file up. So we can refresh and make sure that those edits were pushed. Now let's go ahead and edit this image again and see if this automation is working. And there it is. I'm going to make another change and save and rerun. The script is running and the plot completed. So enter should have pushed a new image. Perfect. And you can see all the updates that enter pushed. And that's all there is to it. A really nice way to push up plots that you're working on in the terminal in an automated way and view those updates as soon as you refresh your browser. Thanks for watching.


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in the industry and more. Today we have a growth curve that is Kaman's growth curve in ortho-ondyx. So this growth curve summarizes the postnatal growth of various body tissues. So we have lymphoid, neural, general and genital tissues and this curve summarizes the growth rate that is a postnatal growth rate over the period of 20 years. That is by 20 years from birth by 20 years the growth of most of the body parts or the tissues will be stopped. So on the x-axis we have age that is 0 to 20 years and the y-axis we have size attained as percentage total postnatal growth. So this is 0 percentage and this is the maximum adult percentage that is 100 percentage and some tissues reaching even the double size of adult that is 200 percentage. So ultimately by the 20 year all the tissues reaching to the adult size that is 100 percentage. So we know not all tissues of organs of our body grow at same time and also to same extent. So each tissues have different growth rate and pattern. So different body tissues shows different pattern of growth. So the curve itself seeing the difference between the growth rate of all the four tissues of our body. So now let's see one by one. So we have four body tissues that is lymphoid tissue, general or somatic, neural tissues and the last one is genital tissues. So we are going to study about the scammons growth curve that is the growth of these tissues over the postnatal period. Postnatal growth period that is 20 years. So we have lymphoid tissue. So lymphoid tissue or the lymphoid curve, this is a blue one is a lymphoid curve which includes the thymus, pharyngeal and tonsillar adenoids, lymph nodes and intestinal lymphatic masses. So these lymphoid tissue grow rapidly to reach 200 percentage. So this is 200 percentage of adult size. So this is actual adult size, ultimately it reaches 100 percentage that is adult size. But during the period of 10 to 15 years. So this 10 to 15 years it reaches 200 percentage the lymphoid tissues. Why? Because it is an adaptation to protect the children. That is a younger age group of people from infection. So lymphoid tissue mainly involved with infection control because lymphoid tissues, bile lymphocytes, steel lymphocytes all we know. So all are our body's response mechanisms to infection. So why it is growing up to 200 percentage in this particular period of age? It is to protect the children from infection. After that it drops to 100 percentage that is there will be physiologic involution of the lymphoid tissues slowly by around 20 years it reaches to the normal size. Now next we have the neural curve. So the neural curve is a green one. It is basically includes brain, spinal cord, optic apparatus which is related to the bony parts of skull, upper face and vertebral column. These neural curve which rises strongly during childhood. So there is a exponential phase during the childhood around 0 to 5 years and the brain reaches its full size around 8 years. So by 8 years almost the neural tissues are reaching to its adult size. This is adult size, this is horizontal line because this is 100 percentage.  The mental capability of a child with 8 years is as good as an adult. So that is about neural curve. Now we have the general curve, general curve which is basically a S shaped curve. So S shaped curve it is S shaped curve. General curve is somatic tissues or we can say it is somatic tissues which includes our musculature, bony skeleton, respiratory and digestive organs and also kidneys, liver, spleen and blood volume. So this S shaped growth curve, this growth curve which rises steadily from birth till 5 years. Till 5 years it has a growth phase, okay it is growth phase. After that what happens is 5 to 10 years there will be a flattened phase. So 5 to 10 years there will be flattened phase. So 0 to 5 years there will be exponential growth phase then 5 to 10 years there is a flattened phase again during puberty. So during puberty there will be more acceleration and ultimately it reaches to the adult size by the age of 20. So whereas the last one genital curve is little different, it has the very smaller