You are getting f***ed, and so if you want to help me un*** you, then like, vote me into office. Yo, what's going on everybody? Welcome to a special presidential episode of Fungro's Food. We are here today having some Taiwanese night market snacks with none other than 2020 presidential candidate Andrew Yang, everybody! Hey, thanks. Great to be here. I love Taiwanese food. I love night markets. Let's do it. You are running for the president of the United States in 2020. Yes, I am. Declared, raised hundreds of thousands of dollars, and it's all official. Our next guest is a 2020 Democrat candidate for the presidency. Andrew Yang is with us. Since the last time we saw you in New York, a lot has happened. Let's talk about it. Taiwanese snacks. Let's go. And by the way, this is not a political endorsement of any kind. Andrew is just an extremely interesting person with a lot to say and he's running for president. We are looking at a pretty amazing Taiwanese snack spread right now. I see lots of raised eggs, braised pork, braised tofu. I got an almond milk tea with boba and this is spot-on. What of the food here is looking the tastiest to you and the most familiar? I love the minced pork over rice. I love the lujan. Anytime I'm in Taiwan, I'm hungry. I just go to a 7-Eleven and get one of these bad boys. I love the braised tofu. I'm going to stick myself one of these right now.  That's for me? Yeah, of course, man. But I got papaya milk. That's pretty... Oh, that's a good choice, man. So you have soft tofu with the thousand-year-old century duck egg. You know, I don't think I've had that together. I didn't even see the eggs. I just saw the tofu and thought, like, delicious looking tofu. When you went back to Taiwan and you told your family out there that you were running for the president of the United States, what did they say? That they were like, oh really? That's nice. They just like go out of the car and say that. That is the most classic. It hadn't hit the news yet. No, it hadn't hit the news. What's been happening? So I've been around the country spreading the word about me, the campaign, how we need to build a different kind of economy. Raised hundreds of thousand dollars. The average donation is only eleven dollars. So my fans are even cheaper than Bernie Sanders' fans were at the last time. At this point, if we don't step up and help lead society in the right direction, it's just going to get deeper and darker and nastier for Asian Americans, for all Americans. I got turned on to that really by Donald Trump winning in 2016. Where I saw that happen and it just shocked me into action, honestly. And I'll say, the opposite of Donald Trump is an Asian guy who likes numbers. And what we need to do is we need to take Donald Trump and then swing it the other direction. He wants to freeze time and turn the clock backwards. We need to turn the clock forwards and that's what I'm going to do. You know older folks that are in America and they just miss the days of the Beach Boys in Elvis. Those movies with Will Ferrell, where he always wears a mustache, are always... Obviously, I don't want the world to go back to that time. Shout out to Bruce Lee, though. Bruce Lee was a pop in Asian, I believe, during that moment. What do you say when people say, Andrew, of course you want to move forward. Just look at the individual positioning and incentives. But I would like to turn the clock back and that would benefit me. I know what you mean. So if you look at the numbers, if you were born in the United States in the 1950s, there was a 93% chance that you were going to do better than your parents. You fast forward to people born in the 90s, which I think might include you guys. If you were born in the 1990s in the U.S., then you only have a 50-50 chance of being better off than your parents. And that number is going lower and lower. So when people say they want to turn the clock backwards, what they really mean is that they want an America where their kids are going to have better lives than they did and they don't see that happening now. But you can't try and get there by literally like reversing time or saying like, how are things in the 60s and 70s? What happens when the nostalgia for the old economics manifests itself in more of a nostalgia for the old racial diversity? America is heading towards being majority minority in 2045. So that's 27 years from now. What you would expect to happen is for the shrinking white majority to become more and more nostalgic for the past and feel culturally threatened and insecure. And then you add into that the fact that their economic insecurity is going up and up because we're getting rid of the truck driving jobs, the retail jobs, the manufacturing jobs. And so that's going to manifest itself as a lot of racial hostility. And then if you think, oh, what would you expect to happen in the beginning, like the third inning of that? You'd expect maybe Donald Trump, maybe a rise of racism, maybe like outbreaks of shootings and violence, all of which are happening. All of this stuff is unfortunately consistent with a narrative of this country disintegrating over the next 30 years as it becomes more diverse. Dude, you just painted a super bleak picture of the future. And then you have this liberal narrative which puts everything under the umbrella of racism. It's like, if things are going badly, then it's racism.  Like, I'm just like trying to put food on the table. Maybe I grew up in a town where literally just geographically there are no minorities looking at it like, how could I be racist when I didn't even meet a minority? That if someone can't pay their bills, that mindset of scarcity reduces their functional IQ by 13 points, which is one standard deviation. So that's like, if you put someone in a position where it's like they're living week to week or paycheck to paycheck, and then you ask them to care about something like climate change. They're not really going to have the comfort. They're not high enough on the Maslow's hierarchy of needs to bring themselves to care. And what we have to do is we have to try and reverse that mindset of scarcity by putting some more money in their hands so that they don't have to worry about their survival. As a metropolitan, you know, young, middle-class Asian male, why would I care about truck drivers in Iowa? They don't care about me. But I'm actually going to reverse it a little bit and say, how would it feel for a young, urban Asian-American man to have an Asian guy in the White House? Because right now, if you're an Asian-American guy, there's a sneaking feeling you have that you're allowed to become this successful in America, but you're not allowed to become this successful. Bamboo ceiling. Yeah. Well, like, robots can't be leaders. They could be successful workers. I've been with the people who are supposed to be running the country, and I've got news, like, we are as good or better than any of them. Asians do probably have some self-belief that even if the rest of America was burning around them, that they would be okay. We are bred to think, like, no one's going to help us. We're self-sufficient. There is going to come a point when that stuff's going to stop working out for us because we do better in a stable society where there are opportunities and hard work gets rewarded. And you're starting to see the beginning of a world where hard work's not going to matter as much. The rules are going to get written by people in power, and, like, you can tell, like, all norms go out the window.   It doesn't even make sense. You're getting shafted by climate change.  I want to un*** you, and so if you want to help me un*** you, then, like, vote me into office. So if that's not a reason to care, then I don't know. Andrew, I can hear the passion in your voice because you are definitely cursing a lot more than last video. All right, Andrew, so we had Boba. We had some time when he snatched. So let's go hit the basketball court. Hold on. You want to bite into that burger? This is a guab-guabow. This is a guag-guabow.  All right, so we are here at Almanza Park. We're going to play a game of horse, but we're going to call it UBI. Basically, it's a classic game of horse, a.k.a. UBI, but you'll be answering a tough question prior to every shot. You have a platform of universal base income. Yes. Which gives everybody $1,000 a month. Yes. It's not going to prevent people from tricking people into giving them their $1,000 or people spending it really unwisely. It's not going to be legal to borrow or lend against universal base income, so you can't go to someone and be like, hey, I'm going to get your $1,000 for the next five years, and I'm going to give you this $5,000 in exchange. But one of the problems right now in America is that we attach all these conditions with programs. We've got 126 welfare programs, and we say, here's something, but you have to do this and do that. Get the checklist. Yeah. We have to start actually respecting ourselves and believing in people again, because if it's their money, they're going to make good decisions every month. So we're going to just take the straightaway three. Oh. There's one state in the United States currently that has UBI. It's Alaska, right? Yes. Now, Alaska is a very red state. Is it a Democratic thing? Is it a Republican thing? As one of my friends said, it's not left or right. It's forward. In Alaska, they've had this oil dividend for 36 years, and everyone loves it, and they're really Republican. But a lot of people who are Democrats like the idea of putting money into people's hands, too. So it's really not from either side. Someone said to me that this is like the shuffler where everyone can get behind it. Bank shot. Oh. Oh, my goodness. What do you think about Kanye West? You know, I think Kanye West is lost his way, honestly. I kind of like the independence and contrarian spirit he's got. But