Hello and welcome to the session I am Deepika here. Let's discuss a question which says from that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is supplementary to the angle subtended by the line segment joining the points of contact at this center. Now we know that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal. So this is a key idea behind our question. We will take the help of this key idea to solve the above question. So let's start the solution. Now we are given that and Pb are two tangents drawn from an external point P to a circle is center of angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is supplementary to the angle subtended by the line segment joining the points of contact at the center that is angle aob angle apb are supplementary that is aob plus angle apb is equal to 180 degree. Proof. Join op in triangles oap and obp we have a is equal to pb because according to our key idea the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal again oa is equal to ob radii of the same circle op is equal to op common. Therefore triangle oap is congruent to triangle obp by sss congruency condition pa equal to angle opb and angle aop is equal to angle bop by cpcp is equal to angle opa plus angle opb. Now these two are equal. Therefore angle pb is equal to twice angle opa. Similarly equal to angle aop plus angle bop and these two are also equal by cpcp so angle aob is equal to twice angle aop. In triangle aop we have angle aop plus angle opa plus angle oap is equal to 180 degree because the sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180 degree. Now we know that the tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius to the point of contact. Therefore angle oap is 90 degree. Therefore angle aop plus angle opa plus 90 degree is equal to 180 degree because the tangent at any point of a circle perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact. Therefore angle aop is equal to 180 degree minus 90 degree plus angle opa angle aop is equal to 90 degree minus angle opa this implies twice angle aop is equal to twice angle 90 degree minus angle opa. Now twice angle aop is equal to angle aob. Therefore angle aop is equal to 180 degree minus twice angle opa is angle apb this implies aob plus angle apb is equal to 180 degree. Hence aob and angle apb are supplementary. Hence proved I hope the solution is clear to you. Bye and take care.


Felly, wrth gwrs, yma'r hyn yw'r cyfnod i'w credu'r arferon a i'n rhan o'r problemau ar y cyfnod ar ôl? Gydag rydyn ni'n gyffredinol ar y cyfnod ar y cyfnod i'r cyfnod i'r ffordd. A'r hynny wedi'r gweithio'n gweithio'n cyffredinol i'ch creu'r ymddangos i'r awm, ac mae'r gwneud i'r gweithio'n gweithio i'r gweithio'r awm. Gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gyffredinol i'r gweithio'r awm. Ac mae hyn yn ymweld. Y rhan o'r myfyddiadau ymlaen, mae'n oed yn cyffredig o'r rhan o'r prydyniadau fel y pethau o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r rhan o'r broswn y dynodau. Mae'n dwylo'r rhan o'r prydyniadau a'r prydyniadau a'r prydyniadau, mae'n meddwl i'r prydyniadau ac mae'n myfyddiadau arwad. Mae gydag i mi i ddweud yn llunio ydw i unionid, ac mae'r prydyniadau hynny o'r prydyniadau. Ysdyn ni'n gweld eich eich cyfnod a'i gyrwch am bach yng Nghaerdydd yma. Gwyd ddw i ni nhw i ni fyddan nhw i gyd yr rŵn gyfytu. Yna wnaeth y Gadael i'r Pdf yn ei gweddyn nhw i gion i'r ffianfa yng Nghaerdydd nawr. Felly, i fe yw meddwl gyrwch am gylwyd y cwrdd i gael gwaith'r hwnnw i'r pethau. Csiwg gwybod gwirionedd wedi i chi wneud ar y wedi'u bod gennym nhw. summeryn yw'r gweithio gwirionedd y gwaith bwrdd i'r ffat, a'r hyn o'r rhaid i'r hwnnw gwaith hon oed i'r lab yma, felly mae'n cwrw'r gweithio'r hwnnw i'r hwnnw. I'w'r hynod i'r hwnnw i'r gweld o'r stag yw'r cyflodyniad hefyd a'r hefyd o'r pwysig sy'n gweithio'r holl yma o'r bethau i'r dwylo. Mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ffwysig yw. Felly go a gweithio'r ideaethau sy'n gweithio a ddwy'n gwybod i'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r cyflawn. A ddyn nhw'n gwybod i'r cwestiynau o'r ddweud. Felly, rydyn ni'n CRIS. Rydyn ni'n gwybod i'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r cyflawn o'r Llinux, IOT, o'r metalu, o'r ddweud o'r arsos, o'r ddweud. Rydyn ni'n gwybod i'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r cyflawn o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Felly, rydyn ni'n gwybod i'r ddweud o'r cyflawn i'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Rydyn ni'n gwybod i'r ddebu'r cyflawn o'r cwestiynau wedi cael ei bod yn meddwl o'r cyflawn ymgymhau, i'r ddiwrnodi ar y Gymraeg, o'r cyflawn gweithin nhw'n ddweudio o'r cyflawn. Dwi'r symud yn ffoedd o gwnogell yr oedd, yn cyddol ymgylch, o'r ddangos o'r dail. I'm always keen to learn more and check out new things that are in the embedded world. I've always really been interested in board farms. Creating sort of set ups that make it easier for me to actually do my daily work. So, these days I'm remote working, and a lot of my colleagues are also remote working. It's really hard for us just to get a board to try a patch or something. ac mae'n meddwl o ran o'n meddwl ar y bwysig, ond mae'n meddwl o'r bwysig i'r ei wneud i ffnogi yma. Nawr, mae'n meddwl o'r bwysig ei'r bwysig yn y bwysig, mwy fawr ar y bwysig oherwydd mae'n meddwl yn yr un, rydw i'r hoffae sydd yn bwysig o argyrchu ffordd bwysig, mae'm rydw i'n meddwl o'r bwysig ond mae'n meddwl o'r bwysig i'r bwysig, Mae'r hyn yn gweithio i gynnwys i digad y wahanol i gynnydd f tertai ysgrifiadol. Mae wedyn gyflawni. Mae'r Sd cardiau fy oes bryd o'r rhaglen. Yn oes, mae'r sgwlad o'r fawr fod ymlaen. Mae'r Sd Cardiau fy oes bryd a'r hyn o'r hyn o'i gwbl fel yma'n gwybodaeth gydig. A wedyn y gwaith y mae'n gwybodaeth. Dylai'r dweud o'i ffordd oed yn ymdwy. Dylai'r dweud o'r mae byddaeth yn gwybod o'i ffordd o'u ddeg. ydych yn y r Garyc arloed yng Nghymru. Ond mi wnaeth chi'n gwybodaeth sydd yn Unedig Brasil a'r Indie. Yn cael rhai llwyddi angen i'r bobl. Yn ceisio bod y gallwch hynny achos chi'n gyd yn y bobl. Rwy'n dweud, mae hwnna'r aplyniad yn syniad rydw i'r cystafoli yn dweud roedd yn gweithlo. Rydym yn hynny byddai'r gwmorth o'r hardware rydw i. Rydym yn golygu o'r bod arall yn ddechrau o ddaeth chi'n o'n gallu syniad ar y bobl yna'r byw'r bwysig o'ch cyfrifnig iawn. Mae'n gweithio, mae'n gweld hynny hefyd yn ei wneud ar y tessu automaticau ac mae'n ddiwedd y bwysig hyn o ddegwydau gidiau a'r bwysig y tylu mewn eithaf hyn. Mae'n gweithio'n gennym o baitfawr i hi'n gweithio'r hir y tessu automaticau In May this year, I had a goal to set up my own home lab. I really wanted to start small simple and for it to be really cheap as well. I didn't want to spend loads of money on expensive test equipment or anything like that. But goal was, to have around 10 devices in the lab as a maximum a make it easily accessible to anyone else to be able to create their own home lab without having the same things. I want to be able to add, remove and reconfigure devices really quickly, in some cases it can take a long time to set up devices for being accessed remotely. I wanted it to be really low power as well so I didn't want some x86 server or something like that running all the time, taking up all the power. Also it needs to be quiet and take up a small amount of space basically for a good wife acceptance factor. She comes in my office and says it's messy in here, you need to tidy up so I don't want any more problems there. Also I didn't want to cut any wires, do any soldering or have anything like electrocution risks because not everyone's able to do these kinds of things. So it wants to be really simple for anyone to get started. One of the main goals was just to be able to share boards with colleagues. I mean I've got lots of boards, you know, every conference I go to I get another board, order all the time from AliExpress and I want to be able to share them with colleagues and let them actually write their own patches and things for those boards and be able to test it without having to ship the board to them back. It's just too complicated. Also we wanted it to work with non-linux boards so there's a number of projects these days that are running embedded RTOSs like the Zephyr. It would be really nice if we could have our board farm have those kinds of boards in. And we also wanted to run automated tests on it. We have like nightly GitLab CI builds of images and kernels. We'd like to run that on hardware and report the result almost instantaneously. And amongst all of this, the most important goal was to be able to help others set up their own lab because it's kind of a bit of a black art. It's quite hard to get it set up so the main goal was to make it easy. And this is what I came up with. So you can see I've got four embedded boards and a Raspberry Pi. Basically the four boards, the device is under test and the Raspberry Pi is sort of the controller. Obviously good luck if you want to get a Raspberry Pi these days. So maybe it isn't such a simple setup after all. There's also on there a network switch which are connected to all the devices. And all the devices have console over USB serial ports. And they're powered using the sonoff devices at the top which are Wi-Fi relays. So most important thing for me as I said earlier was to not be able to not have to cut any cords. I wanted to make it simple and easy to be able to swap out a power supply and swap out a board. So it's incredibly simple with this setup to take a board out of the system and put another one in. If something goes wrong you can easily remove it and put something else in because it's quite modular. So here I've only got four boards but there is additional space here for me to have more if needed. So I wanted to talk about the existing solution that we use at Collabra for automated testing lava. It's by Linaro and it consists of a web interface and backend in Python. And it's really a scheduler for tests. It schedules the tests in like a batch mode and then runs them on the hardware, reports the results and keeps the logs. Now because it's a batch system you don't really have the ability to interactively play with the board. And these tests they're written in YAML and the execution steps are defined in the YAML file. These YAML files can be in the hundreds of lines really. So it can be quite difficult to be able to use lava in this way. Also it needs a database to keep the state and the logs which in some cases the database can get quite big and probably not really suitable to be run on a Raspberry Pi or something like that at home. So KernelCI uses lava. It's got a high buy-in from industry and there's heavy maintenance investment involved in it. There's other projects that use lava, so MSCI. And also there's other things in the V4L2 area of the kernel where we're trying to add in support there to do integration testing. We at Collabra have a lab in Cambridge with 45 different devices, which has got a total of about 450 devices spread across those different device types. It's always growing as well. I mean we're adding boards in batches of 10 at a time. And anyone at Collabra can submit these test jobs and they can run on real hardware. If you want to hear about the struggles that the lava lab has had recently and how we've got around them, Laura, my colleague, has done a presentation yesterday on that. It's available to