growth during the early periods because it is associated with the primary sex apparatus, ovary and testis and all secondary sex characters and traits, okay. So it has very small rise in the first year of life then it is almost flatten till the 10 years. After that it goes on increasing and by 20 years it reaches the adult size, okay. So that is the 4 tissues. Now let's come to our oral cavity. So how maxilla and mandible can be related to these tissues. So the maxilla which follows the neural curve because neural we know by 8 years it reaches the adult size. So maxilla also it reaches the complete formation by around 8 years. So if you are doing any treatment on maxilla we need to complete it by 8 years such as face mask it should be given around as early as possible around 6 years or 7 years to promote the growth of maxilla. By 8 years the maxilla formation will be complete, okay. So that is regarding the maxilla whereas the mandible is entirely different it is following a path of our somatic tissues that is the general, general or somatic because it grows till 18 or 20 years. So if you are planning a treatment such as chin cup on mandible we should continue it till 18 or 20 years. So what happens if you are doing a chin cup treatment and if you are stopping by 16 years what happens is the mandible still grows, okay. So the treatment will be a failure because there will be relapse. So we need to wait till the cessation of growth of that particular bone with respect to the treatment. So if maxilla we can stop it by 8 years because by 8 years the growth of maxilla is stopped whereas the mandible is continuously growing till 18 to 20 years. So if you are doing a treatment on mandible we need to wait till 18 to 20 years otherwise there will be relapse. So that is maxilla and mandible which can be related to neural and general curve respectively with regard to the treatment options. So I hope you understood the concept of Scammon's growth curve. So we have 4 tissues lymphoid, general, neural and genital and its growth pattern. The lymphoid is going very high that is 200% and neural is reaching adult size very early around 8 years the rest 2 general and genital is reaching its adult size by 18 to 20 years. So that's all about Scammon's growth curve. I will come up with a new topic in orthodontics. Thank you.


What's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards, and I'm ripping one box of 2022 leaf proset soccer for utaro M. So good luck utaro See what we can pull out of here. Let's see a messy or a Holland or something cool something big First one is going to be that is Samoto or a somto bonafasi Nice one there on the not numbered auto Somto bonafasi very nice Second part of the break and second final is going to be Luca Modric. Nice. That is 3 out of 50 on the blue parallel Congrats on that one. Yattaro And see if I can get that to focus a little bit better in the way. It's a little tough Move it closer. You can see 3 out of 50. There it is 3 out of 50 nice Luca Modric That will do it for the break for you Yattaro. Congrats again on the hits. We'll get them right out to you. Thanks again, buddy


Rwy'n cymdeilig, rwy'n meddwl ac dweud eich bod yn idevedd i'r meddyliadau. Mae'r meddwl yn i'r meddwl. Mae'r meddwl yn i'r meddwl. Yn iaith troi y bleiddo i'r modd mewn twerläfodau. Mae ymlaen i'r meddl ar deimlo. Rwy'n meddl i'r twerläfod mai. Mae'r meddliadau yn ei hunain fan hynny, ond y gallu meddliadau o ddiolchol ar gyfer gyna'u dod. Nod, nid. Mae'n meddliadau mewn gwirionedd. That's just inconvenient. Money was created to allow for convenience. The underlying principle includes barter. You have something that you worked to produce. The end all we do is barter. Money is a way to facilitate barter effectively. It's not something that has less value than what you're exchanging. It's the value of the exchanges you both perceive it. Yes, but the only value money has is from the ability to exchange it. Tewin iawn, a yw ddech chi fod ym chweithiau, mae ar y mewn ddim yn maith ddefnyddio. Mae'n meddwl, wedi bod wrth gwrs, mae'n rwyf yn dda'n adeiladau yma. Ac mae'n olygu bydd ydych chi, mae'n rwyf yn olygu hyn. Mae gennym hŷ o'r cyflwyno. Mae ar hwn callus yn olygu! Rwy'n olygu'n grannu! Mae'n olygu e'n grannu. Yn olygu'n gyfarfod y baker, ac mae'r broson ddafio'n meddwl y gallai ydyn nhw sefydol, to agree to do something and then both be satisfied and walk away with both happier. Unless there is some kind of deception or unless there is some real irrationality or some sickness in life, I'm not sure that every time we exchange, let's say I'm buying my gram of cocaine and I'm going to get high on the cocaine. I would argue that me getting high in cocaine is aimed at all...not