come on, man. I mean, you know, like, this is not good for anybody. And his music's not as good either. Music's not as good either. Maybe that's the biggest problem. Sorry, Kanye. You got to tell like it is, man. Oh! This rim is unforgiving. Don't let it shake you, though. Just like the bleak future that you've painted for America. Oh! Dang, I got you. All right, I got a... What celebrity endorsement do you think would do wonders for you? You got to think big, Ellen. Did you watch Crazy Rich Asians and what did you think? I liked it. I do think that if that's like the height of our accomplishments, we can probably do a little bit better. Sorry, John. I mean, it was a great movie, but we have to think bigger than movies, in my opinion. We have to think about reality and what we can do. All right, I'm going to avoid the you. Look at that. All right. Can I still ask questions even though I go out? Sure, man. We make the rules. Oh, my gosh, I got UN. Or UB. Oh! All right. In the case of Harvard discriminating against Asian applicants. Why is the Asian community obviously so split? And if you got to look at the origins of that case, it was not an Asian group that brought that case. It was a conservative white group that first sued the University of Texas and when that didn't work, they decided to sue Harvard. So my question is, like, are Asians going to let ourselves be used as a tool by a conservative white group to make a case that really is not about Asians. It's not about Harvard. It's just trying to get rid of preferences that help a whole host of different people around the country. A little bit more arc. Oh! Oh, shoot it over here. Oh, I got UB. I got Universal Basic. Oh! Oh, that was pretty. Is Ready Player One a future that we're headed towards? Ready Player One is definitely a future we're heading towards because virtual reality and entertainment is just getting better and better and the real world is getting rougher and rougher. So we're going to have a lot of kids with goggles on. In a virtual world, it's going to be a lot more appealing and attractive than the real world. Why not limit the universal-based income to purchases that are more base-level?  It's very hard to make a system that you can't game and you don't want to have an attitude where it's like, we know what's best for you. You can only buy food because what if that person has a great idea for a business and that's what they want to put the money into? So we have to trust people to be able to make their own decisions and studies have shown that that's actually better for their satisfaction than if you attach a lot of conditions and controls. And my platform is about putting more economic power and self-determination into everyone's hands, particularly young people.  We have to change that for you all. And putting $1,000 into the hands of every American adult starting at age 18 would be a game-changer. And we can make that real for you all if I become president in 2020. Andrew Yang believes in you. Ah! Oh! That was actually a hard move. Yeah. Andrew gets $1,000 a month to do whatever he wants! I'm already feeling good. That's what happens in the UBI world. We all actually win. No one's... Wow!  We all win. Which one are you more like? Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James. I'm definitely more like LeBron than the other two guys. Because I love to try and build teams, make people better and make people stronger. Don't care about who gets the credit. Don't care about who gets the last shot. Out of the talk shows, it's clear that they take a strong stance on one side. Is that helpful? Or does it need to be like... It really is critical thought. One of the problems is right now we have people who are just falling into camps and they're not really thinking more critically about ideas on the side. They've got the war paint on. Yeah, they've got the war paint on. And at this point, if you look at the numbers, about 28% of Americans identify as Democrats, 23% as Republicans, and 44% identify as independents.  And so we need to try and bring the middle together and give the middle a voice.  To become the CEO of my own company, I started my own company. And so, you know, like a lot of the way we're going to advance, and you guys represent this and resemble this very much, is like we have to build our own opportunities. And so, in terms of running for president, if we wait around for someone to say, hey, it's your turn, that's never going to happen. We're going to have to step up and say, this is what my vision is. This is what I can do. And then have other people get on board. I remember playing basketball. I remember missing a layup. And then kids being like, what was that, a Chinese layup? And they started laughing. And then I was like, I went home feeling like, and then what did I do?  And that's like, we got to take advantage of what makes us special. We're willing to learn. We can try hard. We can, frankly, like take some discomfort. And then you take that discomfort and grow from it. Doing is very, very different than analyzing, as you said. We just need to do more. And as we do more, we'll get stronger and stronger. Yeah, I think we got it. We're full up on the analyze. Like, there's a balance, but we're good on this one. All right, you guys, thank you so much for watching that very special episode of Fun Bros. Food. Huge shout out to Andrew Yang, presidential candidate for 2020. Thank you guys. Thank you. Best of luck out there. But not a paid political. I'm not even saying win. We're not. I'm not even saying I'm voting. Thank you guys so much for watching. Until next time. Peace. Peace. Boom. Boom. So we're going on a national tour through the Midwest throughout the month of November. And we're going, if you want to get involved and see where I'm going to be, come meet me in person. Just go to yang2020.com. Follow us on social media. And I will be in your town before you know it. But let's show what we can do. Let's step up. This country needs us.


We look at recycle effects in process in this lecture. We will take some examples to illustrate and go through the numbers to illustrate how we can take care of recycle and what kind of effects they will produce. We have talked about design equation for recycle reactor where we said that the reactor volume V is given by this integral where d x by minus of r a r a is the rate function. While doing this we also said that when r value of r is 0 then we get a P of r or plug flow recycle reactor. When r is tending to infinity it is very large we get a CSTR and therefore, r in between 0 and infinity you are able to approximate various types of devices which lie between a P of r and a CSTR. If you look upon CSTR as a very well mixed vessel and P of r as why there is no mixing recycle is one way of approximating any type of reactor which lies between a P of r and a CSTR no mixing to a very large amount of mixing. So, that is the great advantage of CSTR that you can get various degrees of mixing and therefore, appropriately take care of the requirements of a process. Now, what we would like to do today is to look at some examples where recycles become important. Say for example, if you have a reaction a going a plus b going to C and C is a condensable gas you would condense this gas and then collect this C and then recycle and reacted material back into the process. We may not this stream C may be there may not be there. Now, the fact that this happens that the certain amount of condensate comes out and the recycle is affected by the condenser we will have to take into account how the reactor design takes into account the effect of the condensate which you will take an example to illustrate. Now, there could be another situation that we will encounter in fact this is the most common kind of situation where you have a reactor where let us say reaction a going to b plus whatever let us say a plus b going to C whatever might be the situation. Now, we have a separator where we remove the product and then we recycle the unreacted. And this reactor need not be a recycle I mean it can be a CSTR. This reactor can be for example, a CSTR or it might be a PFR or whatever might be the situation of your interest. So, what we would like to do is to take some examples of these two situations and then go through the numbers to understand what are the new features that they bring into the process. First example I have taken here is a plus b going to C reaction take place at 570 C at pressure of 1 atmosphere. And the vapor pressure of C is about 0.2 atmospheres showing that you know it has a finite vapor pressure at 45 this is at 45 C. On other words you have to condense means you have to cool before we can condense the. And the example I have taken is the desired conversion is 0.5. So, and then we recycle part of it where the recycle ratio is given as 4. There could be examples in which stream 3 might not be there. So, that we actually recycle a substantial part to be able to look at the numbers we will have to go through elements of stoichiometry which you all understand. So, at any position inside the reactor which means we have this reaction equipment this is the reaction equipment. And then at any position in the reaction equipment we say that the if the recycle ratio is r r plus 1 times f a 0 multiplied by 1 minus of x a would be the molar flow at this point. Since a and b is taken as equimolar in this particular problem a and b is taken as equimolar.   