Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar IAS Academy. Displayed are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Thiruvananthapuram editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes and the time stamping of the news articles are provided in the description box. For the benefit of mobile phone viewers, the time stamping is also provided in the comment section. Now let's move on to the analysis of first news article. This news article talks about the targets, the initiatives, various measures taken by government of India as response to climate change as announced by the Prime Minister in the United Nations Climate Action Summit of 2019. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article has been highlighted here for your reference. Yesterday at the United Nations, the Secretary General of United Nations has convened a Climate Action Summit in New York. He has asked countries to come with concrete and realistic plans to enhance their nationally determined contributions. See, the enhancement in NDCs are required for two purposes. One, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the tune of around 45% by 2030 and to arrive at net zero emissions by 2050. When we say net zero emissions, this means there can be certain emissions by the countries, but these emissions has to be neutralized or these emissions has to be absorbed by carbon sinks like trees and forests. If you see Paris Agreement of 2015, this agreement came into action to strengthen the global response to climate change. So according to this agreement, there are two main quantitative ways to significantly reduce the risks and impact of climate change. One, the world should keep or hold the increase in the global average temperature below 2 degrees Celsius from or above pre-industrial levels. Then at the same time, the countries have also should pursue necessary efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial levels. So how to make each country to respond to climate change? So they devised a strategy called as nationally determined contributions. So every nation has to prepare, communicate and has to maintain nationally determined contributions that it intends to achieve. We know that Paris Climate Agreement is a result of 21st session of Conference of Parties of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. But the COP 19 of UNFCCC, which was held in Warsaw in 2013, it invited all parties to initiate domestic preparations for their intended national determined contributions and to communicate these contributions well in advance of COP 21. Therefore, in the year 2015, during Gandhi Jayanti, Government of India has submitted its intended nationally determined contributions. So overall, Indian contributions can be clubbed into eight sub-headings. One is to propagate a healthy and sustainable way of living based on traditions and values of conservation and moderation. Then to achieve cleaner economic development, that is to adopt a climate friendly and a cleaner path for economic development. Then to reduce emission intensity of GDP, that is to reduce the emission intensity of GDP in 2005 by 33 to 35% by the year 2030. That is what we mean when we say reducing emissions intensity of India's GDP by 33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level. India has committed to increase the share of non-fossil fuel based electricity. India strives to achieve 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources. That is by the year 2030 of the installed electric power capacity, 40% shall be from non-fossil fuel based energy resources. At present, majority of our installed electric power capacity is based on fossil fuel energy resources, particularly coal. Then India has committed to enhance carbon sinks, that is, forests and trees. This is to be achieved by creating an additional carbon sink of 2.52 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by additional forest and tree cover and this has to be achieved by 2030. And then India aims to better adapt to climate change by enhancing investments in sectors that are vulnerable to climate change, particularly agriculture, water resources, Himalayan region, coastal regions, health management and disaster management. These are the areas that are vulnerable to climate change. Agriculture is connected to food security, but when agriculture is rain fed agriculture due to deficit monsoon, there could be challenges to food production. And as a result, this sector is vulnerable. And then because of increase in global annual temperature, there could be shortage of water resources, particularly perennial water resources. And therefore water resources is also a sector that is vulnerable to climate change. We have been seeing about water stress and also about water scarcity. Then Himalayan region. Imagine because of climate change and global warming, the ice caps in Himalayas melt and this will lead to flash floods and other floods. And if ice caps are lost, that means loss of perennial water resources in the particular region. Then coastal regions are also vulnerable because once ice caps in say Arctic Circle, if they melt, then sea level will increase. Increase in sea level means submersion of islands. So many small islands are actually pressing for limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Because according to them, if it goes to 2 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels, many islands will definitely be submerged by 2100. Health management is also vulnerable to climate change. Say for example, heat waves and associated health consequences. Food security and associated health consequences. And climate change will also lead to several natural disasters. So, Government of India has decided to better adapt to climate change by enhancing investments in the vulnerable sectors. Then India has committed to mobilizing finance within India and also from developed countries to implement various climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. And finally, India has targeted to build capacities and to create domestic framework and international architecture for quick spread and diffusion of cutting edge climate technologies in India. So these are some of the nationally determined contributions submitted by India at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. And this is how India is going to respond to the threats of climate change in the next 10 years. We know that India has set a target of creation of 175 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity by 2022, the 75th year of Indian independence. The news article mentions that this was announced by the Prime Minister as a part of Paris Agreement. This component will come in minimizing the dependence on fossil fuel based energy resources. So we know that under 175 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity, India aims to develop 100 gigawatt capacity from solar energy, 60 gigawatt from wind, 10 from biomass, 5 from small hydropower. The news is that yesterday in the Climate Action Summit, Prime Minister has said that once we reach 175 gigawatt by 2022, the next target to be achieved in the later period is 450 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity. Then as a part of India's measures with respect to water resources in climate action, the Prime Minister spoke about Gel Jeevan Mission. This mission has been launched for water conservation, rainwater harvesting and for development of water resources. This mission operates under Gel Shakti Ministry, particularly under the department of drinking water and sanitation. Here the main focus of the mission is management of water at the local level with respect to the demand and supply. It also includes creation of local infrastructure, water source sustainability. Here when we say local infrastructure, it could mean rainwater harvesting structures, groundwater recharge mechanisms and management of household wastewater so that it can be reused in agriculture. And one of the objectives of this mission is to provide piped water supply to all rural households by the year 2024. The overall ambition of this mission is to achieve sustainable water supply management across the country. Then with respect to climate action and transport sector, the Prime Minister spoke about two things to make this sector a green sector. One is with respect to electric mobility or e-mobility which deals with electric vehicles so as to move away from fossil fuel based vehicles, that is to move away from petrol and diesel based vehicles than to move to electric vehicles. With respect to this we can talk about Fame India phase two. We know that this phase two of Fame India scheme has commenced from 1st April 2019. And for a period of three years from April 2019, the government has made a financial outlay of rupees 10,000 crores. The government has committed to encourage faster adoption of electric vehicles by providing upfront financial incentive or kind of discount when someone purchases electric vehicles. The second measure announced by the Prime Minister to make the transport sector green is about biofuel blending in petrol and diesel. On September 4, we discussed about ethanol blending in petrol and how it is beneficial to the environment. That day we also saw about ethanol blended petrol program. It is said that the non-blended petrol causes more pollution compared to biofuel blended petrol or in other words ethanol blended petrol. The news article also talks about banning single use plastics. So we know that to prevent and address the environmental pollution caused by single use plastics, the Prime Minister during Independence Day speech has called all Indian citizens to make India free from single use plastics. See these single use plastics are disposable plastics commonly used for packaging and these items are intended to be used only once and after the use they are generally thrown away or rarely recycled in the present scenario. These single use plastics are therefore harmful to the environment and harmful to wildlife and also human beings as these plastics are non-biodegradable. The Prime Minister also spoke about an international initiative that was taken by our country to respond to threats of climate change that is international solar alliance. This international solar alliance was jointly launched by India and France in 2015 on the sidelines of COP 21 of UNFCCC. It is an alliance of more than 120 solar resource rich countries that are lying fully or partially between tropics of cancer and Capricorn. The purpose of international solar alliance is to provide a dedicated platform for cooperation among the solar resource rich countries to help in achieving increasing the use of solar energy in meeting the energy needs. So as to minimize the dependence on fossil fuel based energy resources. One speciality with respect to international solar alliance is that it is the first full-fledged treaty based international intergovernmental organization that is headquartered in India. Its headquarters is situated in National Institute of Solar Energy Campus in Gurugram in the state of Haryana. These are some of the important and recent measures that are already taken by government of India to respond to climate change. Yesterday during this climate action summit, Prime Minister has announced or launched two new international initiatives. One is the launch of new leadership group for industry transition to move from high emissions to lower net zero emissions. The purpose of this leadership group for industry transition is to guide the world's heaviest greenhouse gas emitting industries to move to low carbon economy to achieve the targets of Paris climate agreement. This initiative is a public private initiative. It's not totally composed of leaders of various countries rather it is a conglomeration of public representatives and private industries and other stakeholders. When we saw international solar alliance it was launched by India and France but this initiative is launched by India and Sweden. So this leadership group will be led by India and Sweden. The second international initiative launched by India is the International Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. The purpose here is to serve as a platform to generate knowledge on disaster climate