because of society but because it's hurting me because long felly o ychydig o'r ymdines yw y gallwn... Ond yn siŵr cymhreig o'r�idio, ddiogleddion iawn, byddwn yn y cyd-ddoedd, o'r maen nhw newidion a'r maen nhw'n tu gion ei wneud. Gweithio, ond mae ymciwch yn ysgol yma, ond mae'r wneud yn y sgol yn ymciwg, efallas ar y baith o'r bwn. Mae'r arwad yn hollu'r maen nhw ymni-mwneud yn ei gion. Mae'n hollu'r bobl yn hollu'r bobl eu ddrefnod yma, Smith describes it is our ability to then trade to keep improving our world and so so yes it's on it's inherently trade as an inherently moral activity it's an inherently moral activity because it's about bettering your self-interest and you see Adam Smith views it as it's not so moral but in the end it makes everybody better off so it's okay yeah I think he views it as a moral doesn't he well it's not good or bad it's just and the motivation is suspect anytime self-interest steps in it's the very least it's such yeah now that that's something else because what I mean like what what I was getting at is basically you can see why capitalism is so productive if you just look at the interest yes it's you know someone else's interest alignment someone else's interest they mesh together they both benefit yes they it's it's you know and and suddenly and they both got the desire to do that again yes you know or with other people it's like and the communists just can't understand why capitalism is so productive it's like well it's obvious two people are getting their interest served without any loser in the equation absolutely of course that's going to be productive and and and if I work harder or if I work smarter I'm going to make more money yeah isn't that a motivation to work harder and to work smarter so


10 common English words with slang meanings from espressoenglish.net Number one hot the regular meaning is a high temperature the opposite of cold For example, don't touch the pan. It's very hot You need hot water to make tea The word hot is also slang to describe a person who is very attractive or very sexy For example, wow that guy is really hot There are a couple of hot girls over there by the bar number two dough Dough is a noun the regular meaning is the mixture of flour water and other ingredients that's used to bake bread But dough is also a slang word for money For example, they lost a lot of dough in that bad business deal I'm getting a weekend job to make some dough on the side number three Hi The regular meaning of high is the opposite of low. For example, airplanes fly very high in the air There's a high risk of death with this experimental surgery The slang meaning of high is a way to describe a person who is Experiencing the effect of drugs that make them mentally excited For example, he always gets into fights when he's high The driver who caused the accident was both drunk and high drunk refers to being intoxicated with alcohol and the word high refers to experiencing the exciting effects of drugs Number four dump The regular meaning of dump is to drop something or to let it fall heavily or suddenly and without being careful For example, please. Don't dump all your clothes on the bathroom floor. You should put them in the basket At the beach my son dumped a bucket of sand into my drink The slang meaning of dump is to break off a romantic relationship without caring much about the other person's feelings For example, he dumped his girlfriend because she wasn't very ambitious If your boyfriend cheats on you, then you should dump him Number five dig The regular meaning of dig is to make a hole in the ground by using a shovel or using your hands and The slang meaning of dig is to like enjoy or appreciate For example, you saw Taylor Swift in concert. I really dig her music I'm just not digging my new job. The work isn't very interesting Number six grand The regular meaning of grand is good excellent or large For example, the minister of education has a grand plan to reform all the country's schools The grand prize in this contest is an all expenses paid vacation to Hawaii And the slang meaning of grand is a thousand dollars. For example, they sold their house for 200 grand That means $200,000 She makes about 60 grand a year at her job. That means her salary is $60,000 per year number seven beat The regular meaning of beat is to win in a competition or to hit repeatedly For example, Italy beat France in the final game of the World Cup in this sentence beat means to win He beat his fists against the door The word fists refers to tightly closed hands and in this sentence the word beat means hit Repeatedly so he beat his fists against the door means he hit his closed hands against the door The slang meaning of beat is tired For example, I