So, this is the total molar flow at any point in the equipment. Now, what we have said is that component c is a condensable gas therefore, it would condense. And we can find out when the condensation occurs by putting this condition that at the point of incipient condensation that means at the point of incipient condensation we have the mole fraction of component c because the total pressure is 1 atmosphere at p is 1 atmosphere. And vapor pressure of c p star of c is 0.2 atmospheres therefore, when it becomes mole fraction equal to 0.2 it would condense therefore, we have based on the stoichiometry that this relationship should hold over x s is the conversion at which the condensation begins to take place. So, if you solve this and find that x s equal to 0.33 at x s equal to 0.33 condensation would begin. On other words beyond the value of x s equal to 0.33 you will find that all the c condenses and therefore, in the gas phase the value of c will not be more than x s that is the important point which we must take into account in the design of the equipment.   And all the c that is formed stays in the gas phase therefore, r plus 1 1 a 0 x all of them are in the gas phase.  Now, when x becomes greater than x s what happens we have here a and b are the same and c what happens is that c r plus 1 f a 0 x s and beyond that c does not go into the gas phase. So, the highest amount of c in the gas phase is given by r plus 1 f a 0 x s therefore, the gas phase beyond x s equal to 0.5 condensers therefore, it does not enter the gas phase. So, the total molar flow for the case of x greater than x s is given by this representation f t equal to r plus 1 f a 0 2 minus of 2 x plus x s. Now, what we want to do is to do is to is to recognize is to recognize that reaction a plus b going to c where c is a condensable gas and c is a condensable gas and in the reaction rate constant of 200 liter per gram volt second. So, we have a catalytic reaction catalyst here and then we are recycling it and recycling after removal of the condensate. This is condensate c once again recognize that the condensate stream 1 till it is still it starts to condense till it becomes saturated it does not condense basically that is the point that we have to take into account. Now, we have said all these. So, we quickly recognize that for the case for the case of condenser for x a equal to 0.5 for x a equal to 0.5 conversion we the by gas law we get v by v 0 is this that the total molar flow all those details we have done. Therefore, we can get the total the volumetric flow is given by this therefore, the concentrations are given by simple expressions like this. On other words if our rate expression is minus of k c a c b now we can substitute for c a and c b in this case c a equal to c b because the feed is equal molar feed is equal molar. And therefore, we can substitute for c a and c b in this rate expression and then integrate to find out what is the size of the equipment that is required. We have done this I am doing this again just to bring your attention an important feature. That means, we can find the residence time we can we find the molar flow rate at the inlet is 138 cubic meters concentration of the inlet is 3.6 10 minus 3. Now, if the reaction rate is 200 liters per gram mole second if the reaction rate is 200 liters per gram mole second then we can find out and based on this calculation that the residence time is 1.15 seconds. That means, if the reaction rate is as high as 200 liters per gram mole second then the residence time becomes 1.15 seconds. On other words if for this flow rate if f a 0 f a 0 equal to 1 kilo mole per hour and then kilo mole per hour and f b 0 equal to f a 0 if this is the situation then we can find out that there is the residence time that is required to process this is 1.15 seconds. Therefore, the size of the equipment the size of the equipment that is required to process 1 kilo mole per is 45 liters. What are we saying what you are trying to say here is that what you are trying to say here is the following. We have a reaction a plus b going to c and then this c is a condensable gas and as it is and then as a result of which you find that this stream the recycle stream only after it is saturated that condensation begins. And that effect of that condenser we have taken into account through the procedure that we have set out. When the reaction rate constants are as high as 200 liters per gram mole second we have just now shown that the equipment the size of the reactor required to the both 45 liters. Now, the point that perhaps is relevant to recognize is the following that is I mean this whole example has been taken being inspired by what happens in the sulphur dioxide plant. Sulfur trioxide is a condensable gas it is the vapor pressure I mean at 45 degrees significant amount of vapor pressure and so on. Now, if you are looking at a commercial catalyst I mean just making an estimate whose race constant let us say is 200 liters per gram mole second. Then to produce something like 3200 tons per day of sulphur trioxide we can easily calculate based on the numbers that we have taken it will require about 75 cubic meters of catalyst. On other words what we are trying to say is that a plant producing about 3200 tons per day of sulphur trioxide will actually use up about 75 cubic meters of catalyst. This is the kind of numbers that we have I mean that we estimate of course what happens in reality and so many other things may take place. But, if the rate constant is 200 liters per gram mole second to produce 3200 tons per day we will need about 75 cubic meters of catalyst and that is the point we are trying to get across. The second example which you would like to look at is also very common as you see in the process industry. The example I have taken here is a stirred tank this is a CSTR stirred tank. And after the reaction it goes to a separator where the product the reaction A goes to B it is reversible rate constants are given equilibrium constant is given. And in the separator product B is completely recovered and the unreacted is recycled. But, since product B is recovered the concentrations here may not be satisfactory therefore, you make up the concentrations in this stream and make it up to 100 kg per cubic meter as for specified in this exercise. And this recycled so that the concentration at position 1 is also equal to what we have have in the fresh feed stream. Now, the point we noticed here is that as we try and put the unreacted material back into the process there is a cost associated with separation and therefore, there is a cost of separation that goes back into the process. Therefore, you will find in general that the effect of this would be to give you a certain optimum at which you must operate. Now, this optimum might be defined in various ways in this particular exercise we have taken optimum with respect to cost of running the process. There would vary other ways in which you can define the objective function to do your optimization in this particular case just to illustrate what we might be able to do is to take the example of cost. So, accordingly in this particular problem what is specified is there is a process in which 12 cubic meters per hour of component A is entering the process. And it is mixing with the recycle stream which can which is suitably made up. So, that the concentrations are the same and then it is a mix after mixing it enters the equipment the reactor of volume 60 cubic meters is given as a stirred tank. And the reactor after reaction it is entering a separator where product B is completely recovered and the unreacted A is recycled after appropriate make up of the concentration streams. There is a stream 6 which is discarded there is certain amount of stream 6 is discarded and what is said in this problem is a fraction y of stream 4 is recycled not all of it is recycled a fraction y is recycled. And the idea is to find out what is the fraction y which would be optimum from the point of view of cost of running this process. So, this is the exercise that we want to do the one part of the reason why this example has been taken is that it illustrates how we understand the interaction between the reaction equipment and the separation equipment. Because every process involving a reaction you will find that you have to separate your product and the cost of separation and the cost of reaction and they have to properly balanced. So, that your process runs satisfactorily. So, let us try and understand this problem in some. So, what we have said to be able to solve this problem what we have done is we have done a material balance at position 1. So, what is happening at position 1 f A 0 if I call this stream A f A 0 is entering there is no B in the product.  Now, since we are dealing with recycle in this we have defined conversions that take place in this equipment with respect to position 1.  That means a fraction alpha based on f A 1 has been consumed that is what is stated here.  Therefore, the amount of reacted material is f A 1 times alpha that will be the product B in this. We have defined conversion alpha with respect to position 1 this is with respect to position 1 that means with respect to f A 1. Now, what is also given is that f A 3 there is no product there is no pure B and therefore, A is 0 here it is given.   So, y times f A 4 is recycled and our object is to find out the fraction y that would optimize the operation of this process. So, what are we saying now?    So, from this statement of material balance what we find is that f A 1 is f A 0 divided by 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha. So, we are able to determine what is f A 1 in terms of the of the process variable. What are the process variable? y and alpha see y and alpha are the variables of the process which we have to find out what is the optimum value of y that would run the process well. Now, we have C A 1 what is C A 1? Fee is coming at C A 0 and this stream 5 as per the problem statement it is made up. So, that the concentration here is same as concentration of the fresh feed stream. So, fresh feed stream concentration is 100 it is given as 100 kg per cubic meter and this stream is also made up. So, that it becomes 100 kg per cubic meter this is stream 5 this also 100 kg per cubic meter that is C A 5 is also 100 kg per cubic meter. So, that at position 1 our concentration is also 100 kg per cubic meter. So, that is what is being said here.  