view online. And she's also somewhere, if you want to ask her after. Is tomorrow, is it? OK. Is tomorrow. I thought it was yesterday for some reason. So here's a snippet of half of the lava farm. It basically is full of kind of server racks, 90-inch server racks, and each place has got a device inside it. Some slots have got multiple devices in. Essentially, I wouldn't get away with having something like that at home. My house is too small and I'd probably end up with a divorce. So it's best to leave that where it is. I don't think that lava is suitable for a home lab, mainly because it's suitable for testing specific parts. So if you have a kernel patch or some bit of user space you want to test, that's where it is really suitable. It's not suitable in my case where I want to be able to access a board remotely and actually run interactive tests on it. It's also only suited really for Linux systems so you can't really do any testing with embedded boards like things that are running RTOSs. There are some cases with lava that it's actually really difficult to do basic things, like just flashing a full disk image to the SD card or the MMC. You've got to do some work arounds to do that. Mainly the feedback loop for debugging test is much too long because you have to submit your job and then wait for the results. There could be other people who've got more important jobs and it takes a long time for the test to run so it's just too long in my opinion. As I've said, it's hard to connect to the board interactively. There is some work there with hacking sessions in lava and there's also an old project lava bow which allows you to do that. From what I can see, it's not the main goal of lava to have interactive sessions. My personal opinion is that it's too complicated to set up and maintain for a home lab. The last thing I want to be doing is maintaining my home lab. I want to be developing things and making sure that the time is used effectively for working on actual patches, things like that. I'm not going to go into any of the other solutions. There's a page by Tim on boardfarms on eglynx.org. The long and short of it really is none of them, in my opinion, are suitable for interactive usage. You may be able to prove me wrong there. I think you might. I keep talking about interactive usage but what do I mean by that? I mean actually being able to access the board and control it remotely so as if you've got remote hands there. We want to be able to control the power, turn it on and off and see whether the board's turned on or not. Maybe even do things like get the power levels of the board, how much current it's using, that kind of thing can be useful. We want to be able to flash firmware and we want to be able to boot into the software. So you may want to boot using something like TFTP or you might even want to flash the whole EMMC or SD card and boot that way. So when we've got our software booted we want to be able to get into a shell and really we want to abstract all of that away from the user. So what I mean by that is we don't want to be running commands like getting a shell up using mini-com or something like that because really you can do that. You can just connect your board up to a machine and run a mini-com or something like that to get a shell but we don't want to remember all the settings. We don't want to do anything like that so we want to abstract all of that away and make it nice and easy for us to connect to the board. We also want to know who's using what and be able to reserve hardware so you don't want someone interrupting your hardware testing. You don't want the CI system to come in and push a job and you don't want it to just interrupt your session really. So LabGrid is a tool by Pengatronics. There's some people from Pengatronics here today who hopefully will be able to answer any specific questions later on. It's a CLI tool so you can interactively communicate with your boards. There's also a Python library which allows you to run automated tests or more complicated tests. It's really usable for daily interactive development as well as debugging I think. It's really simple just to be able to get started and it's really good because it abstracts the hardware into functional topics so you can ask LabGrid to turn a board on you can ask it to get a console you can do things like upload a file to the board that kind of thing. So it's written in a way that the topics that you're going to be doing actually make sense so it would be how I would tell someone to talk to it would be how I would tell someone to actually interact with the board like turn it on, flash the SD card those kinds of topics rather than any complicated words or complicated uses. So there's three bits of software in LabGrid there's a controller which handles the overall system state you can connect many exporters to the controller and the exporters run close to the hardware on a machine and it controls the specific hardware things like turning the device on connecting to the shell and then to the controller you can connect multiple clients so for instance your PC or your CI runner connects to the controller to then talk to the exporters which then talk to the devices. The controller and the exporter you can put them on the same machine that's what I've done because my lab's quite simple a controller like I say has multiple exporters that connect to it and the exporter has places and a place is a collection of multiple resources and a resource is just a driver which connects to that specific board so some examples of resources you've got a network power port which is a power port which implements functions that a power port could have like switch it on, switch it off, get the state there's other resources like a USB serial port again is a serial port which implements a function that lets you get to a console so it's basically using interfaces and abstractions to make it work with any hardware so one real bonus about lab grid is it's so simple to configure so here is one of the places that I've configured in my lab and it's basically the devices which are on the exporter and there's a tool called lab grid suggest which you can use which when you plug in the device it actually helps you build your exporter YAML file so here you can see that I've got one device that has got one place that's got two resources as part of it it's got a power port and it's got a USB serial port and it matches the USB serial port based on Udev paths or Udev properties and it's got some other properties there as well so like the speed that you want to connect to the serial port under the power port that I've connected is connected over MQTT and I've defined here the topics as well that are used to turn the thing on turn the thing off and see what the state of the power port is as well so then there's also a places.yaml configuration which is for the coordinator and this is generated on the client side by the commands that I've put here so you can basically set the tags up and you can add the match to the place as well and it's stored as YAML because it's then easy to store under git and then you can diff things and basically see what's changed so the YAML configuration is really simple compared to a system like Lava where the configuration is not so simple in my opinion and that is basically it the configuration that's needed to actually set your farm up it's to YAML files so then if you want to use lab grid to connect to your board and you've already set your lab up it's real simple you can just install lab grid from your distro's package manager you set the crossbar URL which is basically the path to the the exporter that you want to talk to or the coordinator and then as soon as you've done that you can list the places or you can just run lab client to do other communication with the farm so here I'm listing the four places that are in my farm and each place relates to a specific board in my farm so then if you list the resources you can see the resources for each of those places and it consists of the host name of the exporter it consists of the actual place name as well as the name of the driver that's used if you add a verbose parameter to this it spits out so much information as well so you can see what is available to you what can be used so lab grid has this feature where you lock a board for your, well you lock a place you require a place for your usage and then when you're finished with it you release the board and let other people use the board there is also a way that you can wait for a board to be released actually then lock it as part of a CI job but I won't go into that detail here I'm just going to go into the interactive use case so the steps really are you acquire the board then you can do what you like with it and then when you're finished you can release it so if you've already locked the board here I'm trying to acquire a board that's being locked by someone else you can kick people who have actually kept the board if someone's locked a board for too long then you can kick them off and then acquire it yourself one thing that would be nice is some sort of time out feature to automatically kick someone after they've had the board for a day but so then after you've acquired the board you can do things like turn the power on by just saying lab grid client power on lab grid client power off or you can cycle the power as well so they're real simple sort of verbs that tell the board tell the farm what you want to do to the board you want to power it on, you want to power it off and then to get a console on the board you just use the verb console and then you get a serial port it's that easy really so I mean I've only gone into a few of the drivers that are available in lab grid but there are plenty so you can get to a console with SSH serial ports USB serials or a network connection telnet that kind of thing to communicate with power ports you can use PDU daemon which supports hundreds and hundreds of different types of PDUs you can communicate with POE ports turn them on and off you can use the open test motor firmware which basically is for some ESP devices and then you can create your own boards that have got ESP devices on and be able to turn your own relays on that kind of thing it communicates with USB relays you can communicate with GPOs to turn on relays and also the really nice thing is it communicates with sigrock which is a library around bench power supplies and other bench tools like that so you can basically power on and off all of these different libraries just with the one power driver you can flash to IMX Rockchips you can flash using fast boot and there's plenty of other things that you can flash to like you can flash to an SD card using an SDmux or a USB drive you can communicate with digital IO as well so you can communicate with GPOs and relays that do other things not just power maybe you want to toggle GPOs to set the board into different states you can do that also there are other drivers for things like communicating with webcams capture, audio, HDMI so basically there are hundreds of drivers and well maybe not hundreds tens of drivers and they're just implemented as a simple python class that wraps the device you want to communicate with so in my lab I wanted to flash the boards but I didn't want to use SDmuxes because SDmuxes I don't know if you know them but you basically plug the SD card in