don't feel like going out tonight. I'm beat After a 30-hour journey, we were totally beat Number eight joint The regular meaning of joint is the place where two bones come together and your body can bend or move Your knees elbows shoulders wrists and neck are all joints It can take a while to recover from injuries to your joints The slang meaning of joint is a marijuana cigarette For example, the teenagers were behind the school smoking a joint Number nine sick The regular meaning of sick describes when a person is not healthy For example, my daughter stayed home from school because she was sick. I Think I'm getting sick. I'm coughing a lot and I have a fever The slang meaning of sick describes something that is very cool great or awesome For example, he did a triple backflip into the water. It was a sick move Number ten props The regular meaning of props is the objects used by the actors in theater or film productions For example, this isn't a real gun. It's a prop for a cowboy movie Have you seen the box with all the props for the children's play? The slang meaning of props is respect recognition and credit It's often used in expressions of gratitude and admiration For example props to Katie for throwing this awesome party It was a complicated situation, but I have to give him props for the way he handled it Movies and TV shows use a lot of slang, which is one reason they can be difficult for English learners to understand It's possible to learn slang from movies and TV But sometimes it's hard to figure out what the words mean from the context It would be nice to have someone simply explain the slang to you That's why I wrote an e-book on slang and informal English to teach you the most current most common Slang words used by native English speakers In this e-book, you'll find the slang expressions organized by topic each one with the rating of how offensive it is This is an important aspect to know so that you don't use words inappropriately Visit espressoenglish.net click on e-books and look for slang and informal English


Good morning everybody. It's actually pretty nice out here. It's been a lot warmer lately. I guess we went through the polar vortex Got through the cold part of winter. I don't think we're fully out of it though. Yet. There's probably another cold snap coming yet What do you think diesel? diesel Think we're out of the biggest cold Why you mean the biggest cold thing? I'm tired. I'm still waking up my words. Don't work yet So we're at home today. I'm on my reset 36 hour reset That also covers my 34 hour reset for the other side of the border in the US. So I'll be ready to go once we're Done here.  I've been there before but Haven't been there a little while a little further than I usually go Baby sleeping diesel everybody missed you Brits new toy that she's borrowed Apparently the toy room was pretty gross. I'm not surprised. It was a kid's school room for this. I think Yeah, pretty nasty. I mean there's carpet in here anyways Is that the water from in here? Yeah, it's the dirty water used to be clear used to me. Yes That's a carpet shampoo or it is shampooing all the carpets they look clean, right? But Don't let your lying eyes deceive you Every time I vacuum down here, we don't even let the dogs down here But every time I vacuum there's a full camster dust carpet is gross But this is really really cushy and I don't want to get rid of this. I like this carpet. Yeah, it's nice She's taking care of that today, so I've moved my operations upstairs So while she's shampooing the carpets downstairs move my computer and all my stuff up here so I can get some work done Getting the truck ready to go here It's time for us to start thinking about getting out there Running one more cycle of kerosene through the bunk heater I know you guys are tired of hearing about my bunk heater until it's fixed a hundred percent. You'll keep hearing about it I'll let you know what works for me that way if this thing this situation ever happens to you You know what might fix it. So I've cleaned out the fuel filter. I Don't think that was the problem. I mean it seemed to help immediately after that and then it didn't again So I probably isn't the problem. I think I'm gonna have to replace the whole bunk heater Which if that's the case, I'm not gonna do that until next winter It's about a $1,200 heater. You can hear it starting up there, right? See if it keeps running There's that or I can get a rebuild kit. I might try that yet I'll take it out of there take the little soot filter off Maybe replace the glow plug inside there. I could do that yet. That's another option. I could do but that's again Probably in the next couple of months. I don't have any time right now to do that I'll have to buy the kit which isn't too expensive But I mean we'll see what happens. See it seems to be it starts off just fine We're gonna just find pumping heat into my cab right now. I have it on max Runs for about five minutes and then just Snuffs out. I don't know why but we'll figure it out yet It shut off again So the bunk heater saga continues if you're wondering what brand it is. It's an air-tronic s-bar type heater diesel heater It'll try two more times yet It tries to cycle up and start three times and then it just gives up and I got to reset it and Turn it off and turn it back on and try three times again.  