Therefore, you can replace C A 1 in terms of C A 0. Therefore, V 1 becomes V 0 divided by 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha. Interesting point here is that we are able to relate every variable of interest to us in terms of parameters that we want to determine y and alpha we do not know why we do not know alpha. So, our interest is to understand how y and alpha affect our process and in fact, every process that you run you will find that these are the kinds of decisions that you have to make to get your process to work at the most optimum point. So, once again we hide the molar flow rate as a volumetric flow at 1 is given now in terms of volumetric flow rate at 0 divided by 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha, but y and alpha are variables of our interest. Now, we also need various other things to be able to put the process equations in the form that we can solve. So, I just put them down just to put it in the context. V 1 we have just now said is V 0 divided by 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha. Similarly, what is C B 2 concentration of component 2 is F B 2 divided by B 2. F B 2 we have said based on our understanding of the stoichiometry of reaction is F B 2 what is at this position 2 is simply whatever reacts F A 1 times alpha is F B 2. So, it is what is mentioned here F A 1 times alpha is F B 2 and what is the volumetric flow this particular reaction A goes to B there is no volume change. Therefore, whatever is the volumetric flow at position 1 we should expect that will be the volumetric flow at position 2 because there is no volume change in the reaction. So, therefore, V 2 equal to V 1 therefore, C B 2 becomes C A 1 times alpha and we have said just now that C A 1 is because C A stream 5 is made up to concentration 100 kg per cubic meter same as C A 0. Therefore, position 1 concentration is C A 0. So, we replace C A 1 as C A 0 therefore, we get C B 2 as C A 0 times alpha. What is C A 2?  Notice that our effort is put every variable of interest in terms of parameters process variables which we are interested in so that we can do our optimization properly. What we have done so far is that we have expressed we have expressed concentrations at position 1 concentrations at position 2 volumetric flow at position 1 volumetric flow at position 2. That means, whatever affects the process the reactor all that we have expressed in terms of alpha and y. Therefore, we are now in a position to write the design equation for this reaction equipment. So, that we can understand how they come together to affect the process. So, this is what is written here it says C S T R equation says that V A the volume of C S T R is F A 1 times alpha divided by the rate at which the reaction occurs at position 2. This here that C S T R operates at exit concentration which is position 2 that is how it is written R A at position 2. Therefore, whenever we write the reaction rate expressions at position 2 we should take the concentrations at position 2 to write our rate expressions. That is what we have done here.  So, we have replaced F A 1 in terms of F A 0 divided by 1 minus of alpha and what is R A 2 minus of R A 2 is the rate of chemical reaction. So, R A 2 is mentioned here. So, it is K 1 C A 2 minus of K 2 C B 2 rate at which this reaction is taking place with a minus sign is given by this. Because R A we all know this R A by definition is K 2 C B 2 minus of K 1 C A 2. This is something that we all know that the first order reaction that is given takes place then this is the rate function which will account for the. So, what we have done now we have replaced R A in terms of K 1 C A 2 minus of K 2 C B 2. This subscript 2 refers to position 2 where K 1 and K 2 refers to the reactions A this reaction A going to B this is reaction 1 and B going to A this is reaction 2. So, we have the size of the CSTR or size of the stirred tank is now given in terms of F A 0 alpha divided by our parameters y and alpha which define the process. So, we can see once again we are able to put everything in terms of the parameters of our interest. So, we can manipulate and simplify this and we get residence time in the reaction equipment is given by this relationship where alpha divided by y minus of y times 1 minus of alpha multiplied by the rate function appropriately modified. So, you have an equation now basically what we have done we have set up an equation for the chemical reactor which takes into account the inputs and outputs are appropriately. And that final form of that expression which relates residence time in terms of parameters which we are interested in our parameters are alpha and y. See that is how it you know the whole balances help us to do. Now, we said just little bit little while ago that whenever we have this kind of recycle there is an optima that exist because of cost cost of operation and cost benefits of producing the product. So, you will see in the optima and in this particular exercise cost functions are also given. For example, in this particular problem it is specified that the profit that you are likely to get from this process is the amount of product F B 2 that we make multiplied by the worth of that product which is beta B is the worth of that product. So, this is the benefit of doing this process and what is the cost of running the process it is given as it is equal to the material that is entering the separator that means volumetric flow entering the separator multiplied by the cost per cubic meter of solution entering the separator. What is the cost of operating this process it says it is equal to V 2 V 2 is volumetric flow here multiplied by beta 0 where beta 0 is the cost of operation of this process expressed per cubic meter of solution entering the separator this is what is given. Now, we have this cost function the profit function F B 2 times beta P and minus of V 2 times beta 0 both are given beta 0 is given beta B is given. Therefore, we have now a cost profit function which very nicely stated and you notice once again that F B 2 is F A 1 alpha where V 2 V 2 is V 1 we know V 2 is V 1 we already mentioned that V 2 is V 1 and V 1 is in terms of V 0 we already done that 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha we know all that. So, you can replace everything in terms of numbers that you know in terms of parameters that you know. So, that you finally, end up with an equation that defines the profit that you will get from this process profit that you will get from this process once again this profit function is in terms of two parameters y and alpha. So, recalling what we have sent so far we have done little earlier and recalling once again that what we have done so far this quickly recap because important to understand why we are doing this we have a reactor we have a separator. Now, the fact that the reactor and separator interplay and there is an optimum value at which the process if it operates then the benefits are the highest to quantitate this this problem has been taken. So, what we have done first done is that we have done a balance for the CSTR and that balance told us that the residence time is related to alpha and y by this relation equation 4. Now, then next thing what we did is that we have set up a profit function which says the profit depends upon alpha and y as per equation 5 you have equation 4 which relates to the process equation 5 which relates to the cost or profit. Therefore, now we have to only manipulate equation 4 and 5 to see how we can handle the whole issue. Interestingly, if you look at equation 5 we find that this term 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha and appears and the same time if you look at equation 4 this term 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha appears. So, on other words it is possible for us to find out the value of 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha from equation 4 and then substitute in equation 5. The interesting thing is that moment we do that moment we do that y disappears from our formulation. So, moment we replace the term 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha from equation 4 into equation 5 this what I have tried to do here from equation 4 here I have expressed it in terms of alpha and tau and others. So, you find here 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha now depend only an alpha and tau tau is a process variable which in this case is specified by the problem statement. So, what we have been able to do is that by appropriately formulating the problem in a hand you are able to eliminate one of the two process parameters which is y. So, that you are able to get everything in terms of one variable which is alpha. So, by substituting for this term 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha which is equation 6 into equation 5 what is equation 5 or equation 5 is the profit function. Now, you are able to get the profit function the whole profit function if you eliminate this term 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha the profit function now looks like this which is essentially a function of alpha. So, now what we have done we had we had a problem in which there were two parameters y and alpha which determine the process through the design equation for the CSTR we could knock out one of them therefore, your profit function now depends only an alpha. Now, the question problem statement is that find the value of y which maximizes the operational profit of the plant that is the question that we have to solve. So, what we have done we have now eliminated y, but the question is what is the value of y which maximizes p that is the question. So, but what we have done is that we have eliminated y we have an equation which represents p in terms of alpha we are able to maximize profit with alpha as our variable. So, we have to now show the maximizing p with respect to alpha is same as maximizing p with respect to y. Now, to do this it is not very difficult to do, but to do this we have equation 6 which we already set up we have already set up equation 6 as you all know. So, from this equation we can express y in terms of alpha. So, you can I have done this here.  