The 4th Armored Division of the United States Army is clad in steel, a mechanized giant roving over the land as it guards freedom's frontier in Western Europe. As a vital part of the multinational NATO team, it is watchful and always prepared. The men and machines who make up the nerve and muscle of this great division work at their jobs day and night, 365 days a year. This is the story of those men and their machines, the pictorial account of a giant at work on freedom's western front, the United States Army 4th Armored Division. Gärpingen, West Germany is a small industrial town located on the outskirts of Stuttgart. From its travel poster appearance, you would never suspect that this quiet, almost rural community is the home of the mighty 4th Armored Division. From this headquarters, elements of the 4th Armored fan out to many locations throughout the surrounding area to serve in their role as part of the NATO forces. In fact, the 4th Armored Division is the most widely dispersed American fighting unit now serving in Germany. For the men of the 4th Armored Division stationed here in Gärpingen, life is quiet and serene in the old German town. While the town has many modern facilities such as this school, its famous landmarks are the older structures and fountains. One of the most interesting sites visited by our military personnel is this church where two U.S. Army helicopter pilots lost their lives while assisting in its construction. The townspeople erected this plaque to commemorate the event. The two helicopter pilots were engaged in airlifting the spire to the top of the steeple when the lift lines became entangled and the helicopters crashed. Their sacrifice is remembered by the German citizens in annual commemoration ceremonies. The 4th Armored Division has established an outstanding record of fine German-American relations. In addition to having a full-time community relations advisor, the division has participated in local functions and projects. The people of Gärpingen and the Stuttgart area have come to accept the American fighting men as part of the family. But the reason for the giant being here is to serve the NATO mission in guarding the frontiers of the Western Alliance. To fulfill this assignment, the division has a large variety of complex and highly sophisticated equipment and hardware. Problems of maintaining this vast rolling arsenal are immense. The solution to this upkeep of so many weapons and vehicles is, of course, trained personnel. All soldiers, even supervisory personnel, receive training in technical maintenance when they come to the division. Today we will instruct you in a proper procedure for removing the Xeon lamp from the 30th Searchlight. This is done by placing the cardboard container that the lamp comes in over the end of the opening, reaching down in, grabbing the hasp that secures the lamp, and pulling up into the tube. This is done to protect the searchlight from damage and also protect you from bodily harm due to high pressure in the lamp. Then place the lamp off to the side. On-the-job training was, for a long time, the primary means of training equipment operators. Then the division developed a better, faster teaching method called MEW, Maintenance Education Week. A one-week intensive training program, MEW quickly teaches the vital facts of equipment function, operating characteristics, maintenance procedure, and the proper use of technical manuals and maintenance forums and records. The idea was applied to every item of the division's equipment, from rockets to radar, and everything that rolled or moved on treads. Keeping the division's equipment in top condition is one of the key factors in maintaining a high degree of operational readiness. Should the need arise, these men want to know that each piece of equipment will roll. While every vehicle operator will not become a maintenance expert, he learns to identify problems and performs certain types of maintenance on his own vehicle. If he cannot correct the trouble himself, he reports it to his supervisor. Maintenance Education Week is a well-planned system of instruction, which covers not only the vehicles but related items of equipment, such as crew-served weapons. Communications equipment is a vital link between the commander and his forces. Upkeep of radio transmitters and receivers as well as intercom systems is an important part of the MEW program. Even those men who are school-trained specialists receive an intensive refresher course here during Maintenance Education Week. Subjects range from decontamination procedures to lectures on the use of cooking equipment such as immersion heaters and techniques for mass feeding. Experts on setting up and maintaining communications lines go over the subject again. New equipment or procedures which the Army has developed are introduced during this refresher training. For the crewmen who serve as land navigators in the field, the review of military map reading and metric measuring systems is a must. In all, Maintenance Education Week teaches the armored soldier and his technical supervisors how to keep complex equipment operating at peak efficiency