Oh Get there, but yeah, if If this doesn't work, that's fine We'll keep working on it. Oh see started up again the second time it starts up It always seems to Peter out pretty quickly and the third time is the best time. I Won't bore you guys with this anymore. I've already gotten comments saying that's all I talk about is the bunk heater Well right now in my life that is the main problem. I'm dealing with so Yeah, it's a vlog. I Just share my thoughts with you on the internet and right now This is what's sort of dominating my thoughts because I don't have any other big big issues on the truck other than that And this isn't that big of an issue. I just I'm trying to get it fixed without paying for a new one. That's the problem I'm cheap that's why I Don't want to spend the money if I don't have to I'm really doing everything I can to avoid Spending that money on a new bunk heater, but hey, I got it working I'm in the truck again, obviously and I got it working just fine again I got I finally got the fan motor running on high without a stuffing out And then I just let it blast the whole time that all the way I'm in Rothsland, Minnesota right now You'll see this in tomorrow's video Let blast it on high heat for about six hours to try to burn the soot off inside the motor, I guess my next theory Ran perfect through the whole night The short little snippet log of a little moment here a little moment there while I was at home sort of threw it all Together for you and tomorrow's another short video because we got a little bit of a late start getting going Spoiler alert. I left my camera somewhere So the whole time I was planning this whole vlog out in my head of I was gonna get hooked up to this trailer I'm hooked up on to let you guys know where I was going It all fell through and I had to go find my camera. You got the two inches tomorrow's video for that I need to get going here. So thanks for watching today's little chaotic video I'll see you tomorrow. We'll go do some trucking


Everybody force and Matt here. We got 2023 Beaumont draft baseball choice and super jumbo seven box makes your number three picker team style Anton H with the Reds candler s Braves Cardboard Brewers Chris s Tigers Chris L Phillies CJ with the Mariners David L Giants Gabriel C Rangers and Mets Giovanni angels and J's Jeffrey H Pirates John C. White Sox Jonathan L with the Dodgers Kevin F. Guardians co. Hey a's Mark L. Orioles Matthew B. Marlins Matthew be Marlins Matthew be me be you with the Marlins be has the Yankees for the Matthews Michael P with the Rockies Michael W. Astros Mike D with the Padres and Nathaniel s Red Sox Nick B twins Ray G Nationals Riley has the Cardinals Robert C. Cubs and Ray's Rory C Royals and Stacey with the Diamondbacks. Good luck everybody What if I sneeze again?  You gotta say you prepare All right, let's do it guys. Let's do it. You know also guys check out our consignment program We uh for break for break. It's for any card, but if pulling for breaks, it might be easier Some of you all might just want to consign stuff as soon as it's pulled Um Informations on the website consignment quick tat quick links at the bottom of the website home page and there's a link in chat there I'll take you there also Skeens It's pretty good. It's pretty good. I'm just sure that's all with everybody. I'm gonna get a skeens counter today How many times I say without even pulling one dude What's gonna happen when we keep pulling them exactly paper base gonna have split even out all spots in this Hey, see you later Milan Rats on the skeens. I'll say his name regular actually on the skeens buddy like Mitchell mini diamond type heat To 150 bowman glass insert mariners There's like 55 Light blue paper of bowman for the Braves Garrett bowman That I tell you I missed out my fantasy my dinosaur you finish football players by two points I won I destroyed the first place team in my league, but somebody else lost by two and it cost me a Grant Taylor who'd pull Whitman Riley Keener Thornton Walton Mejia refractor first auto jace boriff in for the blue jays to 499 I was I never I've never sneezed onto a card, but like yeah max clark on the inserts That's crazy. I sneezed that you guys watch.  