Since d alpha d y is finite if we maximize p with respect to alpha it is same as maximizing p with respect to y I hope it is clear let me run through this once again we spend a lot of time. So, far trying to express our process in terms of y and alpha then we eliminated y and got the whole profit function in terms of alpha we have done that here by putting all the numbers appropriate to the process. Now, the question remains that is the maxima of p or the profit in term with respect to y same as the maxima with respect to alpha the answer is that if d alpha by d y is finite in the region of our interest which it is in this case you can check for yourself. Therefore, d p d y is same as d p d alpha equal to 0. So, if you put d p d y d alpha equal to 0 the point of maxima that you will get is also the same point of maxima corresponding to d p d y. So, what are we now saying to say what we are trying to say is that if we simply maximize p with respect to alpha it is as good as maximizing p with respect to y. So, what we have done here you do d p d alpha when you do d p d alpha what do we get when you do d p d alpha we find that the value of alpha at which p takes the p is maxima comes out to be 0.447. So, on other words what we are saying is that in this process in this process the value of alpha is the fraction of f a 1 which is converted it is 0.447. If you operate at that value of alpha then this whole process the profit of this process being the highest. So, that is what we have been able to conclude by looking at this process. Now, the question that is being asked is given that value of alpha is 0.447 what is the conversion that we can expect from this process and what is the value of y that we can get from this process. What is the fraction y is the fraction of stream 4 which you have to recycle we still do not know y we only know alpha. How do you find y? y we can find from our equation 6 if equation 6 if you know alpha you can find y because this is equation 6 and in this process all the numbers all the numbers are specified you can see here tau is given as 5 hours k 1 is given as 0.4 k 2 is given as 0.1 per hour f a 0 is given as 1200 c a 0 is given v 0 is given. Therefore, you can get the value of y from this equation. So, you can put a numbers and see how it looks I have done that and then it turns out that y is 0.89 this is the number y that is 0.89. So, what are we getting now if you know alpha is 0.447 y is 0.89. Now, if I ask you what is the conversion that we can get from this process? How is conversion defined? Conversion is defined as the amount of product that you make divided by amount of feed that you put into the process.   Therefore, this conversion that you will expect from this process is alpha divided by 1 minus of y times 1 minus of alpha. If you put a numbers alpha is 0.447 and then therefore, y is 0.89 you put all the numbers you will get the conversion to be expected in this process is 0.88. So, just to put this in the context the context is important that if you have a process in which you have continuously a processing in a reaction equipment CSTR and then you are removing the product in the separator and then you are recycling only a part of it because that is operationally more profitable. The fraction y that maximizes the profit of this plant is coming out of this formulation that I have discussed with you just now. So, depending upon the worth of this product and the operating cost how these two come together if they change of course, the value of alpha will change therefore, value of y y will change and therefore, the conversion from the plant will also change. So, these numbers essentially determine at what point you must operate the process. So, this is what we have tried to get across in this exercise of recycle effects in the process. Now, before we conclude let me just draw your attention to one more issue regarding autocatalytic reactions. So, when we have an autocatalytic reaction A going to B and R A is minus of K times C A and C B. We said that if this reactor if this reactor is a stirred tank with this stirred tank which means comes in and goes out then R A is minus of K times C A and C B then it is not necessary to have C B 0. C B 0 can be C A 0 is finite, but C B 0 can be 0 even then the reaction will proceed. We have explained this last time when we met when we said this is because in this when you look at the unsteady state during the start up. As long as during start up you have put in some C B into the process then stirred tank remembers that start up addition of C B and therefore, that process will be able to get initiated because of the presence of even traces of C B in the equipment. In other words, the stirred tank is an instance of a reaction equipment where you do not need feed sorry product to be primed into the feed as for an autocatalytic reaction, but if the same thing is to be done in a in a PFR without recycle. If you have to do in a PFR same autocatalytic reaction because there is no there is no mixing here and therefore, the feed does not contain product therefore, you will find the reaction will not take off. So, PFR is not effective not effective for for autocatalytic reaction autocatalytic. CSTR and recycle reactors are extremely valuable for autocatalytic reactions because you are able to in a in a recycle reactor this is a recycle reactor. You are able to recycle the product and therefore, the reaction gets initiated. Therefore, this very very valuable from the point of view of autocatalytic reactions stirred tank since the recycle because of recycle because this infinite recycle that is what we have understood this you find is very effective from the point of view of autocatalytic reactions. I will stop this this process.


A number of state governor-elect Professor Chukumar Soludo has released a list of 80 member transmission committee to assist his swearing-in on March 17, 2022, in a statement issued by Soludo's media aide Joe Anatome. The list comprises of 80 members with prominent Nigerians who will play diverse roles. He said, the committee would raise and liaise with a team set up by the government of a number of states to ensure a seamless transition from Governor William Biano's administration to a Soludo-led administration from March 17, 2022. The statement confirmed that former Minister of Education Dr Obi Ezekwysili is the chairman of that committee, while Professor Benedict Orama, Professor Patutomi and Osita Chidoka will play crucial roles in the transition arrangement. Joining us to discuss this is Sidon Adidumbah. He is the Anambra State Commissioner for Information and Public Enlightenment. Thank you very much, Mr Ambah, for joining us. Thank you very much. Happy New Year. Great, so let's go straight to it. Many are waiting the swearing-in of the Governor-elect, of course as many who are waiting also have greater expectations of this government. So, it's interesting for this list to surface on national dailies and, of course, on social media and top on that list, the chairperson is a former Minister of Education in Nigeria. So, let's start by looking at the number of people on that list. A lot of people are wondering why an 80-man committee for the transition? Well, each of them is bringing something to the table, something crucial and something fundamental. They are going to go for just a few words and then the committee goes into the presentation. So, it's not a long. These are people choosing for their service record. Each of them is development oriented. It's normal to call referred to a business as the Minister of Education. Yes, she is. But don't forget that she's an accountant and she was vice president of the World Bank. And she was the president who started what is normally called the new process office, now known as the Bureau of Public Procurement, BPP. That shows the commitment of the incoming administration to new process, to transparency, to accountability, and to making Anampra become one of the fastest-growing economies, not just in Nigeria, Africa, but in the world. Don't forget the ultimate vision of the Zulu Dac administration is to make sure that Anampra becomes, in the next 50 years, a fully developed economy like South Korea, like Hong Kong, like Singapore, like Israel. So, the example goes on. They are odds, we believe that this is achievable. Interesting. Let's look at some other people who are on that list. We will see the former MD of Diamond Bank and former Gov. Pasparant in Ambeya State, Dr Alex Ote. It's interesting to see people who are not necessarily from Anampra State making that list, which is also a breath of fresh air. But we also see disruptors like Chidi Odinkalu and the likes of them, and Professor Pasparant told me who everybody knows is a change agent. But I would really love to, you know, analyse what these people bring to the table and how it would affect the transition committee. Well, one of the first persons you mentioned is Professor Ben, but he did not tell us who he is. He is currently the managing director of the African Import Exchange Bank based in Egypt. He is a professor of economics, highly highly accomplished. So the essential thing that each of the major drivers of the change that is about to take place in Anampra State and hopefully the rest of the federation is development oriented and development focused. And to use that beautiful language is a disgruntle. Stoluddo himself is a chief disgruntle. The revolution he