and then the SDmux will either allow you to flash the SD from your PC or it will communicate or it will allow the SD card to communicate with the board under test they're quite expensive and I didn't really want that want to have that overhead in my lab you can flash over JTAG using things like OpenOCD which is useful for some of the boards like the Arthos boards that I was talking about earlier you can upload using fastboot Rockchip bootloaders like I say the IMX bootloaders in my lab currently the boards are set up to TFTP boot so they've got a bootloader on them that then just boots using TFTP I manually copy the files that are built into the NFS drive and I've built some images that just have bootloaders on you can click the link there to find those they're built with DeboS and they just set the boards to go into TFTP boot mode there is some discussion at the moment about how to get rid of the manual copy of the files because that's the one pain point that I've got at the moment in my setup so again back to the picture of my lab I've got a Raspberry Pi 4 that's running the lab grid co-ordinator and exporter I've got a USB hub that's got the UART devices on I'm having a number of problems with the USB hub at the moment for that the devices are on a VLAN basically with the they're running through a USB 3 USB 3 ethernet card which basically keeps the devices on their own network that's away from the away from the public facing internet and the power delivery as I say is controlled by the 4 sonoff sockets at the top so the software on the Raspberry Pi is basically running USB all I've had to do there is change the host name and run the Ansible Playbook and Ansible Playbook sets everything up on the host including all the various demons and everything is actually in a container the one thing that I haven't got in this setup is a way to add your own configuration but you can use my configuration as a sort of example if you like so again the playbooks are on github if you want to take a look so a lot of people will use a relay board in their lab to control the power on and off I decided very early on that this was not good because it needs the cables to be cut and then you can't use the cables or the power supplies for other things so it's kind of like a one time use really can cause the wiring to be messy I mean it's quite a difficult topic because I think that the wiring in my lab is quite messy anyway but it would be messier I think if there was a relay board in the way and the main thing really with relays that make them unsuitable in my opinion is they're supposed to be switching AC when you switch DC high currents with them it can reduce the lifespan of the the relays the welded contacts that kind of thing so I just think that using the relays just really isn't suitable so I ended up with these sonoff wifi sockets and basically it plugs into the mains of your house and then the other end you plug into the adapter that you've already bought so you can plug any adapter in it's really quite simple you don't need to do any soldering cutting of wires there's also a little button on the side of the thing so you can turn it on and off manually one of the things with these relay boards is you've got no way of turning it on and off manually without software in the way so if you just want to turn a board on or the software's not running properly as it should then you know you're going to have lots of problems and pain trying to turn the thing on and off they're fairly cheap I mean I think I'd pick mine up for about six or seven US dollars each in a pack of like 10 it's incredible they seem to be quite reliable I mean as with anything from the east you've got to make sure that it's been built correctly so I mean I opened all of them up and made sure to check that there was no leftover flux on the board or anything like that I've written some firmware with ESP home for these boards basically they come up as MQTT they come up as MQTT so you can easily turn them on and off using MQTT and also you can update the firmware quite easily over wifi with them it supports over the air upgrade so the ESP home firmware that I've written is available for those also a side note I've got home assistant running at home and you can turn the relays on and off using that quite easily and also there's a PDU at the bottom that is another sonoff device which actually supports power measurement that I'm trying to implement at the moment so I can actually get a feel of how much power the whole setup's using and it's also a kill switch because everything is hidden behind the behind that one PDU so you can easily turn off the whole setup when I go away hopefully there's no fires or anything like that in terms of the console I'm just using standard USB to UART adapters cheap clone FTDI adapters as I say they can become buggy with the USB hub so it needs a little bit more investigation from my side in some cases the bugs are just it stops communicating it can happen after an hour or after two weeks it just needs a little bit of investigation to find out what it actually is I'm also investigating using silicon labs adapters which I think CP 2102 or something like that and they've got additional GPIO pins so rather than having a separate relay board I can use the GPIO pins that are on the USB to UART adapters to do various things so if anyone wants to use my I don't know who that was anyway if anyone wants to use my lab they can quite easily jump in using an SSH tunnel lab replyant supports that out of the box the only thing here is the exporters and the devices the exporters need to reach the devices locally and the exporter needs to reach the co-ordinator but other than that as long as you have a SSH tunnel to the co-ordinator it's really easy I mean I go personally through a VPN back to home but this is the perfect way to let others use the lab so in terms of using CI I've got a GitLab runner that runs on the same machine as the exporter and a small shell script that basically just mirrors what you would do in interactive mode so powering on the device locking the device copying the files running the test scripts and the command on the board and then powers off the device when it's finished and reports back to state you can also write your own tests for lab grid with pie test I've not done anything with that so I can't really comment on it but there are plenty of examples on GitHub so really I wanted to talk about the future improvements that I would like to make to lab grid all the things that I see as pain points so as I said before I'm running Docker containers in my setup the Docker containers that are available at the moment are just for AMD64 so I've got a branch that I'm working on at the moment that builds the containers for ARM64 that then run on the Raspberry Pi I'd like to add in ESP Home API support at the moment I use MQTT but it's just a big kind of mess in my setup at the moment I think GPO drivers for the USB serial port I talked about I've got lots of all-winner boards and I'd like to be able to flash those using the lab grid setup so that should be quite a simple driver to add and also I'd like to be able to upload files to the exporter using lab grid client as far as I can tell there's no ability to do that at the moment so I have to manually upload the files that's just a small pain point for me some improvements that I'd like to make to my lab I'd like to document it, I'd like to tidy things up a little bit I'd like to add some more boards like I say I've probably got about 30 different boards that I'd like to add I mean it would be really nice to get them actually all running the biggest pain point in the setup is the PDU slots maybe I'd like to create an open hardware PDU if anyone's interested in talking about that after please see me it's the biggest problem in the setup because if we go back and take a look at my my setup it's basically taken up half of the space and it's just a bit of a kind of mess so that's one thing I'd really like to solve so if you want to learn more about lab grid I've put some links here basically there's a setup video that explains exactly how to set the thing up I think it's about half now it's a really good little video I've linked to the documentation and the source code as well I've got some special thanks I'd like to give some companies that donated the boards that I've used in my lab and I'd finally like to thank Jan as well for reviewing my slides at such short notice it's really appreciated and with that I'd like to have any questions you can come later yes please exactly I think really it doesn't matter because you can have many different devices but it's just how many run concurrently with a console so I'm looking really to add in more USB slots more console slots in future the original goal and motivation behind this was to actually do some research to see if that would be the case so I wanted to set up a homelab first and then based on that figure out whether it would be useful to set up a larger lab somewhere for use of interactive mode so I think that's the next stage is to set up a bigger farm and see whether it scales exactly yes I mean you can connect up GPOs to the system and you can put it into a flashing mode and then yeah so I think that comes under a little bit more of the the testing modes of it so you can set the board up into different modes in like a flashing mode right so I think that the reason behind calling it a place please correct me if I'm wrong is that you don't specifically have to have a board in that place you could have a place that allows you to put in different boards into that place so you know for systems where you can remove the board and put in a different one for instance I mean that I would personally say board and place could be used interchangeably but it's a design decision that maybe we'll discuss later the back please I've not looked at that personally but there are options in Labrude for that and there's plenty of demos for that on the Pengatronics YouTube site so again I've not looked at that personally but I'm sure that there is options for that yes please so at the moment just to make it really simple I've just got one VLAN for all the devices so all the devices could talk to each other but that would be a good next step VLANs per device I'm not sure on that the answer's no so I found in my own lab that I changed the wires around enough that maintaining the mapping between like the USB ports and the ethernet ports it's just it always gets out of date I don't know if labels for me labels would be hard to make so thank you very much for coming and thank you very much for listening so patiently thanks