ready for instant dependable service. Lessons taught in specialist schools are never allowed to be forgotten. Maintenance Education Week, coupled with year-round use of vehicles and equipment, guarantees that the U.S. Army 4th Armored Division is ready to roll anytime, anywhere. Behind the thousands of armored vehicles and weapons and technical equipment which make up the muscle of the giant, there are the men, the men who are the mind and the lifeblood of this great organization. One, two, three, four! One, two, three, four! Since leadership within the ranks is a prime concern of the commanders, the division conducts an NCO Academy which is famed throughout U.S. Army Europe. Run entirely by non-commissioned officers, the Academy has graduated some 6,000 non-coms, and of that number, half were Vietnam returnees. Traditionally, non-commissioned officers are a key factor in making the Army function. They have the responsibility to see that orders passed down from higher authority are carried out effectively. At the Academy, combat leaders are developed from among enlisted men who show potential leadership qualities. During the five-week course, the trainees learn to lead in realistic field problems. These men are engaged in an escape and evasion exercise. Those who play the role of guards apply themselves with a vigor which leaves no doubt that they understand their job. Aside from studies relating to field tactics and leadership reaction tests, the aspiring non-comm students are taught administration procedures and instruction techniques. A common goal is to eventually attain the rank of first sergeant, one of the most demanding jobs in the Army. But they know that the non-coms who get the sergeant's stripes with the diamond are those who show exceptional leadership and administrative ability. Combat readiness is the prime objective of the 4th Army, and to achieve it requires constant training. Training like this is done year-round by tankers of this organization. Conducted in graduated stages, early tank crew drills help to assure that each member of the vehicle crew understands his job and performs his duties efficiently. After that, long hours are spent molding each tank crew into a smoothly functioning team, which can carry out the most complicated battle maneuvers with ease and speed. In the advanced stages of training, tactical control of an entire tank platoon is practiced with the platoon leaders conducting field operations. In this phase of training, several of the armored vehicles perform as a unit, providing concentration of firepower upon a single objective. Gentlemen, today you have received your first phase of training in the tactical end of tank gunnery. You will receive your testing at Walflicken this coming December. Today, we learned how to implement the line formation, the echelon formation, and the column formation. We started in this area and moved across diagonally across the open area in a line formation. We then found, due to terrain situations, that we had to switch to the echelon formation. From the echelon formation, we observed to our near-front wood line. Wood line meaning that we must go into a column formation. The column formation affords us the ability to speedily go into the wood line and to deploy. The mechanized infantry participates in repeated individual and team training, from squad level to platoon and company tactical formations. All of this training for battle is closely observed and evaluated from platoon to brigade during the ORTS, operational readiness tests. Infantry units are combined with armor to provide what is called cross-attached training. Under actual battlefield conditions, both armor and infantry units would be working together. In a series of training actions, officers and men increase their experience as they practice the attack, delaying actions, setting up defensive perimeters, and launching counterattacks. Operational readiness tests are given to every element of the 4th Armored Division. Each is evaluated and rated in one of three categories. Non-combat ready, combat ready, and combat ready to an excellent degree. Besides infantry and armor units, ratings apply to artillery, mortar crews, engineers, and maintenance units, military police, supply and transportation units, the medics, reconnaissance elements of the cavalry squadrons. All are given periodic tests to check their state of operational readiness. Before being graded in the exacting tests for operational readiness, units of the Armored Division prepare with special training exercises known as qualification courses. The goal is maximum proficiency in the use of equipment and combat arms, particularly those weapons which are crew served. At the Tenenlohe range near Elangen, Germany, tank crews run through their pre-qualification exercises. Here the large bore tank guns are not actually fired, but crews go through practice and scores are kept. In their annual tank crew qualification test at the huge Graffenwehr training ground, they will fire live ammunition. Scout crews and cavalry reconnaissance vehicles also train for the moment of truth at Graffenwehr. Three also undergoes