unleashed under the current financial system and indeed the entire current economy remains in my humble opinion much less. Nobody has much that way. Interesting. Yeah, yeah, for, for, so people also want to use a very common expression. It is in for what we call creative destruction, creative destruction. The status quo cannot remain. The status quo brought Nigeria to this level of mass misery. We can continue. If countries and territories like Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan and Israel that have practically no mineral resources could be comfortably developed within a generation. When it starts in years, we in Nigeria can make it. Our climate is wonderful. We are endowed by nature, all kinds of mineral resources and so on and so forth. And even the location of our continent of the West African region of our country makes it a part that we develop not in an organic manner. The way the United States, France, the UK, Germany developed, it took them some 200 years to get to this level. We are going to leap through all that to say our development will not be through the natural process. We are in a hurry and we are just going to make it. Great. I mean, it's interesting that I love the idea that, you know, there's a vision and of course he has a precedence or an antecedence of sorts. But there's this, there's just the much that he can do as a governor of a number of states. So of course it now boils down to, you know, handshakes across the table, across beyond a number of states, being able to network with people, to be able to bring whatever vision he has to bear. But it's four or maybe eight years enough for him to even be able to begin to scratch the surface. And I'm not in any way trying to be pessimistic. No, no, no, that is what the truth is. This is one of the challenges you have in democracy all over the world. Many of these countries and territories have developed very rapidly. That is to say within 30 years, ironically, have been developed by digital shifts and causing digital shifts. Take South Korea. The president of development began with a repact who came to power in 1961 via a military coup. And the following year launched the fourth development plan that resulted in the rapid rise of his country. The other nations clearly, apart from Israel, we are not developed by democratic governments. So we have this debate going on amongst scholars throughout the world. Is digital shift the best to ensure the rapidity of development of poor economies? Some say yes, some say no. You can look at Singapore, it's not a digital shift as such, but it's not. It's what it called an illiberal democracy. Democracy is quite all right, but not liberal democracy. This is the same used by scholars. So, but Israel, but it has a democracy. Malaysia, but it has a democracy. Indonesia has been for many years by soldiers. But we have to deny that in a democracy there are challenges. If you want to transform your economy the way Saludah wants to do, but definitely you will be there for maybe four years, maybe eight years. It is great to make sure we move in a direction that becomes almost absolutely impossible to revise. First, we headed that direction. There is a mass movement that is not going bad. And the indicators as well that are number of things more than any other part of the jury will lead this transformation. That's a mission I'd deal with. OK, finally before I let you go, we have just a minute. Just as you've made mention of the fact that we need to have more and more people who continue. Like they always say, we all say that government is a continuum, but we hardly see that because everybody comes with their brand new agenda and totally abandon what their predecessors had put together. What's in the works? I know you might not necessarily be the right person to answer the question, but I'll ask it anyway. What's in the works to make sure that like-minded governors for Anambra state, which I have said in the past, Anambra has maybe probably done a little bit well in having interesting persons as their governors, but then of course to carry on that idea and that vision of making Anambra what you want it to be. What's in the works in making sure that the leaders that are like-minded are always ready to run for that office or somewhat prepared to follow that agenda to the latter in closing? That is why the transition we are seeing now from Governor William there now to Prime Minister of Strygwm a Saludio is consequential. It is transformational. Governor William there just woke up in the morning and said I'm going to back Saludio. He reflected on this. Don't forget that as early as December 2019, Governor William set up a committee of talented people, of professionals who have members of the Anambra vision through this act. The responsibility of this committee is to grasp a strategic plan for Anambra's rapid development, for Anambra's images as a fully developed economy within 50 years. So Saludio is the chairman of this committee. So it's only logical that the chairman of the committee is not going to be in driver six as governor. So everything has been planned, but at the time Saludio leaves another transformational oriented leader. We all will take his place. Now we have to go. We have to go. I apologise. We're totally out of time. Unfortunately, time waits for no one. But I want to say thank you. I appreciate your thoughts, your comments. Well, we are rooting for you and your state hoping that the goals and the plans that you have come to fruition. Sila Ladeedunbar is the information commissioner for Anambra's Day. Thank you so much for speaking with us. It's a pleasure. All right. Well, thank you all for being part of the conversation. As today is Friday, we will live you with the highlights of the show this week in case you missed them. We're going to bring you up to speed. And that's all that we have for you for this week. I'll see you on Monday when plus politics returns at 7 p.m. Have a great weekend. I am Mary Anacorn. It's called the president 70% in the fight against corruption. You see, fighting corruption is not a tea party. It's a difficult task for anybody and in any country of the world no matter how powerful, no matter how developed the country is. Corruption can be very tricky when it comes to avoiding the long arm of the law. And you also know that corruption crimes are not permitted in the open. And that means that a lot of efforts will have to be put in place to trace the evidence of corruption. I must tell you that originally and for some time, I've always believed in competency as a photo zoning. In other words, let's look for somebody who is able to deliver the goods there. But in recent times, the result of so many acts of injustice in the land and a lot of agitation in the land and begin me to think seriously speaking that that might appear to be one of the way to address the tension in the country present here. Let me confess to you that while I was the national legal advisor of the party and a member of the national working committee and the executive council of that party, the president had always resisted invitation to be domineering in terms of party affairs as much as possible. But as since progressing, you discovered that gradually people in my view are gradually bringing all pressure on him to take charge of the party. In other words, submitting the entire party to the president. And I think that led to what happened eventually in dismantling the earlier structure. The reason why we seem to have insecurity all around the country and the reason why they are escalating is because certain persons in government and out of government are benefiting immensely. These people are called conflict entrepreneurs. They make a lot of cash, a lot of capital out of conflict. So these are the individuals that are actually sticking up the violence in the South East particularly. And what we say is that it is the duty of the political elites from the South East region, because there are quite a number of people in government from that region of the country. They have not really done sufficient, you know, they have not really shown sufficient commitments. The insecurity you have in the South East, basically as we said, insecurity is being instigated by elements embedded in the federal government. There was no reason for the suspension on the plan to have been imposed in the first place. And I have consistently maintained to the decision that was not warranted, to the decision that was taken in perfect, to the decision that was taken on accounts of vengeance in postions of vain data by a regime that fell slighted by what was rightfully perceived by a large section of the population as a genocida, an irresponsible tweet by the president was deleted. That accounted for the so-called ban that the government imposed. So eventually the government had to reverse the abnormality that they had forced on the country. Those who participated in the atrocities that have been committed, the guilt endurance, the Draganian measures, the high-handedness, the party that is complicit, the political party and the political actors who are complicit in these things that have happened, who have endorsed these things, who have been silent on the impunity of this regime must be punished in the next election. Nigeria has more, and that is the point that I made on, I made on Twitter, I said, look, as citizens we must imbibe the culture of punishing politicians and political parties that inflict pains on us. The reason why people go into offices and do whatever they like is because of the absence of the policy of consequence. They know nothing will happen. They know they will still be voted for. They will know they will still have people rally for them. So when they do these things that they know that they will pay a heavy price, people become circumspect. People begin to think before they act.