That was strange Everybody see that nice. Is that gonna be the front of the show? There's one in the front I guess we'll put one in here for a little bit All right, so people know what the gig is God dude his little zoom in right there There's a max clark chrome That's a bowman glass tommy trod diamond backs aqua wave the 125 Spencer jones yankees And I like might not like small like the paper dust is different than like the chrome dust the chrome dust can get you but the paper dust It really sneaks up on you because it's fine refractors of salt ebon burgolia rock of fourth day lee zonatello gilbert Anderson and rl. Castro That is a kemp alderman class of 2023 autograph for the marlins Marlins drew jones jackson choreo Morning b-dug What's up puka? We got to pull the brady out of first The base was cool now now now I want more. It just made me want to pull more brady's honestly. It didn't satisfy like The hunger for the tom brady's It made it worse It's like when you're hungry and then you eat something like small and you get way hungrier Is that future lunar crater parade at a 199 for the mets you're like starving you have like Handful of chips and like well that's worse Oh chips are you like dude? You gotta get that they don't they don't fill you up at all.  Yeah Fractures of whore mcgraw abner wyatt clark Trey morgan that was a chris clark duno and gonzalez Base first woman autograph nazan zonatello nice hit boston their second rounder at a high school jacob wilson braden taylor Few trust golfers make a deep playoff run Their defense is playing so much better too for the most part. Yeah last night wasn't the best But like the defense was not the reason why they didn't win The only reason i'll say painful stuff Painful painful stuff. It's a cold everson base All right, we've got chase davis bowman glass for the cardinals purple chrome first bowman karson raka forte to 250 royals the raka forte That is aqua pink paper to 199 marcella mayer red sox All right, the fractures now michael arroyo vrandenburg cross keshal Greater arias chase davis yo andry vargas noble mayer blue refractor first auto dodgers with a nice color match joe vitrano celston and tomby troy no washington senators We could pull a josh gibson pittsburgh crawfords though By the way, um, those will go to the pirates Any uh, josh gibson retro fractures that we see will go to the pirates Considering it's a pittsburgh card. He's in the pirates hall of fame for you know Playing there for a long time Playing in pittsburgh for a long time green refractor first is andrew lindsey to 99 for the marlins and the last half of the super jumbo last pack fractures of uh travis honeyman alexa miras cambell louis and alakunia leavenson choreo Joana cox ryan cliford and first auto mawai ahuna mawai ahuna for the giants pretty sweet Skeens transformative talent and cam collier. All right Choice case. Let's go. Let's go. Let's go again guys. We are behind Just had something to come up earlier But uh, we'll finish on time. I think I think we'll get to the jumbo cases pretty quickly We'll be behind for most of the the morning portion here. It's on me. I shouldn't have sneezed Come on forest He might be cameron. He he did good good good uh very good case for him that dude hit absolute nukes like crazy stuff, dude nice gold shimmer camfisher first woman auto for the astros Also, it's none of the checklist, but um the shimmers the red orange and gold shimmers are I think hta exclusive And it's so is green lava so you see a little more of those it kind of makes it You see you hit color more frequently in the choice because of that.  I haven't played the sims in forever That's how they sound dude the sims All right, white socks tick of Gonzales first bowman base auto Come on now. Come on now like to stream everybody choice first auto to 150 k Dengen for the Rockies. He was in our fanatics live chat yesterday 125 126 150 I think was popping around the app checking it out 125 out of 150 And first one we base auto tommy troy diamond bags nice one d-backs This guy looking for right there tommy troy up walter.  