Hey folks, good morning. Thank you for coming to our session this morning. I know it's pretty early. Telco, NFV, management in a distributed and heterogeneous cloud is our talk today. My name is Sudhir Ketamaka. I lead an engineering team working particularly on the cloud management solutions at Ericsson. And I'm Harshat Tanna, I'm chief architect on the cloud manager product. We work in the same team basically. So, I know the focus of our talk today is distributed and heterogeneous cloud for the network functions specifically. But before jumping into the crux of the conversation, I just wanted to set a context like talk about NFV a little bit, what's mono from an Etsy perspective? We won't dwell too much on that and then Harshat is gonna take over and talk about the challenges in the distributed cloud and also the heterogeneous cloud. And then a little bit about how Ericsson is working with the various vendors in the community and also the OpenStack to solve these problems in the industry. That's the agenda today. And then we'll have a few minutes for the Q&A. Okay, NFV, obviously the motivation behind this is in the past decade, all the efficiencies, all the gains that the IT and the business and enterprise applications have achieved. Either by balancing out or by conserving the resources in one area versus the other, et cetera. And the telco also want to go into the same direction. So some of the operators along with the vendors came up with this idea of NFV. There is a slight, I mean, you must have heard about this a lot like there are some similarities but at the same time we have some stringent requirements on the high availability, scalability and the five nines, whatever for the telco applications and the network quality of service, criticality of the management platform. I mean, this is something interesting because my 15 years in the industry has been mostly on the management side of things. And even though the applications there are more like IT and enterprise are more like IT, still the requirements are more like the network application. So management platforms are also very, very network driven, I would say, or critical from an HA and stability perspective. So close loop control for automation is extremely important in that area. And higher level of automation, this goes for everybody, even in the IT field, it's a common thing. Now, so in Etsy, it's really, it's not standards yet. I think people are working towards that. And this is what the NFV management looks like. Hopefully, you have seen this picture before we got directly from the Etsy. So NFV functions as like industry specifications group in the Etsy. So working with some of the major operators and service providers and vendors, the community is gathering requirements at this stage and trying to come up with some standard mechanisms on how to solve this problem. So I think the phase one is almost ready. This is what phase one looks like. They have come up with like various components in the NFV architecture. And as you can see on the left-hand side, the OSS, BSS. And this is gonna be the focus of our conversation, the NFV orchestrator and VNF manager and virtualized infrastructure manager. They kind of form the whole mono in the picture. So I mean, VIM, obviously that's the closest to a lot of people here from OpenStack who are attending the summit. But of course, I know OpenStack has been also looking at a few other aspects of this architecture. Some of the vendors are looking into that. And NFVI, that's where the infrastructure kind of sits on the hypervisor layer. So that's the overview of the NFV management itself. I'll just go like a few minutes into the various peace parts of the mono itself. And so NFV orchestrator. So it has like four main components, like driven from the VNF and network service catalog. And network services, again, you cannot control them to be just, or you cannot confine them to be just like virtualized. The service could have other needs to connect to other PNFs, the physical network functions, et cetera. So a network service is a little bit more than what a VNF can. So both the catalogs are required by the mono. And then we also have the inventory part where NFV instances and NFVI resources are also stored in the network, in the NFV orchestrator. And also there is mandate, it's not a mandate, but there's a requirement where a single instance has to orchestrate more than one pod or a WIM depending on your needs. So it's like one to many relationship there. And manage the lifecycle of network services spanning multiple VNFs. So different applications needs to be managed. VNF manager, this is the other main component in the mono. It's the management and orchestration of VNF lifecycle. So uses the VNF catalog in the orchestrator. Typically, VNF managers that we have been looking at, they are more specific to the applications because application vendors know exactly what the needs of the application are, what the lifecycle should be, how to provision, monitor, decommission, et cetera. So that has been the traditional trend, but I think there is some hard work going on to come up with a VNF manager that is more generic. But it's a little hard to generalize, but I think we have solved problems like that before. So I'm sure we will see that pretty soon. And the next part is the virtualization manager. So this is the, we call it pod cluster data center, point of presence. And this is the heart of it all here to manage the compute network and storage resources on the VNF VI layer. So all these things together, there is still some work going on. Nothing's 100% standardized yet, but I think we are at a point where we can, in fact, we have already started some of the, to realize this in the actual service provider and operators world. So having said that, I will turn it over to Harshad. Right. Thank you, Surya. So we have gone over the framework of Etsy NFV Mano. And we kind of, Surya touched upon the fact that a single NFVO that is at the top, manages many VNFs, many VNF managers, and also many virtualization infrastructure managers that are managing the NFVI, which is the basic compute network and storage platforms in data centers or pods or whatever, the way you have instantiated this NFVI resources. So there is already the standard rise. There is already a concept that a single orchestrator needs to manage many VNFs. And the critical part to realize in case of telco operators is that many telco operators have continental or even transcontinental footprint. And as a result, they invariably have many data centers, typically 510 and in some cases, we have talked about with some tier one providers, their desire is to ultimately go to 100, 200 data centers where they will like to instantiate the virtualization platforms and manage it from a centralized location so that they have centralized control orchestration of all their virtual network functions which are interconnected with each other and they provide services for all the good things that we know about the mobile phone, wireless and telephony, whatever it is. So that is one of the reason why we are talking about distributed clouds. I'm sure this is true in many of the IT applications also, but it is very, very critical as far as the telco industry is concerned. So the idea is that you have distributed cloud infrastructure and you should be able to create a single logical cloud out of all these distribution that you have in the network. So that is the definition of what we are going to talk about in the distributed cloud. The second aspect of telco infrastructure is the heterogeneity that we are seeing. And this is, as a result of many factors, most of the telco operators that we are talking with, tier ones especially, they are behind OpenStack and you see their presence here in many forms. Many of them are presenting, many of them are present here in the audience, I'm sure. And they are standardized on OpenStack and KVM going forward, but there are still workloads that prefer other virtualization infrastructure. And also there are already virtualized workloads that are running in some other infrastructure and they have to be folded into under the same management umbrella. So that brings in the aspect of heterogeneity. So you have many distributed data centers and many types of distributed data centers that you have to manage. So you could have OpenStack, hopefully majority of them are OpenStack, but you have to have managed VMware as well as other VMs that may exist in the infrastructure. So that's it. So let's then go into what are the critical aspects and how we deal with that from Ericsson as a solution. So the first aspect of the distribution is the orchestration and resource management for this distributed cloud. What it brings is when we think about it, when you are talking about a single data center that is made up of maybe 100, 200 blades or maybe a thousand blades, it is one thing to talk about that scale at that level, at a local level. But now you're talking about maybe hundreds of data centers, some of them may have just five blades because they are deployed closest to the customer's demand, where some excess level network functions or applications are deployed. And then there are some large data centers with couple of thousand blades, but you have to manage 200 or 500 such data centers. So the scale of the orchestration is very different and you have to basically divide and conquer. So the approach we took is that at the course level, the NFEO does the orchestration for the functions and the local orchestration at the host level is left to the WIMPs. A typically open stack already does that with no one neutron schedulers, whereas in vCenter again you can use vCenter to do the local level orchestration of the workloads. So the other aspect that it brings in is the way to describe the workloads and that is another critical part. And standardization like OVF formats or HOT and TOSCA are very critical so that you can describe these workloads in a single format going across all the platforms. You don't want to be tied to one type of orchestration because that may not work with all the platforms. So those are the two critical things and once you have this level of orchestration you also need to manage the data as a result of that. So you have resource information coming from all the data centers. You have to manage that in the centralized manner. So what you see on the left side is the orchestration catalog, CMDB and activation. These are the four components that make up the kind of platform that we need for this kind of distributed cloud and we have put together