Hi guys! So in this lesson, we are going to talk about how you can build melodies on the piano using an available chord progression, using the concept of chord tones as well as non-chord tones. So the non-chord tones could either be within the scale or what we call as diatonic to the scale and the notes or the non-chord tones could even be random chromatic notes which are not part of the scale in the first place. They're just used to add flavor and color and an interesting embellishment. So in the earlier video, if you haven't already, please watch the earlier video where we looked at how to create a melody with just one chord tone out of the available three. So the first thing you would want to do is take your chord progression. In this case, I've chosen G minor, E flat major, B flat major, F major or F sus going to F major. Let's see that again. G minor, E flat major, B flat major, F major and I'm playing it in the left hand so that I can sort of free up my right hand and create my melodies in the right hand. So the first way to start embellishing or building a melody is to just take the chord tones and play them and play them in a unique and interesting rhythmic pattern so that the rhythm pattern itself and its uniqueness brings about a melody line in the song. So if I just take G minor here and just take G minor there, this is going to be rather boring or just playing quarter notes or on the pulse one while this one is going to play the exact same chord but in an interesting rhythm. For instance, also the order of notes is going to be random. It's going to be not predictable. Obviously, I'm not going to play it together because a melody is not many notes pressed together. It's one after the other. So you can do all sorts of combinations. So I quite like what's happening here. So there's an interesting rhythm which can actually be sung even non-melodically. For example, dum param param. So this proves that whatever I'm playing in the right hand seems to have some kind of rhythmic interest and how are the notes of the melody making sense or how they're sounding nice and consonant it's because all these notes are part of the chord in this case G minor. Swinging it a bit. Just improvise on that one chord. Try out a few left hand options. Now mind you this is just one shape of the G minor chord. You can play it like this which is G Bb D or you can even play it like this which is Bb D G which is the first inversion and that gives you a very very different flavor for your melody. So something like believe it or not we have how many chords are we playing right now one chord just literally one chord. So there's a lot of creativity which can be just developed using the chord tones and a rhythm pattern. You can try out the other inversion second inversion D G Bb and try to get a vibe going with that hold or that shape there here and the root okay and when you've done that piece it all together weave it all together and it just magically comes together and or rather very organically comes together in a sense that you don't know when a melody will emerge it's just going to happen it's just going to build itself and naturally grow the melody always in my opinion should always happen organically yes there are a lot of concepts we learn like in this case the notes of the chord which is very important you can't do anything if you don't know the notes of the chord. So once you do build it with the chord tones you then sort of let loose let the melody sort of build itself so to speak okay. So let's just try and create a little a little bit of music now with just this one chord stuff like that right and now you have other chords we have G minor E flat major B flat major F so as the chords flow the melody notes gain or have to be different because the melody notes have to follow the chord tones so E flat B flat it's simple on F just hold one just one chord tone maybe a couple more and so on and so forth you can pretty much go on and on actually so what more what next now this sounds very sort of plain and simple and by the book right you'll hear a lot of pop melodies like this to make it a bit more interesting and a bit more story like you could use a concept which we call as passing and landing tones so the landing tones have already been learned by us right we have all the chord tones those are all the landing notes landing notes means at the on beat of the bar or at the one beat or at the strong beat of the bar you'll need to land on one of these chord tones or another way to land better is to make the landing point a lot more longer in duration compared to all the passing notes the other notes which are not part of the chord tones so if you study the chord G minor G B flat D the chord tones are in fact G B flat D now other notes which are sort of passing the A the C which is like the fourth or the 11th in this case if you want to call it 13 or the six E flat remember I'm in the key of B flat major so these are the diatonic passing notes F so when you hear this it doesn't sound as stable or you know calm or pleasant or correct sounding as the resolutions which are the root minor third perfect fifth octave these are the chord tones they have to sound good because the chord is already being pressed so any of the other notes either will be used to build flavor and color and spice these are also called tensions when you use them for a long time you know so what did I do now I started with the tension and ended with the with a resolution because you can't hang on to that sort of slightly tense or slightly aggressive sound and now it resolves so that's one way you could use non-landing tones you could play them for a long time establish the fact that it's colorful and then bring it back to the normal which is one three five so another way you can use passing notes is just in a linear approach just moving the notes forward or up ascending or backward or down or descending so for example if I have g minor so I can do something like see what's happening there so I've been able to add the a and the c which are not so nice notes within the g minor chord but I'm adding them as passing notes that means when I play a it's usually at weak beats of the bar sometimes even the ends or when you divide the beat the off beats you'll find these at obviously the weak beats and the longer notes are generally going to be the chord tones in this case see I ended at g which is a chord tone another chord tone and then if you have all these other chords you can really weave in your passing and landing notes in a very very interesting way something like I can do these fast trills lot of options you're actually combining chord tones and the passing notes which are non chord tones so let's just recap this whole passing landing thing the landing notes are ideally the notes of the triad which in the g minor for example is g bbd the landing notes are the non chord tones which is the 7 f the 2 or the 9 a then the 4 or the 11 sounds very colorful or we call it a tension and then the 6 flat or the 13 see I'm in reference to the g minor chord but I'm also diatonic to the overall picture of the major scale so we usually keep to the same major scale whenever we are playing at least pop music of course it changes for other genres of music but this is more for things like pop rock country folk those sort of genres which are yeah more on the radio okay so that's about passing and landing tones and with passing notes well you have the diatonic passing notes you could also express yourself using chromatic passing notes which are not even part of the scale so maybe we'll reserve that for another lesson because the possibilities are really really endless if you think about it so what I'd advise you to do is start with one chord maybe the g minor chord and just establish all the three chord tones build some amazing music using just the chord tones in all the shapes which we call inversions then after you have really mastered your chord tones over the chord progression then what we can do is we add passing notes which add more tension or more color or more flavor or more spice running out of adjectives to your music right so this is another way to build melodies on the piano given an existing chord progression hope you guys found that lesson useful and if you did please share the video with your friends bring more people on board this youtube channel and also do consider following us or helping our channel grow by being a patron or something like that whatever you'd find nice to do cheers


Welcome back. Yesterday on MSDNC, this guy, Jim Vandahy, he's the co-founder of Axios and a very typical left-wing ideologue who seems to lack any self-awareness. So this guy was on Morning Joe to whine and complain about groups of Trump supporters that are raising a lot of money that they're gonna use to expose and discredit all of these Democrat operatives who are posing as journalists. I'm not affiliated with any of those groups, but I definitely count myself among those who have been doing that very thing long before Trump came around. Trump allies are raising about $2 million to target very specifically reporters and editors at the New York Times, The Washington Post, and other mainstream outlets with the stated purpose of trying to discredit these reporters in addition to the institutions. A quick background on Mr. Vandahy, if you don't know who he is, he's a left-wing guy who's been on a lot of left-wing publications like The Washington Post and Politico. Now he just goes around whining that there's people out there criticizing the media as bias and a mouthpiece for the Democrats. His whole stick is just to never acknowledge any bias and to just demonize the critics. If you watch my channel, you know that's the modest operandi of the Democrat Party media. Watching this, you might be thinking, gee, aren't there a lot of groups that do that very thing against Fox News? Groups like MoveOn.org and Media Matters just to name a couple? Even Barack Obama spent a lot of time going after Fox News and he was very open about it calling it the War on Fox News. Yes, all of these things are true, but you're forgetting the golden rule. It's always different when they do it. Predictably, Vandahy explains away his hypocrisy by simply claiming it's different, saying, what's different here is when you read this fundraising pitch, it is really to go after the individual reporters and really to try and damage their credibility in public. To work with what they call friendly media outlets, to get this information into the public sphere during the election to help Trump and to hurt those reporters. This is exactly what Media Matters in MoveOn.org do, except they're trying to get Democrats elected. In fact, this is what the so-called free press has been engaged in ever since I've been really paying attention during the Bush years and most definitely ever since Trump took office. Polling is showing that these attacks of bias, whether it's mainstream media or social media, continue to stir up the base.  They're finding that if they could say bias, bias, bias, that everywhere you look, everything you listen to, everything you read, everything you hear, it's bias. Believe nothing, believe nothing, believe nothing. Instead of addressing the public's distrust of the media that goes back decades, Vandahy just deflects and paints his media critics as mindless cultists repeating mantra. He's right about one thing, more and more Americans distrust anything that the media has to say. It's funny how the constant lies, double standards, and obvious political bias can hurt your credibility. His implication, obviously, is that Trump somehow created this distrust when you can look at polling and see that it goes back a very long time.  Nobody should ever take one journalist or one network's reporting as the unvarnished truth. This time it's being led by the Commander-in-Chief of the United States of America and he has injected a poison into our system. This is a virus that he has planted in our culture that is going to be long-standing. It's been incredibly successful already. Oh please, if there's any poison or virus that's been planted, it was self-inflicted by hardcore Democrat ideologs like Mike Barnacle here who's been a Democrat mouthpiece for quite a long time. This guy, Barnacle, was dismissing critics of the media going back to the George W. Bush years so it's not like he doesn't know that distrust in the media isn't a new thing and yet he sits there blaming Trump and dividing the country based on a lie that he knows isn't true. Who would trust a media that purposely edit audio and video footage in order to manufacture outrage? Who would trust a media that's so blatantly and obviously parrots Democrat party talking points on a daily basis? Being deceptive and demonizing your critics will never work because you're always going to have people like me out there to call you on it. If you want to help me to continue holding them accountable please consider subscribing to me on Patreon or Subscribestar. Not only will you be helping this channel to survive but you'll also get access to one exclusive video every week. I also accept cryptocurrency and PayPal donations. You can find the links in the description and the pinned comment. Thank you.


