Dear students, so far we have discussed the interaction of heavy charged particles and large electrons with matter. Today we will discuss the interaction of electromagnetic radiations with matter. So, electromagnetic radiations essentially comprise of gamma rays and x-rays. So, gamma rays as you know already appear from the de-excitation of the excited nuclei, whereas the x-rays come from de-excitation of excited atoms. In addition to this discrete gamma rays from the decay of excited nuclei, we also have Brimstallion which we discussed during the interaction of beta particles with matter and this Brimstallion essentially I have a continuous spectrum starting from 0 to the n-point unit 0 beta or even for that matter if a positive. Now, the Brimstallion you know already that when the accelerated particles moving, see if it is accelerated in the vicinity of a new PS, then it emits a Brimstallion radiation. So, all of them, all interactions, all the types of radiation gamma rays, x-rays and Brimstallion, they are electromagnetic radiations and the interactions with matter are same. So, this we will call them mostly in terms of gamma rays. So, gamma rays predominantly interact by three modes, the photoelectric effect, the contents scattering and para production. So, the major deposition of energy in the gamma ray detector which essentially we will see how they manifest in the gamma ray spectrum comprises of these three processes. And since the gamma rays are photons, they will not cause the ionization directly in the medium, but by these three processes, photoelectric effect, contents scattering and para production, ultimately the net result is ionization and excitation. By secondary means, they will produce electrons which in turn will cause ionizations. So, there is no primary ionization in the interaction of this gamma photons with the matter. It is mostly by secondary ionization, whatever the electrons are produced as we will discuss very soon in these three processes, they will cause ionization and therefore, we get the secondary ionization. Another important point is that since the gamma rays are photons, their specific ionization is very small compared to that of electrons. So, their ranges as I discussed, their ranges are very high. So, about one tenth to one hundredth of the electrons, they will cause very less specific and means the per unit thickness in the medium, how many ion pairs they can produce that is called as their specific ionization, number of ion pairs produced per unit thickness. So, that is very small and that is why the gamma rays or even the put the x-ray, the install and they all travel a long distance in any material. But then we know, we will discuss very soon that if the i-z materials which can stop the gamma rays effectively and so, they are the ones which are used to stop these gamma rays. So, let us discuss the main three processes, what is the mechanism, what are the manifestations in the gamma ray spectrum. The photoelectric effect, all you all know from the Einstein's theory of photoelectric effect, then when the photon interacts with an atom as a whole. So, it is not with the electron, but it is there with the absorbed atom as a whole. Then in the vicinity of the atom, the photon disappears, it is completely absorbed. So, it can also be called as photoelectric absorption. And so, the atom gets excited and the excited atom gets loses its energy by emission of electron. In the case of photoelectric effect, probability is maximum for emission of the highest bound electron. So, that means the k-cell electron has highest probability of emission provided. The energy of photon is more than the binding energy of that particular electron. So, essentially the effect of photoelectric effect is to release one electron from the atom and the kinetic energy of that electron will be the initial energy of the photon minus the binding energy of the electron in that shell. So, this is the schematically shown here, the incident photon comes, it is absorbed by the atom as a whole. So, the important point is that the momentum of the photon, say photon has a momentum e by c that is balanced, that is it has to be conserved and that is conserved by the atom as a whole. So, all the momentum is taken up by the atom as a whole. And so, the excited atom that emits the electron from the k-cell or l-cell depending on its energy. So, it is important for the conservation of momentum that the electron which is closest to the nucleus is participating in the photoelectric effect. And the photon, the electron that is produced, we will be calling as the photoelectron. The photoelectron energy as you can see if we have a 1 MeV gamma ray and binding energy of electron may be about few tens of electron to kEV, then the electron will be coming out with a very high energy. And so, that electron can cause subsequent ionization in the medium. So, this process of photoelectric effect essentially leads to a full energy deposition of the gamma ray is lost. So, all energy of gamma ray photon is deposited in the material in form of electron and the electron will stop now in the medium. So, essentially it will cause ionization. The photoelectric effect is the predominant mode of interaction at the low energy of photon as we will very soon see the dependence of the cross section for this process, the energy of the photon and the jet of the absorptivity. And as I mentioned that for this momentum conservation, the cell closest to the nucleus is excited. So, that electron coming from the k-cell has the highest probability. So, the highest probability of absorbing the photon is for most tightly bound electron that is k-cell. So, if the energy of the photon is more than the k-cell binding energy, then it is the predominantly k-cell electron that is imitated. Now, so what essentially has happened there is a hole in the k-cell electron has been imitated. So, the post photoelectric effect what happens? It is a hole in the k-cell, then the electrons in the higher cells will jump down to the lower shell and in the process you will see the x-rays being imitated and subsequently this when it comes to the balanced electrons even this instead of x-ray emission the OZ electrons may also be imitated. So, as a result of the photoelectric effect we have photoelectrons, x-rays and OZ electrons being imitated and all these x-rays again will cause photoelectric effect their energies are much smaller. So, they will be having much smaller ranges and so all of them ultimately deposit energy in the medium and you get the full energy deposition in the substance. So, the probability of the photoelectric effect depends heavily upon the z of the absorber z to the power n where a z is the absorber atomic number and this n value is quite high 4 to 5. Whereas, it is depends upon the energy of the gamma ray in inverse way at e to the power 3.5. So, these dependencies have come from the electromagnetic theory and so we will not go into details how these relationships have been arrived at. But the point to note is that the the probability of photoelectric effect is very dependent upon the z higher the z higher the section for the photoelectric effect and lower the energy higher the probability for photoelectric effect. So, if you what I have shown here is in the this in as a function of energy of the photon at the the projection or the what we call as the attenuation coefficient for the photoelectric effect it is coming down with energy you can see here. So, higher the energy lower the probability of photoelectric effect for a particular z for a particular atomic number you can see here. So, this is the k h this is the l h and so on. So, what happens that in general that cross section should come down with energy, but whenever there is a the photon energy matches with the k-cell binding energy there is a jump in the cross section for photoelectric effect. Similarly, whenever the energy of the photon is equal close to the l-cell binding energy then there is a jump in the cross section and so the cross section for photoelectric effect will have a z at the respective cell binding energies. So, the photoelectric effect is the one process that leads to complete position of the energy of the photon in the detector system and so the typical spectrum you can see here. So, what happens support this is the count versus energy of the gamma ray then if the energy of the photon was e 0 then it will lead to a sharp peak ideally it should be a delta function sharp line, but the detector has its own resolution and so it becomes a Gaussian peak. So, there is a broadening in the peak of the gamma ray so, but this is what. So, there is no other effect of manifestation of the photoelectric effect in the gamma spectrum except that suppose this is the high jet material the detector is high jet material. So, the x-rays are emitted and x-rays might escape it. So, there will be x-ray escape peaks particularly it happens in sodium iodide which we will discuss subsequent lectures. The iodine is a one of the components of sodium iodide and the iodine x-ray might escape from the detector system and so there will be a peak full energy minus iodine kx-ray that is called the iodine x-ray escape. Another process of the photon interaction is content scattering and as the name itself implies it is a scattering. So, it is like an elastic scattering between the photon and the loosely bound electron. So, here the electron that is participating in content scattering is either a valence cell almost loosely bound electron. So, there is a collision between a photon, a photon comes strikes the electron and the photon is emitted at theta degree the required electron goes at 5. So, it is like an elastic scattering between the photon and the electron and the energy of the incident photon is shared by the scattered photon and the required electron. So, you can set up the in fact the equations for the conservation of energy and momentum of the photon before and after the collision and then we will not go into because this is a very simple derivation you can set up. So, finally, we want to know what is the energy of the photon that depends upon the angle at which the photon is indicated and so the h nu dash the energy of the content scattered photon is given by h nu incident energy upon 1 plus h nu upon m0 c square m0 c square m0 is the response of electron c is the speed of light and 1 to 1 minus 4 theta. And so, accordingly the energy of the electron will be h nu minus h nu dash. So, the energy of the incident photon is shared between the electron and the scattered photon. So, the manifestation of this you will see in this when we see what happens at cos theta equal to 0 when theta equal to 0 cos theta equal to 1 and then so this term becomes 0. So, you have h nu dash equal to h nu h nu dash equal to h nu. So, that means at 0 degree the photon goes undeflected there is no electron energy is 0 when the electron when the photon is scattered at 0 degree. But when the photon is scattered at 180 degree then cos theta is equal to minus 1 and you put here the value of cos 1 minus minus 1 become 2. So, h nu dash is h nu upon 1 plus h nu upon 2 m0 c square. So, it should be 2 h nu upon m0 c square 2 h nu upon m0 c square. So, at 180 degree this is the minimum value of the photon scattered photon energy. Now, let us do some simplification if the gamma ray energy is much higher than the rest mass energy of the electron m0 c square means 0.511 mev in that case you can actually substitute this term you can neglect. So, it becomes h nu dash would be m0 c square by because this will get cancelled with this m0 c square would go in the numerator and it becomes m0 c square by 2 m0 c square is nothing but 0.511 mev or 511 kv half of it will be 256 kv. So, at 180 degree the gamma ray photon energy is very high then you will find there is something called as a compliant edge because the energy of the electron will be h nu minus 256 and so at a energy full energy of the gamma ray minus 256 there is a peak that is called the it is not a peak it is a hump so, that is called the compliant edge. So, it is a typical now feature of content scattering which we will see in the subsequent slide you can see here the the content edge this is so, at let us this is 256 if the photon energy is much higher than the rest mass energy of electron that is 511 kv. So, you can see here depending upon the scattering of the photon at 0 degree or 180 degree you get a continuum in the gamma spectrum as a result of content scattering this is the full energy. So, content scattering does not lead to the full energy deposition, but what happens if your detector is very big in size then the content scattered of photon can further undergo photoelectric effect or content scattering and then you can have a full energy deposition because the even the content scattered for here is assumed that the photon is scattered out of the system, but if the photon can further interact with the medium then you can lead to energy deposition. And the probability of the content scattering has a mild dependence on the z and the energy of the photon. So, here