that in our cloud manager product. The second aspect of such centralized management is a common GUI and common security environment. And I think a lot of people have talked in the federation, at least for the open stack where we are talking about Keystone Federation which is very, very important for us because we did exactly same thing whenever we have open stack Keystone Federates with ForgeRock OpenAM platform that is part of our solution and so does the other platforms that can work with OpenAM. So the security is implemented using a centralized platform with a back end from the WIM level to connect to that. And there is a common northbound API and GUI layer that provides an abstraction of all the telco services, both the network services and VNF level services on that API. And the abstraction is common across all platforms so that you don't have to, user and user doesn't have to know the differences of open stack versus how vCenter manages the resources. The third aspect is the fault and performance management. This is probably bread and butter of the telco operations because without having a solid fault and performance management system or having the needed visibility for fault and performance the no operation team in telco will accept any management system. So we have to have capability to collect large amount of fault and performance data from this distributed and heterogeneous platforms and also store them and present them and give visibility to other systems that may work in conjunction with this platform. So in the Sude showed in the very beginning slides in the architecture you see that NFVO connects to OSSBSS system. So idea is that fault and performance data at the infrastructure level is collected by the NFVO and then it is exposed to the other system so that it works in the rest of the ecosystem. So we in our platform have implemented fault collection mechanism and also performance data collection from the silometer for open stack collecting the performance data from directly from vCenter in case of VMware and presenting that in a consistent fashion to the end users of the system. So that is about the distributed nature of the cloud and how we handle the large infrastructure. Then now the coming to the heterogeneity. So we did talk about adopting to open stack vCenter or Citrix environment or even the public clouds like Microsoft Azure and AWS. So how do we do that? The approach we took is that we keep the services within the platform kind of at an abstract level all but at the lowest level of the components in the system. So what you see is that there are two components in the system, the activation component and fault FMPM data collection components. So this is where we provided a framework to provide the plugins for different type of system. So you could basically you could create a complete new adapter for a new virtualization management and plug it into that layer so that for the users that becomes available for the services just like any other platform they were already working with. And this makes it very, very easy to keep it extensible and maintainable over time. The heterogeneity in fact is very, very important because not just between different type of VAMS, even within the same type of VAMS, what happens is that today some data center starts with let's say Juno release. And then there are some new data centers that get installed with Kilo release and there are some minute differences. You should be able to even take care of those differences with this kind of adaptation. So that's the platform's capability that is quite critical. So now switching the gears a little bit. So we did talk about how we do this with NFVO implementation but looking at the broader picture this is the complete portfolio of Ericsson. So as we talked about there is a cloud manager piece that implements the generic Vienna management and NFVO component but there are two other platforms or systems that are important in completing the whole picture. Ericsson network manager, this is the next generation OSS systems for OSS and EMS system for Ericsson virtual network functions. It works with Ericsson cloud manager as well as third party platforms and controls the Ericsson virtual network functions lifecycle irrespective of what infrastructure they are running on. And the second important, other important component is the Ericsson cloud execution environment. This is an open stack based platform. It is hardened for the telco environment and we work very closely with our distribution partner Mirantes and we also do announcements and contribute to the open stack for that component. So going over the details of the various functions we have kind of talked about Ericsson cloud manager. It provides the NFVO and the Vienna manager for distributed and heterogeneous infrastructure. We talked about that it has secure GUI and REST API layer as well as telco reliability for closed loop control for some of the automation that is crucial in a telco environment. The network manager we talked about the critical functions there are the application management, application lifecycle management, the F caps management for the telco applications because some of the applications in telco are very, very complex and they need a solid foundation, a solid platform to operate them in the telco environment. And this platform actually is an evolution of already existing OSS system that control many of these functions in the physical environment. And the last component we talked about is the cloud execution environment. Like I said, it is high performance, high availability and a secure platform. And also expose is the same good APIs and interfaces that OpenStack provides for all the other applications to work on. So I think that's the picture of how we saw this whole puzzle of telco NFV environment for distributed and heterogeneous infrastructure. Yep. Yeah, we still have a few more minutes. Should we go to the Q and A? Yeah, I think so. Before we go to the Q and A, I just wanted to get a poll on how many of you are from the telco field, like. Okay. Great. And do you believe in this thing that, you know, it is possible to have the network clouds from, you know, heterogeneous? Like there's no, it's not possible to kind of confine it to a single vendor or single type. And so a good, because we got some challenges on, you know, talking about this concept. I mean, we did start off supporting more than one type of VIM. And of course, OpenStack is our kind of de facto cloud. I mean, when we go into selling this idea, we start off with, you know, we try to put everything in a box and we do try to say OpenStack is the preferred thing, but you go to the brown fields sometimes and there's no guarantee that people are willing to migrate from their existing clouds to OpenStack right away. But, you know, yeah, of course, if you have a green field situation, you know, you can start off from scratch and everything is awesome. But so I think this is a real problem that. Yeah, but I would just add that even in green field, ultimately you will end up into the same situation. It could be. Yes. Yeah. Please. We don't have a mic, unfortunately. So we'll repeat the question. Yeah. It's a very complicated task because you are moving the project. So instead, if you go and actually manage the application processes and move them, then you have a much easier role. Do you see performance gates and, you know, for telco brain moving virtual machines is the right thing? So. You want to repeat? No, no, go ahead. So I think the correct me if I didn't get the question right, but I think the question is for the telco environment and moving the infrastructure from the physical to virtual is one thing, but your question is, well. Migration. Yeah. So I think the question is rather than doing the migration of virtual machines, assuming that the services are stateless, because otherwise sometimes when you do that, the application logic, because it is stateful, breaks. So applications break. Rather than that, make the migration stateful. Is that the right approach or not? Is that the question? So I think that is very important because, and this is where the sum of, I think one of the comments that Sudhir made is that the current position in the telco industry is that a lot of these VNFs, the virtual network functions or simply called network functions, they are starting with VNF specific network VNM managers. And this is the key reason, the point that you are highlighting is the key reason, because some of this logic has to be known by the application managers, and that's why the VNFs are combined with the application specific logic that comes in the VNM manager, and you have to work with in that kind of scenario. And that manager is able to keep the state and manage the state in the transition. So that is important. Yes, we agree. Yes, please. The question is, how do you achieve service chaining across heterogeneous cloud, and whether Ericsson Network Manager is capable of doing that? So Ericsson Network Manager has a component called IPTE. I think it's a network service manager that is able to manage the network services across the physical and virtual environment. So if you have physical switches and routers, as well as some SDN controllers for some parts of the network, it is able to stage this virtualized network services or virtual links across that kind of infrastructure. In addition to that, one of the key aspect of the cloud manager is that it has an extensible orchestration platform, so that if there are gaps, or if you don't have a network manager, because all three products, we are not saying that the environment where any of this component is going in has to have the full portfolio. All this is based on standards. So as long as the interfaces are met, you could have cloud manager and the execution environment, but the network manager may not be there. And if there is no equivalent substitute for network manager, the cloud manager has capability to write extension orchestration flow that can work with the physical network functions as well as the SDN controllers to stage together such a service-changing scenario. Any other questions? Any other questions? OK, great. So if you have any questions about Ericsson portfolio or what we are doing in the, we are also like big on OP NFV. Ericsson is contributing requirements 24 by 7. So if you have any questions about our portfolio or NFV in general, Ericsson Booth is S7. It's in that in the middle. Please do visit us. There are a few demos also. Please do visit and we have some very good demos there. Thank you very much. Thank you.