The Brontes are an extraordinary family to have three great writers from one family. I think it's got so many kind of potent aspects to the Brontes story. The nature of the Brontes writings, which is so powerful and so original. When you look at their works, they reflect this wider, broad, exciting world and they really got to know the world through books and that's reflected in their writing and that's really, really quite beautiful.  The discovery of this collection was hugely significant. It charts the whole of the Brontes development as writers, as well as providing such rich material on their lives. When the Brontes material that had been allocated to the Parsonage arrived in Haworth in July, the moment when we unpacked it, it was just incredible. It was really quite emotional. But one of the treasures, which is now at the Parsonage, is this tiny volume and these are meant to look like printed books, like the kind of books such as Blackwood's magazine, which came into the Parsonage and was read avid late by all the Brontes. The handwriting is minuscule and I think when we think about the Brontes biographies about how they really experience loss at such a young age, losing their mother and their siblings, it suddenly makes sense. I can barely read the handwriting in these volumes. It keeps adults out. It's a world that children can control themselves. They have agency over it. This was part of a sequence of six tiny books. So when the collection came to light, we've now been able to retrieve this little book and return it to Haworth where it was written on where we can display it. So it's completed that whole series. The objects that have been allocated to the British Library, they are now with other Bronte material. They can be compared and studied within their small group and actually with wider objects within the library. We've got a letter from Charlotte Bronte written in 1847. It's a really interesting letter because it talks about the identity of Cara, Ellis and Acton Bell and indeed it also talks about the authorship of the 1846 volume of poems by the three sisters. One of the really star items here at the British Library is Emily Bronte's own copy of poems by Cara, Ellis and Acton Bell, which is the sister's first publication together when they were still writing anonymously. It's really really special because she has gone all the way through and she's written the date that she composed each of her poems and I think that will just be really important for researchers going forward what she was doing on those specific days and why she might have been inspired to write particular poems. The copy of Shirley that we got from the Hollinsfield Library is really fascinating I think so it has a letter from Charlotte Bronte bound inside it. It's from Charlotte, her editor saying the book is now finished, thank God, which I think is like a really humanising moment. I think that's a very nice story in the manuscript material where you particularly see the sisters developing as writers. One of the lovely things on the table behind me is one of Charlotte's little books where she's really beginning to make that transition from a child who's interested in books and writing in fantasy worlds and really beginning to think about how she might present herself as a more mature author in the outside world. This is called Farside Tales, she wrote up while she was working at Rowhead School and it has this wonderful opening line where she says, reader I'll tell you what my heart is like to break. She's a wonderful prefiguring of that famous line from Jane Eyre where she says, reader I married him so you can just hear that voice emerging from this very early text. So these tell us a great deal about the writers and about their relationships and also what feeds into their imaginative lives as writers. In this first edition of Wuthering Heights we've got a lovely example of the kind of thing that scholars are going to be looking for in these printed works so there's a little annotation at the bottom of the page there which we believe is from William Law and he's talking about the birds that are part of this page here and he's gone to look them up in Buick which is of course Buick's Birds and rather wonderfully the Bronte's own version of Buick's Birds was also part of this Honors Field collection. And of course there's an important link with the novels in that it was Buick's Birds that Jane Eyre is reading in the window seat at Gateshead Hall and some of the kind of lonely arctic landscapes that Buick illustrates kind of sum up Jane's isolation. I think it's really amazing that this collection has been saved for the nation. They've not been bought by private collectors, the public owns these objects and that's so important because they're absolutely incredible.


Hey guys, Thundee here. Today we're talking about a laptop that you're going to hear a lot of people rave about and I'm also one of those people but I decided instead of just doing something more traditional let's take this with us for our honeymoon. And I'm talking about the Lenovo Yoga Book 9 and yes I just had my honeymoon and thank you for all the congratulations in the comments. I appreciate that but we're talking about this bad boy here. This is the Yoga Book 9. I'm holding it right in front of you and it is very unique and my idea was can I actually use this on vacation or with me on the road because this is a dual screen laptop. Yes, it's a 13.3 inch laptop with two displays. Both of them look absolutely vibrant. They all have displays, very functional and it is something that is quite unique. Now let's take a look at the hardware with Lenovo's Bronson table. Now we know the Yoga line is something Lenovo has done really well over the years and this takes it to the next level besides the fact that you can put it in different form factors. You can put it in tense mode. You can stand it up. You can use both displays. What this allows you to do is just function a little bit differently. So the first thing you notice is when you open this up the bottom display is yes a display and you can also pop out a keyboard. Now the keyboard here is one I have to tell you that you will have to get used to using that on screen keyboard because for this size it's just something I'm just not used to typing in the very traditional fashion. But I like the fact when you pop out the keyboard you have a full keyboard. You also have a trackpad area which you can have as a standard trackpad area or the whole bottom display. Whatever you choose you can do that with this device but it doesn't just come with a digital keyboard also has a physical keyboard. Now this physical keyboard is quite unique because it allows you to place it on top of the bottom display. Once you do it recognizes there's a physical keyboard there and then it creates the touchpad area at the very bottom and you can use it with whatever you want. So that's also pretty nice.  That's one of the first things I would say. The fact that I could have two things on one screen so because of that physical keyboard I could actually put it in this you know freestanding dual display mode where I had a YouTube video playing on one. I was typing a document on the other display which was pretty nice and I can have two things working at the same time or in tent mode you could do the same thing where someone else is watching video and while you're doing some work so it is very reliable in that aspect and speaking of watching content this thing is vibrant it looks really nice even in direct sunlight it still handle well but the audio was something that you have to actually have to listen to so let's take a quick listen. The speakers are pretty nice centrally located in between both displays it works out really well. Now the hardware is powered by an Intel 13 gen processor this is a u processor but it gives you some really solid performance plus you've got three ports built into this device these are Thunderbolt 4 ports two on the right hand side one on the left you do have a camera privacy button and then you've got the power button all on the right hand side there and that's it for ports in this device and you know what it's fine because this is something that you need for both the flexibility of entertainment and work now you're asking um what's the battery life right how good is it now they promised about 10 hours with both displays and it got pretty close to that I would say usability while using both displays whether you're watching content you're typing whatever the case may be you're going to get a full day's work with it I like that and even if you don't take that physical keyboard with you you should still be able to use the on-screen keyboard quite effectively and the thing about the keyboard is that once you know if you get into uh say a web browser and you tap the keyboard will pop up if you're in documents you can also set it up to pop up as well there are a couple of gestures that are built in so for instance you can use your all your five fingers on one screen on a browser and that takes you to a full screen mode using both displays and you can use that as well the pen is also quite responsive uh it writes pretty well very solid and gives you smooth motion and I mean look I could mention many things about this device but I would just sum it up this way it is really good and this is a first step into what I think we're going to see more devices like this now I've heard some people say hey maybe it should have something like an arm processor so it could be thinner and lighter and that could be the case we'll see how that happens with future chipsets but I like the performance I got from this with the Intel chipset I like what Lenovo has done just using two displays and giving you different gestures I like the fact that the keyboard and the different positions you could put in are pretty solid and I think you're gonna like it too so if you're thinking of picking up the yoga book 9 uh from Lenovo definitely use the link down below if you have any questions about this device any concerns leave those questions down below try and answer them this is Thunder E saying thank you and well always enjoy entertainment