qualification testing in a special training program called MISPIC, mechanized infantry squad proficiency course. Mortar crews sharpen up their procedures. Artillery crews practice to refine speed and accuracy with the big self-propelled weapons. Graffenwehr, largest maneuver training area in Western Europe, is the only one which accommodates long-range firing by heavy weapons such as the main gun on American tanks. The vast military maneuver area serves as a training site for all of U.S. Army Europe, and in addition is used for the training of West German Army units and joint NATO maneuvers. It is here the armored units of the 4th go through their final qualifying course. On the various tank firing ranges, crews and their machines are put through six courses or tables. To practice firing live ammunition from main guns and the tank's machine gun system. The firing drills are conducted on both stationary and moving targets. When the preliminary tables are completed, the crews are tested on table 7, and their performance is scored by umpires. On this final phase of range firing, the tank crews are not told what kind of target firing they'll be given until the last moment. It may be firing of the coaxial machine gun or the 50 caliber machine gun. Perhaps the test may be for use of the main gun at moving targets. They have to be ready for anything and quick to respond. Every move they make and the accuracy of their shooting is monitored and scored. The toughest part of the qualification course is the final stage known as table 8. This is where the tank crew gets its final rating. For this exercise, the tanks take to the field just as they would in battle. The combat situations are encountered during this course and under the watchful eyes of scoring officials, tank commanders determine what action to take and carry it out. Table 8 subjects the tank crew to eight different combat situations. This includes night firing and all eight require initiative and quick response from the tank commander. Efficiency of crew performance and their effectiveness in swiftly meeting each field problem is the key to their final qualification rating. Those are given a debriefing. Their performance is critiqued and their final rating is made known. The qualification tests at Grafender are for everybody. The mechanized infantry has its own session. Simulated enemy positions are attacked and the soldiers execute a flanking maneuver. As with the tank crews, the infantrymen are subjected to surprise situations. Realism is part of the qualification test. The soldiers are faced with various combat problems and called upon to perform in different types of terrain. Examiners rate the men undergoing the proficiency course on how the job is done regardless of the lay of the land. Scout squads are rated for the efficiency they demonstrate when faced by the unexpected. For instance, ambush, direct attack or enemy minefields. Mortar teams have a two-fold challenge they must meet. First, emplace weapons and set up for firing within stringent time limitations. Second, the forward observer must quickly adjust rounds onto the target. A similar test is imposed upon the fourth armored artillery units. But because of the size and range of the big weapons, the problems are more complex. At Fire Direction Center, data computer personnel work out coordinates which will put the 155mm howitzers on target and the information is passed along to the gun crews. Aboard the highly mobile 155s, artillerymen quickly train their howitzers on the target. Load them and await the order to commence firing, being as assured as these artillery units deliver their fire right on the button. Traditionally, the artillerymen of the 4th Armored Division have held a proud record for speed and accuracy in their firing missions. The large number of vehicles and armor which makes the 4th such a formidable fighting organization requires tremendous support effort. This support is provided by the Division Support Command, DISCOM. Faced with continuing requirement for spare parts and their requisitioning and movement to using units, DISCOM employs automatic data processing equipment to keep track of supplies and the status of equipment in repair, modern methods to support a space-age fighting unit. Among the various allied military forces serving with NATO, the U.S. 4th Armored Division is both respected for its fighting ability and admired for its high degree of technical excellence. Working closely with our NATO military associates, the officers and men of the 4th have created an atmosphere of goodwill and cooperation, which has strengthened the bond of brotherhood between the fighting men of the Western world. This camaraderie is the keynote to future relations between not only the military representatives of our European neighbors and our fighting men in NATO, but hopefully of all mankind in the years ahead. From the days of World War II, when the famous 4th broke through with the 37th Tank Battalion to relieve our men at Bastone, the men and machines of the United States Army 4th Armored Division have been a giant among those who guard the freedom of the West.