I think we all know or need to know that nagging doesn't work, does it? What nagging people have to say may be important, but the method of delivery makes everything nag us, say, fall on deaf ears. And it may be a really important message that you are nagging, I am nagging about, especially if the stakes are high, but because it comes in the form of nagging at people, this endless, urgent, graceless, repetitive way of saying something to someone, it has the opposite effect to what we want. So if you are prone to nagging in your life and we all do a bit of it at a time to time, maybe you can dial that down today because the only people who get on board are the people that were on board anyway, don't let that fool you to thinking nagging is a good strategy, it's not.


Hi everyone, Dr. Sawyer in Beverly Hills. We have our lovely patient here. She's late 20s, early 30s. She's starting to go up higher, but I'm trying to keep her age lower. She just recently had a baby, so congratulations. She had her breast fog done about 10 years ago, and that same time they did a breast lift. This is the circular breast lift they do. They call it the scarless breast lift. They call it the benelli breast lift, but what happens with this is that they try to cinch in the skin all around, but over time the areola just expands. You can see her normal areola should be about four seven meters, but look at how wide and long it is, especially on this side. The areola expands over time, so she had this done when she was 21, about nine years ago, and over time she's developed capsules. That's why her implants are up here and not down here, and over the same time the areola stretched. The areola again should be about this big, not this big, so what are we going to do for her today is we're going to take out the capsule. We are going to do a breast lift. We're going to do a vertical breast lift where we're going to bring the skin from the sides and move the areola up here, so if it's not elongated it's going to be the right size pulled up, take out the excess skin, probably keep the same size implant, but maybe go up maybe 10 to 20 ccs, so it's 10 to 20 ccs is not much, but we're going to keep her very athletic looking. So it's going to be a very nice case, stay tuned, she looks fabulous, believe it or not she has two kids, 11 year old, and a one year old, and she looks spectacular. We're going to make her fantabulous, stay tuned. So you guys can see how her areola has expanded. You can see the scar which I've outlined in blue, how it's just gotten, her areola went from this big to this big. Our normal areola is about 4, 42 millimeters, that's 4.2 centimeters, so we're talking about something this big. You can see over time it's expanded about a centimeter and a half all around, so what we're going to do is we're going to correct that today. So this is what the real areola should look like. You can see the outline I've cut it, that's the normal size of an areola. All the outside tissue is extra and it's just expansion of it because of the pressure put on the skin. So we're going to go through this and take out the implant and put another implant in first. So this is the suture that was put in there, this is a permanent, proline suture that was put in there to keep this areola small. You see how I pull it, it makes it smaller, but over time the skin expands. This is called a purse string suture and you can see when I pull it, it just pulls it in and the areola was initially that size, but over time again it expands. So we went through the skin, we went through some breast tissue, you can see the pectoralis major. So we know the muscle was underneath, the implant was underneath the muscle. So you can see when I hit it, it fasciculates. So we're going to go underneath the muscle to where the implant is. So we're taking out the old implant, we can see here's the implant, it's fully intact. It's a silicone implant. It is a Style 20 high profile, Allergan implant, 350cc. So it's fully intact, it's in good shape. So there's no leakage and we're going to take out the capsules.  So we're going to take off all this extra skin that has expanded over the last 10 years. So we take out all the anterior capsule. Again, you could see the shiny surface, it was a smooth implant, it wasn't textured, but still anytime you have a foreign object in the body, the body forms a capsule around it. So now we could go inside the pocket, take a look. You could see it's nice clean. There is a posterior shell left, but you could see I kind of did a popcorn on it. Popcorn is when we bovee it and just pop it and make it decrease amount of shiny surface. I took off a little bit more of the posterior. Now we're going to put an implant in there, irrigate and cut off the excess skin and do a breast lift. So we use the Keller funnel with a no touch technique. We insert the end of the funnel, make sure that the implant goes underneath the muscle and bam, it's in. So when we took out the implant, I took out, I put in the new implant and I thought that I saw it go all the way to the side. So what I did is I put sutures all along inside. So close in the pocket. So when the implant goes, it stays on her chest. So she has internal sutures all along here to revise the pocket and make the pocket smaller.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question which says evaluate integral 0 to pi x tan x upon set x plus tan x dx. Before moving on to the solution let's recall the property of definite integrals which says that integral 0 to a fx dx is equal to integral 0 to a f of a minus x dx. This is the key idea that we use in this question. Let's now move on to the solution. We want to evaluate this integral so we suppose that I be equal to the integral 0 to pi x tan x upon this integral 0 to pi x into, now tan x can be written as tan x upon this one upon set x can be written as 1 upon cos x plus tan x can be written as tan x upon cos x to be equal to integral upon 1 plus the definite integral stated in the key idea integral 0 to a fx dx is equal to integral 0 to a f of a minus x dx. So using this property here we get this is equal to integral 0 to pi in place of x here we put pi minus x so pi minus x into this one upon 1 plus a minus x into integral this is equal to integral 0 to pi dx minus this is equal to minus integral 0 to pi x dx here in place of is equal to pi into integral 0 to pi so from here I is equal to I into integral 0 to pi now the sin x can be written as minus 1 this one upon 1 plus this gives us into integral 0 to pi 1 upon this gives us 2I equal to pi into integral 0 to pi 1 into dx integral 0 to pi 1 upon equal to pi into 2 to pi now how we multiply the numerator and denominator of this integral by 1 minus sin x so we hold into 1 plus sin x you hold 0 to pi this gives us 2I equal to pi square 0 to pi equal to pi square minus pi into integral 0 to pi 1 upon that is we now have 2I equal to pi square 0 to pi into 1 upon cos x which is equal to tan x into this gives us 2I is equal to 0 to pi fx dx minus integral 0 to as we get 2I is equal to pi square 0 to pi integral of integral of sin x into tan x is sin x 0 to pi I is equal to pi square I is equal to pi square 0 minus tan 0 is 0 pi square minus equal to pi square minus 2 pi so from here we get I is equal to pi square upon 2 or you can say we now have I equal to pi upon 2 into 0 to pi x tan x dx is equal to pi by 2 into pi minus 2 the whole so I will answer this session hope you understood the solution of this question


We're a little bit behind, but we'll make up the time. We're going to ask now our partner in this 10th annual Asia-Pacific Economic Integration Conference that CSIS does with our friends at JETRO to now give us some remarks and set the scene for our panel discussions on developments in the Asia-Pacific Economic Integration process. Simon Ishige is a veteran of METI and has been leading JETRO since 2011 before that it was the Vice Minister for International Affairs of the Ministry of External Trade and Industry, METI, which he joined, well I won't say how long ago, but some time ago after getting a degree in economics at the University of Tokyo, his opening comments are always very helpful for us to frame the overall patterns in the region and then we'll move to a panel discussion with experts from Japan, China, Singapore, and the U.S. So Chairman Ishige, thank you. Thank you very much for the kind interaction. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. I'd like to express my sincere gratitude to all of you for joining us today. Let me also extend my deepest appreciation to ambassadors, U.S. government officials, and business leaders, and of course I give my thanks to Dr. Hamre and Dr. Green as well as their colleagues at the CSIS for their dedicated work. JETRO has held this annual seminar here in Washington, D.C. since 2004 and today's seminar is the ninth in cooperation with the CSIS. I would also like to take this opportunity to congratulate you for this beautiful new intelligent building which opened last September. This is the first time for me to come here, so I say so. With that, I would like to enter the main topic of this seminar, Ethnic Integration within the Asia Pacific region. This April, you are present by Guwama B2 Japan. Actually, I had the honor of speaking to him directly during the state dinner hosted by the Emperor of his palace. I said to him, early June in Washington, D.C., JETRO and the CSIS, the most influential think tank in the United States will co-host a seminar on the Asia Pacific Ethnic Integration, our driver's speech. Its content depends on the outcome of the TVB negotiations. He instantaneously pointed at Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and said, tell him, not me, tell him, that's our conversation. Of course, he is responsible for this negotiation. Although the United States and Japan were not able to announce an agreement in principle