Good morning everybody. I come from Teri, the energy and resources institute from New Delhi. So as Diane has already told that I'll be discussing about two cities, the work in two cities that we have done under the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network. This is of course a part of the Rockefeller initiative in ten Asian cities. It started with ten Asian cities and now the replication and scaling up is going on. So Teri was the national partner to ACCRN as a policy advisor to start with from the year 2009, where we were looking at how the policy could be steered, could be developed in the sense that mainstreaming of resilient strategies that are being prepared under the ACCRN initiative could be brought about in the policy arena and there should be learning and you know some kind of development in the policy at the policy level in the central level as well as the state level in cities in India. So as part of that way we made a synthesis review of all the policies, regulations that were present in India at that time which were steering urban development processes, environmental planning processes in Indian cities. The synthesis review is right now available at the ACCRN website. Later on we moved on to bring out some case studies where we could actually showcase how mainstreaming can be done in cities which have resilience plans and which do not have resilience plans. So considering this particular factor we started with two cities. One was one of the core ACCRN cities which is Gorakhpur and the other was a new city that we picked Gohati. So for Gorakhpur there was already a resilient strategy that was prepared in the ACCRN phase one and we did an institutional analysis, a regulatory review of bylaws and legislations and policies for this city and gave them a mainstreaming plan where they could implement a resilient strategy. The notion being that the city when we interacted with the city government the question that was arising every now and then was yes, we know that there is a resilient strategy but we don't know in the absence of a national policy or a state level policy to bring in resilience planning in city climate, resilience planning in cities, the city said that we do not know how to do it. So there were various adaptation options that were discovered and brought out and the resilient strategy was propagating them in various urban sectors but the people in the government did not know how to implement them because there was no law or policy through which they could propagate those adaptation mechanism or bring in finance to help do so. In the new city of Gohati we started off from scratch doing the risk and vulnerability analysis. We did the climate modeling through our supercomputing facility that we have in Terry. I used the regional models to do the climate modeling framework for the city and bring out a detailed resilience planning strategy. This time you know collaborating the resilient strategy with the mainstreaming plan as well. So these are the two cities that we worked with. I will briefly go through what we have done in these two cities. Gorakhpur is in the eastern part of India. It's a medium-sized city in Uttar Pradesh. It has a very typical geographical location. It's a bold-shaped city. It recites at the Tarai region, Himalayan Tarai region and the frequency of floods is very high and because of various reasons like the very poorly developed urban services, the bad urban planning practices, uncontrolled urban sprawl has led to the situation that some of the areas of the city remain waterlogged for about seven to eight months in a year. So these are some of the pictures which show what happens to Gorakhpur in monsoon season and the rainy season and also a few months beyond rainy season as well. And a lot of health problems every year about 300 to 400 children die because of encephalitis that spreads in the city and the lack of health facilities. The situation is very bad in the city during that time. So in ACCRN phase one, basically some other NGO, which is a local partner with the ACCRN, the Gorakhpur Environment Action Group, they did the climate scenario building and detailed risk and vulnerability assessment and they prepared the resilient strategy for the city. The resilient strategy was basically an evolutionary resilient strategy which focused on capacity building of the city as well as the community. It targeted physical and institutional actions to improve the drainage system, the housing, health and communication systems, all those sectors that were not only vulnerable but also inefficient in their services and urban management aspect. The resilient strategy also calls for information, data and knowledge focused activities to establish the evidence base required for long-term planning. It was based on shared learning dialogue, which is one of the mechanisms which is very important under the ACCRN framework where the communities are involved, people are involved and their aspirations and demands are understood and their perceptions of the future of the cities are analysed and then brought out in the resilient strategy. So this was phase one and then that was the time when Terry stepped in to propose the mainstreaming of this resilient strategy because what happened was that the resilient strategy was made and then the Rockefeller Foundation supported some of the pilot projects that were identified as adaptation projects within the city itself. However, the resilient strategy had a lot more to do with only these pilot projects and to have this resilient strategy mainstream implemented in a holistic manner, it was necessary for, we felt it necessary that the city should know how they can bring in, if not all, then most of the options that are being, you know, that have been developed through this resilience process. So we did a very extensive literature review of the resilient strategy of the vulnerability report that were present, prepared. The University of Gorakhpur had prepared during this process a very detailed hydrological study of the city, which was a very important document to understand the problems that the city was facing and the reasons why they were facing. Then we moved on to do a very, very detailed review of the institutional and regulatory environment within the city at the state level and at the national level, because all these three levels are integrated and none of the level can work without knowing or without, you know, having an access to the other level. So national level policies are made at state level, the acts are there, state level planning acts are there, the town planning acts are there, which are, you know, driving development in cities and at city level they have various bylaws, development regulations, master plans, city development plans, through which they are, you know, taking up planning actions. So we did that review and we engaged into a lot of consultation exercise with the community, with the people in the city, the city officials, municipal corporation, health officials, people in the department. So all the stakeholders and we took up with that and gave a very detailed sectoral mainstreaming actions with supporting regulations and institutions and also action plans to the city of Gorakhpur as to how they can mainstream climate resilience. Guwahati is another city in Assam in the northeast part of India, where we took up, we've made a framework for risk assessment, which basically involved hazard identification and risk and vulnerability assessment for the city. This was then, you know, kind of additionally we did the climate projection analysis for the city as to how the climate will be changing to understand how this risk will change then with the changing climate and made a resilient strategy for the city, giving them also the mainstreaming plan. So these are some of the photographs that you can see during the monsoon season last year in Guwahati, which is again, Guwahati again is a developing city. If you look at the population, it has just doubled in the last 10 years. We also did a lot of GIS based modeling on the city, the urban sprawl, the bareness index, the vegetation index, which has changed considerably in the last 10 years. Vulnerability analysis included, you know, doing a layer analysis through GIS on how the flooded areas, the location of the slums, how the transport systems is being hampered, the eco sensitive zones are being hampered because of the flooding system and water logging is taking place in the city. Again, city consultation, shared the learning dialogues, involvement of the community, people, citizens was one of the main elements of this study. And a resilient strategy, which gave inputs on housing, ecologically based urban planning, the urban services and infrastructure, disaster resilience, through structural measures, regulatory support, institutional supports and community participation. A mainstreaming action plan was given to the city as well, with existing policies and regulations. This is my last line. So if I come to the observations and wave forward of all this process that we did, ACCRN, I would say that it is an external agent that, you know, kind of drive, drove this kind of change in these two cities. However, if we are thinking about mainstreaming urban resilience planning in other cities in India, their application and the scalability of these kind of options, it is very essential that the government or the city itself has that kind of capacity to come up with their own plans and can do these exercise. And how can we do, what are the challenges in doing that and how can we do that? One is that we see that the communities are moving away from indigenous knowledge from the traditional practices and it has become fashionable to use, you know, imitated west or something that is not very fit for planning and construction in the city's context. And Gaurakpur and Guwahati, both the cities are stark examples of this kind of practices and creating Hawaks in the city. There are regulations in India which include community participation which talk about, in fact, there is a whole Constitution Amendment Act, 74th Constitution Amendment Act, that decentralizes powers and functions to the urban local bodies. However, it has not been implemented in its true spirit. There is a community participation law which the cities have to, you know, implement, the state have to implement. However, it is not, again, taken up into its true spirit and people are not, and the aspirations and the demands of people are not coming into the planning processes. Of course, lack of political will is one of the main reasons. Then the third problem that we recognized was urban adaptation or resilience planning. In the lack of a policy, a national policy or the state level policy, there is no recognition at the level of the cities. Because we are talking about medium cities, the smaller towns are even worse. So then lack of state and national level policies. So urban development planning is a state subject in India. So even if there are policies at the national level, until and unless they are recognized at a state level, and the corresponding state regulations are processed or acts are processed, it is difficult for the cities to even start implementing any of these. So some of the recommendations that we are giving to the cities for scalability and replication of these resilience planning is inclusion in national policy to see that the state's buy-in is there to increase or build the capacity of the city, not only of the city officials, but also the community. Awareness and drive is very, very essential because so that the community can demand for themselves and engagement of the community. So developing various forums through which community can come forward and tell the government so that kind of interaction between the government and community has to be established. So that the overall facility that is provided is not only community driven, but it is also taking into account the environmental factors and other you know research inputs from the local people itself. Thank you very much. Thank you, Divya.