resilience and to exchange these knowledge among other partners. So this will bring together the technical expertise in disaster and disaster management from various stakeholders. And this also aims to create a mechanism to support and assist countries to upgrade their capacities and practices with regard to infrastructure development in addressing or managing the disaster risks. In yesterday's event certain countries were not allowed to speak. One among them is United States and reports say that this is because of the President of United States intentions to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement. See India has ratified this agreement whereas United States has only accepted this agreement and has not ratified this agreement yet. In the another news article we could see that Russia formally accepts the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. But we should note that though Russia has signed the deal in 2016 it has accepted the deal only now but they have not ratified yet. Such instances show that even though countries like United States and Russia has not ratified this deal India has signed the deal and also ratified it showing complete acceptance and complete will to respond to the threats of climate change. We saw briefly about Paris Climate Change Agreement and then intended national determined contributions of India. Then we saw about Jal Jeevan Mission, India's Renewable Energy Targets. Then we saw briefly about FAME India Phase 2, Single Use Plastics, International Solar Alliance and two new international initiatives. One the leadership group of industry transition and then international coalition for disaster resilient infrastructure. With this we come to the end of analysis of these news articles. Now let us move on to next article. This news article talks about the third edition of Indian Sign Language Dictionary. The author states that the third edition is likely to have 4000 additional words and for the first time there will be words with respect to agriculture and most probably this third edition will be released in next year 2020. See according to a UN General Assembly resolution which was adopted in December 2017. Every year 23rd September has to be observed as International Day of Sign Languages. The purpose is to raise awareness of the importance of sign language for the full realization of human rights of people who are deaf. The first International Day of Sign Languages was observed in the year 2018 that is last year and the week beginning from 23 September to 29 September is designated as International Week of the Deaf. This is the terminology that has been used in the United Nations Circle. Now with respect to definition for deafness according to World Health Organization it refers to complete loss of ability to hear from one or both ears. And the theme of this year's International Day of Sign Languages is sign language rights for all. See sign languages are full-fledged natural languages they are structurally different or distinct from the spoken languages. There is also an international sign language which is used by hearing impaired population in the international meetings and informally during the socialization process. Now the Indian Sign Language Dictionary Project is being carried out by a center called as Indian Sign Language Research and Training Center. This training center was established in 2015 under the Admin and Financial Control of Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities. This department comes under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. See the first edition of the dictionary was launched in March 2018 with 3000 words. At that time it consisted of words from five categories particularly it included terms that are used in day-to-day communication with corresponding words in English and Hindi. It was released in a DVD format. The second edition was launched in February this year with 6000 words and most probably the third edition of the dictionary will be released in next year. The specialty with respect to the third edition according to this news article is that the third edition will be having words related to agriculture for the first time. Note that these sign languages are equal in status to spoken languages and it is the linguistic identity of the people who are hearing impaired or people who are belonging to deaf community. These are based on United Nations Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities. India has a signatory and India has also ratified this convention in the year 2007. See according to the World Federation of the Deaf there are around 7 crore deaf people all over the world and the critical point here is more than 80% of them are living in developing countries and it is said that collectively they use more than 300 different sign languages and according to United Nations these sign languages has to be preserved as part of linguistic and cultural diversity. One of the benefit with respect to this sign language dictionary is that they can be given regular education through special teachers who are well versed in sign languages who can communicate to the people who are deaf. With this we come to the end of the analysis of this news article. Now let us move on to next article. Now this is an advertisement which states that Coal India Limited is a Maharatna company. We know that companies are given prestigious titles such as Maharatna, Navaratna and Mini Ratna. In this analysis we will see on what basis the central public sector enterprises are given these prestigious titles. See government owned corporations they are called as public sector undertakings. In a public sector undertaking you could find majority of the paid up share capital will be held by the government. If it is a central public sector undertaking or more than 50% of the paid up share capital will be held by central government. There could be a public sector undertaking where this paid up share capital can be held partly by central government and partly by one or more state governments also. In any case the majority of the paid up share capital will be held by the government. These public sector undertakings are classified into public sector enterprises, central public sector enterprises and public sector banks. Central public sector enterprises are those public sector enterprises under the control of central government. So certain statutory corporations and certain government companies in which the central government held more than 50% equity that is more than 50% share these corporations or companies are called as central public sector enterprises or CPSCs. See the department of public enterprises under the ministry of heavy industries and public enterprises. It is the nodal department for all the central public sector enterprises. This department formulates policies pertaining to CPSCs. It lays down policy guidelines on performance improvement and performance evaluation, autonomy, financial delegation and personal management in these enterprises. It also collects and maintain information in the form of a public enterprises survey. It is this department of public enterprises that gives the status of Maharatna or Navratna or Mini Ratna to the central public sector enterprises. These are prestigious titles that provide these enterprises greater autonomy of varying degree in order to compete in the global market. Now let's see the eligibility criteria and certain other parameters by which these enterprises are given these prestigious titles. First let us see with respect to Mini Ratna. It is also called as Mini Ratna scheme. See the objective of the scheme is to make certain promising profit making CPSCs more efficient and more competitive. Therefore the scheme of Mini Ratna was launched in October 1997. These enterprises are called as Mini Ratnas as category 1 Mini Ratna and category 2 Mini Ratnas. So to become eligible for Mini Ratna status under category 1 CPSCs a company, a central public sector enterprise should have made profit in last three years continuously and these enterprises should have made pre-tax profit of 30 crores or more in at least one of the three years and these enterprises should have a positive net worth. To be eligible for Mini Ratna status under category 2 CPSCs an enterprise should have made profit for last three years continuously and should have a positive net worth. Here there is no requirement of pre-tax profit to be 30 crores or more than 30 crores. Here for autonomy for one example under capital expenditure the category 1 Mini Ratna company, Mini Ratna enterprise can incur capital expenditure up to 500 crores without government approval. For category 2 Mini Ratna they can go up to 250 crores without government approval. There are such autonomy also for joint ventures, subsidiaries and other parameters. So this is about Mini Ratna scheme. Now let us see the criteria for the grant of Navratna scheme. This scheme was introduced by the government in July 1997. Again the purpose is to identify central public sector enterprises that have comparative advantage and having the potential to become global players. So these identified enterprises will be given this Navratna status and they will be delegated some enhanced financial and other powers under the Navratna scheme. For Mini Ratna we saw 500 crores capital expenditure limit, 250 crores capital expenditure limit for category 1 and category 2 respectively. But if you take Navratnas there is no monetary ceiling with respect to capital expenditure on purchase of new items or for replacement. So who are eligible to get this Navratna status? First criteria is they should have been classified as Mini Ratna category 1 enterprise and Schedule A central public sector enterprise. Among these enterprises those enterprises that have got excellent or very good rating. In three of last five years this rating will be based on a memorandum of understanding system and note that in addition to obtaining excellent and very good rating they should also have a composite score of 60 or above in six selected performance parameters. Only then they will be given Navratna status. These are some of the parameters. Now this memorandum of understanding system is based on a mutually negotiated agreement between the administrative ministry for a particular CPSC and the management of the CPSC. If you take coal India the administrative ministry would be Ministry of Coal and this memorandum of understanding will fix the targets before the beginning of a financial year. And a particular CPSC would be evaluated based on these targets. Based on the performance an enterprise will be rated. The department of public enterprises it serves as a facilitator between central public sector enterprises and the administrative ministries. It provides a mechanism to evaluate the performance of the management of these enterprises. This department of public enterprises provides a system through which the targets are set in the MOU and the commitments are evaluated at the end of the year. This is about this MOU system under which the companies are rated. Now let us see the criteria for the grant of Maharatna status. This is the highest title or the highest status. The government introduced this Maharatna scheme in February 2010. Here large sized Navratna enterprises will be identified and they will be given or delegated enhanced powers. So to facilitate expansion of their operations within India and also in global markets. The first condition is that a CPSC should have Navratna status. Second a CPSC which having received Navratna status should have been listed on Indian stock exchange with minimum prescribed public share holding according to SEBI regulations. The third condition is that this enterprise should have achieved an average annual turnover of more than 20,000 crore during the last three years. Earlier it was 25,000 crore. It has been changed recently. Another condition is with respect to average annual net worth. This should be more than 10,000 crore during last three years. And then there is also provisions with respect to average annual net profit after tax and also with respect to significant global presence or international operations. So with respect to autonomy, higher autonomy is for Maharatna companies. Relatively lesser is for Navratna companies and a further lesser autonomy is given for many Rathna companies. To differentiate Maharatna and Navratna status. For example, a Maharatna central public sector enterprise can invest Rs. 5000 crore in a single project whereas the limit for a Navratna enterprise is just 1000 crore. So there are such differences. However, we should keep a note that higher financial autonomy is for Maharatna enterprises followed by Navratna enterprises and then many Rathna category 1 and then many Rathna category 2. As on June 2019, we have 8 Maharatna central public sector enterprises. These are Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Coal India Ltd. The advertisement was with respect to Coal India Ltd, Gail India Ltd, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, NTPC, ONGC and Steel Authority of India Ltd. So there are 16 Navratna central public sector enterprises and around 61 enterprises are under category 1 mini Rathna and there are around 12 category 2 mini Rathna central public sector enterprises. These are some of the information that we can learn and use for the purpose of our prelims preparation from this advertisement. Now let us move on to next news article. This news article is about population census 2021. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article has been highlighted here for your reference. Before entering into the analysis of the news article, let's see few background information with respect to census in general. When we say population census, it means a total process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating the data that is pertaining to demographic, economic and social details of all persons in the country at a particular or a specific point of time. Simply we can say it is a process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating details of all persons in a country at a particular point of time. It gives a summary or a brief look of the country's population and housing at a given point of time. And in India the population census is decennial that is it is conducted once in every 10 years. Decim means 10 from that it the word has derived so decennial means once in 10 years. When we say biennial it means once in 2 years because by means 2. Census in our country is based on the legal provisions of census act of 1948 and census rules of 1990. So the recent census in India is census 2011. So the next decennial census of India is due in the year 2021. So the 2021 census will be the 8th census since our independence. So the basic purpose of census is enumeration or listing of all individuals in the country without any omission or duplication. We need census so that it can be used for administration planning and policymaking and it is also used for management and evaluation of various welfare programs by the government, non-governmental organizations, private enterprises and others. So this is because the census provides information on size of a country's population, distribution of population of a country and it also gives socio-economic demographic and other characteristics of population of the country. And census data is also used for demarcation of constituencies and also for allocation of representation to parliament, allocation of representation to state legislative assemblies and also local bodies. This data will also be used for demarcation of constituencies for state legislative assemblies as well. And this data will also be used by the researchers and demographers so as to analyze the growth and trends of population and they make projections based on the available census data. And this census data will also be used by business houses and private industries so as to plan for their business for marketing and selling their products into the areas and regions that was previously or so far not covered by them. So these are some of the uses of the census data. So with this background let us now discuss the news article. See the union home minister has announced that the 2021 census exercise will be carried out digitally. This means the process of pen paper census will be transformed to a digital census in the upcoming census of 2021. It is said that it will be done by using the latest technology here in this process. People will be uploading the details about themselves and also about their family. This they will do on a newly developed mobile app for this purpose. And having a digital census has been welcomed by many people because it is expected that it would help in a detailed multi dimensional analysis of census when it is available in digital format. And the digital census will also be helpful for public welfare and various other programs using the latest software and other technologies. The union minister has also stated that the census should become a Jan Bhagidari exercise. Jan means people and Bhagidari means participation. The idea is that when it is a digital census it needs people to update information in a mobile app. So people should ensure their participation to make this process successful and also in other words to be included also. The home minister has also said that constituencies will be delimited based on 2021 census data. Here when we say delimitation it means the process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies for the purpose of representing in a legislature. This job will be carried out by a high power body called as delimitation commission or in other words a boundary commission. Now this process is done based on the provisions of the constitution. If you see there is an article that talks about delimitation which is article 82 of Indian constitution. So according to article 82 the parliament enacts a delimitation act after every census through a legislation. And this article 82 is for readjustment after each census. So as to take into consideration of the updated information about the population it states that upon the completion of each census the allocation of seats in the house of the people to the states and the division of each state into territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as parliament may by law determine. Once the delimitation act comes into force the central government will constitute a delimitation commission. This delimitation commission demarcates the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies as per the provisions of the particular delimitation act. If you see the present delimitation of constituencies is being done based on 2001 census and according to the provisions of delimitation act of 2002. Here you note that the constitution of India and particularly article 82 was amended in 2002. This was carried out by the 84th constitutional amendment act of 2001. So according to this amendment the delimitation of constituencies will not be done until the first census after the year 2026. So this means that census that will be collected after 2026 can be used for delimitation of constituencies and certainly not the census data that is collected before 2026. But the home minister has stated that the constituencies will get delimited based on 2021 census data which is contradictory to the current provisions of the constitution. So this means the government may bring an amendment to change the year that was mentioned in article 82. If the article is not amended then the present constituencies which are carved out on the basis of 2001 census will be in operation till the first census after 2026. The news article also talks about one card for all utilities in the future that it will be a common utility card.  The proposed common utility card will be able to perform several functions that are present carried out by different cards. Say for example Aadhar card or passport or bank account or for example driving license. You may have one card and then that will be used as Aadhar card that can be used as passport that can be used for banking services and also other services. Here is where the digital census 2021 comes into picture because once the census is carried out digitally all the details of a person will be registered digitally. So the digital census has the potential to bring all cards on one platform so that the citizen may be provided a common utility card. Next the news article talks about the national population register. The Home Minister stated that after the 2021 census for the first time the national population register will come into existence. So when we say national population register it means register of usual residents of the country. It will also serve as a comprehensive identity database. This will be maintained by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India who comes under Ministry of Home Affairs. See aspect section 14 capital A of Citizenship Act of 1955. It is compulsory for every citizen to register in the national register of Indian citizens. And the creation of this NPR or the national population register is the first step towards the preparation of national register of Indian citizens. There will be verification of citizenship status and after the due verification a subset of citizens will be derived from the universal data set of residents so as to prepare this national register of Indian citizens. So it is necessary and also compulsory for all usual residents to register under national population register. So who is a usual resident? For the purpose of national population register a usual resident is a person who has resided in a local area for past six months or more. It also includes those persons who will reside in a particular area for a period of six months or more. That is it also includes those persons who intends to reside in a particular area for next six months or more. This national population register is being prepared in our country at five levels. One is at local level that will be carried out at the village level or sub-town level. Then sub-district level, district level, state level and also national level. It is being prepared under the provisions of Citizenship Act of 1955 and Citizenship Rules 2003. And we should know that this national population register exercise is different from the census exercise. And though national population register is the basis for the national register of Indian citizens that is to be prepared but this national population register will not be linked to the already prepared national register of citizens. The objective of national population register is to create a comprehensive identity database of every usual resident in the country. This database will contain demographic details and also biometric particulars of an individual. When we say demographic particulars it includes name of the person, father's name, date of birth etc. And when we say biometric details it includes fingerprints, iris scans and other biometric details. Earlier in 2010 the data for national population register was collected along with the house listing phase of census 2011. This NPR was subsequently updated in 2015 by conducting a door-to-door survey. And it is reported that digitization of updated information of NPR that was carried out in 2015 also completed. This NPR will be a solution for various issues that are presently faced say for example in maintenance of law and order with respect to welfare schemes. It will help in tracking criminal activities as it is reported and that's why we say it will help in effective maintenance of law and order. And it is also expected that it will help in better planning and execution of government schemes. And the newspaper highlights that. So for the entire exercise of census 2021 and the preparation of national population register a sum of around 12,000 crore would be spent on this. So we saw brief information about census and we saw the role of census in demarcation of parliamentary constituencies based on article 82 of Indian constitution. Then we saw about the common utility card as proposed by the union home minister. Then we saw about the national population register and we saw about national register of Indian citizens as proposed by the section 14 capital A of Citizenship Act of 1955. With this we come to the end of analysis of this news article. Now let us move on to next article. This editorial article discusses about the concept of digital literacy, digital inequality and the necessity to make all people particularly the