what is shown here is the energy dependence of the photon. So, as the as the energy of the gamma ray increases the probability the content scattering cross section decreases with the energy, but it is a very mild dependence. Now, the third process is pair production. So, essentially in this process also the photon is completely lost the photon is like absorbed in the Coulomb field of the nucleus and the energy of the photon is used in producing a pair of electron and positron. So, this process is seen schematically here that the incident photon comes in the vicinity of the nucleus and the energy of the photon is taken up by the nucleus and instead of that the internal photon it is like the universe of the annihilation of the gamma ray, the pair annihilation of the positron with the electron. So, a pair of electron and positron is produced and the energy of the photon is now going into the kinetic energy of the positron and electron, but to create the pair of electron and positron you require the rest mass energy of the pair that is 1.02 MVV and so that is the threshold for this pair production process. The remaining energy h nu minus 1.02 is going as the kinetic energy of the electron positron pair. This positron will get thermalized in the medium and it can meet another electron in the medium and annihilate the electron when it is thermalized to give you 2 511 KeV gamma rays which we discussed in the interaction of positron heat matter. The net result of pair production as you can see here you will have a high energy electron and 2 511 KeV gamma rays and then these 2 511 KeV gamma rays can further interact in the medium either they can get deposited in the system or they can get escape or so. So, if then either there can be full energy deposition the detector is large enough or one of the gamma ray one of the 511 KeV may escape this called single escape peak or both the gamma ray this 511 KeV gamma ray photons may escape from detector that is called the double escape peaks. So, what you will have here that from the suppose this is the gamma ray e gamma counts. So, if this is the full energy then you will find and this is the Compton this is the photopic you will see the single escape and double escape peaks on the gamma spectrum because of this 511 and this is 1.2 corresponding to single escape and out escape. So, this is what happens that when the pair production takes place. So, you can immediately make out that since the gamma energy is higher than 1.02 pair production will be dominant process. So, the probability of pair production is varying with the energy of the gamma ray and the jet of the absorber in this fashion jet square into ln of e gamma here the e dependence is shown. So, there is a threshold for the pair production and as you go and increase the energy of the photon the pair production probability increases. So, let us say 2 MeV 3 MeV you will find pair production will dominate the interaction of gamma rays with matter. So, the net projections for all the processes the photoelectric the Compton scattering and the pair production are shown in this slide here. So, you can see this is the photoelectric effect you can see the k h and it is going down by the after 1 MeV or so actually this is for the sodium hydride. So, it is impacting the sodium and iodine in the material then the Compton scattering is you can see here Compton scattering this is a photoelectric effect. So, it is coming down as 1 by e and the pair production is going up beyond 1.02 immediately. The net result of these processes is the projection for the whole process interaction will be you come down and then again start going up. So, this is the way the gamma ray photons will interact with the media and the when the gamma ray is traveling through a absorber. So, how does the intensity of the gamma ray change with the thickness of the absorber material that I have tried to illustrate here is the incident gamma ray photon of in an intensity i 0 is passing through a thin slab of the absorber material and the transmitted intensity is i then the the different the the decrease in the intensity of the gamma ray minus d i by b x in thickness proportional to i. Why this has come because in this case of gamma ray where the gamma ray photon is interacting in one step either it will undergo photoelectric effect or Compton scattering or pair production in one event itself the photon is removed from the initiating flux and so that process has got a like you know radioactive decay radioactive decay atom decays and so you have an exponential decay with time. In the case of this interaction of gamma ray in one interaction itself the photon is disappearing from this beam intensity and so you have the similarly the first order rate law and the solution of the differential equation is i equal to i 0 a raise to minus mu x that is what I have tried to show here that the ratio of the transmitted to the incident intensity is exponentially decaying thickness of the absorber material as the thickness is increasing the gamma ray since the transmitted intensity is decreasing. And this so you can see this mu you can get from here by fitting this equation and that mu is the total so we are not trying to break up them but this mu whatever we get is the sum of the three attenuation coefficients mu is called the attenuation coefficient how does the gamma ray get attenuated. So mu photoelectric effect mu Compton scattering and mu pair production the sum total of this is the total attenuation coefficient. Now see the attenuation coefficient we define two types of attenuation coefficient one is the linear attenuation coefficient mind you the quantity in exponential e raise to minus mu x the mu x has to be dimensionless quantity anything in exponential dimensionless quantity. So if x is in thickness in centimeter mu will be in centimeter inverse so that is what is obviously this is x is linear in thickness in centimeter mu is called the linear attenuation coefficient. But in the interaction as I discussed earlier also suppose you can have a one inch thick material with pores inside and same thing you can compress the thickness becomes one centimeter but the density is different. So the density normalized thicknesses are called mass dependent thicknesses and so that where the density independent mass attenuation coefficient can be obtained by dividing the linear attenuation coefficient by the density. So if you multiply this by it should be rho density of the material mu by rho so it will be centimeter inverse on gram into centimeter 2. So this is the density 1 by rho this is the mu. So it becomes mu m that is centimeter square per gram this is called the mass attenuation coefficient. So if you write the thickness in gram per centimeter square so you multiply the thickness by density x into density is centimeter into centimeter cube this is called the mass dependent density dependent thickness. So normally in this interaction so we will always talk about density dependent thicknesses and so we have that. So then this becomes independent of density of the material so what about value you get mu m it is independent of the density whereas this attenuation coefficient linear one depends on the density of the. Now I will just touch upon the interaction of neutrons with matter neutrons are also neutral particles they are neutral particles so they do not have any pulomic interaction with the material but they will undergo a scattering elastic scattering or nuclear reactions and that is how we make use of these interactions to detect the neutrons. In the case of neutrons so we can classify neutrons into slow neutrons or harsh neutrons. In fact there are other classification like epithermal neutrons I mean there are some regions of energy of neutron where there are high resonances like here I have shown here the cross-section for the neutron induced reactions fall as we increase the energy of neutron in fact this is called one by V law velocity of the neutron is increasing so the cross-section is decreasing. So thermal neutrons the neutrons of low energy are more reactive than high energy and somewhere in the middle around 1 to 2 electron volt so there are resonances in the cross-sections there are whenever the nucleus is matching with its energy that is energy so what we want to show is that thermal neutrons are more reactive and so many times in to protect neutrons we need to thumb like the neutrons. So we will discuss the interaction of slow neutrons and harsh neutrons little bit separately slow neutrons are highly reactive and why it is called cadmium cutoff the energy of neutron less than 0.5 electron volt is called cadmium cutoff because at 0.5 electron volt cadmium has got this kind of ordinances and so if you put cadmium the gamma rays are the neutrons are totally you know absorbed by this cadmium so that is called the cadmium cutoff means the energy which is absorbed by the cadmium. So if you wrap a sample by cadmium that then low energy neutrons are all absorbed by the cadmium you will see only the fast neutrons. So the thermal neutrons though it will undergo elastic scattering but that is not important from the point of view of detecting the neutrons the slow neutrons will predominantly undergo nuclear reactions it can be neutron captured and gamma it can be neutron induced proton emission followed by preceded by neutron capture and alpha or fissure neutron induced fissure. So you can see detectors based on boron bf3 gas where boron 10 interacts with the neutron to give alpha and lithium 7 so these are the charged particles and they will be depositing energy in the medium similarly helium 3 gas and p reaction tritium so the tritium and proton they are the charged particles similarly the 235 uranium neutron induced fission the fission fragments are charged. So the net result of the interact nuclear reactions by neutrons with different detector materials will be the portion of charged particles which will interact with the like heavy charged particles and deposit their energy in the substance. The fast neutrons can also undergo inelastic collisions apart from elastic collisions and they can excite the nuclei or they can undergo nuclear reactions. So when it is undergoing elastic scattering we have required NPI like a neutron can interact with the proton and knock it off from the place so we can have the heavy charged particles as a required nuclei or the fast neutrons can also undergo nuclear reactions like NP and alpha NF neutron diffusion and N2M types of reactions. So this neutrons detection can be done using the nuclear reaction in fact mostly the neutrons are detected using the nuclear reactions and they what is the range that neutron the how much distance they can travel like they are neutral particles so the the energy loss mechanism is first initially only by elastic scattering or inelastic scattering. So if a neutron is colliding with a nucleus of mass number A coming number Z then it can just give a kinematics you can set up and that we did in the case of heavy charged particles and electrons the energy received by the required nucleus will be 4 mm upon upon m plus m square into energy of the incident neutron this is the same formula we derived for the heavy charged particles so same thing applies here. Now let us assume that for protons the protons and neutrons are relatively same mass so m equal to small m equal to 1 and so if you put the value here then you will find the energy of the required will be energy of the neutron. So that means what with the proton when the neutron is interacting neutron can give all energy in one single collision like in the case of us electrons us electron will give all energy in one collision so the when you want to reduce the energy of neutron using a moderator the proton or the hydrogen material is the best water. So that is why you will find water is used as a moderator in the reactors there are other problems with the water so we use any water. Now finally the cross sections this is called the microscopic cross section when a neutron is interacting with the nucleus we call cross section as sigma but when we say neutron beam is passing through a material we call capital sigma is called macroscopic where n is the density so nuclei per cc number of nuclei per cc or number of atoms also you can say cc in the material and so the sigma essentially is like you know decay constant of a neutron like when we have the beam at innovation of the neutron you can see here that the neutron beam is going then i0 to i the neutrons also will follow the similar type of expression i equal to i0 is to minus sigma x where this sigma is the microscopic cross section and many a times we associate a mean free path that means what if the distance traveled by the neutron without attracting the material that is one over sigma so these are in fact huge in the reactor physics when the neutron neutron economy is being discussed how the neutron is diffusing in the detector system these concepts become important in that. So I will stop here and subsequently discuss the detection of relations by different means. Thank you.