on the TVB negotiations during the present visit, I think that both sides crossed an important threshold. This May, at the OECD ministerial council meeting, Prime Minister Abe delivered a keynote speech. He said the top most agenda item on my list of reforms is to accelerate negotiations on FTAs with our economic partners around the world. Among those, the most important FTA is, of course, the TVB. In Tokyo, President Obama and Prime Minister Abe enjoyed dinner together at a sushi bar named Sukiabashi Jiro. You can see then in the picture here that both the sushi chef is Jiro-san. Have you ever been there? No, it's very expensive I have. I have never been there, by the way. And the most leaders of the United States and Japan finally found the roadmap toward the conclusion of the TVB and the mutual sense of mutual trust over sushi dinner. Both leaders seem to be prepared to spend their political capital towards concluding these difficult negotiations. This is what I would like to emphasize before beginning. Okay, I would like to speak on four points. First of all, I will explain why FTA is important. While doing so, I will describe progress throughout their conclusions. Second, I will raise these important challenges, three important challenges related to the TVB. Third, I will touch on our SEP, and finally, I would like to describe how it all ties together in paving the road to FTA. First of all, regarding main FTAs, why are they important? Both Japan and the United States have recognized the need to establish a new trade and investment system within the Asia Pacific region that is free, open, transparent, and innovative. In other words, an economic integration area among our members with common basic values and rule of law. In the material arena, the WTO Minister meeting at Bali in Indonesia successfully produced an early harvest package last December. However, the agreement was 13 years in the making and only constituted part of the whole Doha package. This demonstrates just how critically important main FTAs are for rulemaking on international trade and investment. Last May, I made a speech on the same subject here in CSIS. Since then, we have made substantial progress if I would compare the TVB negotiations to a host race. We have turned the fourth corner and entered the final stretch. This is the most critical moment for finalizing the negotiations. OTPP partners, except the United States and Japan, have taken a wait-and-see policy after the ministerial meeting in Singapore this February. They had waited for the outcome of the bilateral negotiations between the two countries. At the end of April, as I said, President Obama visited Japan as a state guest and negotiations made substantial progress during this time. I am very impressed by the Japanese newspaper reported that both governments had agreed in principle. Actually, according to a joint statement by both parties, and I quote, we have identified a path forward on important bilateral TPP issues. We should now call upon all TPP partners to move as soon as possible to take the necessary steps to conclude the agreement, end of quote. This May, a trade minister's meeting was held in Singapore, and chief negotiators meeting in Hanoi, based on the milestone progress in negotiations achieved in Tokyo. These following meetings have likely narrowed the gaps between the TPP partners with regard to rulemaking on sensitive areas as there are market access issues. Other TPP negotiations move forward. The decision is naturally shifted to the trade promotion authority, as Congress described. Although this is a purely domestic procedure for the U.S., among Japanese diet members some ask whether the talks will be able to proceed without this authority. However, the Japanese government decided to start, decided to accelerate the negotiations based on the confidence that their U.S. counterpart would acquire the TPA in an appropriate time frame. I would like to ask you to discuss this subject in the following panel session. I believe that the TPP is the driving force for the other mega-FTAs, such as ASAP, the China-Japan-Korea FTA, Japan-EU FTA, and TTIP. The TPP matters not only for the value it has, but also the ripple effect it has on the other FTAs as well, in terms of international trade and investment rulemaking. This leads into my second topic today, three points to be addressed regarding the TPP. First, as I said, the conclusion of the negotiations on the TPP must be made expeditiously to accelerate other FTAs. Prime Minister Abe proposed a plan to conclude the Japan-EU FTA by the end of 2015. This was favorably received by most major EU members. ASAP is scheduled to be finalized by the end of 2015, and the TTIP should not be delayed much longer than the others. It's time for us to accelerate the negotiation process of the TPP so that most of the mega-FTAs can be concluded by the end of 2015. Like while they are in the heart, my mother always told me as a boy, Hiroyuki, this is my first name, you are not quick, but don't miss this opportunity when it comes. Never be hesitant. My mother, not father, was very strict, and I followed my mother's order always. Second, although the TPP represent 21st century trade and investment rules, there is a very important but missing agenda to be addressed quickly. What is this new agenda? It is unified technical standards and regulations. In the TTIP, as well as the Japan-EU FTA, we are talking this issue. We are seeking harmonization or unification of technical standards and regulations among partner countries. Considering what will be achieved through the TTIP and Japan-EU FTA, the TV partners should address this agenda so as to reduce the costs showed by private companies. If the technical standards and regulations were unified or harmonized, the benefit would be enormous. The performance of the European Union in this area shows how huge the benefit is. In this regard, I would like to re-emphasize the early conclusion of the TPP negotiation so that we can tackle this agenda expeditiously. Third, the U.S. and Japan should welcome the participation of China in the TPP. The TPP addresses not only tariff elimination and reductions, but also rulemaking in fields such as SOEs, intellectual property rights, and government procurement. These are all the issues faced by U.S. and Japanese companies doing business in China. According to the party decision made last November, China has attached a decisive role to the market mechanism. Therefore, joining regional economic integration, which is high standard, ambitious, and comprehensive, would be conducive to China's domestic reform. I sincerely hope that China will overcome its domestic hurdles and participate in the TPP. In 2001, China acceded to the WTO. To descend, then Premier Zulongi conducted bold economic reform for China. Accession to the TPP would be like a second accession to the WTO. China takes an open position towards the TPP, as long as the TPP is conducive to the development of global trade and fostering of an equitable and open trading environment. China is happy to see its conclusion. This is a message delivered by Premier Riki Kan in the opening ceremony of the Boa Poland for Asia this April. This statement is quite different from what we used to hear from Chinese authorities until then. Chinese leaders have rightly understood the necessity of domestic reform. The building and management of Shanghai pilot a free trade zone, as well as the launch of negotiations on respective investment treaties with the United States and the U.S. to show signs of actual preparation for joining the TPP in the very near future. I may be a little bit too optimistic, but however, it would be unrealistic for China to participate in the TPP at this moment. It is said therefore China touches great importance to our SEP, China intends to designate our SEP as a countermeasure to the TPP for the time being. And this brings me to my third topic today, our SEP. Until recently, our SEP was not considered as mega-FTA in the United States. Actually when I refer to four mega-FTAs in the world, a question came from former USDA. What is the third? What is the fourth? For those involved in U.S. trade policy, mega-FTA means only the TPP and TTIP, which involve the United States. This year, the level of understanding about our SEP has improved. There is no such, no longer such a question. I believe our SEP is one of two powerful drivers for leading two FTAs. The major distinction of our SEP is that it has been promoted based on the actual needs of business in the region. Many companies in the region have begun to establish supply chains and sales networks to enjoy the geographically close and deeply integrated economy. I could say that the TPP will be the most powerful driving force for bar trade and investment digitization in place of the WTO. But our SEP will be the regional comprehensive power within Asia. If these two mega-FTAs are playing different roles within the region, can we simply leave the negotiations on our SEP as they are? I do not think so. Two comments. First, if you look at the figure of FTA stock from Japan and the United States in the RSEP region, you will find that the U.S. services Japan, the amount of FTA from the U.S. to the RSEP region is $447 billion. It is $319 billion from Japan. U.S. investment into the RSEP region is 1.4 times as large as that of Japan. This figure naturally invites you, American business people, government officials and members of Congress, to look at our SEP more carefully. Second, JETO has organized a dialogue between Japanese chambers of commerce in ASEAN countries and the Secretary General of ASEAN for more than five years. The purpose of this meeting is to request each member of ASEAN to improve its business environment. This dialogue provides a very good opportunity for Japanese companies as ASEAN citizens to have a direct exchange of views with the ASEAN