people who are economically and socially backward as digital literates. The article also discusses why the right to internet access and digital literacy should be recognized as an independent right. Digital literacy refers to having appropriate skills to live and work in a society where the communication and access to information is through digital technologies. These digital technologies could be internet platforms, social media and smartphones. There are also levels in digital literacy. A beginner level could be you know just operating digital devices. For example they will be able to use mobile phones, use tablets. They will be just able to send and receive emails. A higher level could be you know a person having the knowledge of accessing various government services and other services that are dependent on information and communication technology and etc. So once a person is able to use digital technology for communication and access to information and to use high end services we can call a person as perfectly digitally literate. But we should know that even in the present time the access to digital technologies or even the access to internet itself is not uniform in a country or in a region or even among a group of people. In a society a certain number of people have the access to internet. Some group of people do not have the access to internet. Some people are digitally literates. Some people are. Some people lack digital literacy. Some people are able to just use their mobile phones or send and receive emails. Whereas some people can use the internet platform, social media and various information and communication technology services and could use even high end services. So this creates a division among people, a division among region. This is called as digital divide. So it's actually a troubling gap between those who use computers, smartphones and internet and those who do not use computers, smartphones and internet. It's a gap between those people who could use information and communication technology to access and utilize high end services and those who could not. Or those who lack digital literacy. So there is disparity in accessing the internet and there is also disparity in using information and communication technologies. So this two constitutes two digital inequality in a society. Then the author discusses the need to address digital inequality. This is because in the present time many services are offered by the government and the private sector through online mode. Or in a digital platform. A simple example could be paying off bills, booking train tickets and there are various other services. And because of digital literacy and because of digital knowledge, the livelihood opportunities of people are improved and people are able to work from distant locations without the need to travel and various other things. So if a group of people do not have access to internet or if they lack digital literacy, it means they will certainly become uncompetitive in this digital information era. As they will not be able to enjoy the various advantages and the necessities of the digital platforms. The author states that providing information and services online but not ensuring universal accessibility to these digital services would further enhance or increase the digital divide or would further widen the digital divide. And this will further increase the social and economic backwardness of the poor population. The main reasons are because they are not digitally literate and they do not have the access to internet. With respect to this, the author highlights three important initiatives of the government of India. One is the digital India mission. See this is a flagship program of government of India. The vision is to transform India into digitally empowered society and to transform India into a knowledge economy. It focuses on three main areas. One to build digital infrastructure. For example, common service centers. Two digital empowerment of people by focusing on universal digital literacy. Then three digital governance. For example, e-governance. Second, the author talks about Bharat Net program. This program aims to provide broadband connectivity to all gram panchayats in India. It is anticipated that this program would act as the infrastructure backbone for providing internet access to all across the country. Then the author talks about national digital literacy mission. See this mission aims to provide digital literacy awareness, digital education and capacity programs for rural communities. So whoever participating in this mission will be able to take a lead role in global digital economy. So as to maintain the competitiveness to shape a technologically empowered society. This scheme is also called as digital Sakshartha Abhyan. The scheme was formulated that is to impart information technology training to more than 50 lakh persons. So that non IT literate citizens will be trained to become information technology literates. And under this mission, there is no training fee for those persons who belong to scheduled caste, scheduled tribes and below poverty line households. So all these three missions, you know, digital India Bharat Net program, national digital literacy mission, they are all complementary to each other. That is their final objective is to build a digitally empowered society which can access and use information and services online and being competitive in the digital world. The author finds that these initiatives have not yet achieved their intended objectives. With respect to digital India mission, the author states that mid 2016, the digital literacy in India was less than 10%. The author finds that the Bharat Net program has been consistently missing its deadlines and the cost of the project has gone up. And so far the national digital literacy mission has only touched 1.67% of the population and there is no apt fund allocation for this mission. So this means that the rate of digital literacy in India is still poor and most of the rural population still do not have access to internet connection and also they lack digital literacy. The author also highlights one of the recent verdicts in High Court that is pronounced by Kerala High Court in Fahima, Shrin versus state of Kerala. The Kerala High Court have observed that the right to internet access is a fundamental right and it becomes part of right to privacy and right to education under article 21 of Indian Constitution. According to the article, the right to internet access and digital literacy has to be seen in line with the provisions given under article 38, 2 and article 39 of Indian Constitution under directive principles of state policy. Article 38 subclass 2 states that the state shall eliminate inequalities in status. The state shall eliminate inequalities in facilities and opportunities not only among individuals but also among groups of people residing in different areas and engaged in different locations. So this means the state should also eliminate inequalities in accessing digital facilities that is access to internet and also digital opportunities that is ICT based services. And article 39 C states that the operation of the economic system does not or should not result in the concentration of wealth. Here the wealth should be considered as digital wealth. On one side there is no access to digital wealth. On the other side there is a complete access. This means concentration of wealth. So the author states that right to internet access and digital literacy would further the provisions mentioned under article 38 and article 39 of Indian Constitution. As these two articles aim at reducing inequalities and promoting overall development of people and promoting overall development of all sections of the society. And providing increased access to information and internet and providing digital literacy will improve livelihood opportunities that will in turn aid in minimizing existing inequalities. So for all these reasons the author states that right to internet access and digital literacy should be considered as a independent right or as a right in itself or as a separate right. If it is recognized as a separate right or as an independent right it will put a positive obligation on the state to create a quality infrastructure for internet access. And it will make state to promote and provide measures to make people digitally literate. And it will also put a negative obligation on the state as it will be prohibited from violating the right to access to internet and digital literacy. And if recognized it will encourage the legislature and executive to play a more proactive role in furthering this right. Now in regards to access to internet and digital literacy there are some advantages on both sides for the government the cost of providing service through digital platforms or online will be less. And this will also increase the efficiency of government services. This is because there will be no middlemen the beneficiaries will reach the beneficiaries in real time basis. And for the citizens they will be able to bypass the lower level government bureaucracy in availing benefits. They need not wait to receive their genuine benefits. This will reduce redtapism and this will also reduce corruption at the lower level bureaucracy. And the information whether a particular beneficiary has received his or her benefit will be available online. This is transparency and it will in fact help the beneficiaries to demand accountability from the state. So there will be transparency and accountability as a result of access to internet and digital literacy. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this editorial article. We have come to the last session they have given two statements and are asking which of the above statements are correct. The first statement the allocation of seats in the house of the people to the states is on the basis of 1971 census. What they are saying is the allocation of seats in Lokshaba among the states is on the basis of 1971 census. Now the statement is correct. This is based on article 81 of Indian constitution. Now the second statement the division of each state into territorial constituencies is on the basis of 2001 census. Now this statement is also correct. Therefore the correct answer is option C both 1 and 2. During the analysis we saw that according to article 82 of Indian constitution neither the allocation of seats in Lokshaba nor the division of each state into territorial constituencies shall be altered until the first census taken after the year 2026. That is till 2031 census according to this article the allocation of seats in Lokshaba shall be on the basis of 1971 census and the division of each state into parliamentary constituencies may be on the basis of 2001 census. Now this question is with reference to national population register. The first statement it is the first step towards preparation of national register of Indian citizens. Now this statement is correct. During the analysis we saw that national population register is a register of usual residents of the country. It is a comprehensive identity database that is maintained by registrar general of India and the census commissioner of India. And for the purposes of national population register a usual resident is a person who has resided in a local area for past six months or more or it includes a person who intends to reside in that area for a period of next six months or more. And we also saw that the national population register was collected in 2010 along with the house listing phase of 2011 census. This makes the statement to a correct statement and according to section 14 capital layer of citizenship act the central government may compulsorily register every citizen of India and the central government may maintain a national register of Indian citizens. And for the preparation of national register of Indian citizens the universal data set of residence will be provided by national population register. And from this universal data set of residence a subset of citizens would be derived after the verification of citizenship status. Their names will be found in the national register of Indian citizens. So therefore both the statements are correct therefore the correct answer is option C both 1 and 2.