Jim Groom, welcome to Eden. Thank you for your keynote this morning. It was very enthralling. A lot of people resonated with it. One of the things that intrigued us all was your use of a strap line which said the uneducation of technologists. What does that mean? Uneducation of the technologists was a quote from a title of a paper that Brian Lam and I wrote for The Rust Journal back in 2009. It was Brian's title and what I think we were getting at and the idea behind it is with the kind of maelstrom of technologies and the way in which the web changes, some of the ways we think about teaching and learning, how do we as a community of educational technologists learn to kind of work with that and work within that? And the uneducation was kind of letting go of some of the kind of preconceptions, some of the idea of grafting what we do in the classroom face to face onto the online. And I think this idea of uneducation became about engaging the maelstrom and he has a beautiful quote from Edgar Allan Poe in there, which Marshall McLuhan said he had referred back to when writing The Mechanical Bride as a way to kind of rethink how media is rewiring us, like a form of understanding new modes of media and particularly McLuhan would always talk about this in relationship to electricity. And so much of what McLuhan was saying in the 60s and 70s resonates so deeply with how we're thinking about the web and the kind of fragmentation and atomic redistribution of our sense of time and space. It's cool and so I think of uneducation as an expression of that for technologists and teaching and learning. You mentioned the 70s, back in the 70s also, even Ilitch wrote a book called De-Schooling Society. Does that have synergy with what you're talking about, that kind of idea? I think it does and I think a lot of people have referred back to, you said, Ilitch, Freire, this notion of rethinking some of the kind of institutional structures around teaching and learning and both the limits and possibilities of that. And I think one of the things we get into, and Ilitch talks about this sort of Freire, like there's an exchange model of the classroom and it's very much unilateral and the question of control is very situated. And I think with some of the ways we think about the web is it de-centers control, right? It's a de-centered platform and it's not to say that control isn't reforming in some real ways on the web, but there is a space struggle there that has given voice to a whole new way of interacting around media. And I do think unschooling in relationship to the web, it's not coincidental that the two re-emerged as a question over the last decade and opened up a whole possibility for better or for worse to disrupt education. And I think that's an interesting moment we're in and what that means defining that so it doesn't just become another buzzword that sells a product. One of the highly disruptive things that you attempted which is still running is DS106. Not everyone has heard of it, but for those who haven't, perhaps could you explain what it is and how that links into what you've just said? Well first, as you know, I have to establish it's for life, right? And that's a joke because the people who do take DS106, they get passionate about it. It becomes not only a class, it becomes a community of people who share and create and build. And the for life is a notion that a class doesn't necessarily have to be a 15 week experience that you go through, you take the class, you leave. And DS106 started out as that and in some ways it still is for 25 or 30 students a semester. But it's also a really kind of engaged community of people who in 2010 started as a small class at Mary Washington, but in 2011 based on people's interest in creating their own domain and building their own space became an open course where over 500 people took it and we had people from all over the world sharing. And it became a kind of marketplace for creative ideas. It's like if you want to create something cool and get feedback you would use the DS106 hashtag on Twitter or you go to the assignment bank for DS106 and you'd submit an assignment.  It was an ecosystem for learning and it was an ecosystem and community for creativity. There was a radio station created by Grant Potter. The assignment bank was created by Martha Burdus. Alan Levine created the remix machine. I mean, so many people went into building this. And even the students created a site that was a part of the ecosystem where other students could submit what they thought the work that inspired them. And so like everybody was building the ecosystem as it unfolded. And I think there's that expression building the airplane while it's flying and DS106 really does kind of capture that spirit of teaching and learning as a process. Thank you, Jim, for your insight today. It's been great talking to you. And thank you also for the time you spent with us. Thank you.


All I have been tasked with doing a total reorganization of a team site for leadership consists of files and a wiki, so we found the one person still using wiki, need advice on how to keep current setup visible while I basically create the new version. Is there a sandbox option in Teams? I have been asked to keep the new one hidden while it's in production and make it visible all at one time, similar to a web page being in production until it is published. That's in the best way to handle. Don't give them permission to the team until it's ready. Really? That is your production playground. You don't need a sandbox option, you just basically create it. Don't add anyone. Exactly. It's like anything, it's like a SharePoint site. Once we've created our new internet site, then we start adding people to it. Is it because you want to, or bring people in and out to do just their component, you need them to actually create, but then stop, but yeah, no different. The hard part with doing that is that, again, I don't know how this site is being used, all used like the SharePoint migration example of restructuring and redesigning is that people are still in there in that live environment, so they're messing things up, they're moving things, they're adding things, and so how do you replicate that over as far as the content? That's just something that you'd have to go in and look at and say, well, what conversations happened? You could just let your organization know, and this is back with what we used to do before some of the third party tools improved upon that process, but we'd say as of Friday at 5 p.m., we're going to start migrating. Just realize we're going to migrate over the weekend, and that anything new or that's changed will be lost for the new system. Therefore, pause yourselves, and then we'll do the move, and then you restart up within the new environment. I don't know what that, because honestly, for teams of teams, migration for moving and reorganizing third party tools. I work for ISV that has one that does that, so I don't do the native experience, and it solves some of that problem by going in and automatically doing it in minutes rather than a lot of the manual steps through the native experience. Any other suggestions? I mean, besides just telling people, hey, take a pause, and then we're going to move everything over? Yeah, I think it all depends on the size. Do you need to retain the metadata on the documents themselves? If you need the create date, you're going to need some third party tools. If you just want to do a copy and paste, and some of that doesn't matter, and there's not a lot of rework, then frankly, copy it. Keep track of what you've copied. Again, I think absolutely doing that at a downtime, especially if it's a high active site, you're going to really want to make sure before you go ahead, turn one off and turn one on that you do that compare, the number of files, the number of documents, the number of lists perhaps that you might have in there to just confirm, make sure everything looks good, and of course, when you do turn one off, I would say hold on to it, give it about 30 days, maybe 60 days. Just in case anything gets missed, you can always go back to it, pull it on over. I suppose it would be starting from the things that they're not having to replicate today, at least having that piece ready to go, and so that you have a less amount of work when you've got to do the copy everything over to the new environment to once you have a look at what you've actually got, because yeah, that whole duplication of information, and if they're still working in the old environment, then what's the difference becomes just too complicated? Now you could go in, again on the SharePoint side, and you could in the old version once you cut over, you could make the old environments or all those list of libraries read only, so that you lock out the changes, they'd still be able to go in and chat and do kind of all the different pieces, so you just need to make sure you emphasize the communication, hey this is happening, this is where we're moving things across, and kind of for the last mile experience as part of the communication, kind of charge everyone who has access to see something, say something, if there's content that's missing, let us know, or manually move those things across. The downside of that though would be the confusion from the user around where they are to where they're going, that pain point that sits in between, that then gives from a change, you know, being in the change coms perspective, where you get all these friction points then of what's there, and then they just start working in the new, and if we're talking we're not wanting them to have access to the new, they effectively don't have access to the files of the read only, so you then get caught in that the rock in the hard place between the two, because really you don't want them in the new environment, so the permissions aren't there, so the docs in there, so that anything could do probably more in that third party tour where you can, or have it where you could do some automation even if you think about it, so if they create something here it automatically duplicates over to wherever it's going to, might be another one, it'll come down to what are they still working in, what could you go don't put anything in here now for the next two days while we move over in, yeah. Well, see that's what I like about the, you know, you do the read only on the old site, only when you've moved the content over, you think that it's ready to go live, and then everybody the new one put read only, so then if they see, hey, something's missing, then I can go back and I can see, hey, there's something that's there, that's locked down, I can't modify, that's not there, and then as the admin's going to control that, again, I'm just trying to think of how teams works a little bit differently, that what's messier about teams in that scenario, and I get what Christine is asking about, because it's not like an intranet, it's not a SharePoint site, it's much messier, right, with all of the chats, with all of the, you know, all of those other components, with the other automations, well, there could be a ton in the SharePoint site as well. So, you know, I wish it was just as clean as, hey, let's duplicate the structure, let's then just migrate the content. But it's a to do place, and this is the thing, it's the place to go to do, so if you're there, and you're in that mode, that then, at some point, someone has to stop being in the to do mode for you to be able to do what you need to do or be able to do it hard and fast. So that's always the complexity, and then on top of that, what are they needing to have access to in that team, because that's a whole nother, are they creating lists, are they creating planners, are they creating, is there one notes, and they're doing it all day every day in meetings and taking notes, so there's so many other components that plug in. That is not just about SharePoint, there's just, there's a lot happening, so you really don't know how complex they're working to do place is, to say, you know, hold a nice little production environment, if it's really simple, you know, if it's a simple environment, it may not be as messy, but the more complex it is in their working environment, then the harder it's going to be to do a production environment. Right. And it's interesting, after just looking at it a little bit more around a total reorg of a team site for leadership. So the files that are in a team site, I guess I would recommend creating a new team. You know, if I really think about it, I don't think I'd want to mess with the shared documents, because those are your channels. So if you start messing around with that, that could really screw up some of the architecture that that's already been given inside of teams. So my advice would certainly be creating a new team, creating the channels of the file structure that you want to see, and then moving your folder or your files into that new location or copying them. Yeah, start again, kind of have something fresh. Yeah, because yeah, yeah, when you're reengineering, it's not going to work the same. It's just, yeah.  So what migrates, what do you lose with that with that move? That's where I mean, the third party tool will benefit can move a lot of those other digital assets that you can't do natively. But yeah, it, it I'll be the first to say it in this conversation. It depends. Right. So let's there. And then don't forget the last part, which is now you have to communicate what you've done. So if you've re-architected it, channels are a new name, maybe it's a new department name. You know, you just need to also in your general channel put the announcement. This is the old layout to the new layout. And this is where you can find things to make it easier for people who are probably used to doing the other way. Yeah. Good old coms. Welcome to my world. My world change. It comes training. Clean up the mess, clean up on aisle 14, coms. That's it. Exactly. Don't step in that oil at the moment. Should you step in there? You will slip. Oh, good.