Secretary General. The U.S. chambers of commerce probably also have mechanisms of dialogues with ASEAN countries. As ASEAN will sit in the driver's seat of our SEP, I sincerely hope that they will also call on the ASEAN Secretary General to improve the local business environment. U.S. business people should contribute new ideas into the creation of our SEP. I would like to take this opportunity to propose for the U.S. and Japan to work together with the view to achieving a higher level of trade and investment liberalization within our SEP. I assume that trade and services would be a promising candidate to be jointly tackled. Finally, to wrap up my remarks, I would like to describe the road to FTAAP. As I said, ASEAN will sit in the driver's seat in our SEP. Our SEP will gradually materialize liberalization of trade and investment just as ASEAN has achieved until now. I'm sure that our SEP will eventually achieve the high level of liberalization within the region, slow and steady, wins or aes. The problems seem to have been invented for the sake of ASEAN and our SEP. The roles played by the TVP and our SEP are different. The TVP is intended to establish a high standard rules promoting global economic integration and our SEP to create a business friendly environment for the ASEAN supply chains and sales networks. Will they continue to coexist in this region by playing different roles? In answering this, I will share with you my views on the economic integration process within the Asia Pacific region. First, the TVP will be concluded soon, maybe by the end of this year, thanks to the momentum created through the bilateral negotiations between the U.S. and Japan. Second, the TVP needs to address new agendas such as technical regulations and standards as well as to expand the coverage of countries such as for the TVP to become a truly global economic integration framework. This means the accession to the TVP of China, Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and India. Two years ago, in this seminar, I raised this issue as a weakness of the TVP. A limited membership would be a disadvantage. I have to raise this again so as for the TVP to become the real driving force for economic integration within the Asia Pacific region. Third, in the meantime, our SEP will become a body to provide a truly business friendly environment, particularly for competitive supply chains. The coexistence of the TVP and our SEP will continue until their integration into FTAF. I'm afraid that it could be quite a long time because of the difference in terms of rules and level of market access. Considering all the elements taking place in the future, political leaders, both in the United States and Japan, need to make a bold decision so as to conclude bilateral negotiations on the TVP as quickly as possible. Yes, both Mr. Murray and Mr. Froman can make a deal, can find a common ground. They have already spent 60 hours on their talks. Each knows his counterpart's red line. It's time for them to show the political art for compromise they have. Congressman said there is no perfect TVP, no perfect WTO, I guess. Based on shared fundamental values such as democracy, freedom and rule of law, we should work together with a view to creating broad economic integration within the Asia Pacific region as quickly as possible. Lastly, today's theme is progress toward Asia Pacific economic integration and role of the U.S. and Japan. I would like to present my view on role of the U.S. and Japan. Currently we are facing some challenges in terms of the TVP negotiations, but let us be reminded that the U.S. and Japan enjoy a mutually beneficial economic relationship in a significantly broad aspect. In the U.S., Japan is a vital existence to the economy. There are more than 600,000 people employed by Japanese companies. Both countries have high levels of technology and work together closely in many industries with deep mutual confidence. There are many, many examples. I cannot refer to those at this moment, but the point is to realize that the U.S. and Japan should play a decisive role in leading the global economy. And with regard to the TVP, both countries should jointly take actions to strengthen the relationship of the Asia Pacific region and set new global standard rules, such as those of intellectual property and competition. I strongly believe that both the United States should conclude TVP negotiations from an extensive strategic perspective. This is what I want to say at this moment. I look forward to hearing comments on Asia Pacific economic integration from the expert in the Spana after this. Thank you very much.


So we're looking at static electricity. What's going on when you rub a balloon on something like your hair or a sweater? Well, what you're doing is electrons are free to move. And this is why we said that Ben Franklin named the charges wrong. You're kind of nicer if positives were free to move. That would just mathematically be a little more convenient. But if you rub a balloon on a sweater, it gathers some electrons from the sweater. Now, as I move close to this wall, keep an eye on the charges in the wall. Now, right now the wall is neutral. But like charges a repel, unlike charges a tract. And as I move closer and closer, you're going to notice the electrons want to try and get far away if they can. And the positives technically don't move. But if electrons are moving to the right mathematically, that's the same as positives moving to the left. So we kind of say, and the positives want to get closer, even though that's not quite what's happening. Once again, this is why Ben Franklin should have named the electrons positives anyways. And we end up with the negatives right here being attracted to the positives right here. And the attraction is enough to overcome the repulsion force of the electrons right there. And you can get more electrons, the more you rub. If you get lots of electrons, you notice it very, very, very much. That's the difference between you rub it a couple of times. It barely sticks to the ceiling. You rub it a bunch. It really sticks on the ceiling. And it works better on a really dry day because on a wet day, there are water molecules in the air. And water is a polarized molecule. It can actually snag an electron or two along the way, which is why it's harder to build a static charge on a damp day like today. What if we have two balloons? So I can rub some electrons here. Oh, what's going on now? So here is your static electricity day. If you pulled something out of the dryer, it either has a shortage or an extra number of electrons. And so if there's something else that is either neutrally charged or oppositely charged, it wants to attract, right? The real question is this. All right, Mr. Dewick, I've done this a bunch of times. I've actually played around with this. I've noticed how this works. The question is, what the heck is it that's pulling this thing over? Won't see electrons? Well, no, no, no. They're not touching. There's a big gap between them. And we have something in physics. In physics, we say, you can't have action at a distance. If I want to make Tyler move, I have to somehow come in physical contact with him. So what the heck is going on? Well, this comes back to the same answer for why this golf ball drops. So when I drop this golf ball, what's pulling it to the ground? But it's not touching the earth. How can the earth pull it to the ground? What we said was, between here and here, there's something that we call the gravitational field. It's invisible. But it's the gravitational field that's exerting a force on this golf ball. It's an electric field, an invisible electric field that's exerting a force on the balloon to pull it to either the sweater or the wall. We say, you can't have action at a distance. If a negative and a positive charge are being pulled together, they are touching each other. They're each sending out an invisible electric field. They're touching Kelvin. It's just that our eyes can't see it. But just as though if I'm in a tug of war, I'm pulling on you with a rope, they're pulling on each other with an electric rope, an electric field that's invisible. It's a really key concept. And in fact, that's what today's lesson is going to be about. So since none of you did the homework, I won't take questions about section one. Gee, do you think I'll put questions from this on the test? What, with nobody having done the homework? Would that be kind of a teaching moment that Mr. Dewitt might take advantage of? I'll let you think about that. Or you can certainly on Tuesday, ask me questions from both of these. And we're gonna move on to lesson two, which is electric field. And I get to show you some pretty cool stuff. Maybe my best toy. Just a reminder, we said last day that charge is quantized. That was the fancy word for it comes in chunks. What was the elementary or the fundamental charge? How big was it? Do you remember, it's on your formula sheet, but I'm also encouraging you to practice finding it so you know where it is. What was it? No. What was the elementary charge? 1.6 times 10 to the negative 19. That's the charge on a proton. What's the charge on an electron? Too slow. Tyler, same but negative. Yeah, that's why we call it the elementary charge. It's the charge on a proton or an electron, okay? Now, we said we measure charge in coulombs. One coulomb is huge.  So usually we use micro coulombs. That was that symbol mu times 10 to the negative six. Read along with me, example or lesson two. Gravitational field reflects the effect that a mass has on the space around it. If another mass is placed in that gravitational field, it will experience a force. So here you have, for example, the sun all by itself. It's sending out to the edge of the universe a gravitational field. This gravitational field gets weaker and weaker and weaker the further you get away, but it's pretty strong.  