Hi, everyone. My name is Roy Adams. I work for ICANN. I'm going to talk about the root zone KSK rollover and specifically the process we did on the 11th of January, which is revoking the DNS key, the root zone KSK, the old one specifically. So who has not heard about the key role? Okay. Who's not Warren? So I'll go through quickly through the first few things because these are fairly old-sliced, the first parts. It has happened on the 11th of October at four o'clock exactly. This is the schedule we had during that day. You can ignore this. I highlighted the part. It says four o'clock, very sign approved. The root zone file push. At which point we pushed the root zone file? Well, very sign pushed the root zone file. Anyway, this is the team that helped. This is at NLNet Labs, Ben Ho. Thank you all. And Willem, oh, thank you. So this is the team that did it. This is the very sign and ICANN team. I put these two pictures in there because this is Matt Larson. He worked at very sign in 2010 where he signed the root zone for the first time. Keep note of the small pack of paper that he has in his hand. They printed out the root zone, and it's a very small pack. Eight years later, this is Matt again. Time works well for him, except he doesn't change shirts. And he's holding the new root zone, which is about 450 pages.  No, we didn't. We just printed out the first two pages and had like a pack of 400 under it. But so fake news. So when this happened, we had some tools to look at what was going on. We have, as you know, 13 root server letters, A through M. Those are 12 organizations. 11 organizations gave us data. So we had A, B, C, D, E and F, and then we had H, I, J, K, L and M root. And I'm not going to tell you the missing one. G, that's hard to guess. So what you see here is basically the, it's not really that visible. But the top left graph, note to self, just one graph will do. The top left graph shows you the accumulated DNS key traffic. Queries for DNS keys for the root. Not queries for anything else. Queries for DNS keys for the root. Now, why is this interesting? Well, in testing, we know that if you haven't configured this thing with the new KSK or don't have some automatic thing in place, like RC5011 or other tools that help you to replace that key, to add that new key, then a resolver goes berserk. If it doesn't have the new key configured, it can't validate. If it can't validate, it will ask for the DNS key. It can't validate this DNS key, so it can't cache anything. So in order to keep on going, it will ask for a DNS key and so on and so on and so on. In the old days, this was called Rollover and Die. A couple of years ago, this was 2008, 2009, this was a big problem that has been solved since. But still, if a DNS resolver, DNS validator can't validate this stuff properly, it will ask for more DNS keys. It's kind of like an oracle, like a hint to the data to see what's going on. So this is before, just before the roll on the 10th of October. This is just after the roll. You can't really see it, but before we had about 1,400 queries per day, sorry, 1,400 queries per second. Sorry, a DNS key queries per second. After the key roll, this is on the 14th of October, or the 13th of October, 48 hours after the roll, we had 2,500 queries per second. Now, this is an uptick, so that means that some resolvers were misconfigured. Now, how to find those? So what I did was I took, so a little backstory here. ICANN also operates L-Root. The actual name is now IAMRS. ICANN managed root server, but the folks still call it L-Root. I get all the data out of it. My team gets all the data out of it. So all the traffic we get. And so we can look at interesting things. So we looked at October the 10th and we looked at October the 14th. On October the 10th, we took all of the region resolvers that asked for DNS keys and we counted how many they queried for. We did the same for October the 14th. Some numbers were about 1 million unique resolvers asking DNS keys over four days. But we saw basically 115,000 who queried on October the 10th and on October the 14th, so on both days. But we only had 85,000 resolvers that we saw every day. The reason I'm telling you this is not all resolvers talk to L-Root. We got 13 root servers and what basically happens, if you can't resolve here, if you can't get the right DNS key, and it depends on your server selection algorithm, you either randomly go to another or you basically take the next fastest one. So we tracked each of these under the 15 and we get the following graph. A fairly nonsensical graph, so it takes a bit of explaining. X axis this way, October the 10th. Y axis that way, October the 14th. Each individual dot is a validator. So you have a volume on October the 10th, you go this way, a volume on October the 14th, you go that way. So you basically have a coordinate. All of this stuff basically in the green line, I'm not sure if you can see that, all of this stuff in this green line is the diagonal. That basically means if you're on a diagonal with your resolver, that's good because the volume you had on the October the 10th is the same as the volume you had on October the 14th. So that's all good. You see the reason for these lines, this is a logarithmic scale, a log scale. So if you happen to be here, this is 14, as you can see. Well, if you take e to the power of 14, you basically get, I think, about 10 million. So if your dot would be here, and not many are, if your dot would be here, you're asking for 10 million, you're asking 10 million times for a DNS key query for that day. So this is a whole lot here. The interesting for me are the ones that are here. These are querying a lot on October the 10th, but not anymore on October the 14th. So they either have been switched off or they haven't been switched off and you need to have asked on October the 14th at least once. And of course, if you take log for one, you get zero. That's why they're on this line. This is the problem space, basically depth triangle. If you are up there, if your resolve is up there, then you're asking for more on October the 14th than October the 10th. So that's kind of a misconfiguration. I've highlighted this blob here. It's a fairly significant amount. This also signifies two order difference. Here is six. That's up eighth, right? So the difference is two order. If you're two order larger, two in the log scale, that's a kind of 100 times more or 80 times more if I'm not mistaken, the amount of queries that you sent. There's a high concentration there. We think we know what it is. Ireland is up there. ARCOM, EIRCOM. And what is now well known, we haven't had positive confirmation of this, but what's now well known is that ARCOM had misconfigured resolvers. ARCOM is, I don't know here in Belgium, but in England we have BT. So that's kind of the de facto national BTT. The same for Ireland, that's ARCOM. So their national ISP, if you will, went offline. And if you follow Twitter at the time, and we did follow Twitter at the time, you get a lot of heartbreaking stories. My kid is trying to get online. He is autism. He needs his thing. It doesn't work.  And it goes, it's very negative, heartbreaking stories there. I just talked to Warren Kumari before this talk, and he says there are a lot more problems. APNIC, Jeff Houston, he found a lot more issues than this. But we know of the ARCOM one through our data itself. This is what I just explained, so I'm going to skip that. This is, to me, interesting. Zero changes between the 10th and the 14th. That's the bulk of the resolvers. They were there. And that's good. That's good. So for those resolvers that are asking for the NSK, they don't ask more on the 14th than on the 10th. So that's great. Minus one and plus one is also not that interesting. It's one order change. Now, if you take log nine and log 11, there's two different orders. But nine and 11, that's kind of in the error of the data, right? As I said, not all resolvers ask us all the time, so there might be some difference in that. The interesting part is here, minus two, minus one, minus four, minus five, minus six. They ask for a lot of queries on the 10th and then very less on the 14th. Which is kind of strange, because they had problems before the 10th, but not anymore on the 14th, so they either fixed their implementation. I've heard from a very cute implementation model. So as you know, at Cresolve.conf, you have, I hope, at least two resolvers in there. What one organization did, one ISP did, they configured the first resolver with the old key and the second resolver with the new key. And in hindsight, it's actually brilliant, right? Because the first one stops resolving, surveil, what your implementation does, what your laptop does, what your local code does, it basically takes the second one. The first one does a response, so if it takes the second one, it works. So there was a cool hack, actually. I wouldn't promote this in doing that, but it worked for them. And here you can see the real problem space. This is two-order change positive, positive meaning more. So this is typically what we see if we configure bind in the test environment, and we let the key roll, right? And then you can see a two-order change in the amount of traffic. So this is what we expected for resolvers that don't behave. Here's some more information. I want to get to the part of the revoke, because this is just the roll on October 11th. Three months later, we decided to revoke the key. This is something else. This is RC8145 data. If you think that this graph is nonsensical, you're absolutely right. It doesn't mean anything. We all looked at it like, oh, so many implementations that report to us that they still have the old key. So what is RC8145? It's a trick where you send a query to the root servers, and in that query, you basically say, I have these keys configured. And you might have the old key. You might have the new key. We see a whole lot of garbage in there. There are many implementations that just take, they look at the root zone, and they grab all the keys, even the zone signing keys. So you have the key tags of those as well in there. But yeah, this really, it wasn't really helpful for us. The problem is, if you are really concerned and you want to read