What's up guys we're back with another PSA return video. Yes, two cards came back quickly both my super express ones So this is the mech chaser that I pulled from TP1 just like a couple of weeks ago And it's already back so I'm pretty excited to see what it got if you guys remember it was way OC So we're hoping for the 9 OC. I'm gonna flash back to that pole just so you guys can relive it one more time All right third pack here. We go we get the statue of the Easter Island if that doesn't remind you of 9th Museum, I don't know like what will the judgment hand here we go She guys hit the like button for this video because this is pretty expensive pretty epic old opening The sinnering is pathetic. Look at it. Oh my goodness mechanical chaser ultra rare pulled from tournament pack one Unbelievable all right now that you guys are in the moment. You remember the epicness of pulling it We're gonna open a few packs and then we're gonna open up the card and see what it got So we have a couple of first edition legendary duelists. These are pretty cool The boxes are pretty expensive on these but the reprints kind of hurt the value of the singles We got a couple of Tristula's triumph. There is like a $50 card in here. It's like your unity something I probably won't even know if I pull it storm of riding rock three packs and three extreme victories So we're gonna go a little bit heavier on the packs than we went the first time we had a PSA return or like last time. What's that? today's sponsor Skillshare of course as you guys know Skillshare is an online learning community with thousands of classes I've talked about Skillshare before and what I really enjoy about them are video and editing classes There are always new classes being released on Skillshare and because I love learning new things about videoing editing Audience retention and things like that. I always have new content. It's the same for you guys Whether it be animation creative writing film and video fine art graphic design illustration music photography Design or web development. All of these things are available on Skillshare If you guys are interested there will be a class for you something you can learn about and when you're bored When you feel like you need to do something you can fill your time with something that helps you improve Which is always really exciting one class that I've been enjoying recently is a class about engaging my audience And since you guys are my audience I want to learn about how I can engage you guys for a longer period of time You guys can enjoy videos even more and I've learned that from Skillshare and the first 1000 you guys to click the link below get a free trial the premium membership Thanks to Skillshare for sponsoring this video and get in there and learn some stuff guys We only have a six packs, but so it was a little shorter.  It's a dragoonity night if we pull on we're gonna have to see what it is Okay, so it's not this one anything. That's not the big dragoonity night. It's like less than I think eight dollars I think eight dollars is the biggest after that So if we don't see dragoonity night, we're not gonna look up the price But I'll probably look it up just so I can get hyped in the video if it actually is okay Legendary duel of season one this or not season one the original one before there was a season one This has the red eyes baby dragon. There's a damaged card. I'm pretty sure the back cards bent too So this is a good start bonding h2o Amazon's Village and Amazon is call. Okay, not a great start. Okay. Let's try a storm of Ragnarok. I've told you guys Probably a hundred times. I've never pulled the Odin ghost rare So hopefully we can do it one day, you know right now would be great right now would be fantastic We have token stampede. We got the scrap shark.  That'd be awesome diverge Come on. It gives me the Thor But it's not a ghost right. This is not this is the Thor not the Odin So we have Thor Ragnarok here. No, just kidding. Okay. We have Thor Lord of the Acer That's a pretty cool card. I think it comes in ulti doesn't it? Yeah, and obviously it comes in first edition as well So this is like double double down from the the top of the rarity, but it's still a really cool card I don't know what it's worth. Probably a couple bucks pretty nice card though. We'll take that any of the what are they called? They're called the I can't remember what like the three Lords or something are called. I don't know what they're called. Oh, we got the weirdo the jar turtle Such a weird card. That is such a weird card. All right, we got out of the book. That wasn't out of the blue card How about that? Boon of the necklord emperor Serene psychic witch TG rush Rhine and the morphotronic Landtron mental seeker man.  Oh, I Always forget it's right in the front fabled Deonaria Deonera, I don't know that is not the Jirguinity though. It's a guinea Jirguinity javelin though I am really struggling to speak right now. Okay Stormfrager I I skipped the Joey didn't I oh well. We'll get back to it We've got tokens stampy. We got all the tokens. We've got a black wing kalima the haze divine relic Shanae Kaigeki and Terminal world. I don't know if it's kageki Kaigeki. It's not like Rygeki, but with just a K So I don't know Let's go back to Joey.  I think we pulled the red eyes fang with chain, which is one of the best cards So it's pretty good armatory. We got the Amazon is Archer red eyes fusion used to be good. Oh water dragon cluster that's a cool card water dragon is a very very cool card and We will be opening elemental energy soon. Maybe we'll get the ultimate rare probably not the one you want But it looks absolutely incredible, so I'd be actually be pretty cool. All right extreme victory. We're getting close to that PSA reveal. I'm pretty excited Extreme victory out of the blue again scrap calm Book of the met wait, why am I why do I feel like this is? Worse, I don't know. I don't know for some reason. I have a feeling or a memory of that I don't know what it is necro defender and the resolute mech lord army. All right the resolute desk Okay Enough national treasure references. Let's just keep going two more packs Yeah, because I mean you can only reference the best actor of all time Nicholas Cage so many times You know what I mean? I mean like I don't need to mention them anymore okay Nordic ascendant and solemn authority and Final pack before we get into the PSA return extreme victory Here we go Reboot, let's see if we can pull a go share a psychic reactor army of skill scrap Kong again resonator call and Then the Nana shake. Okay. That's kind of weird. All right, so we did not pull much in those packs Hopefully we'll pull something in this box. Okay, so we got to open this this fortress that they put these cards in I'm not gonna bother trying to do it on camera because it's just ridiculous. It's insane. I Have not peaked at this Because I have that much willpower and not peak it was it was tough because I got the gray ball was gone I was in Arizona But I didn't look I did not look for you guys so we could be excited to get hopefully excited not disappointed Essentially disappointed. You never know.  What will it get? Okay? It's between nine and eight. Look. I mean just look at the back center.  Oh My goodness.  Oh, this is on the card too.  Why? It's a three hundred dollars service level and this still happens. You pay three hundred dollars. I've even seen the great I'm already upset. I'm already upset. This is crazy. I I might send this back. I don't because like I'm pretty sure some of that down there is on the card You guys see that Like the lower part. I'm pretty sure some of that is on the card some of it's definitely not and Then some of it is like is there a scratch on the case too?  Okay What is it gonna be guys? Sintering on the front is bad as well The back is covered in junk, which is so annoying. All right TP one Please get the nine. What do you guys think? What do you guys think? Let me know in the comments We'll get the nine. We'll get the nine of C. We'll get an eight. We'll get a seven.  Oh my goodness an eight ride out of the pack That was expected to be honest. Oh my goodness Very disappointing very disappointing.  It's very annoying I mean the corners look pretty good. They're maybe not like cut the most ideally Maybe they're a little bit fuzzy or something What's it's on the front to What how is it on the front and the back? I need some like Windex over here. This is crazy. Oh My goodness. Okay. I think okay. It's not off. It's still on there You should be scrubbing during this video. This is crazy guys. This is just awful if it was bulk That's one thing but I mean Come on $300 service level we're gonna have junk all over the slab and on the card. I mean it's an eight anyway But still come on. This is like this sucks I'm sure that they do the encapsulating Okay, I'm not sure but I'm guessing that they do the encapsulating the exact same no matter what service level and That's where this happens, but I don't know how this still happens. I Guess because they know they can get away with it because people are still gonna submit but Like how is this is the one of the worst I've ever seen and then in my last return. It was all over it as well Yeah, so enough complaining. We got my card back at least I might I might re-slab it But I I'm not sure that they won't do it again We got the Mac chaser is really cool I only sent it $300 because I'm just I just wanted to see what it got I'm really excited because we pulled it still a really really cool card. I upgraded for my PSA 7 Technically, it's an upgrade. We'll take it and it is a really cool card. I pulled it myself I'm always gonna enjoy this card We'll definitely hang on to it because it's an eight really not worth that much in it I want still worth like probably like two grand or something, but maybe a little bit more but Not really worth selling for me since I pulled it, but yeah, hopefully I can get some of this off So thank you guys for watching. Hope you guys enjoyed it if you did like the video subscribe for more We have some insane openings coming up Hopefully our PSA returns to the future come back and don't have crap all over him, but I'm guessing that they will so thank you guys for watching I'll see you guys later Peace Dark bright


Today, I am proud to announce the last of the three pillars of our family's first agenda and that's family affordability. Now in British Columbia, tuition rates have been the fourth lowest in the country for the last six years, but even with that, students do need still extra support, particularly those with lower income or those who have family responsibilities that put an extra strain on their budgets. So as part of the family affordability pillar, we're introducing changes that will better support British Columbians with student loans. On July 1st, a new two-stage plan will ensure that people with a lower income and their families will have the support that they need when repaying their loans. Kudos to the Premier, kudos to our province for this commitment. This announcement touches an area that has been my preoccupation for over 35 years, one of constantly observing and learning about children and families and how best to be proactive in addressing the changes taking place in families. Being able to have a repayment program that is income-based isn't only a fair system but a much needed one in B.C. And not having to worry about being broke because I chose to pursue higher education provides me with a very good sense of security. I can continue to build a life for myself and for my family, knowing that I won't have to give up more than I earn to pursue my dream. So thank you very much for the change, thank you to the Premier and the Minister for announcing this change, and thanks for making the folks of my education the education itself. Thank you. So thank you.