Now let us assume that the impulse response and the input both do have a discrete time Fourier transform. So let us assume this situation. You have an unicyle system, impulse response h n, input x n, output y n and we assume that x omega exists, h omega exists and y omega also exists, all of them exist. We ask what is the relation between y omega, x omega and h omega? We would again first like to obtain this relation without the mathematics and then we shall do the mathematics. Without the mathematics, what is the interpretation of x omega? x omega is nothing but the component of the sequence along ea is the power j omega n. So focus your attention on that particular component of the input along the angle of frequency omega. When you apply x n to this LSI system, you see what are you applying? You will know that when we apply x n, you are actually applying minus pi to pi, x omega e raised to pi j omega n d omega to the system. Now invoke the property of homogeneity and additivity, only additivity if you like. You can think of x omega as a constant and the integral is required to or rather additivity is required to act on the integral. So you are saying take a combination of many different e raised to the power j omega n here for different values of omega and that combination is taken by the integration. Now x omega requires homogeneity, it is a constant. So multiply each of these vectors by a constant x omega, integrate or add over all such components, make the addition to its limit and make an integration. Now you know the property of LSI systems. What will be the output b to e raised to the power j omega n? It is going to be h omega times e raised to the power j omega n. Because of homogeneity when you multiply it by x omega, the output is going to be x omega times h omega e raised to the power j omega n. Because of additivity when you integrate this over all omega, the output also gets integrated over all omega. So it is very clear that why omega is going to be integral in fact let us write on the next page. Why omega is going to be integral of course you know I have forgotten a factor of 2 pi, I did not pay too much of attention to that. So if you put that factor of 2 pi back again here, why omega is going to be 1 by 2 pi x omega times h omega e raised to the power j omega n d omega from minus pi to pi. But you see y omega is also equal to 1 by 2 pi into I am sorry y n is also equal to 1 by 2 pi integral minus pi to pi y omega e raised to the power j omega n d omega and y n is also equal to this. So y n must have this expression from our reasoning of Eigen sequences and y n must have this expression from the inverse discrete time Fourier transform. And therefore it is very clear that why omega must be equal to x omega times h omega very important result. So here you have an interpretation of the result before we even derive it mathematically. The interpretation is that we have thought of the input as a linear combination of several rotating complex numbers rotating with different angular velocities, normalized angular velocities omega. The output is going to be the linear combination of the same complex exponentials. But the complex exponentials are going to get multiplied by their Eigen value h omega for h omega and then you are going to integrate this over the omegas. And here we are using four things in the context of linear shift invariant systems additivity, homogeneity, shift invariance and finally the Eigen sequence property that is e raised to the power j omega n when it goes into the error sign system comes out as h omega times e raised to the power j omega n. Now here we have seen effectively that when you convolve x n and h n and then you take the discrete time Fourier transform it is equivalent to multiplying the discrete time Fourier transform of the individual sequence. Now this will be in the context of an LSI system and we now have a beautiful interpretation for it. But we want to prove this in general. So what we are saying is convolution in time, convolution in the natural domain it could be time corresponds to multiplication in the frequency domain. So you see here we are now introducing this whole idea of domain. You know the same signal or the same sequence can be viewed in different domains. All this while we have been viewing it in what is called the natural domain, the domain in which that signal occurs that could be time or it could be space or whatever. But we can take the sequence of the signal to a different domain where you can equivalently view it. Now you see this is a reversible process as we have seen. You can go from the natural domain to the frequency domain by using the discrete time Fourier transformation and you can come back from the discrete time Fourier transform to the natural domain or the frequency domain to the natural domain by using the inverse discrete time Fourier transform. So it is invertible. Yes? Now we need to prove this. We have proved this or we have explained or we have justified this in the context of an LSI system but let us prove it in general algebraically. So let us prove this, prove in general that if I take X1n and X2n and if they respectively have the dt of t's X1 and 2 of omega and if X1 convolved with X2 also has a dt of t let us call it Y then Y omega is equal to X1 omega times X2 omega. You want to prove this in general. You want to prove it algebraically. Now that is easy. In fact, consider the dt of t of X1 convolved with X2. Of course it is summation k running from minus to plus infinity, summation l running from minus to plus infinity. Now you need to first evaluate the convolution at the point k and then multiply this by e raised to power minus j omega k and I have assured myself that this double summation converges. That is why I said that the dt of t of the convolution exists. Now if it does let us collect all the summations into 1. So really this becomes summation k over all the integers, summation l over all the integers X1l X2k minus l e raised to power minus j omega k and we use a standard trick. You see the troublesome term is this. So let us put k minus l equal to m. So now what we are going to do is consider instead of l and k we are going to move to l and m. Remember that l and k independently run over all the integers and of course from this we also see that m is equal to I am sorry we want to eliminate k. So k is equal to l plus m. You see l when l is of course as it is. So l runs independently over all the integers. But what about m? For a fixed l when k runs over all the integers so does m and therefore a double summation where l and k independently run over all the integers is equivalent to a double summation on l and m both of them independently running over all the integers.  This is e raised to power minus j omega l into e raised to power minus j omega m. Now you observe that it is only these two terms that depend on l and it is only these two terms that depend on m.  So this is X2 omega it is independent of l and I can bring it outside and once I bring it outside I see that this is nothing but X1 omega here. So there we are.  So we have proved this. So we have a very significant result here but when you convolve two sequences if both of them have discrete time Fourier transforms and of course then assuming that the convolution does too, the discrete time Fourier transform of the convolution is the product of the discrete time Fourier transforms of the individual sequences.


Now this wonderful city of Belgrade, they've just given me two hours in your great city. Hey, you're clapping your hands. What is this? I'm crying about it. The UNFAO said something which really deeply hurt me is the soil that we're consuming right now belongs not even to these little children, belongs to the unborn child.  We have to change this. So this is not a guilt trip. This is not an agitation. This is an expression of our love and responsibility for our own lives and the future lives.


Ladies and gentlemen silent Mike back with another video today. We're gonna talk about the all The ultimate the only leg day we got good response when we talked about building the best chest We can in the most efficient way to build a chest. So I read in the comments below How do you do this? What are your suggestions for leg day building big old treat shrunks before we dig into the video? Do me a favor be sure to subscribe turn on notifications give this video a thumbs up. Let's see if we can reach 1 1,000 Thumbs in the sky and also do me a favor comment below what topics or videos you want me to cover in upcoming videos new videos every Monday and a Thursday new podcast iTunes Spotify everywhere 50% facts. We take a singular topic me and the one only Jimmy D Break it down the best we can then at the end of the podcast We call on an expert give you the ultimate answer to that question and also I'm twitch streaming every single day Silent Mike on twitch check it out. Let's dig in So I've talked about this multiple times in the past that volume is the biggest indicator for Building strength and building muscle, right? We're talking about how much tonnage? How much work we do day in day out week and week out month out year out overall volume sets times reps times weight Plus a calorie surplus meaning we eat more calories than we need to maintain our body weight That's how we're gonna build the size That's how we're gonna build mass and that's how we're gonna build muscle mixed in with good hydration and a lot of sleep Is gonna be overall best now the biggest difference between strength training trying to build your one rep max weightlifting powerlifting whatever it is trying to get stronger and Bodybuilding or training for aesthetics trying to look better. The only main differences are Exercise variation and perhaps how many exercises you do? Hypothetically speaking if you're a powerlifter you could become very very good at powerlifting with just the squat bench and deadlift now You do risk some weak points That may end up aggravating some injuries or getting a little bit of wear and tear It may not be optimal, but you can be really good at squat bench dead and get strong With bodybuilding it's highly likely that you need a larger pool of tools a larger pool of exercise variation to get better Now we're talking about building muscle They do go hand-in-hand because we want progressive overload what we want is to build sets reps and that load Over time again more volume will build more strength and more size So when we start with your leg training we mostly want to start out with most bang for your buck What exercise hits the most amount of your legs allows you to lift the most amount of weight because the more weight that we can lift the more we can progress if I'm doing a pinky curl My little pinky can only lift like I don't know 12 ounces So for me to progress with my pinky because it's such a little muscle. It's gonna take a lot of time I'm gonna lift 12 ounces and for 10 reps then maybe 12 ounces for 10 and a half reps Then 11 reps then maybe I can do 13 ounces But if I can squat 400 pounds, I can do sets of 5 with 315 then I can do sets at 6 with 320 You know more sets more reps weekly progression. Hopefully that makes sense So what I suggest starting out with is finding an exercise a big compound exercise that fits good for your body and what you enjoy Number one best I think would be the back squat another good compliment to the back squat is maybe a front squat a pod squat Or if you don't enjoy those movements a leg press will do maybe even a Bulgarian split squat All these movements allow you to progressively overload allow you to use a lot of tonnage a lot of volume and a large part of your leg You're basically using every muscle from your glutes down and that's what we're aiming for so what I suggest there is starting out with the majority of your workout maybe 50 to 60 75% of your workout focused in on that movement so you can handle the most amount of weight handle most amount of volume and Do the most stimulus to your legs as you can rep ranges if you're squatting multiple times a week or doing legs multiple times a week You can vary those rep ranges Commonly known as daily undulating periodization where basically one day a week you focus a little bit more on strength Right or say we have squat workout a and squat workout B squat workout a would maybe be Three to five sets of anywhere from three to six reps. It's a little bit heavier It's a little bit less reps and you're getting in that strength training where extra set leg day B You'll also be squatting but now we're gonna do three sets of maybe six to ten reps a little bit lighter and a little bit more reps We're gonna stimulate different muscle fibers And we're also going to condition ourselves in different rep ranges one a little bit strength one a little bit strength endurance Second exercise if we're gonna break this down nice and simple what I think best for legs is a reverse lunch Now any lunge will do walking lunges are great. There's many different kinds again a Bulgarian split squat would be great I think the reverse lunges a great movement for the quadriceps itself You're still doing a compound movement. You're working a large part of your leg hamstrings glutes calves are all still involved It's easy to load. I prefer a kettlebell But you can do dumbbells you can do a barbell across your back And I also think it adds a little