something in this graph, this black line says 5%. The green and the red correspond to this. This is 50,000, 100,000. This is the number of sources, the number of unique sources that report. So it's not query volume, the number of unique sources that report stuff to us. The green is everyone who's sending information, all the resolvers. The red is the ones that only report the old KSK. And the black is basically a percentage of that. So the idea was to get below 0.5%. Well, this is 5%. Again, order larger. But yeah, we realize that this really doesn't mean anything. And luckily a lot of people understood that, that it was meaningless. Oh, this was... The NSX design team recommendation. Yeah, so this was the NSX design team recommendation. They said half percent. What we said, when we made the implementation plan, according to the, according to that design team is not ICANN. Design team is the community who designed this stuff. And we as ICANN, we get to implement that. We didn't copy the 0.5% because we didn't know where it came from. I think someone at ESSEC just put the finger, oh, let's do a half percent. A Jeff, okay. And anyway, so that's where the half percent come from. At the time, and I say at the time because now we know more, but at the time during those three or four days after the role, we heard basically about two big outages. Consolidated communications with Vermont ISP and EIR. We had a lot of little issues. We contacted a lot of developers before this happened, also during when this happened that we saw issues. Thank you developers for stepping up the plate and fixing everything that fast. Second part of this talk is about the revoke. This is, what is a revoke? Basically, we publish the DNS key with a bit set that says revoke. If a resolve, it's a fairly complex RC5011 dictated. If you see it, if you see a key with that bit set, don't use it anymore. This is self-signed. So that means also that the DNS key set, including the signatures that come back, that whole set will now be slightly larger. So we went from, I think, 1,425 bytes to 1,515 bytes. Now, you might think that's what? 90 bytes, that's not a big problem. It's not unless you IPv6, then you have this magic threshold of 1,480 bytes that's going to be problematic. Anyway, let's do the same thing as I did before. This is the, you see the top left. You see that 2,500, the red line starts about 2,500 there. This is still from the time because it was kind of a nice baseline, 2,500 queries per second. But you see this little diagonal going up? That was the 48 hours after the revoke.  That went from 2,500 to 15,000 queries per second. And we all thought, me including, that just setting this bid revoke, I mean, if you don't do DNSSEC correctly, you would have known by now because you're validating, right? And you fix your stuff, otherwise you wouldn't be able to resolve stuff since October 11th. But yeah, a significant amount of traffic. So I did the same trick. I did the same trick. So look at the dates here. This is 14 October, the day after the key role to 14 January, which is the day after the 48 hours of the revoke. And you see, now, they have been fixed since. EIR is in there as well. They have been fixed since. Now, thinking about it's not really a fair comparison, right? The day after the key role until the day after the key revoke. So I looked at this, 11 October, the day before the key role and the day after the key revoke. And all is fine, right? The bulk of the resolvers are on this middle line. And yes, we can still see a fair amount here and still see a fair amount there. I reckon they'll still be there in 10 years because no one knows that these things are working or doing the wrong thing. But where is this massive amount of traffic then coming from, right? Where you go from 2,500 to 12,000. Or 15,000. So then I did the day before the revoke, compared that with the day after the revoke. And there it is. You see this massive amount of shift of resolvers that are in there. This is really an enormous amount. I highlighted this in case you didn't notice. So remember, this is up to 12,000. This was the day after the revoke. Now we're kind of three weeks further in. This is up to 16,000. So after the key role in October, sorry, during the key role in October, we went from, let's say, 1,400 to 2,500, then flatlined a bit until the key revoke, and then went from 2,500 to 12,000 in two days. And now it went to over three weeks, it went to 16,000. I don't want to say it flatlined, but it went a little bit up. Exactly. So this kind of shows also query volume. If you have a root server operator that has very little anycast, then there won't be query that much. That's just the rule of today. I have a very similar graph of total traffic, because I've got those statistics as well, except for that one root server operator. And the more anycast you have, the closer you are to the community you want to reach, et cetera, et cetera. The bulk anycasters, I can happen to be one of them. This is L, I'm worse, L. This is L. So this is quite high up. A is quite high up. And J is quite high up. K is quite high up. So it's not the same everywhere. But if I go back to the, if I go back here, I think you meant this graph. So everyone has the same trend, right? But because you're using a static skill everywhere, otherwise you can't really compare, you use static skill everywhere. So every scale goes up to 2,500 here.  So you can see this one going up still. This is M-root. This one going up massively. This is K-root. H-root is the exception. H-root, we know it's very hard to contact them, the U.S. military. You don't want to bother them too much. They have guns. No, but seriously, yeah, we just don't get, we just don't get all the traffic. I'll really go quickly now. I just got a sign. So that same report, we now up to basically 2%. 2% is good, even though it doesn't mean anything. Upcoming milestones. We do this again the 22nd of March, where we get the revoked key out of the zone. It won't be there. Hopefully something stabilizes, but probably something goes berserk. We still need to get, these are ceremonies, this is maintenance. We still need to get the old key out of the HSM, so we do that. This is a small pitch. We need your input on the following. For the next 5 to 10 years, we need to know the frequency of key roll-off. I work at ICANN. I've been told I can't think for myself. We need to be dependent on the community, heavily dependent on the community. So I can't suggest what these numbers should be, but at least I want to suggest that we need to think about it and come up with some policy development around this. How often are we going to do this? We also need to stand by key. Then we are compliant with RC5011. And we need to think about algorithm roll-over. I'm not saying we should do algorithm tomorrow. I know some folks want to do an algorithm roll tomorrow, but we should think about algorithm roll in case RSA gets weak. That's my talk. Thank you. Any questions? One question. One question. Pause. We have two competing theories. One is, could it be IPv6 because of the increase in response size? Now we know that a bulk of these were IPv4, so no. And then the other thing is, these are configurations where you have trusted keys in bind. Static trusted keys, not managed keys, but static trusted keys in bind. When you do the reverse lookup of these addresses, you get the host name of these resolvers. A fair amount have the number two in them. And I think that's due to when you have two resolvers, right, in your scresolve.conf, the second resolver you call two. Now if the first resolver works, if it works, don't fix it, right? So if it works, it works. You don't have to do anything. And folks forget that they have a second resolver configured as a fallback that might not be working. So we think that might be due to that. But we honestly don't know. We need more data. We need to have a look at it. Thanks for the question. Thanks, Roy.


What's up everybody, Jason here for JaspysCaseBricks.com. We just sold out the pack filler to unlock Pikachu's number one of Mosaic and Random Team's number one of Mosaic. With the 2019-20, Panina Mosaic hobby one pack break, Random Team's number seven. So first we do the break, we randomize the customer names and teams, distribute the hits out of the pack, then we'll randomize only the customer names at the end of the break and the top seven will win a spot in this break right here. So good luck everybody. Let's roll the dice and we got ourselves a four and a four eight times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, eight times. We got Ryan Harrell down to Adam Coberman, let's paste that in there, and we got eight times on the teams, one, two, three, four, five, six, three, four, five, six, five, six, seven, and eight. Got eight there, eight, Charlotte Horne to the top down, the Miami Heat. There we go. So again, no trades guys, but I will quickly give you like 10, 15 seconds to look at your teams and then we'll start the quick pack break. I don't do one, do you want some of it? No? I guess not. I mean. You can have the rest of my coffee. I didn't really like it. Oh, okay, gotcha. All right guys, so stick to what you got then. Let's do the quick pack filler. All right. So this is last year's mosaic, so it looks like something similar to this. Bama DeBio, we got a PJ Washington Jr., Montage Donovan Mitchell, Paschal, Schofield, Kobe White. All right. So there you go. Quick little hobby pack filler. Let's switch scenes now and let's do the giveaway. So again, guys, top seven, get a spot in the team random dice roll it. You got ourselves a six and a two, eight times. Good luck. Eight times on the roll. Top seven, get in one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, ten. Six, seven, and eight. Boom, eight times, eight times. Josh, last spot mojo, getting spot seven. You are in. Adam, James, Josh, Josh, Rob, and Ryan Hoff. There you go. Congratulations. Boom, top seven getting in right there. Congrats guys. So you guys want to spot in the big $144.99 team filler. And now you're guaranteed no matter what, at least one team or the five spots in mosaic basketball. So that'll be coming up next in the Randomizer, guys. Appreciate it. Jasper'sCaseBricks.com.