So it's, you know, pretty strong. The field only becomes a force when you place another mass nearby. The field is what exerts the force on this mass. Let me say that again, because some people were giggling and this is important. The field is what exerts the force on this mass. So fill in the appropriate relationships.  What was the definition of gravitational field? It was on your test yesterday. Big G, big M over r squared.  That was not on your sheet. It was a logical outcome of the universal gravitation formula. But also gravity is also as a ratio. It's also the force divided by the mass. You can get it like that, force divided by mass, or you can get it as an equation. And remember the units for gravitational field were, well, what's force measured in? Newton's, what's mass measured in? So you can do it in Newton's per kilogram. And it was also, because it was also an acceleration, meters per second squared. For example, if you wanted to find the gravitational field strength that far from the earth's center, you would say this. Gravitational field strength is big G, big M over r squared. It's 6.67 times 10 to the negative 11. The earth's mass is 5.98 times 10 to the 24th. This is the big letter M, because it's the planet that's sending out the gravitational field divided by 8.38 times 10 to the sixth squared. What's G that far from the center of the earth? Can someone crunch the numbers please? We're far from the center, far from the earth's surface. So I'm expecting an answer less than 9.8. 5.67, 5.68, which one? 5.68, units, Newton's per kilogram. I can also calculate the gravitational field. This is if I know the planet, but I don't know the force. I can also calculate it if I know the force and I know the little test mass or the satellite mass that we're placing near the planet. In other words, it says find the gravitational field if a 10 kilogram test mass has a weight of 750. Here what they want me to use is this. Here what they want me to use is this. They want me to go 750 divided by 10 and they want me to realize that the gravity field that we're talking about here is 75 newtons per kilogram, probably Jupiter or something like that. So there's two ways, Justin, that I can find the field strength.  If I don't know the planet, but I know the satellite at that location, I can figure out the force, if they tell me the force on that satellite, I can figure out its acceleration, which also happens to be G and newtons per kilogram. See the difference between these two approaches? If you know what's causing the field, we use this. If you know what's in the field at that location, we use this. Big deal, huge deal. Next page. We're gonna define electric field in the similar manner. We say that the electric field reflects the effect that a charge has on the space around it. As soon as you put a charge anywhere in the universe, it's sending out an invisible electric field in all directions. And if you place another charge in that field, it will experience a force. If they're like charges, it will experience a force away. If they're unlike charges, it will experience a force toward. In fact, unlike, you can almost think of this as gravity, it wants to fall to the planet. The only thing is because there's two types of charge, it can also fall up away from the planet. We talked about that last class saying, why aren't there two types of gravity? We're looking. Be nice. Says, fill in the appropriate relationships. The force of electricity, we said it was k big q, little q over r squared, where k was nine times 10 to the ninth. In gravity, it was 6.67 times 10 to the negative 11. Big q is the big planetary charge. Little q is the little tiny positive or negative test charge. And r squared would be that distance squared. What was the definition of electric field then? Well, the same way that gravitational field said, there's your little mass, this is your field. For electric field, capital E, it's actually, look up for a second please. We found gravity as a ratio by dividing the force by little m. Sorry, maybe we'll rephrase that. We found gravitational field as a ratio by dividing the force by little m. What's the equivalent of mass when we're talking about electric force? Charge. As a matter of fact, we're gonna say the electric field is f divided by little q. And what we're really saying here, Justin, is that little q would cancel. The electric field and the symbol for electric field is capital E, don't confuse it with energy. It's equal to k big q over r squared, where k is nine times 10 to the ninth. Big q is the charge that's creating the field. And r is the distance from q to any location that we're trying to figure out the strength of the field at, a field point in meters. It's a scalar equation. We're gonna define electric field distance in a bit. Electric field as a ratio, electric field equals f over q. Take a look at your formula sheet and see if you can find this one. It's good to know where it is because all of these equations look the same. So I want you to start training your eyes where to look. Find the electric field. See it? I think it's the very, very right side, yes? I can't remember. Is this one also on there or not? Oh, it is? Oh, okay. A few years ago it wasn't, so they must have added that. Actually, a few years ago, I think all they gave you was this, they didn't give you this one and you had to realize that this was that and when a q cancels, it is that. This is the equivalent for gravity, Jordan, of little g. In other words, the 9.8 we experienced on Earth, that's how you can figure out the equivalent for electricity for electric field strength. What are the units for electric field? Well, what do I measure force in? Newtons per, what do I measure charge in? Coulombs. Units for electric field or newtons for coulombs? Oh, do you remember gravitational field actually had two units? There was newtons per kilogram and meters per second squared. There's gonna be a second unit for electric field as well but that's later on. Turn the page. As was the case with electric force, electric fields cannot be negative. We don't put a negative sign in. Even if your charge is negative, Kellen, we don't put a negative sign in. In fact, a lot of the time in a, probably in a university textbook, you'll see an absolute value sign around the chart to remind you don't put the negative sign in. So, at a certain point in space, a negative 0.5 micro coulomb charge experiences a force that big towards the south. Find the electric field strength at this point. So, Dylan, I've given you two equations for electric field. I've said it's this and I've said it's this. Which one do you use when? And this you'll just have to know. I'm using a big Q. This is the planetary charge that's causing the electric field. Here, little Q. This is the charge that's at that location, the satellite around the earth, if you will. So, what you need to do is read this question very, very, very, very carefully and ask, question begin. These are the two ones we just wrote in the box. So, what you need to do is read this question very, very carefully and you ask yourself, this charge here, is it the planetary charge that's causing the electric field? Or is it the charge that's at this location experiencing the electric field? They use a capital Q, but it's not. They don't distinguish between letters there. Yeah, they use a big Q on theirs. Trust me, it's the test charge that we're talking about. I'm trying to tie into gravity, so I'm gonna say, planet, big charge causing it, satellite. Read this question again. Are we talking this charge here? Is it the big planetary? Or is it the tiny satellite charge? And your hint is, that word there. A test charge is a charge, a tiny charge, placed at that location. It's the satellite charge. For me to find the electric field, I'm gonna use E equals F over Q. Now my other hint is, they gave me the force in this question, see it? It's gonna be 5.2 times 10 to the negative four all over point five and micro, we said, means 10 to the negative six. Why didn't you put a negative in it? We said for electric field, we don't put negatives in for charge. You get 1.04 times 10 to the three. Let me see here, 5.2 negative four divided by point five, negative six, 1,040, units, units, Newton's per Coulomb, right? B, find the electric field strength 2.45 meters to the right of a 2.3 micro Coulomb charge. Now, this charge here is the planetary charge. We're gonna use this one. How do I know? They've told us to find the field strength to the right of this. So we're not actually, this charge is not at the location we're talking about. I also know, cause they didn't give me a force, I have to use this one. The electric field is going to be K cubed over R squared. It's gonna be nine times 10 to the ninth, 2.3 times 10 to the negative sixth, all over 0.45 squared. And you're gonna find electric field answers are usually in the thousands, tens of thousands, or sometimes even hundreds of thousands. How big is the electric field here? 1.02 times 10 to the fifth, just over 100,000. Units Tyler, that's pretty cool. And the next page, we need to talk about direction because electric field is a vector, it's a vector, it's a vector. You see, gravity field direction was not much of an issue cause which way do things always move in gravity? Towards the center of mass, they fall. Unfortunately in electricity, not only do things fall down, they can also fall up, they can repel. So we need to decide what the direction is. And you absolutely need to star or memorize or asterisk or this is hugely important.  