We have a pair of kidney that filters the waste that is produced in our body. It filters our body fluid and sends out all the waste and keeps us healthy. Now imagine a situation when this system breaks. Imagine a person that has non-functional kidneys.  And in order to save a person who has non-functional kidneys, scientists have come up with two solutions. The first one is a kidney transplant in which the patient has to get a kidney from his family member or from a very close relative. And the second option is to let the kidney's job done artificially through an artificial kidney. But here the filtration is done outside the body. The body fluid is drawn out, filtered in this artificial kidney and then sent back into the body. Now, both these procedures has their own pros and cons, but kidney transplantation is a very, very expensive procedure. And also most of the time, a finding a donor who has a matching kidney is very difficult. That's the reason most people with non-functional kidneys opt for the artificial kidney or we also call it hemodialysis procedure. So in this video, we're going to learn what an artificial kidney or hemodialysis is. So if you look at the word hemodialysis, here hemo means blood and dialysis is taken from a Greek word which means to set apart or set free. And in this context, it means to set free the waste that is accumulated in the blood. And this is how the procedure when done looks like. Here is a patient who has a non-functional kidney whose blood is drawn out, filtered in a machine called dialyzer and then sent back into the body. Now for the ease of understanding and to get a hang of what all is happening inside this dialyzer, let's get rid of this complex looking machine first. And we will simplify the entire process and look at each step. Okay. First of all, we will elongate the tube that is withdrawing blood and sending it back again into the body. Okay. We will just consider it to be a long tube. Now this tube is made to pass through a fluid filled chamber and the composition of the fluid in it will be exactly the same as that of the blood plasma. Okay. Except that this fluid will have no ammonia or urea in it. We won't have these things in the fluid. Okay. Now a very important point to note here is that the part of the tube that is inside this chamber, fluid filled chamber is made of a special material called cellophane. Cellophane. And why is it so important? Because this material makes the tube permeable to small substances just like the cell membrane which is permeable to the fluid inside and outside of it. Right. Now how about you pause the video and think of what might happen when the blood passes through this chamber through a tube made of cellophane. Now as the tube is permeable, all the substances that is in excess in the blood will slowly diffuse out into the chamber. Right. They will move along their concentration gradient. Right. So all the substances that is in excess will move out like urea, ammonia and excess ions. Okay. Toxins. Everything that is in excess inside will move out. But the good good things of the blood like the blood proteins or the cells, they cannot move out of this cellophane tube because the pores are not sufficiently big enough.  Right. So the blood gets filtered here. All the waste is dumped in this chamber and the filtered blood is then sent back into the patient's body. And the fluid in this chamber is also constantly refilled. The fresh fluid is poured into this chamber and the fluid which is mixed with urea ions and all the toxins is also continuously removed from the chamber. Okay. Now the blood is continuously flowing through this tube. Okay. And as you can see in the picture, just a small part of the tube is inside this dialyzing chamber, which means that the blood stays for a very short time inside this dialyzing chamber and this diffusion process also has to take place very quickly. Right. That makes the process very inefficient. That's the reason scientists thought of coiling the cellophane tube inside the dialyzing chamber. This way, as you can see, the blood gets to stay for longer in the dialyzing chamber and the diffusion process can also take place very efficiently, thus filtering the blood even better. So that's the reason we get to see coils inside the dialyzer. So this is how the main filtration of the blood takes place. But when we deal with blood, we also need to take care of certain properties of blood. For example, every time a person bleeds due to a cut or a wound, after a few minutes the blood clots. That is because of the awesome property that blood has. And it is also because of certain enzyme that blood contains. Now in this case, we cannot let the blood to clot, right? The blood is oozing out of the body, getting into this tube, and it is very much possible for the blood to clot, right? But we do not want that. So in order to stop the blood from clotting, an anti-clotting chemical is pushed into the blood, which is called the hyperin, which is an anti-coagulant. When it is pushed into the blood, the blood remains in a liquid state. And again, after the filtration, when it is sent back into the body, the anti-hyperin drug is injected so that the blood regains its natural power of clotting. And this entire process is called hemodialysis.


As a part of Defender Europe 21, soldiers from 5th Battalion's 7th Air Defense Artillery Regiment are participating in an integrated Joint Combined Air Missile Defense exercise known as Astral Night 21. Astral Night 21 is a U.S. Air Force's Europe and Air Force's Africa-led exercise using simulated and live-fly assets. The operation overlaps with exercise immediate response where the multinational partners will protect air and sea ports and other assets in Croatia and the surrounding region. The main goal behind this exercise is to build strength and readiness through interoperability for air missile defense within participating nations. But most importantly we're achieving interoperability between all of our different systems and that is one of the major goals of Astral Night 21 as we support air and missile defense readiness for the NATO Alliance. It's the relationships that build the foundation of readiness. These relationships we're building with our Croatian Armed Forces counterparts are critical. And what's mostly important too is that we have a common set of values. And a common set of values between our two countries allows us to establish relationships. Defender Europe 21 is a large-scale U.S. Army-led exercise designated to build readiness and interoperability between the U.S. NATO allies and partner militaries. Private Ellison Schumann, U.S. Army Europe in Africa.