Hello everyone! In this video, we will be covering how to address fixed keypads through Vista Residential Panels. On Vista Residential Panels, such as the 15p, 20p, and 21ip, address 16 is always enabled by default, and each keypad needs a unique address. On fixed keypads, such as the 6150 and 6150v, upon power-up, hold down 1 and 3. Enter in the keypad address, then hit star. In this video, we are using a 6150v, but for addressing purposes, the rest of the options can be left at default. That's all for this video. Thanks for watching! Also, contact the LARM Monitoring Services.


What's up everybody? Jayz here for jayspeakscasebreak.com 2019 Panini Chronicles football six-bots half-case break random teams number one sold out Third two spots everybody gets a random team and if I remember all cards ship So we'll have another half-case break posted after this now if you bought a spot straight up. Good luck There you go from Jay down to Jason. If you want to spot a contenders We gave away 18 spots from Eric down to Barry you guys are in as well I think I still have the list over here too So good luck guys, let's roll it and It's a six and a four for ten times one two three four five six seven eight And nine Gregory lying down to Eric You guys see the other day at the US Open joke of it skin They kicked out of the out of the match for hitting a lion's-man lady in the throat That's crazy ten times One two three four five six seven eight nine Broncos down to the Panthers No, dude that I Seen every at first. I thought Mads would intentionally hit a line later. That's crazy. She was must have been really mad He was a little frustrated, but he just Hit it to the back It just directly landed on the ladies throat. I was like holy schnikes But the referees could have had an opportunity to just give a minus a point Like they did with Serena, but they decided to just actually kick him out Gregory with the Broncos Matt with the Falcons Wesley with the Colts and Mike with the Rams Bill with the bangles art of the Vikings Juan, you have the Seahawks John with the Packers Jason with the Steelers mark with the Chargers Jeff with the bills John with the Cowboys Aaron with the Ravens Jay with the Raiders very with the Texans Brandon with the Saints Brian Crawford the Bucks and Redskins Aaron Patriots Eric with Jaguars James Reardon, and you have the Chiefs Jeff with the Dolphins mark with the Jets John you have the Giants Louie or Louis sorry with the Browns Eric with the 49ers Brian Crawford the Titans and Bears Eric with the Cardinals Aaron Pettit with the Lions all the Roman Eagles and Eric with the Carolina Panthers Anybody want to trade let me know yes, sir DK Metcalfe is the big rookie for the Seahawks Yes, sir, Rito's auto-square anybody want to trade Now is the time Obi-Wan doing well man. How about you? All right, Jeremy gets the Donner's box break five box break Nobody circles a wagon like the Buffalo Bills Bryce And I'm gonna close the trade with Have you really won? That's crazy. That's crazy. No toner that the toner scam See how I speak your teams. That's fun All right, there you go best final printout Chronicles, whoa Chronicles football But I think there's a way for you to still record it But I'll let you figure it out. Okay. All right six bucks half case break One two three left four five six right. There you go one these are here will be for the next break We'll post it up soon Pull some fire. Yeah start off the day with a bang Chronicles collegiate football this year was fire Chronicles in general it's been a good minute since we had some Khalil Mack 199 Tyler Murray There AJ Brown There's Campbell to start us off to 50 D. Will Samuel to 99 I Do there and I think it's pretty nice product. It's a mixture, which is always good Drew lock score Daniel Jones rookie Josh Jacobs to 99 Patty Mahomes to 199. No fat from Titan. There's my boy Donovan McNabbur right there Adrian Peterson Vikings edition little Dwayne Haskins and a Garner-Minshew number to 99 DK Metcalf rookie Nick Bosa Jared Stidham No, I didn't when you told me to check I just I didn't want anything Did they get an O? Damian Harris. Oh, yeah, that's right. You like one one, but you couldn't even buy it Um, when is actually all that stuff shipping out next week? All right, you guys so that was box one Some nice rookies in here was it Damian Harris the announcement that he was out for like a while now They did huh? All right, next box guys Mark Brunel scary Terry McLaren very nice 21 out of 50 for the Washington football team little Dwayne Haskins back-to-back for the Washington football team Brian Tyler Murray Garner-Minshew of 66 from titanium Deontay Johnson Terry McLaren Roy Williams, wow, out of 25 Infamous the Roy Williams horse collar tackle Hate that guy broke Teo's leg Would have been healthy for the Super Bowl probably would have won wasn't for him Debo Samuel Devin Bush Garner-Minshew Phillip Lindsay nice little Patrick there eight out of 49 Bill Mack to 99 miles and All right, next box just to one 99 Villanueva little patch to 49 for the Steelers And adjacent last ball mojo 209 Derek Henry Will Greer number to 49 George Kittle Autograph how about that nine out of ten George Kittle 49ers It's like Donner signature series right there was the 49ers Eric does very nice Mark he's brown to 199 Little Kyler Murray rookie and we got Mark. He's brown to 99 Kyler Murray rookie here Kyler Murray rookie and Cal Van Noy For the Patriots can't transfer to 99 for the Seahawks. All righty guys, we're halfway through our next one Josh Jacobs, and that's a seven out of ten. Very nice Gridiron Kings, I believe Raiders with that one What a J with Damian Harris number There is Slayton Will Greer C-chef was going on man, but Justice Hill to 99 Steadham, Alejandro, Villanueva 199 Baker Mayfield to 199 Out of 50, Steadham. Nice C-chef Good to hear man. All right, two more boxes. You know nothing crazy pops out of this I have a second half to be super loaded guys. It's Gardner Mint shoe Triple relic and Otto for momentum Jaguars, it's going to Eric Antibody Lightning finally look like they're gonna win the Stanley Cup after all these like lost four years Just straight up choking. Good for them Daniel Jones number to 99 good for them and Mack Wilson number to 49 So they call him Warkely to 199 Well, it's just that they can't afford to not like win with this team Ooh eight out of ten Kyler Murray They just can't afford it man. That's just they're never gonna have the same team like every single year You know, so even the last three four years being swept last year was horrible But the previous year they were favorites the year before that they were favorites It's just that their time is running out and they need to win now Aaron Jones, so good for them though Adam Thielen It's same thing's happening in the Colorado avalanche, you know, they can't have all those high players high-power flares there forever They all got to get paid at some point. So they're kind of running out of time to Brian Burns And again another choke this year at least one of them Actually housing in our last one guys. Good luck. No, that's right. Huh? Well, actually, I don't even think Ben Bishop's playing so you should the Yeah Big-time goalie there now Has been What's his name? Habulin, I believe it's I pronounce it and what's up Anthony. How's it going man? Yeah, I remember correctly. He's been the one starting for them. Oh, wow. Is this Steve Young? Oh Relic make your area 49 Kyle Murray from score and to run for all redemption Who is the redemption? Terry McLauren Miles Boykin JJ or they go white side for the egos Oliver Smith Mike All-Star Herpes Gerald Wow, let's see what the redemption is guys. Who could this be? Who couldn't even get their stickers on here? It's a crown ray out rookie auto purple part number two I want to say AJ Brown or drew law. I think AJ Brown is the later one Or the drew lock Starts with it. Oh, it's Nick Bosa Nick Bosa There you go. Come on Nick Can you get your stickers on your man? There you go 49ers going to Eric. All right, you guys. Let me do a little recap for you guys as well Just penning sleep all this stuff. All right, guys. So here you go Here's the autographs and relics from here. These will all be top-loaded as well You know Roy willing to 25 you got Kyle van noy to 99 George kiddo to 10 Mac Wilson of 49 Garner Mitchell triple relic and auto to 99 Josh Jacobs relic no a fan patch Or sorry, Philip Dorsett Titanium Beyonce Johnson Miles Boykin Alejandro Villanueva you got a Marquis Brown, and I believe this is from Dinagin football with a novel relic Daniel Jones Steve Young one out of NFO 100 Aaron Jones redemption from Nick Bosa JJ. They go white side kind of right. This is number to 10 Justice Hill Josh Jacobs number to 10 Damien Harris and Parish Campbell so appreciate you guys second half should be in the store if it hasn't been posted already it will be Jaspie's casebricks.com


Hi, my name is Sandy Homan and I'm the Director of the Culture Co-op. Our organization focuses on promoting respect for equity, diversity, cultural competency, reading, and equality education for all. We feel the aforementioned is critical to young people and adults leading healthy, productive, and successful lives. We encourage you to inquire about our keynotes, trainings, assemblies, and multicultural books and products. We also invite you to get involved with our national. We all have a heritage campaign which encourages everyone to honor and learn about different cultures and to support a quality education for all. Please call us at<PHONE_NUMBER> and find out how you can make a difference in the world. You can also visit us at our website at www.cultureco-op.com