Hi guys, EvilD here. So after looking over the last segment which I filmed and Editing it and uploading it. I wasn't really that happy with it because One I didn't really teach that much Esperanto. I kind of got distracted a lot. So I promise this time I'm gonna try and teach more. I'm gonna try focus more on the words that you need to be learning from the game Stuff like that and two at times I was just retarded and I didn't have a clue what I was doing So I hope to get that out of the way as well. Anyway, so back to the game Guess we have to do this again. Oh, no. No, we don't that's good. Okay, so a little bit of revision So we'll just start off with how do you say I in Esperanto? Okay, the word for I is me me and How do you say the word for you in Esperanto? It is the V Now I have no idea what I'm going to be doing at this point So I'm just kind of winging right now. I'm going to go down here. Yes. I am and you know how to say I Am or you are so I am we'll start with that one first So I am is me estus and no I'm not meant to go down Oh Okay, so that was a bit of a dead end and how do you say you are So do you remember how to say ocean the word for ocean was And that's some big ass waves we got right there. Look at those bad boys. This is actually really awesome I love the graphics in this great in this game, right? Okay, so I can even go this way or I can go up I'm gonna well, that's a hard one. I'm gonna go this way first okay now Well, since we're here We might want to learn the word for this is very valuable object right here And this is a door and the word for door in Esperanto is for doc and it's felt P O R Do and that's not opening for me. Okay, so I have to go down to the bridge Well, they get me to do it like I could do it Jesus. Okay, and do you remember how to say horse the word for horse was Chevalo Chevalo very good. And do you remember the word for object? It was Obiecto and of course the most important word of all is zombie. Oh, here we go I've got no medical kids. Wow, I did not even think about that Let's take this cash Well, maybe I just can't take them all in battle. So I just wait until this finishes up try and take it No, I don't have anything. So this is gonna result in like really bad situation for me Now what was the word for ocean again? It was Oceano Okay Now do you remember the word for book? It was Libido Libido and what about table? The word for table is Table this is going really bad because No, I'm not ready to go down here. Why is that just randomly walking down without my permission. I'm really oh Captain what well, sorry man. I don't oh, no, no, this is bad Okay, so I'm gonna kick him step back kick him We might as well learn the word for captain a so the word for captain is Capitano You're trying to punch me. Oh Should have stepped back Should have stepped back. Okay. I've got it. So I've got this. I'm gonna take you down captain I'm gonna take that for school. Okay step back step back and kick Is there a zombie behind me? No, there isn't. I really thought I heard a zombie behind me. Hey, just kick and punch This is not going good. Okay Oh, no, that was a bad idea. Oh Damn it. Why did I do that? and Kick the Capitano And what's the Capitano? He's a zombie Good Go down Capitano Okay, is there anything else I can use around here? What am I gonna do cash or what was the word for cash? Do you remember it was Mono? Take that Oh, stop kidding me. He's going to like some frenzied mode Step back and kick. This is probably the boring thing in the world right now. So we might as well review words or What was the word for cat it was And what was the word for table it was tub lock? Oh Shivers me timbers.  It was Capitano Okay, step back step back. He's going to go in the frenzied mode. Okay. Cool. The captain is every king dies two out of four Well, that doesn't seem good Okay, I'm just going to turn the page right now of our little book so that we may continue onward to glory Okay, that was a little bit distracting Okay, um, do you remember the word for rose? Uh, I'm not sure if I taught this in the last lesson or if it was in the last lesson of infinite zombies Um That guy's just standing there. Has he been standing there the whole time? I'll just beat him up. Anyway, you know, you never know Punch me in the back. Okay, so I'm looking for some words. Oh, by the way. Yes. Sorry. Um Looking for some words. Okay. So yeah, the word for Rose is it also it also is spelled r o z o. What is this? That up. No, actually, I think I'll go with that. That's probably the better deal I open this door because I really don't want to go at that one. Okay Yeah, yeah, yeah, I'm getting to it. I'm getting to it.  It was Shippo very good.  My best students ever, you know that chapter nothing like that Hey, we're on to the next level I should have continued that in the last game. Anyway, it's the next word So we're gonna learn the word for one and the word for one is uno uno and it's spelled you and you're all right Oh The ship get up I'm getting up. Jesus. The ship's dead in the water. Can you walk? I guess so We're now we're at the zombie island. It's really not safe here on the beach.  So It's spreading We'll talk later right now. You need to move head for the paradise survival camp Look for the big treehouse. You'll find other survivors there Take this in the meantime. I'll see if anyone else washed up on the beach Well, thank you. That was very kind of her to give me a knife and while we're at it. Let's learn the word for knife So the word for knife Is tarantillo tarantillo and I will put it down the bottom for you guys so you can see the spelling It's got that c in it again. Remember the c is like a ch sound from chocolate I'm just gonna check out the beach make sure so I've got a knife my fists and just my life Okay, so what else we got around here Some dude it looks like he's Wow, look at those eyes, man Okay, so yeah, the word for knife is tarantillo Now I was teaching you the word for one just before I was rudely interrupted by the fact that our ship crashed And the word for one is uno Uno so it's for you and you Man, I absolutely love the water out here. And do you remember what the word for water was? It is aquavo Very good, so now we're gonna learn the word for two because I just know it won't Yeah, yeah, I'm just checking out the coastline. It's really nice around here Okay, I guess I better get back to the storyline. Yeah, so the word for number two is do Do and it's called du very easy to remember. It sounds like two Okay, now The next word we'll learn is and now and is a conjunction you pretty much I think it's a conjunction I can't remember. What is that? Pick that up. Okay. Um, yeah, so we'll learn and Then you pretty much need and to make any form of sentence around here. So That is pronounced chi and it's called k a j Now remember in esprano the j's Letter is pronounced with a y sound like the english y to say k a j is pronounced k y chi What do we got here? We've got some energy drinks Got some snacks And what was the word for knife again? Do you remember? It was tarantillo Tarantillo man, these guys got hammered. Hey It's just open. What do we have? I thought I had to like break it or something like zelda style Okay, so we're getting lots of cash. That's good I know I'm not meant to be going this way. Um, and I'll probably get back to the storyline for a second I just wanted to check it out and plus look at that view man. Like if I was gonna be Stuck with zombies anywhere. This is where I'd want to be stuck like check it out. That is just fabulous And what was the word for ocean again? It was Oceano very good now you remember the word for one which was The word for two was do the word for and was chi So, how would you say one and one is two? Or should I grab the meat cleaver or keep them last? That's level 16 I can get both. Okay, cool. Um Yeah, so one plus one Is two is So, let's just um, let's do a little bit of practice. So, how would you say uh apple again? The word for apple was pomo pomo And what was the word for book? It was Libro Libro, so how would you say an apple in a book? An apple and a book is pomo chi libro So there's paradise full sands Okay So we've got lots of aquavoc over there I've got some more there and that there is an aquavoc follow Which is a waterfall Now I will say some random words Vesperano every now and then and then I won't repeat them later for like a large time frame um That's okay. That's just you know, I'm just going to randomly say words because I'll forget Anyway, so how would you say a cat is an animal? Now if you watched infinite zombies with me, you would have learned the word for animal, which was best Which sounds like the english beast, so it's quite easy to remember So how would you say a cat is an animal? It is Cato estus besto Yeah, it sounds like we're coming up to some zombie way very soon Now you would have They don't look like zombies. They just look like mean people Okay, um, you probably noticed that I've said zombie or and I've also said zombie way And you're probably thinking what's why doesn't have two different pronunciations on that word now With Esperano, actually here's a better example with English. We say cat Okay, that's a singular cat. It's not more than one. It's just one cat So how would you say and then in english? You also have plural, which is cats Oh, they are zombies and looks like it's someone fighting a zombie Okay, so cat is singular cats is plural It's the same with Esperano. We have the same thing So cato is singular catoi the hoi sound makes it plural.   What do we got here? I can listen Gears energy drinks, I guess they're just automatically drinks and then When I pick them up what we got here Oh, I'm sorry, please don't need to rub me when I'm looking at the map By the way, the word for map in Esperanto is Pretty easy to remember just like English And if you haven't guessed it by now, all nouns in Esperano and nouns are just like People places things stuff like that. They all end with an sound so you'll notice cato or And then you'll notice tablo for table and Sorry, I almost burped them I had the most awesome dinner. I won't go into that because that's not relevant Okay, so Next we will learn Sorry, I just got to quickly turn my page over here Okay, we're gonna learn how to say what yeah, I'm gonna help you mate. I'm teaching Esperanto. It's kind of more important right now Oh, why couldn't I get there? That was weird No more way.  I actually know we won't go with that yet So how would you say what is a horse? You know the word for horse. What is that? It is chevalo How would you say what is a horse? Well, just give it to me. Just give it to me. I'm just smashing these things at the moment. I I don't even know why I understand. So kiyo estas chevalo is what is a horse these people don't all look for me.  Can you talk to Trevor? Well, he's Trevor Well, chevalo estas besto No Okay, I'm guessing this is gonna be like home base type of thing. Oh, thanks heaps. No problem, mate There's a zombie way. Yeah, I heard from hallow that you were coming Okay, so what do you want me to do? Jesus? I thought we were goners.  We were on a ship, but but that isn't important. That's the word for ship. We need to do something You're not telling me anything. I don't know the bridge is our bloody weak spot We've got some fences Maybe securing the other entrances will slow them down. Cool. I need you to put them up. Can you lend a hand? Do I really want to why not? Let's start now, of course I appreciate it grab the rolled fences and put them up in the designated spots Anyway, actually, you know what? I've pretty much reached the end of my session here. So I think I'm pretty much going to call it quits for the day So it was good meeting you random stranger who just happened to show up Okay, thanks everyone.