Here is how we're going to decide the direction of the electric field. The direction of the electric field is the direction that a small positive test charge would want to go if it could. How small a positive test charge? Jordan, so small that it doesn't have its own electric field cause that would change the whole question. Almost imaginarily small, but it's positive. So the direction of an electric field is which way would a positive want to move if it could? It's always from negative to positive. Example five says this. Find the direction of the electric field at some point where this negative 0.5 microcoulomb test charge experiences a force towards the cell. First, let's find the magnitude of the electric field. Did they give me the force in this equation? Then I'm gonna use f divided by q. It's gonna be 5.2 times 10 to the negative 4 divided by 0.5. What's the magnitude of the electric field? Oh, thank you. Times 10 to the negative 6 microcoulomb. I was looking at this and going, this seems awfully small. I was trying to do it in my head. Now, what's the magnitude of this electric field? It should be in the thousands, I think. It's the same number that we did, but now we're gonna add a direction. So, which way would a positive charge here want to move if it could? Well, which way is a negative charge moving? South, so which way would a positive want to move? We get the direction by asking which way would a positive charge want to move if it could? And we have to kind of think and use some logic and reasoning. It says, find the direction of the electric field at 0.45 meters to the right of a 2.3 microcoulomb charge. So, right there. We already calculated the magnitude on the previous page. What was the magnitude on the previous page? Someone turn back and tell me what the magnitude was the previous page. Anyone turn back right now and tell me, what was the, huh?  Times 10 to the fifth? On the same page, whatever. It's on the same piece of paper, but it is on the previous page, right? I just want a little faster reaction than that. What's the direction? All right, put a tiny positive charge right here. Which way would it want to move if it could? Well, this charge here, is it negative or positive according to this question? Positive, so which way would a positive right here want to move if it could? Depending on what they said, well, they said to the right in the question, so to the right. What would the direction of the electric field be right there? Which way would a positive want to move if it could? To the left. C, draw the electric field around a positive charge. The electric field is millions and millions of electric field lines that go out in every direction. What we draw is a model or a representation. We're going to use arrows to represent electric field lines. The direction is going to be the electric field direction, so don't write this down just yet, but which way would a positive want to move right there if it could? What about right here? What about right there? Okay, here is an example of how we would draw electric field lines. Big deal, oh no, actually a very useful model. Sadly, how many lines are there grand total? Count. Eight? That doesn't mean the electric field is eight, but if in this same diagram, you saw another charge with 16 lines, what that would mean is, it's twice as big a charge. Okay, or if you saw another charge with only four lines, that would mean it's half as big. Secondly, we say this, the closer the lines are together, the stronger the field. So, don't write this down, but right here the lines are only that far apart, fairly strong field. What about right here? Are they further apart? Weaker field, use your imagination. What about here? They'd be about that far apart, even weaker a field. So, Dylan, what this is is kind of a visual model of what's going on with electric field. The further apart the lines are, the weaker the field, and the lines are proportional to the strength of each other. I am not saying the electric field is eight, what I'd be saying is if you saw another one on there with 16 lines, it's twice as big, or if you saw another one with eight lines, you'd be saying same magnitude of charge. What would the electric field around a negative be? Well, which way would a positive right here want to move if it could? What about right here? What about right here? What about right here? Now, what could you say about the magnitude of this bottom charge compared to the top charge? Not the same, absolutely not the same. Huh? No, I want the magnitude, not the polarity, the magnitude, Pat, half as big, why? Four lines, that's the significance of the number of lines. It has nothing to do with the, I'm not saying this has a charge of four and eight. What I'm saying is if this was 10 microcoulombs, this would have to be negative five microcoulombs if I've done this diagram correctly. What if I wanted to show these two charges were the same, Gord? How many lines would I put on here? Eight, what if I wanted to show this was twice as big? So the arrow tells you the polarity, negative or positive. The fact that the arrows are pointing inwards, that's a negative. But the number of lines tells you the magnitude compared to something else. Oh, and once again, the further apart the lines, the weaker the field at that location. So right here, the field's pretty weak because these lines are pretty far apart. Right here, it feels pretty strong because these lines are pretty close together. And again, Justin, this is a terrible model. In real life, there aren't eight lines. In real life, it sends out billions of, in fact, an infinite number of lines. Oh, and it's three dimensional as well. There should be lines coming out of the page towards us and going into the page away from us, but we can't draw that. So here's our model. So the direction of the electric field, we ask which way would a tiny, my abbreviation for positive is the plus sign and a VE next to it. What do you think my abbreviation for negative is? Minus sign and a VE. Why don't you just lose a plus and a minus? Because any time I see a plus and minus by itself, I think it's an equation. So this is what I came up with in university.  I suggest you find an abbreviation. You can also use pause and negative, but that to me looks a little cleaner. Anyways, which way a positive test charge would want to move if it could? Don't capitalize that. Or negative to positive. Because any positive charge wants to, sorry, I've said that exactly backwards, from positive to negative. Because any positive charge wants to move away from positives and towards negatives. So if you see a line that's going from a positive charge to a negative charge, that's the direction of the electric field. How tiny a positive test charge, so tiny that it doesn't have its own electric field, otherwise that would change the whole question. It's mythical. You really can't have a test charge that small, but we can mathematically. So let's start doing some questions. What if we have two charges and I want to find the electric field? We use what we call the principle of superposition. What we do is we find the vector sum of the field of the individual charges. So Dylan, look at example six. Mr. McDermott, how many charges are there in this question? See him? In example six, two. And they want us to find the net overall combined electric field where that black dot field point is. There is no equation to find the electric field from two charges. What I'm going to do, don't write this down, what I'm going to do temporarily is ignore that guy. In fact, I'm gonna call this charge A. Dylan, what do you think I'm gonna call this? Charge? Okay. So I'm gonna find the electric field at A first. Now, which equation am I gonna use? If you look up for a second when you're done writing this. I think these are both planets. Think Earth and Moon and that's the tiny satellite because I don't know the charge at this location. I'm gonna use the one that has the big planetary charge in it. Which equation was that out of the two? KQ. I'm gonna use KQA all over RA squared. It's gonna be nine times 10 to the ninth. One times 10 to the negative six all over one squared. I think you get 9,000. Try it, but this has lots of ones in it. I can do the math in my head. Is it 9,000? But from now on, that's not enough. Now we know how to get the direction. Electric field is a vector. So we're gonna say this, 9,000 Newtons per Coulomb. And if I put a tiny positive charge right there, which way would this guy make it want to move if it could? Right. I'm gonna repeat this procedure for electric field B. And then if they're both to the right, I'll add them up. If ones to the left and ones to the right, I'll go bigger or minus loser. Vector math. So on your own, try finding the electric field for B. I'm gonna freeze the screen. By the way, what's the radius between the field point and B, not four. Three, see it? You get 1,000 Newtons per Coulomb left. So how would I add, do you think 9,000 right plus 1,000 left? What's the answer? What is 1,000 right, sorry, 9,000 right plus 1,000 left? 8,000 to the right. Okay, so we're gonna say this. The electric field is equal to, and I'll do it this way, 9,000 take away 1,000. What I'm really doing for the vector math is saying, oh, left to the right be negative, whatever. I just go bigger minus smaller. Equals 8,000 Newtons per Coulomb to the right. I like that question, I like that question, I like that question, I like that question. I'm gonna ask you to find on your test the electric field between two points, except, you know, between two charges, but I'm gonna make them different numbers than ones. You'll have to do a bit of arithmetic. Example seven. Draw approximately sketch. The resultant electric field at the indicated field points. Both of these charges are positive one microcoulomb so they're the same size. So ignore this one temporarily. Which way would this guy want to move if he could based on this charge? So I'm gonna just kind of temporarily, don't write this down, I'm gonna add a line, we're gonna change our diagram, so don't write this down, but this is pushing that way, don't write this down, don't write this down, we're gonna change the diagram, don't write this down. This