But then you find out that the song that moved you so much was from elevation or from Hillsong or maybe another church that promotes false teachings. What do you do? Should you stop listening to them? Is it okay for Christians to listen to elevation worship or Hillsong or any other group that maybe the church promotes false teachings? Hey, welcome back to Mark Christians.  You may have different feelings on this. And just to be clear, we want to use scriptures as much as possible. But the truth is, we cannot really find a definitive scripture that tells us we should or should not listen to certain songs. Now, are there scriptures that give us guide? Sure there are, and we'll cover those. Now, there's really two camps on this whole issue of should we listen to Hillsong or elevation? And we're saying Hillsong or elevation, there are other churches just like them, other organizations just like them who also are looked at because of the heretical teachings of their home church pastor or church. And then you've got some that say, well, it doesn't really matter. I don't care about what they're teaching. It's just the words and the words are godly or biblical and they move me. So which view is correct? Should we listen to those? Or should we avoid those? Because they also may promote heretical teachings. Well, the first question is, why would we avoid Hillsong or elevation worship song? Is it because of their lyrics? Well, if it's their lyrics, there will be a lot of different groups who aren't heretical, but whose lyrics probably aren't also biblical as well. Aren't as sound as they could be. Now, there are some lyrics from Hillsong and from elevation and other groups whose lyrics are absolutely okay. They're fine. They're doctrinal. But then they also have some, maybe questionable, some kind of not necessarily unbiblical lyrics, but kind of weird, almost R&B like, almost rock like, almost pop music like. Is it because of their pastor or their church's doctrine? Well, here's another conundrum. Oftentimes you're going to find that a lot of the people who you don't associate with as being heretical like a Hillsong or elevation church, their home church also has some false teachings as well. Many people across the country saying I'm a friend of God. Well, that's from Israel Houghton. Where did he get it started from? Lakewood Church. Who's the pastor of Lakewood Church? Mr. Phil Good and Prosperity teacher himself, Joel Osteen. Can we listen to a song that was originally written by Hillsong or elevation church that someone else is seeing? Which brings to the next question. Can we listen to a cover song? Meaning a song that was originally written by or sung by Hillsong or elevation or any other group like that. That's now sung by a different group, a different rendition. So mighty, so such a nice... Many people won't know who the originator of a song is. More than likely they'll know who popularized that song but maybe not the person who originally wrote the song. Well, do we still avoid singing that song? Are we avoiding them because we believe the singers aren't Christian? Well, here also raises a problem. When you go back to your home church or any church, do we think that every person in the praise and worship team or in the choir that they're actually Christian? We hope they are, but the thing that they all are might be a little bit naive on our part. Is it that we want our songs to come from someone who was also pure in heart as well as pure in their thoughts and their motives? Well, if that applies to Christian music, then doesn't it also apply to secular music? And if it applies to secular music, does it also apply to secular entertainment, television, news, magazines? If we take an anti-secular stance, does that mean we can no longer be on YouTube or Google? Does it mean Facebook is not an option? The problem is if I'm only going to consume what comes from godly people, won't be a lot of consuming that I'll do, right? But surely there's got to be a line that we draw on the sand. We can't just allow any and everything to come into our eyes and to our ears. And there's some people that have a problem with the style of worship, what they seem to be promoting. You look at some of these groups and maybe they are dancing around too much. Maybe they're jumping around too much. They're having too much fun. If it becomes an issue of style, remember, style is not the standard. Some people are more emotionally and physically involved in their singing. Some people are more reserved. There is no right or wrong way to how we sing a song. It all depends upon the heart. Now that's an issue that obviously God judges. We do too, but ultimately, God is going to be the one that's going to determine did that person have the right heart and the right motive. For people who say you should not listen to Hillsong or Elevation or Bethel or any of these other groups like that, they do offer some very compelling arguments. One, obviously their church promotes false teachings. And if you're going to listen to that group at some point in time, you're probably going to find out who the teacher is, who the pastor is behind the group that's singing it. And you may become more familiar with this false teaching and not recognize it. So he was born through Mary, the virgin, and then he was born again in resurrection. The first one to touch him was Mary, the virgin, when he was born naturally. The first person to touch him when he was born again was Mary Magdalene.  Which is point number two. Young believers are easily tempted and swayed by the allure of the sound, the lights of some of these groups. And if it makes them feel good and this doctrine is a feel good doctrine, then it will be real easy for them to become part of a heretical church. Third, some of these lyrics that they sing just simply are not biblical. There are people that you'll find that may actually go to speaking in tongues and speaking about things that are just not doctrinally sound as a matter of fact are also heretical in teaching. Fourth, when you download their songs or when you sing their songs even in their churches that these people are being financially supported and so the money goes back into the coffers of the false prophet, the false teaching church. Quick side note, there is a such thing as licensing and copyright when people in church sing some of these songs. But here's the other side of that. Most churches who sing a hill song or a Bethel song or elevation song don't pay royalties to them even though they probably should but let's just be honest, the overwhelming majority of churches in America who sing their songs do not pay or send royalties. In other words, hill song, elevation, Bethel churches like that, they're not getting paid because the majority of churches in America are singing them. Although they should. Now the other side is gonna be, are we being consistent? Is there a hint of hypocrisy in what we're saying or is it just that we don't like how a certain group sings or moves on stage? Also, is it possible for us to just focus on the individual song, the lyrics, how that particular song moves me rather than who happens to be behind it? Because in many cases, we just don't know. Not always, but for example, I have never heard Brian Huston, the lead pastor of Hill Song Preach, never. But have I heard of any of Hill Song's actual worship songs? Sure I have. So what do I think a person ought to do? Well, if eating meat offends your brother, then what?   Why? Because of the weaker person. So maybe what might be beneficial or harmful for you may not be an issue for the other person. And so full disclaimer, I do listen to some Hill Song worship songs as well as elevation worship songs and songs from other people who their doctrine just isn't square. Why? Well, because I believe that I have the ability to separate the good from the bad. Now, everyone else is also gonna say the same thing. And so if you are a newer Christian and if it's by any chance possible that you can ask someone, hey, what do you think about this? What do you think about that song about this group? Ask them, see what they say. Just in case you don't want to be swayed. And if you know of someone who also is probably a younger Christian and may not want to listen to that, make sure that you at least warn them of the doctrine behind them. Paul says something in Philippians that I think may help in this regard. And what I'm going to do is I'm going to exchange the word preach for sing, the same message, but you'll see what I'm getting at. In verse 15 of chapter one, he says, some indeed sing Christ from envy and rivalry, but others from goodwill. The latter do it out of love knowing that I am put here for the defense of the gospel. The former sing Christ out of a selfish ambition, not sincerely, but thinking to afflict me in my imprisonment. What then? Only that in every way, whether in pretense or in truth, at least Christ be proclaimed in song and in that I rejoice. So here was an instance of the word of God or Christ being preached, some with bad motives, bad intentions, and I'm pretty sure bad doctrinal views versus a person who has pure motives, good intentions as well as good doctrinal stances. And what was Paul's conclusion? At least Christ be preached. It would be wrong and misguided to say that heretics are who they are and they get their following base off of the music. Do choirs, do praise and worship teams? Do they usher in people to them? They sure do. If elevation worship was a part of a different church, would Stephen Ferdick, would Brian Hillsong still have an audience? They sure would. Which is why you ought to be careful as the consumer. Paul says in Ephesians 5, he says, verse 11, take no part in the unfruitful works of darkness but instead expose them. Are the lyrics that elevation sings, are they unfruitful works or deeds of darkness? Is there motive behind them possibly? Could be. Do I think that there's anyone at Elevation Church or specifically the praise and worship team? Do I believe they have some Christians there? I do. I have seen God bring Christians out of places with bad doctrine. Happens all the time. People from the most conservative leaning types of churches to the most, let's say Charismatic or Pentecostal churches and those in between. God still through His power works its soul. Somebody each week in those denominations, in those groups, come to Christ. How is that? Because of what Paul said. Nevertheless, at least Christ be preached. So my suggestion is if you are personally bothered by that, then obviously don't listen to them. We've had praise and worship before there was a Hillsong and Elevation, a Beth or anyone else. If listening to the Gathers is what you'd like, well then fine. And if you think it's a problem for a friend of yours, well then also let them know, share your concerns, nothing wrong with that at all. My suggestion would be just proceed with caution with everything. Christ is going to get glory no matter what. And because of the way that music and musicians work, many of them do not understand how heretical that the preacher is. And if you look at many of their doctrinal statements, most of their doctrines line up. Now, do they preach that? Is that how it is in practice? No, that has to do with the pastor. But if I can take the lyrics of an Elevation worship or Hillsong or whomever, if I can say those exact words without music and they are edifying, they are godly, but then I put music behind it, I'm fine with who's saying the truth for me. For me, the truth is the truth regardless who says it. And if that truth blesses my soul, well then amen. If it bothers you, amen also. But the goal is to be one godly but also consistent. And so whatever line you draw on the sand, make sure that line extends to everything else. There might be the difficulty right there. So whatever it is, if there's any question, if there's any concern, any hesitation, I would say don't do it, don't listen to it, don't watch it. Be it something on TV that you watch, be it something on the radio that you hear, be it something online. We are in this world, but we are not of this world. And so I know someone is probably wanting me to come down one side or the other to be definitive, either in saying, do not listen to them, do not share in what they do, do not even sing their songs at church. And someone want me to say, definitely it's okay. Well, I won't do either. I'll say you make the choice for yourself, make sure that you are convinced, make sure that you have prayed. And if there's any sort of hesitation, well then simply don't do it. But most importantly, whether you listen to it or whether you don't, make sure that your motives for doing so is pure and godly. Amen.