bit of athleticism coordination and balance if you're doing a reverse walking Lunge if you all try to be some athlete and I think adding any type of balance coordination is highly beneficial Not only for your mind, but for your body and it works a little bit extra in your calves although miniscule I think it's worth it overall Last movement would be some type of hamstring movement. I believe the RDL Romanian deadlift is a great movement again dumbbells barbells or kettlebells, but I think the barbell in particular is the best I think you can do higher rep ranges You can really feel your hammies and glutes working if we got the same setup for workout a and workout B And we're using the reverse lunge for a second movement again It focuses in on our entire leg a little extra on the quadriceps again if we're doing that leg extension on the reverse Workout a might be three sets of six to eight a little bit heavier load And then workout B might be maybe ten to even fifteen reps three sets a little bit lighter load And what we try to do again week to week month to month is progress and not only by adding load But we can do an extra set or we can do an extra rep as needed Once you start to get stronger and you've been training for a very long time You can't just add five pounds every week to these movements So you'll have to add a set maybe a rep and progress very slowly incremental progress is still progress my friends Now that we did our main compound movement We did a little bit of quadricep But still another compound movement a little bit of an isolation movement is the RDL the Romanian deadlift I think it's a great movement exercise selection to really Accentuate the hamstrings and the glutes. I prefer a barbell, but you can use it with dumbbells You can also use it with kettlebells a machine some people do it on the cable But I think the barbell you can really load this movement up if you keep your back nice and neutral and really focus on pushing back into your hips Keeping your shoulders directly over the bar knees slightly Hinged and I like to really load it up back when I was deadlifting really really heavy I was load these things up with 315 365 405 again if we're working with the workout a in the workout B I think the first one a little bit heavier sets a six to eight and The second workout work out be three three to five sets anywhere from 10 to even 15 and really feel a burn on that guy Working our muscle endurance last but not least You can't forget it My friend up in the north Winter is coming Omar is soft the one and only the king of the calves the king of the cows the king of the bulls You can't end a workout Without doing a little bit calves involved now If it's if it's purely aesthetic goals and you want to balance symmetrical physique calves are going to be necessary for Entirely of athletic movement.  But all the rest of our muscles get maybe not because you do use them a lot when you're running jumping Etc on their own and they're constantly inflection themselves when you're standing walking, etc But you know a couple sets of seated calf raises real slow controlled relax at the bottom allow that stretch to kind of dissipate We have a very elastic Achilles heel. It's very our Achilles tendon It's a very strong and it's really wound up So you want that thing to relax and then control it yourself to contract control the movement both ways three sets Maybe 15 then some standing calf raises three to 20 similar motion Don't bounce up and down you see a lot of guys in there doing freakin Jumping jack jump rope on the machine itself really slow and control that movement again Kind of relax at the bottom in that flex position by the boom by the bang I personally like to do a little bit of core at the end of a Workout sometimes it just feels good to get blood into my abs again for aesthetic reasons and mental reasons You can get great ab development just by doing compound movements like lunges And squats themselves and when you get lean enough those abs will show But I love a little bit of legging hanging leg raises some cable crunches or machine crunches It just feels good for me And then if you're a little bit more advanced some windmills on The barbell trying to pretend like I'm a gymnast going to the 20 24 Olympic Games 2020 whatever year it might be But that's my leg routine for some girthy tree trunks comment below What you guys want me to cover next I do appreciate you sound like I'm out of here catching the next one


Thank you. Please sit down. Thank you. Thank you. Madam Ambassador, thanks for putting together a crowd for us. Folks, I'm delighted to be here and happy to be back with so many distinguished people. And I mean that sincerely. Many of you know as much or more about the subjects I'm going to speak to than I do, including is Elizabeth Blackburn here, Elizabeth Nobel Laureate, who found the Brachogene, she can, as they all say and go, she's forgotten more about this than I'm going to know. But folks, I'm happy to be back here at the World Economic Forum at Davos to talk about the fight against cancer. And I'm accompanied by Greg Simon, who is Executive Director of the Administration's Cancer Moonshot, and who will lead my Biden Cancer Initiative when I launch after we leave office, which is in about 48 hours. I hope I have a right home. I'll talk about it in a few moments. But Greg, where are you? Greg has had a great deal of experience in this area, and he's led the initiative the last year for the President and me. Last year, I arrived at the forum a few days after President Obama delivered his final State of the Union address, where he announced, quite frankly, to my surprise that he was putting me in charge of a National Cancer Moonshot to double the rate of progress in preventing and diagnosing and treating cancer. And I was not only generally surprised by the announcement, I was generally surprised by the response that I got both at home and abroad. Here at Davos, I was scheduled, Klaus had asked me to deliver the keynote address on the promise and perils of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and to participate in a few bilateral meetings over the remaining days. But given the overwhelming interest in the Cancer Moonshot, the forum asked me if I could quickly convene a roundtable of cancer experts, who Dr. Elizabeth was one of them, to discuss where we are and where we need to go in the fight against cancer. And so I did it in a few days' notice. We put together such a roundtable and it kicked off, for me, it was a year-long journey that's taken me literally around the world, meeting with the best cancer researchers, doctors, and patients, as well as philanthropists, heads of state, they've all been part of it. But I'm back here today to outline how far we've come and what, at least from our perspective, what path we should chart moving forward. And let me start with where we believe we are. When we announced the Cancer Moonshot, I knew there would be a lot of skeptics out there and said, well, here we go again. Haven't we done this before? President Nixon, when he declared war on cancer in 1971, he was earnest and sincere and very committed. But what makes the difference between then and now is the single big difference is that he had no army. He had no resources. He had no weapons. He had no strategy to win. But after 45 years, with many of you in this room doing incredible work, 45 years of progress, after decades of funding research, training scientists and physicians, treating millions of patients, we now have an army. We now have powerful new technologies and tools like immunotherapy that, by the way, even six, eight, 10 years ago was viewed kind of as a voodoo science out there. It wasn't really an integral part of this fight that makes cancer cells visible to the immune system so our natural defenses can destroy the cancer. Surgeons are using cutting-edge robotics to allow for far more precise imaging to find the cancer and more precisely surgically remove the cancer in hard-to-reach areas. Liquid biopsies that find early signs of cancer in the blood and tell you whether or not you have a particular cancer. These advances and many other provide hope that more precise medicines and diagnostics might greatly improve and detect and defeat cancer. But on so many levels, we've now reached an inflection point. When the system was set up before, we thought there was basically only one cancer in different parts of the body. We've now learned there are over 200 specific kinds of cancers. For decades, we thought we could tackle cancer one discipline at a time. But that's not how cancer operates. Cancer uses every tool at its disposal. It hides from the immune system. It builds its own blood supply system. It uses viruses to spread. It engineers a friendlier environment, a cellular environment in which to survive. And it knows how to spread through the body using pathways and mutations that we don't fully understand yet. And cancer never gives up. It never surrenders. That's why we have to use every discipline cancer does. And that's what we're starting to do in a way that's only really begun in the last five or six, seven years. Five years ago, as I said, oncologists weren't routinely working closely with immunologists, virologists, geneticists, chemical and biological engineers. Now they are. Even though therapies are finding the keys to making cancer cells visible and targeting them, virologists are now working on vaccines to prevent and treat cancers. Geneticists are cataloging mutations that drive cancers. The chemical and biological engineers are helping engineer environments hostile to cancer. And they're all working together. You know, like many of you, I decided to become acquainted with this after someone close to me and my family was diagnosed. You tend to try to learn everything you possibly can once that occurs. And I knew a little about the discipline. And like I said, what impressed me was that so much of this is really very brand new in terms of the collaboration. Also there's recognition that by aggregating and sharing millions of patients' data, like genomics, family history, lifestyles, treatment outcomes, and by using super computing power that we can do now a million, billion calculations per second, we can understand why one therapy or treatment works for one person and not for another for the same exact cancer. And today it was just announced that two major data-sharing organizations who were part of the roundtable, five of them were here when we had the roundtable last year. Two of them, Cancer Link and another that focuses on genomic information called Project Genie, are joining forces to accelerate data-sharing and five groups, Washington, privately. And they came to my office for an hour and a half and I asked each of them to explain to me, help educate me as to what they were doing. And I remember when we finished saying something that will not surprise you all, but you said, didn't you know that, Joe? I looked and said, but it sounds like you're all doing the same thing. No, I'm not being facetious. I said, you've all just made the case to me, the more data you can aggregate across the spectrum, the more likely you are to find patterns, the more likely you are to find cures and or treatments. Why aren't you talking to one another? And I remember afterwards, several of them walking up to me as we were having coffee and pulling me aside and saying, keep this up, keep this up. But I didn't do it. I had nothing to do with this shared collaboration. But the point is, the mood is changing as I felt it just in the last year. I also learned from the best minds in the world that the strategy we've been following is equivalent to fighting the last war. The model of scientific breakthroughs for most of the history was one of individual achievement. There was no salt in the laboratory, finding the, creating the polio vaccine. There was little of any sharing among hospitals and researchers and little ability to share it if they wanted to share. And across the world, our funding processes in systems and academic research primarily follow that old model. So the moonshot has fundamentally been about two things since I began it. And the first objective I've had was to inject the urgency of now into this fight and double the rate of progress and do it in five years instead of ten. And when I say urgency of now, the brightest minds I've met in the world, and I've been doing my job and mostly working on strategic doctrine and foreign policy in my career, the brightest people I've met. I've met now and spoken with over 13,000 cancer researchers and the two major organizations. I've met with scores and scores of leaders in the field. I've met with seven or eight Nobel laureates in the field. And the amazing thing to me is that they're all working so hard. But with a few changes, even without learning more information, we could probably extend the life of a lot of people. You know, the one thing that the clinicians can tell you is, and those of you who are clinicians, how many times you've had a patient say to you, doctor, can you just, I know you can't save me, but can you just give me two more weeks so I can watch you get married, doc? Doc, doc, can you just, can you just keep me around for another month so I can see my first grandchild born, doc? Doc, I'm not asking for anything, except can you just extend a little bit? I might be able to get my finances in order. You hear that all the time. I heard that at my son's bedside. He wasn't afraid of dying, but he wanted to settle a few things. Greater collaboration with no new breakthroughs can have the possibility of being able to say to one in four or five of those patients, yeah, I can figure a way just a little longer. The second thing, the objective I had, was changing the culture, coming up with a new strategy for this fight, not for the strategy for the last fight. We have four primary structures for organizing the moonshot. One, we established the White House Cancer Moonshot Task Force. To reimagine the federal government's fight and role in this fight, to break down silos in the federal government to, I went all over the world literally, asking for suggestions of what should we be doing better. Under this task force, which I engaged in, Greg met with members of each of the departments at least once every two weeks for updates on progress that was being made on things we were trying to do. We engaged everyone from the National Institute of Health to the Defense Department, to Veterans Affairs. But to some agencies, never been involved, NASA.  