I think We sold the spot separately, right? Or no, was that not the case? Oh and the jumbo cases was it Yeah, so in the jumbo cases there's a paper base spot that people could buy if you wanted all the paper base from the case But in these that split even to all spots So it does ship it you just you just we'll get an assortment of it But it will say in the break description on all the bowman draft what happens to the paper base Like I think in the 30 case, I think it just gets donated Yeah, we did hit a break a bit ago We hit the uh base 1995 bowman dream draft picks Dream draft whatever it's called We hit the base Tough pull tough pull choice first auto grant Taylor white socks to 150 got first woman auto mariners teddy mcgrawl teddy mcgrawl for the mariners A blue wave first woman autograph hero Wyatt for the royals a lot of royals today 16 of 150 Come on big card. Let's go I'm the I'm the I don't know bad size of the camera. Is that is that small? Honestly, I wasn't a big guy. Was he he was pretty small wasn't he he was fast Choice first auto hero Wyatt royals Numbered 116 to 150. Yeah, you get it brady autos and choice green lava Pick up this card. There we go of trey morgan for the rays 49 of 99 first auto And a blue wave charlie soto twins first woman autograph We got 142 of 150 If you guys find the cardboard connection checklist, there's pat there's pack odds on all of the uh Autos the base and which in which skew I think it's tougher in choice though because it's just autos in choice You don't have a chance at any base base insert First woman auto is brock vrandenberg for the marlins Next up is a choice to 150 first woman auto austin trestler for the mets 42 of 150 Oh geez, that's crazy Why did you use such a big bat refractor first auto drew hackenberg for the braves Out of 499 and forgive my ignorance. What is there like is there like a minimum and like maximum back size?  That's a good one Got orange Orange first bowman Rockies auto Sean Sullivan. That's the second orange wave of his right today I think so you'll Colorado pulled another one earlier And last hit of the break is a base first woman autograph for the age. Jonah Cox Give me a second recap y'all Hopefully we'll get right into the next one Still spots coming in. Here's a link for the next break with spots left. It's gonna be number Mixer number eight. Wow filling up quick now D-backs D-backs are the last team All right, we had paper of Garrett bowman Purple chrome rock of forte Marcella Meyer paper to 199 Kevin parada tight Pete to 150 Spencer Jones Lot of lot of numbered chrome in that super jumbo is pretty good Five numbered chrome parallels two numbered paper. That's that's pretty good, dude Autos of Jonah Cox Brock Vandenberg Teddy McGraw Tommy Troy Jacob Gonzalez Maui Ohuna Nazan Zanatello Kemp Alderman Boriffin and Hakenberg refractors choice refractors of trestler Wyatt Taylor Denton Uh to 150 Soto Carrick and Wyatt on the blue waves true blue Vatrano green lava Morgan true green sim gold shimmer fissure Gold wave of honeymoon and orange wave of Sullivan All right, y'all moving on to number four


Knee problems such as instability of the kneecap and arthritis can be tell-tale signs that it's time for surgery, but they're not the only ones. The new study suggests that focal lesions of the cartilage that cushions the kneecap, or patella, and of the trochlea, the groove where the patella rests, are just as important and can have similar causes. Understanding how these lesions are related to knee alignment and morphology could help clinicians develop more tailored and durable treatments. Researchers reached that conclusion after comparing the knee anatomy of 135 patients with focal patellofemoral cartilage lesions, but no arthritis, to that of 100 patients with normal cartilage. Using MRI, they assessed features including patellar morphology, trochlear morphology, patellar malalignment, and the quadriceps vector. Patients with patellofemoral lesions showed greater trochlear dysplasia and patellar malalignment than those in the control group. Patellar dysplasia, defined as an unusually shallow trochlear groove, was associated with the highest increased risk of patellofemoral lesions, followed by a misaligned patella, one that is tilted and alta. Those factors could be the precursors of premature degeneration of cartilage in the knee. The findings suggest that when it comes to choosing the best course of action for knee cartilage repair, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. The appropriate risk factors should be critically assessed and treatment of cartilage lesions should be patient and knee-specific. Additional surgery, such as reshaping the trochlear groove or realigning the patellar tendon, can then be pursued to address risk factors when needed. The authors of the study do note a few limitations of their work. For one, the control group was not a completely normal cohort, as not all of these patients were free of knee issues. Additionally, results were obtained from a single patient population and may not apply to the general public. Still, the results are highly instructive. For patients with cartilage lesions, treating their core morbidities could help clinicians better improve knee function and patient quality of life.