I'm not really worried about the future of Nintendo, like some people are. People are worried, hey, if Nintendo rides out Switch for a couple of years and we don't get a next-gen successor until 2025, oh no, what are we gonna do? The games might run at some 1080p at some 30fps in 2023 and 2024. This is unacceptable. But let's actually think about reality for a moment. It's so unacceptable that Nintendo Switch was the number one selling platform in 2022. You don't gotta believe me. That's literally the sales figures. The Switch was so terrible that despite Scarlett and Violet having clearly inexcusable performance issues, it's the fastest-selling Nintendo game of all time. It's so unacceptable that Fire Emblem Engages on Pace to possibly become the best-selling Fire Emblem game of all time. It's so impossible. Then maybe people just don't care as much as you might think. You see, we have a direct coming up here in February. Highly likely. We've had some leaked stuff for pre-order data from the eShop now that's really pushing us towards the fact that we're gonna have a Nintendo Direct in February. Maybe even as soon as next week we'll see. That would be the earliest in February. I believe a direct will have ever happened. If it does happen next week, I still sort of lean towards the 15th. But you know what, either way, February seems like an obvious direct date. We gotta get information in advance towards one-plus-two-review camp. It's gonna be a shadow drop or they're gonna give us time to pre-order it. Pre-order, digital pre-orders in for Tears of the Kingdom. Gotta worry about that. We have Kirby coming up. We got Bayonetta, Pikmin 4, and who knows what else Nintendo has in the pipeline. Well, I just find myself entirely enthralled at this idea that no matter what Nintendo does, that they're in trouble. And I don't get it. Nintendo has been stated to be in trouble by so many fans, so many times, that it's almost becoming a joke. And not the funny ha ha kind. Now before we dive deeper into this, I want to remind you about the sponsor of today's channel, Ewin Racing. When it comes to buying a gaming office chair, don't just trust anyone. Trust Ewin Racing, who has a chair just the right size for you. Trust me, one size doesn't fit all. You can relate to this guy right there. That's why Ewin Racing offers five different size chairs, so you can get the exact fit to your height and weight. Don't settle for your local pick-up it's free, or Facebook Marketplace lightly used chairs. Well, thanks to Discount Code Nintendo Prime, you can take a chair from Ewin Racing that's over $200, and get it for just $183. Whoa! Is that still a bit steep for your wallet today? Well, thanks to Klarna and Afterpay, you can split your payment for your chair into four payments over four months, completely interest-free. No credit check required. That way, you can get your much needed chair today. So what are you waiting for?  Just be sure to use Code Nintendo Prime at checkout to get your 20% off. Link will be in the description or the additional text attached to this video. So what are we talking about here? It's hard to go anywhere online as a Nintendo fan and not see Nintendo and the Switch get laughed at.  Like a Comic-Con or something.  Zelda? Play this? Sure, I do. I also play Fire Emblem. Also, yeah, I was playing Pokemon Scarlet and Violet, and I loved Kirby last year. One of my favorite games to come on. Oh, man, you're playing that kitty console. Why aren't you on PlayStation 5? Why aren't you on Xbox Series X? I mean, I am, but I still play Switch more than all of them. You see, it's funny watching the hate coming for Nintendo. I remember when I was a kid and we were on the playground debating the Sega Genesis versus the Super Nintendo and then eventually the Dreamcast versus the N64 and Gamecube and all this stuff going on the PlayStation 2. And all these debates would rage and more and more and more, I kept hearing Nintendo is doomed. Nintendo is doomed is a cyclical statement that has really engulfed the video game industry for 25 years as people who have moved away from Nintendo or who have never played Nintendo, who think graphics are the be all end all or the final fantasies or the last of us or the halo infinites and everything in between. They think that these games are just such a bigger deal in comparison to Nintendo that Nintendo has to be doomed. How can Nintendo be so successful still in 2023 when all they do is use old technology and rely heavily on their own IP and they don't get all the big third party games? And what's interesting is Nintendo is like Apple in that they've created a sort of self sufficient ecosystem and the Switch is actually the proving grounds for it because the Switch is the first platform in Nintendo history where all of Nintendo's development efforts and even money investments are going into a single platform which means Nintendo is releasing more games than ever before for one platform, 131 exclusive games and counting. That's insane and no, Nintendo didn't internally develop all those games or even a majority of those games but that's besides the point. It's not about if they're developing them then internally it's all about where they are putting their money, what are they publishing, what third parties are they getting and in what way are those third parties coming on? Sure we might not have final fantasy but we had timed exclusivity for Octopath Traveler. We have exclusive game from Square Enix and Live Alive. Like this is one of these situations where Nintendo is so self sufficient they have actually proven that they don't need AAA multi-platform support. Kind of in the way that Apple doesn't need the customization and other features of Android to be popular because their own applications are so good that they don't need anybody else. This is what's happened to Nintendo and like Apple there is a bit of jealousy out there, a bit of misunderstanding of how can a platform like Switch, how can a company like Nintendo rely on Mario and Zelda and Pokemon and Pikmin and Advance Wars and obviously Animal Crossing and Mario Kart? How can a company be that self-reliant and exist? And it's really because of the fervor of their IP. Let's think about this for a moment. How many PlayStation theme parks exist? Xbox theme parks? Now here's just saying what about PC gaming? How about Steam Valve theme parks? Right, Nintendo just opened their second, they're about to open their third. Nintendo might not be exclusive with their merchandise and we've seen Halo and other LEGO sets and all this stuff, but what Nintendo is is very brand forward. They're Apple, they're Disney of the video game space. They create iconic franchises and you might go, they used to create iconic franchises, right? Mario, Zelda, Metroid, all these characters are ancient, even Pokemon, Ash, Ketchum, Pikachu, ancient characters. Splatoon originally came out in 2014. That's a new iconic franchise made just eight years ago. Animal Crossing cropped up on the GameCube. That wasn't some ancient IP. Look, Nintendo still makes brand new iconic characters and iconic IP just more slowly than they once did, right? When they were starting out, they had to create a bunch of new momentum.  They had to do that coming out because they were just breaking into the industry. But now that they've been here and those IPs have maintained Metroid Dread, best-selling Metroid of all time, Mario Odyssey, the best-selling 3D Mario of all time, Breath of the Wild, the best-selling Zelda game of all time, Animal Crossing, New Horizons, the best-selling Animal Crossing of all times, Pokemon, Scotland Violet, the fastest selling Nintendo game ever, let alone Pokemon. Those IPs are as relevant as they've ever been, maybe more so in some cases. And on top of that, they continue to add new IPs here and there. They take shots in the dark. For every time that you see a shot at Splatoon, there's things like Codename Steam that ended up not taking off, right? So Nintendo takes shots with new IPs like ARMS that maybe, you know what, maybe we never see in ARMS again, which would be sad since ARMS actually ended up selling pretty well. The reality is that Nintendo is a self-sufficient company and that really bothers a lot of people. They don't want Nintendo to be self-sufficient. They want Nintendo to be a PS5. I mean, that's just to be real. A lot of people imagine the world where Nintendo games are third-party and are on other platforms, but Nintendo doesn't imagine that world. Nintendo focuses on the worlds they make for their hardware. So as much as we might rag on Nintendo and want them to improve, as much as we might rag on, oh, this Nintendo Direct sucked. It didn't have any.  Where was our big third-party stuff? None of that stuff is really the success story for Nintendo over the years. Sure, there's been like way back in the day where third-party games were pretty big on Nintendo, but unlike Sony, like Sony is so worried about multi-platform AAA third-party support, they are fighting against Microsoft acquiring Activision Blizzard. You think Nintendo's even sweating it, even if Phil Spencer didn't dedicate 10 years of Call of Duty to Switch, we haven't had any Call of Duty on Switch. Do you think Nintendo's sweating if Activision Blizzard games never appear on Nintendo systems again? It doesn't bother them. They don't view acquisitions like that as anti-competitive because they've proven that you don't need those companies to be successful as both platform holders and game makers. So look, we can all sit back and laugh and cheer at all this. We hear that Nintendo and the Switch and everything is doomed for the 10 million time as the sales continue to soar during arguably Nintendo's best generation of hardware ever made, at least in terms of sales. I just think that we forget, or at least the rest of the gaming world forgets, that while Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo are competing against each other, and I guess not with Steam Deck, you can argue Valve's trying to compete as well. Nintendo is the only one of all those companies that they don't need nobody else, and they can make enough games yearly, yearly to not need them. Think about it like this, over 20 exclusive games dropped on Switch last year. Name one other platform that had that happen. Okay, you can just say PC in general, right?  So there you go, Touche, but Sony and Microsoft ain't touching it. Nintendo ain't need nobody else, because what they got going on is awesome, and that means whatever they have going on next, whatever platform it is, whatever hardware they put in it, even if that hardware ends up being another two, three years old technology, but Nintendo's going to do with it, it's going to be pretty awesome. Heck, I honestly think when Tears of the Kingdom comes out this year, a lot of people are going to be like, wait, Switch did what?  Did Switch get a hardware upgrade that we're not aware of? Did they unlock the clocks for this game? Did they start running the Tegra X1 at stocks to make Tears of the Kingdom look as good as it does? No, no, Nintendo's just developing new software development tricks to make their games look even better on lower power hardware, and Nintendo just knows best how to make games for their hardware. So take that for what you will, guys. Let me know your thoughts on this down in the comments below. Remember, Nintendo's doomed again in 2023 because Nintendo's always doomed. Catch you guys in the next video.