What is up you guys welcome back to another what if you are new to the channel I am Gold Podia today we are in the new 2019 Volkswagen Tiguan courtesy of Hannover Volkswagen and Hannover PA. When this thing first came out in the 2018 model year I was a huge fan the styling definitely won me over the instant I saw it and I did not review that 2018 so therefore I am in the 2019 so as always you guys let's start with pricing and so there will be quite a few different trim levels for the 2019 Tiguan first one being the S starting at $24,295, SE for $26,695, SEL for $31,795, SEL R-Line for $33,645, SEL Premium all-wheel drive for $37,195 and lastly the SEL Premium R-Line all-wheel drive the one we have today starting at $38,895 and by the way for this first four trim levels that I gave you guys that was for the front wheel drive variant if you wanted to go all-wheel drive for any of those setups simply add $1,300 to any of those prices but so that is simplified things a little bit regardless of which trim level that you go with the power plant will be the same powering the 2019 Tiguan is going to be a two-liter turbocharged inline four-cylinder engine putting out 184 horsepower at 4,400 rpm and 221 pound-feet of torque available at 1,600 rpm power again sent to front wheels or all-wheels through Volkswagen's four-motion all-wheel drive system and that power is sent to the ground through an eight-speed automatic giving you NPG numbers coming in at 22 in the city 29 on the highway using regular unleaded fuel saving a little bit of money there that's always a good thing and but so then before we do any kind of acceleration in the 2019 Tiguan I did want to mention there are some driving modes and terrain select modes as well that is definitely pretty sweet in an SUV but the driving mode button is going to be labeled mode go figure it's a circular dial directly behind the shifter there but it's gonna give you eco normal sport and custom and essentially what those driving modes are going to do is adjust things like the throttle response the shift points and the steering sensitivity and so I just put it in that sport driving mode it is a noticeably heavier weight to the steering wheel which I love I always prefer a heavier weight to the steering wheel makes you feel more in control of the car but definitely a fan of that sport driving mode I gotta say but like I was saying in addition to that that circular dial once again if you turn it to the left and to the right there's going to be different terrain select modes giving you snow normal and off road that is pretty nice as well now that I've touched on all of the driving modes in this thing let's do a quick little acceleration and let's see how quickly we can get this turbo charged four-cylinder gear up the speed definitely wouldn't mind a bit more power at this one but still it's not a bad acceleration it does have over 200 pound feet of torque but go with this UVs they are a bit weightier than let's say their car counterparts so not a bad acceleration but probably could use a little bit more power but so that to go along with that acceleration breaking is equally important and so up front you will find 13.4 inch ventilated front discs in the back 11.8 inch solid rear discs and as far as the breaking feel goes I've had absolutely no issues in my short little test drive today and then touching on suspension a little bit up front you will find a strut type front suspension in the back a multi-link rear suspension also front and rear stabilizer bars and as far as the ride quality goes it is a little bit bumpy on these back roads it's not bad though it will say it's probably about average for the segment steering feel is definitely quite nice in the sport driving mode I will say that so I'm a quite a big fan of the steering feel on this thing when it comes to cabin noise it's not bad once again I do have the panoramic moon roof which I'll get a little bit into later but that does tend to let in a little more exterior noises into the cabin then let's say if you did not have it but certainly not annoying or anything like that by any means so good to go there as well and honestly when it comes to visibility I would actually say this one is better than a lot of the other SUVs in its class because it is more of a boxier shape I guess you could say so you can definitely see quite well out the back there it's open alley enough with the driving dynamics you guys now that we are at the park once again let's take a look at the exterior of this 2019 Volkswagen Tiguan it's a to start halogen headlights with the automatic feature will come standard on the Tiguan fog lights will come with the SEL trim leveling up you will find LED headlights if you go with the SEL premium and also our line badging since we do have the our line trim level today and there's also an our line specific front bumper so it will have a little less of an approach angle I guess you could say up front but it will also look a little bit better in my opinion at least but make your way to the side of the Tiguan tended rear windows will come standard along with roof rails across the board silver roof rails however will come with the SEL trim level and up otherwise you're gonna get black roof rails power adjustable heated side mirrors will come standard and looking down at the wheel setup you will find 17 inch 10 spoke alloy wheels for the S 17 inch multi spoke alloy wheels for the SE 18 inch multi spoke alloy wheels for the SEL and 19 inch alloys if you go with the our line trim level or the SEL premium then swinging around to the back rear spoiler with an integrated brake light will come standard and just below that a rear window wiper LED tail lights will actually come standard for every single trim level that's definitely a plus usually don't see that and just below all of that dual exhaust outlets with chrome tips so you guys know what we have to do next as always here is that exhaust clip it's open now since we are around back to open that rear liftgate there actually is a button on the key fob but that is because we do have the SEL trim level and up you will get a powered liftgate if you go with the SEL trim level and up once opened up cargo capacity is gonna come in at 12 cubic feet behind that third row so yes the Tiguan does come available with a third row if you wanted it there and if you ended up folding all of those seats down cubic fitness bumps up to 65.7 there and there's gonna be some cargo tie-down hooks in the back along with the 12 volt power outlet in that cargo area as well then make your way to the rear leg room let me demonstrate for you guys I'll get this a shot as far as third row leg room goes I'm an even six feet tall this is how much space I had back there moving up to the second row that's actually gonna come in at 36.5 inches so again six feet tall this is how much space I had also for those rear passengers in that second row they will find a rear center armrest with cup holders back there and if you wanted rear ventilation that is gonna come with the R line trim level and up then make your way to the front seats six-way manually adjustable claw seats will come with the S then if you jump up to the SE trim level you will get a 10-way power adjustable driver seat with power lumbar also that'll come with V-tex leather at surfaces and those front seats will be heated as well then if you jump up to the SEL premium that is gonna add full leather seating if you were interested taking a look up front there is a tilt and telescoping steering wheel it is leather wrapped for the SE trim level and up and it will come heated if you go with the SEL premium trim level but so then as far as the startup goes let me first start by showing you guys the key here you do have your Volkswagen logo on the one side and when you flip it over lock unlock and that button to pop the rear hatch and there is actually a remote start available if you go with the SEL trim level and up as well and a push button start if you go with the SE trim level and up so I'm actually just gonna simply take that route put my foot on the brake and press that engine start button located just to the left of the shifter there but so now one of my favorite parts of the Tiguan is going to be that Volkswagen digital cockpit that we have today and by the way if you wanted that that comes with the SEL trim level and up and it is essentially just like the Audi virtual cockpit you do have the ability to display that navigation map within the center there just like Audi does tachometers on your left speedometers on your right and there's a ton of different things you can actually scroll through within that center digital display doesn't have to be navigation you can check out your driving statistics vehicle status Bluetooth information audio information so quite a bit of stuff you can actually check out you can make the gauges larger you can make the gauges smaller if you go with the navigation setup so I love that Volkswagen digital cockpit let me just put it that way then make your way to overall interior quality dual zoom climate control will come standard for the SE trim level and up panoramic sunroof for the SEL trim level and up and with the SEL premium you will get ambient lighting overall I definitely don't mind the interior I kind of like that there is a small rubberized tray just to the left of the cup holders behind the shifter there that's pretty cool electronic parking brake also dual USB ports there's also a quilted leather on the doors there that's pretty cool as well but I also actually have home link controls are up to three different garage doors right around this frameless rear view mirror here so definitely not minding the interior quality here but now let's make our way to the tech display 6.5 inch color touchscreen display will come with the S trim level if you jump up to the SE trim level you will get an 8 inch color touchscreen display and that's going to be for all the trim levels above that as well but either way you will get Bluetooth in audio streaming and either way you will also get Android Auto and Apple CarPlay so therefore if you hook your smartphone up to the Tiguan you will have a free navigation system as well as the ability to like and just like your Pandora songs up there it's definitely a good thing factory navigation system will come with the SEL trim level and up and you can also check out your radio information of course and when it comes to the sound system on this one six speakers is going to come with all trims but the SEL premium trim level because that SEL premium is going to give you a Fender premium audio system which is the one we have today so guys know what we have to do next let's turn on the radio see we got playing today and let's test out the clarity this one definitely a good bit of bass I have a Fender guitar and I love it and I love the Fender sound system too so definitely no issues there then last thing I wanted to mention on the tech display at least is when you do put the Tiguan in reverse you will find a rear view camera and that is for all trim levels letting you know who or what is behind you which is always is going to lead me into safety and so to start there are front side and side curtain airbags also in the back there is latch aka lower anchors and tethers for children for the rear car seats also tire pressure monitoring system the SE trim level is going to add a blind spot monitor as well as forward collision warning and autonomous emergency braking our line trim level is going to add rear cross traffic alert and the SEL premium trim level is going to add a lame keeping system high beam control and an adaptive front lighting system as well and so but that is about it for this one you guys thank you so much for watching be sure to like the video and subscribe for free to follow me on social media at the bottom of the screen there and I will see you guys in the next video stay gold


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