What's up everybody jason from jatsby's case brace calm We just sold out 2021 panini immaculate football two box break round and teams number 12 guys and again 32 spots all-card ship We had to do one filler guys mosaic 33 so as you can see from Nathan down to Brian We actually canceled a filler because the customer Craig actually was like hey I'm gonna grab a couple spots straight up if you can so I canceled that last filler number 34 We turned it into full spots, and we sold it out guys. So Kyle Barber got the last spot mojo So from Andrew there Appreciate everybody of course And you don't a cup, you know, sorry cardinals down to the commanders. So let's roll the dice And let's do the break four to one five times one two three four fifth and final time Brian P down to David two three four five Jackson with jar was on a Chicago Bears Our brown with the Jaguars Nathan with the bangles Brian with the Packers David with the Seahawks We're landing with the Colts Andrew with the Vikings Rolando with the Cowboys Brian with the Lions and Rams Thomas of the 49ers Jeff with the Jets Daniel Nelson with the Saints Craig with the Dolphins and Patriots Rolando the Ravens Brian with the Browns guy with the Titans Jeff with the Chiefs Craig with the Bucks Logan with the Philadelphia Eagles Kevin with the Chargers chat with the bills John the panthers Oliver with the Giants Michael with the Falcons Kyle with the Cardinals Craig with the Texans David with the Commanders Bennett with the Raiders Rory with the Steelers Kevin with the Broncos and David with the Chicago Bears So I'll try close it. I mean sorry. I'll pause the video to see if there is any trades And if not, I'll come back and start the break us All right, welcome back guys There was one trade It Broncos for Eagles So Logan now has the Broncos Kevin now has the Eagles and there's everybody else. So again, this is a second to last break actually and again 2021 immaculate Collection football first one is for the Chiefs one out of five Tony Gonzalez Kansas City Jeff You have Jim Otto. Look at that helmet dude. It's crazy 22 out of 49 Raiders Bennett page We have a one out of three Washington Football team commanders now chase a young laundry tag. Look at that Washington going to David calendar. Very nice and of course that is a Says not from any specific game or event but still very nice though Should people still love that though Elijah Moore little RPA for the Jets Jets Jets Who has the Jets Jeff? There you go, man we have a Numbers autograph six out of ten Anthony Schwartz RPA Browns That's going to Brian P and we have a Michael Carter little RPA 14 out of 99 another one for the Jets. All right, next one Evan Smith for the Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Rolando and gloves little Nike Nike logo right there swoosh gloves 10 out of 15 Jalen Darden Tampa Bay Bucks That is Craig Fly goes fly eight out of 49 Brian Dawkins weapon X trade mojo already going to Kevin Shouldn't have done the trade Logan What happens when you treat when you let go of the Eagles? It just be get some hits Will he be on the Tampa Bay Buggan ears by the start of next season? Chris Godwin 78 out of 99 Another one for the Bucks and Craig looks like we have a redemption and It's Dwayne Eskridge from premium patch rookie autographs Which we go to Seattle Seahawks David Callan, please do not look Kevin Congratulations a one-of-one Davante Smith Nike swoosh laundry tag autograph Trade mojo, I feel bad for you Logan. I'm sorry Man, this is this is exactly reason why I don't like to trade. I literally never trade whenever I was in breaks ridiculous Well congrats fly goes fly fly goes fly baby. Well, there you go guys. That was a break That was number 12 13 will be the last two boxes of the case. It's crazy first box was a little a couple jets, you know, but That's second box though. I'm definitely Definitely loving that one. Appreciate it guys


So if you say that it's 1.04 mega roughs from here to Sydney and you tell someone that Then they're not going to know what you're talking about because they don't know what a rough is and if you tell them It's the height of a Scottish Terrier and they measure their Scottish Terrier They may well get the wrong idea because Scottish Terriers aren't very standard and there's two important things You have to have in a standard system of units The first is it has to be easy to measure and the second is it has to be the same for everybody So we all have to use the same units and over the last few hundred years people have Moaned and negotiated and tried to get towards something and we've done pretty well So now all countries in the world except for three except for Burma, Liberia and the United States of America Use what's known as the international system of units or the system in international the SI units the metric system