Hello, this video is a third part of a series on practical RF impedance matching and filtering of the STN32WL. In this part, we focus on the low-pass filter, RF switch, and the antenna matching network. The first three blocks of transmitted design steps were discussed in the part 2. In this part, we continue with the remaining blocks. We start with the low-pass filter and RF switch. The main purpose of this block is to suppress higher harmonics. The first step is initial design of the filter. The low-pass filter can be calculated. Design parameters can be corner frequency about 1400 MHz, third-order Chebyshev approximation with pi topology, and matching 50 ohms in the band of interest. The filter design can be also reused from existing designs if the designs are similar. The calculation is not necessary. The next step is fine-tuning of the filter. This step includes impact of all parameters of a particular PCB which were not included in the previous steps. Fine-tuning may be done by simulation or measurement. In this video, calculation and measurement are shown. For 868 MHz, we can calculate the following initial values of the filter. C13 is the DC block. The calculated values are ideal, they can be fine-tuned in the real design. Typical ranges of the real components are as follows. The values depend on neighboring blocks, PCB layout, etc. The DC block capacitor has usually fixed value. Here we can see simulated transmission of the low-pass filter, only with idle components. In the detailed view, we can see that the transmission is the best in the working band and the corner frequency is about 1400 MHz. And simulation of S11, which is around 50 ohms in the working band. For practical reasons, it's usually easier to measure the low-pass filter together with the R-switch. Otherwise, it must be removed from the board. In our case, the measurement points of the low-pass filter are before the filter and on the SMA connector. The R-switch and the RF path have impact to the measurement. Anyway, this influence can help to better fine-tune the low-pass filter. Here is the low-pass filter measurement, shown in the schematic. We can see the low-pass filter circuit, the RF switch and the antenna matching network. It is not used. The serial component is zero ohm resistor. The parallel capacitors are not used. One measurement point is at this point through the pigtail. The second measurement point is on the SMA connector. The measured RF path looks like this. The values of the low-pass filter were fine-tuned a bit. C8 was decreased a bit. This is mainly due to the parasitic capacitance of the RF switch. C14 was decreased as well. This is mainly due to impact of the pigtail. Impact of the PCB layout is included as well. Here we can see how the low-pass filter measurement looks in reality. One port of a PNA is connected through the pigtail. The second port is connected to the SMA connector. To do the measurement, we need to set the RF switch correctly. In our case, set the connection between RF3 and RFIN. Because there is no dedicated AT command to control only the RF switch, we can use a command for unmodulated carrier. It switches the RF switch but also enables signal from the RF or LP PIN. Because the signal is not needed, it can be set to low power. For example, 9 dBm, which is the lowest possible value, which can be set. We can use the following commands. ATT conf to configure the frequency and the output power, and the ATT tone, which enables the carrier and sets the RF switch. Here are the measurement results of the low-pass filter with fine-tuned values and the RF switch. It is quite good matched at both ends. In the transmission chart, we can see slightly bigger insertion loss in the working band, which is caused by the RF switch and the RF path. The markers show attenuation of 868 MHz harmonics. For example, attenuation of the 5th harmonic is about minus 41 dB. In the next design step, we connect the low-pass filter with the previous design steps and fine-tune them, if necessary. In the previous step, we designed the low-pass filter, which was isolated from the previous blocks. In this step, we connect it to the blocks, which were designed before. We will use an unmodulated carrier signal from the RF or LP output. We will measure the transmitted signal on the SMA connector. The connection usually slightly changes the parameters we measured before, so the low-pass or not filters might be fine-tuned if needed. There are several reasons, for example. All separated blocks were measured with pigtail, which is now missing. It has some parasitic impedance. The pigtail and how it is connected to the ground have also impact to the measured results. Here we can see the path of the transmitter we are measuring now. The antenna matching network is bypassed by zero resistor. We use spectrum analyzer, which is connected to the SMA connector through the RF cable. Here is the measured spectrum. The higher harmonics have been attenuated. The fundamental harmonic is still at a good level, about 13.49 dBm. The current is about 28 mA, which is more than our target of about 25 mA. We can fine-tune the current. C14 is a shared capacitor between the notch filter and the low-pass filter. Both blocks were first fine-tuned separately, now are matched together. When measured separately, the pigtail was used. Unfortunately, it also adds some parasitic impedance, which impacts the measurement. The pigtail is missing now. We must fine-tune this change. In our case, I've increased the value of the capacitor C14 from 1.5 picofarads to 3 picofarads. After this change, the current has decreased to 24.16 mA. The spectrum has also changed a bit. The fundamental harmonic has decreased to 13.18 dBm, which is still acceptable. The high harmonics have also changed a bit. All harmonics are below the Etsy regulatory limit, but some harmonics seem to be stronger, closer to the limit. This is usually caused by the PCB layout. On the PCB, we can see the RF switch, transmitter part, and the receiver part. Here is a position on the low-pass filter. The strong signal from the RF output may couple to other layout structures on the PCB before the low-pass filter. The coupling is usually better for higher frequencies and strongly depends on the particular PCB layout. This coupled signal flows outside the low-pass filter. This is the reason why some harmonics appear after the low-pass filter. Depending on the coupling path, they can be attenuated in the receiver part or in the antenna matching network. It's usually also a low-pass filter. In this example, we will show additional filtering by it. Let's focus to the antenna matching network. In our case, we expect 50 ohms on the SMA connector, so from the matching point of view, it matches impedance from 50 ohms to 50 ohms. More important is filtering feature of this structure. We use it as an additional low-pass filter. The filter is symmetrical, matched at both ends in the 868 MHz band. The filter calculation was based on the value of the inductor that was available at the moment. The calculated component values are ideal. The filter is not very sharp, but in our case it helps. The performance can be improved more if needed. For our case to show the principle, it is good. Up to now, we made measurements with bypass antenna matching network. Serial zero ohm resistor was used. Position of parallel capacitors were empty. Now, the calculated values of the antenna matching network were fitted. Here is the final measurement with the antenna matching network. The higher harmonics were attenuated, and we have better margin to the certification limit. The fundamental harmonic has decreased a bit. The final value is about 13.09 dBm. The current has decreased a bit as well. If needed, the antenna matching network or the transmitter part can be fine-tuned again to get a bit better results. For our example, these results are okay. Here is the picture of the measured board, as we use it in this example. Typical insertion loss of the transmitter path with the RF switch is about 1 dB. In our case, we set 14 dBm in the firmware and measured the following values on the individual blocks. The final output power measured on the SMA connector is 13.09 dBm. Our insertion loss is about 0.8 dBm. Here is the table of components we used in this example. Now, we are almost at the end. The last important step is verification that the design transmitter path works as expected in all working conditions, which can be used. If something is not good, then it must be improved. To find a good design is an interactive process. But now, with knowledge of each building block, it should be easier. You should know what to focus on. Here are some points, which is good to check. The first one is the RF spectrum. In the example, we used one frequency and one power level. It is good to check what is the spectrum at different frequencies and power levels, which can be used. The unmodulated carrier can be used for these tests. The next step may be to test radio communication if the FSK or lower-modulated signal works as expected. Tolerance of components may have also impact. It is good to check parameters on different samples and the impact of temperature. The target environment can affect antenna parameters, such as the radiation pattern, but also the radiated power and power consumption. The details of the last two topics are described in the following two slides. To have good and stable parameters of the transmitter path, components with good tolerance are recommended. Here is the simulation of the notch filter. The red curve is based on nominal values. The blue curves are based on values with a tolerance of plus minus five percent. The difference may be quite big. Attenuation of the second harmonic may differ several dB. If the operating temperature range is wide, it is a good idea to check the transmitter performance depending on the temperature. Some variations always occur. It is necessary to have a good margin from the certification limits. Load of the transmitter path has an impact to the optimal loading impedance. Different loading impedance may change the output power and RF current consumption. In the Smith chart, we can see a simple example of the matching network from 50 ohms to the optimal loading impedance. If we change the load around the circle of constant SWR, which is 1.5, we can see how the load impedance into which the power amplifier operates is changing. The load is typically an antenna. The impedance of the antenna depends on the surrounding environment. To have the best parameters, fine-tuning in the target working environment is needed. Brief conclusion of the transmitter RF path matching. PCB layout has impact to the overall results. Fine-tuning of the transmitter RF path is an interactive process. It's better to divide it into smaller parts. Typical insertion loss of the transmitter RF path is about 1 dB. Verification is another important step after the matching. Thank you for your attention.