Or the Patent Office? Or the Environmental Protection Agency? Or the White House Policy Council? The Office of Science and Technology Policy? The Office of Management and Budget? They all have a role to play. Secondly, we hosted a Cancer Moonshot Summit in June. Some of you participated in that summit. We held it in DC, where 400 of you came. We had roundtables on various aspects of dealing with cancer. Some of you were there, made significant contributions. But interestingly enough, we simulcast, in effect, these roundtables where 7,000 people around the country gathered in 300 local summits held in every single state, including Guam and Puerto Rico. To try to, again, inject this notion of the urgency of now. And the summit workshops launched a torrent of new collaborations and innovative initiatives across all sectors. And they continue to this day. For example, we got a call from IBM. How'd you like to borrow Watson? They came to us and offered Watson, their supercomputer, to partner with the largest hospital in the world, the Department of Defense and the Veterans Affairs. So now a veteran can get her genome or tumor sequence to Walter Reed. And they're very good at it. And they can do it quickly. And then Watson will search all specific therapies that would target that particular cancer and provide recommendations to physicians and tumor boards to use in choosing the right therapy. So you increase the prospect that the first time out will be the best shot out. In June, I was at the University of Chicago where we launched the National Cancer Institute Genomic Data Commons. The purpose was to bring together cancer sequencing data and related patient information from the cancer genome atlas. Well, that atlas comprised 14,000 individuals with that data. Now the database has grown now at over 30,000 individuals. And our international agreements are going to add tens of thousands of more patients' data. And Amazon came along and says, look, we'll agree to make their cloud computing available to help us store this enormous amounts of data that this project you're going to generate. But the important thing is that it's totally open access database, able to be accessed by any research in the world. Eliminating silence, it did not exist a year ago. And this data has already been accessed and used by more than 5 million times. And this was in the spring of last year, increasing chances exponentially that we may find some answers. We also transformed access to cancer clinical trials. In the United States, only 4% of the people diagnosed with cancer ever become part of a clinical trial, which is how research advances and maybe the only possibility of saving the patient's life, maybe. So we engaged the president's innovation fellows, some of the top young technology minds in the world, mostly from Silicon Valley, who've dedicated a year to commend these are trying to modernize the whole government. So I went to them and said, look, there's no way anyone can rationally go and figure out that oncologists from Bemidji, Minnesota, who's come up with an accurate diagnosis, doesn't know where to turn. He's not near on one of the great cancer centers in the United States. So where did they go? There was a site that said you could click on and find out where there are cancer trials, but it was useless. So these brilliant young, they've ranged in age from 25 to 40 thereabouts. Within three weeks, put together a site. They can go now. It's trials.cancer.gov. Type in real words like breast cancer, leukemia, zip codes, age, and then find a list of clinical trials near you or your loved one that previously you could not have easily found. And I find people who are equally excited about this are the pharmaceutical companies. They have trouble finding enough people for their trials. You and your doctor can now find out what trials are available for what types of cancer near you. Another example is NASA. I mentioned earlier, working with the National Cancer Institute, establishing a new collaboration to study the biological effects of particle beam radiotherapy and a novel technology that may deliver a more targeted dose of radiation to tumor cells. The Center for Disease Controls and Prevention is advancing the effort to promote cancer vaccines like HPV vaccine that are safe and effective strategies for combating viruses for various types of cancer. The moonshot also is initiated at the blood profiling atlas pilot represented from the government academia of pharmaceutical diagnostic companies and launching partnerships to create an open database for liquid biopsies to accelerate the development of safe and effective blood profiling diagnostic technologies. And our patient will benefit from this. Stanford Medicine and the VA and Palo Alto are collaborating to establish the Haddon Center at Palo Alto, California, for the potential benefit of both veterans and non-veteran cancer patients. The Haddon Center will utilize particle beam radiotherapy using beams of charged particles such as proton and helium, carbon, or other ions to allow more precise targeting everywhere inside the patient's body potentially, potentially, we don't know yet, resulting in less damage to healthy cells. The reason NASA got in the game is they know more about radiation than anybody in the world. So they're participating. Earlier this year, we announced what we call the NCI, the National Cancer Institute, formulary. This is a public-private partnership with more than two dozen pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, which allows researchers to test existing drugs for new combinations that could be effective against different types of cancer. That's how this is how it works. When you go into the bar and you listen to a song and you put money in a jukebox, you don't have to negotiate a license agreement with each song from the record company you're about to play. That license agreement has already been worked out. But until recently, if you wanted to use a combination of drugs, you had to go through each company, get permission to use each different drug. It literally could take years. A lot of people got lost in the meantime that might have been saved. Now the NCI has already worked out the details of intellectual property, access, and licensing. So researchers and companies know there is an agreement on licensing if the drug is successful and how the intellectual property will be shared. This new system just got launched. An urge, as many of you as possible, to join it, participate and share. It will make an enormous difference potentially. Combination drugs have the potential to do for cancers what many of you have done for HIV. There was total collaboration in HIV. There are dozens of other actions that you can read about in whitehouse.gov slash Cancer Moonshot. The third thing we did was we created a Cancer Moonshot blue ribbon panel for our National Institute to recommend research that holds the most promise for additional investments. Some of you were named to that panel. My dad used to have an expression. He said, Joe, if everything's equally important to you, nothing's important to you. What do the best minds in the world think are the best therapies or technologies that we should be pursuing as rapidly as we can? In what order? That blue ribbon panel delivered a report with transformative recommendations to change the research blueprint for the National Cancer Institute. For example, launching a 3D cancer atlas on colleges today rely on past experience, consultation with multidisciplinary teams, public studies, and other sources to make diagnosis and treatment decisions. But providing a web-based catalog of genetic lesions and cellular interactions in a tumor immune in other cells in the tumor, the microenvironment, one that maps the evolution of the tumor from development to metastases, it's going to enable researchers to develop predictive models for tumor progression and in response to treatment that will ultimately help oncologists make informed treatment decisions for each patient. Now, none of this is a guaranteed promise, but all holds significant potential. Establishing a national network of cancer patients that with appropriate privacy safeguards will provide them a genetic profile of their own cancer and let them pre-register for clinical trials so they can be contacted with a trial in which they may be eligible opens. Establishing clinical trial networks devoted exclusively to immunotherapies for pediatric and adult cancers would advance research in this area and could lead to new vaccines to prevent cancers of all types in children as well as adults. Expanding the use of proven cancer prevention and early detection strategies. Several cancer prevention and risk reduction strategies that have proven to be highly effective, including tobacco control, colorectal cancer screening, HPV vaccine, boosting prevention research to identify ways to increase the uptake of these strategies, especially in medically underserved populations could greatly reduce the incidence and death from long another tobacco related cancers, colorectal cancer, cervical and other HPV related cancers respectively. Here's why it matters. By some estimates, at least 50% of the cancers can be prevented and that prevention falls into three major categories. One, personal actions on the part of the individuals such as living a healthier lifestyle, avoiding cancer risk behaviors like smoking. Second way of prevention is responsibilities of government and news to reduce carcinogenic and toxins in the air, we breathe, the water we drink, the soil we grow our food in. And third is to make available existing diagnostic tools to all communities because we know the earlier cancers detected the better prospect for an outcome. That's good. But there is a fourth outcome, an entirely new set of diagnostic tools that can detect cancers earlier. New technologies like hereditary markers, instead of waiting until you're 48 years old to get your first colonoscopy.  And by continuing to keep an eye on it, prevent you from being the victim of dying of cancer, of that cancer. The fourth, and in addition to the task force report, I was asked to deliver a report to the president in October that included the progress made in 16 and my assessment, and it's only mine, of what the road ahead looks like. Obviously, I would like you all to look at that and criticize it, critique it. Report lays out the changes we need, in more view to implement at our research institutions, universities, to align our research system with the realities and opportunities of the 21st century. And all this has helped us make progress on the international fight against cancer. Last April, I delivered remarks at the conference on regenerative medicine hosted by the Vatican and that the Pope addressed as well. I laid out what I thought to be the guide for international collaboration through the moonshot. One, focus on prevention, access and affordability around the world. Two, raise the urgency of international response to cancer, reflecting the same urgency we bring to infectious disease threats.  And according to many of you experts in the audience, if we don't do anything about it, there will be 26 million dying by 2020. Increased research and patient data sharing among researchers, institutions, foundations and nations supports standardization of data and biorepositories. Increased government investment in cancer research, we should increase it to capitalize in this moment and this inflection point. Since then, the United States has signed 10 Memorand of Understanding in nine countries. I'm supposedly an expert on foreign policy, an expert anywhere from out of town with a briefcase. I have traveled over 1,300,000 miles for the president meeting with heads of state that I've, most of whom I've known most of my career. I was recently in the Gulf, the Persian Gulf recently, seven months ago, talking about the fight against ISIS with the head of state. Sitting on the Gulf, the Persian Gulf, talking about it, he had his people lined up on one side of a table outside and I had mine for a dinner. And before we began, he said, Mr. Vice President, before we talk about ISIS, they called Daesh, before we talk about Daesh, can we talk about cancer? We want to help. And that tour through the Middle East in Jordan and Israel, can we talk about cancer? President put together and 50 heads of state came in the East room with rectangular tables lined up around the entire room with 50 heads of state on how to deal with the nuclear proliferation. The president sat in front of the fireplace and I was directly crossing my back to that famous hallway. Before he began, he said, I know a lot of you want to talk to Joe about cancer, but let's deal with the nuclear issue first. He wasn't made facetious. The result, whether I was in Melbourne, Japan, the UAE, we've signed, we're sought after and signed 10 detailed memorandum of understanding is the how we should jointly proceed. These have focused on data sharing and advanced research. Last month, we saw the United States Congress come together. I know I'm supposedly the guy that Republicans and Democrats like in the Congress. I actually respect the Congress. That's part of the problem that people think I have, but I generally do. And we couldn't get anything through the Congress, but through the leadership of some Republicans in the house and Democrats in the Senate, they put together what they called the 21st Century Cures Act. And no one thought we could pass it at the very waning hours. We were able to go up and get them jointly to appropriate and commit to $6.3 billion in biomedical and health-related research, including $1.8 billion for the National Cancer Institute to invest in additional research as part of the moonshot. This is the one bipartisan thing that exists and I pray will continue to exist in the new administration. But it also is an international consensus. So we have enormous opportunities, I believe, with greater collaboration, but organizing a different pathway than we've been following. This investment, in my view, should be matched by other nations who agree that now is the time to double down on our fight against cancer. And it's my hope, as I've already spoken to the Vice President-Elect, who's a good man about to come in to be Vice President in four days or three days, about my willingness to continue to work with him and the incoming administration to be committed and enthusiastic as we are the goal of ending cancer as we know it and our prayer is they will do that as well. But I know those in the private sector, philanthropy, at academic institutions and non-profit organizations are continuing to work regardless of what the next administration does. There's too much momentum here. And this will include me as a private citizen. I do not have, I hope I'm well informed, but I don't have the expertise most of you have. But I found I have the power to convene and thus far I've been viewed as a fair dealer. I have no interest in any one institution or another. And I maybe even have the ability to occasionally shame. So people move in directions that up to now there's been an unwillingness to move because of the culture that's developed. After I leave office, after meeting with some very significant people who many of you know, a couple in this room as well, they've encouraged me to set up the Biden Cancer Initiative with similar goals of the moonshot. Changing the way we do business and cancer research and development and providing cancer care. The initiative will focus on one, improving data standards and giving patients a mechanism to share their data so they can help many other patients going through the same fight. And so researchers can use the data to find new patients and new cures. Most people are not experts like you. They think that already exists that patients actually own their own data. That people, they actually have access to their own data. I was with one particular researcher and he said, well, we're having trouble getting patients.  The press was with me like here. I said, I bet if I ask them, their networks will give me 15 minutes of prime time to talk about this. I said, I pick one single repository. I'll bet you I get minimum between two and 10 million patients who the next morning will give you their data and say they'll send it there. And this we researched it. Well, yeah, maybe have a point. We got to be on time. Guys, this is not, this is within our wheelhouse. That's the easy part. The hard part is what you all do. Working with community care organization to help improve access of care and quality of care is another focus that we'll have. So outcomes aren't wholly dictated by your zip code. And convening a national conversation with pharmaceutical companies, insurers, biotech companies and others to ensure patients can afford treatments. Too many Americans are forced to sell their homes going to bankruptcy just so a loved one can get the care and hope for the cure as needs to change. And these companies need to have serious remuneration. They're taking real risks, but there's got to be a way. We can figure this out. And also calling for greater transparency and access to clinical trials so more patients can get access to treatments that might work for their cancer. And continuing to work for a cultural change and improvements in our cancer research system. So we make the best use of today's opportunity to generate and share data and knowledge from patients and researchers to help patients everywhere around the world. These are the reasons why I plan on staying involved. Because for the first time in 45 years there's some real movement toward collaboration. Not because people are selfish, but because it wasn't the model. It's not the way it worked for good reason. But the collaboration between cancer centers, drug companies, insurance industry, and government is where the solution lies. And how we'll end cancer as we know it. So let me conclude by saying, which will not shock you, I'm optimistic. I know I'm always optimistic, but I'm optimistic because of the absolute commitment and sheer brilliance I've been exposed to from so many researchers and scientists and these great institutions. You know, I see today when patients get the right therapy the first time for their cancer where prevention is more effective and where care is personalized and more effective with less harmful side effects. I see the day when those younger people of you in this room, when you take your children and grandchildren later for their school physical, that they will, at the time they get their vaccination against measles and mumps, they'll be vaccinated against certain types of cancer. Like you can be vaccinated against HPV virus. I see the day when we'll be able to identify through markers in the blood. Cancers that haven't even developed yet. And the one thing I can tell you, there's hope. I'm only to bet everyone in this room has had cancer or has had a loved one who's had cancer. You understand that feeling when the doctor says it's cancer. You all know at that moment the one thing you most need is some reason to hope. When President Kennedy discussed sending humankind to the moon, he talked about the commitment the nation, and this is the phrase used, the commitment the nation was unwilling to postpone. A very famous speech, and some of you can probably recite the speech, but the part of the speech since I've been a kid that got me the most about my notion about governance, my notion about exploration, my notion about science, as a nation or a people are unwilling to postpone. We should be unwilling to postpone, finding the answer to how to end cancer as we know it. And I'm confident we can do it. You're already doing it. But let's double down. It is about the urgency now. I thank you all for your graciousness and listening, and thank you for having me back.


Hi, I'm Ann Marielle Contera, I'm a tech reporter at AdWeek. Today, we're at the Google hardware store and you pop up from the company and take a look at their different products that they've announced from the Pixel Slate, Pixel 3, and the Google Home Hub. So, let's go check it out. According to Thomas Renees, head of hardware marketing at Google, the whole point of this hardware store is that people can have a different experience than they normally have with retail. The Google Toolbox is a fun way for the company to give customers a one-on-one time with a product. So, customers will give their ID to the store assistant, they check out the Toolbox and then they can sit down in the store's couches and just explore the Google Home Mini or the Pixel 3 or whatever product it is that they want to buy and find out a little bit more about. So, right behind me is the Google Treehouse, where customers can come in and kind of see for themselves what a smart house could be like. All controlled, of course, through the Google Home Hub. So, in the Treehouse, Google has set up a sort of smart home situation where customers can ask the Google Home Hub different questions, like playing around with the different lights and just kind of seeing what it would be like to have it in their own home. At the very end, they get to have a nice selfie moment where they can ask the Pixel 3 to take a selfie of them and it prints out right outside the Treehouse. So, now we're at the final part of the Google Hardware Store experience, where on this floor there's just different experiences where you can try out the products in an even deeper level, such as the Google Swig, where you just take a few photos of the Pixel 3 and using Topshop, a new feature on the phone, and it'll find the best photo for you. No blurriness, no red eyes, nothing wrong with the photo. There's other experience nooks such as YouTube Music and Google Lens, the Google Home Hub and the kitchen, and Google Photos. The whole point of it is to just mesh the hardware and software experience so that consumers can know exactly what they're going to get with the Google products. So that was the Google Hardware Store experience. It's open seven days a week in New York City's Soho neighborhood, and if you're not here, you can go to Chicago's Bucktown neighborhood and check it out there as well. I'm Ann Marielle Contara for AdWik and I'll see you at the next pop-up.


Sotheby's is defending itself at a federal court trial against accusations that it participated in the defrauding of a Russian oligarch out of tens of millions of dollars for works by famed artists like Amadeo Modigliani and Leonardo da Vinci.A lawyer for the auction house told jurors Monday at the start of a Manhattan federal court civil trial that the oligarch, Dmitry Ribolovlev, has only himself to blame, the lawyer says Ribolovlev trusted an art dealer who bought art from Sotheby's and resold it to Ribolovlev at inflated prices. Ribolovlev's attorney told jurors Sotheby's was part of the rip-off.


Amines have been proposed as possible stabilizers of binary pre-nucleation clusters. However, the enhancement instability due to amines appears to not be large enough to overcome the difference in typical atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and amines. Further research is needed in order to address the existing uncertainties. This article was authored by Jason Herb, Marina V. Jack-of-Liva, Alexei Benedicto, and others.


Would you like to learn how to fill in information in just seconds when you create and use a drop-down list in Excel 2016? Rod here and welcome to Burn to Learn. Stay tuned because today you will learn how to do just that. First, let's create a drop-down list for positions in a company. This takes three steps. Step one, create your list. In this case, the list will have areas and sub-areas. Then step two, we need to name our list in our workbook. And here's how. Go to formula on the menu bar, then click name manager. Now click new. Name the list. In this case, the name will be areas. And select the range where Excel will identify the list. And then step three, now select the range where the drop-down list will appear and then go to data on the menu bar. Click on data validation. Then click on settings and then allow lists. Now go to sources and type an equal sign followed by the word areas, which is the name of the list. Be sure to type exactly the same name. Then click OK and we've created a drop-down list. Now you can use the drop-down menu to fill in the information you want in just seconds. Okay, so far you've learned how to make a drop-down list. Feel free to comment and like this video at the end when it's over. Now what if we want to create sub-menus to our list and have the sub-menus correlated to our first list? In order to do that, we have to learn to use the indirect function in Excel. Here's how. Select the range where the drop-down list will appear. Then go to data on the menu bar and click on data validation and then settings. Now allow lists and go to sources and type an equal sign and the word indirect followed by an open parentheses. Now write cell l5 and a close parentheses and click OK. As you can see, now the sub areas have drop-down menus and you can fill in the information you selected previously using the drop-down menus in mere seconds. Imagine the time saved and the personal aggravation avoided by using what you've learned today when working with large databases with thousands of pieces of information. If you liked this video, remember to comment, share it, and hit the like button. And please take a few seconds and subscribe to our channel. Thanks for watching.