guy here, we're gonna temporarily ignore. Which way is this guy pushing or pulling this guy? Which way would he want to move based on this guy? I think this way, but not anywhere near as much because there's a bigger distance. I think the electric field right there though is a combination of those two. I think, and this is what we're gonna write down, I think the electric field probably about like that-ish. That makes sense, it's getting pushed up and it's getting pushed to the left. What about right here, dead center? It's getting pushed this way by this charge, it's getting pushed this way by this charge. What do you think the net or the resultant electric field right there is? There's an equilibrium point, nothing. What about right above it, right here? I think it's getting pushed this way and it's getting pushed that way if I add those two together, what do you think the electric field is, Evan? I heard you say it, I think. Straight up. What about right here? Well, this guy is pushing to the right really strong. This guy is pushing to the left, but not as strong because it's further away. You know what I think my net resultant electric field would be right there? To the right, but not as strong as if that, to the right, but not as strong as if he wasn't there. How about like that, let's say, I don't know. We're sketching. What direction do you think the electric field would be right there? Left. And this is going to bring us to electric field diagrams and I will be asking you to do these on your test. It says, draw the electric field pattern for equal like charges. So Gordon, if the charges are equal, what will you say about the number of lines here compared to the number of lines here? The same. Put your pencils down and watch. Here's how we draw this, okay? Like charges do what? Repel. So electric field lines would look, don't write this down until I'm done, trust me. This would start to head that way, but it would get repelled. This would start to head that way, but it would get repelled. This would start to head that way, but it would get gradually repelled. Gradually repelled. A line would start to head this way. It would also, they'll get repelled by this guy. It would gradually get repelled. A line would start to head straight up, but it would get kind of repelled. And I always do them in pairs to make sure, because if I know the charges are the same, this way I'm guaranteed to get the same number of lines. Remember I said to you the number of lines tells me nothing about how big the charges, it's just a comparison. So even if I end up with a weird number like seven lines, I would still be good with your diagram as long as you had seven on each. Here would head this way and it would get repelled. Here would head this way and it would get repelled. What about right here? It would head this way, it would get repelled. It would get repelled. It would get repelled even further, and even further. Now we would have one line go straight that way, because it's getting repelled by both, and we would have, oh boy, try that again. We would have one line go straight that way, because it's getting repelled by both, okay? Now what about right here? Don't write this down yet. What about right here? It would get forced down, but I think Tyler, dead center, there would be an equilibrium point where a point could sit and be stable, which is why I've kind of left this area blank. I'll do one more line maybe, like that, and like that. So go ahead, you can copy this, or just try and recreate it the way I did, looking up to see if you get something similar. Sally, if your diagram has a different number of lines than mine, I won't freak out as long as both of your points have the same number of lines, so do the lines in pairs. Now on your test, frequently what they'll do is they'll give you an electric field diagram, and they'll ask you to describe the charges. In other words, on the test ebb and what they'll do is this. They'll call this charge one and charge two, and they'll say, first of all, is charge one negative or positive? How do I know that charge one is positive? The arrows, right? Which way does an electric field point from? Which way would a positive want to? So you look at the direction of the arrows, that tells you the polarity, and then they might say, are the charges like or unlike? Well I can tell that they're unlike because they're repelling each other. Let's try doing another one where we have equal and opposite charges. And I'm gonna change colors because mine's gonna end up overlapping with this blue, but pretend these charges are gone. Okay, I think starting right here, if I start moving, which way would I want to move if I could if I'm a positive test charge? In fact, I think you're gonna have a jump straight like that. What about if I start right here? I think I would get pulled into the, boom, negative charge like that. What about if I started here? I think I would get pulled into there like that. What about if I started going this way? I think I would gradually, oh, ran out of this page. Gradually get pulled in like that, okay? You could also argue the same line exists up here, but that's gonna clutter up this diagram too much. But your lines, yeah, it looks kind of like a happy face, okay? But really what you should have is this too, a line like that, a line like that. I'm gonna get rid of them though because they clutter up this diagram way too much. By the way, now that you see this diagram, how can you tell which one's positive and which one's negative? Okay, arrows. These are electric field diagrams. Also again, the further apart the lines, the weaker the electric field. Are these two lines close together? Strong electric field. Are these two lines far apart? Weak electric field because you're far away. So it's a nice diagram system that gives us a lot of information. Turn the page. So the idea of the electric field originated with Michael Faraday. I'll go on a rant about Michael Faraday, one of my all-time favorite scientists on another day. But he used a different way of representing the field. He used lines of force, which showed the direction which a positive test charge would tend to move if placed anywhere in the field. There is the electric field diagram for a positive all by itself. There is the electric field diagram for a negative all by itself. I noticed these two have the same number of lines, the same magnitude. Okay? Here is positive and negative charge, same polarity. How can I tell they're the same polarity? Same number of lines here and here. Here's two positive charges. And these are better diagrams than the one that we free-handed. Someone's done this with computer graphics, but the free-hand ones work just fine too. Here is your area of neutrals. Doesn't mean there's no electric field here or here, by the way, it just makes the diagram too cluttered. So let's summarize. The electric field can be found using the definition if we're told the force on a test charge. The electric field is the force per Coulomb, which is the definition of electric field. And Justin, I always use a lowercase q here to remind myself this is like the satellite in orbit around the earth. It can be found using the point charge equation if we know the big planetary charge that's causing the electric field. Recall, the electric field definition is found by considering, sorry, the electric field direction is found by considering a positive test charge, and it's away from a positive and towards a negative. And you can see that I didn't type that line because I would have put a VE after the plus and a VE after the minus, because a plus and a minus there looks too much to me like an equation. It's just a bad habit I have. So that means we can find the force two ways. The force is either, if I know two charges, k, q1, q2 over r squared, that was last class. Can I not find the force from here?  Okay, the force is also, if you know the electric field at a location, and you know how big the satellite charge at that location is, that's also the force that that little charge is experiencing. Recall that the direction of electric force is figured out so electric field, which way would a positive want to move if it could? Electric force, like charges, what? Unlike charges, what? Like charges, repel, unlike charges, attract. That, you gotta memorize. Like if you're on test day, go, I can't remember, you're gonna flunk the test.  Homework, number one, three, six. Do you guys have these questions on your sheet, by the way? Did 12 and 13 work? Cause it's the last time some stuff didn't photocopy. You did, you got, okay. I'm gonna go 13. 13 is between two charges, 17. And at the bottom here, it says to Google something. Does it say that on yours? That's actually gonna be the bonus video game. So I'll send that out as a link, okay? We're gonna temporarily stop there, but I get to show you a very cool toy.


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports car trip in sports card. I'm an act multi sports a personal box edition volume 6 Box number 92 for mr. Paul Z. So good luck here Paul. Let's see what we got Yeah, it really was kind of wild today That was a wild wild break Wait his bombs off everyone. Wow, that's sick five of 49 shade on sharp As a sharp guard is right three colored RPA congrats on that one Paul for the blazes Good stuff there Grats on that one Paul Good stuff box number 92 that'll do it for your break there Paul. Thanks again for the support buddy get him right out


Welcome folks, we have the Dow Industrial trading down $3.30, Nasdaq's off $2.69, S&P's down $0.60, Gold contract down $10.40, trading at $17.60 an ounce, we have Silver down $0.48, $0.19, $0.08 an ounce, Lightsweak crude, flat, $0.90, $0.68 a barrel, notes and bonds. Take the 10-year note, down 23 ticks, $1.1803, the $30 are off 2 points at $138.15, sorry folks, excuse me folks, and then King Dollar, King Dollar's off to the racist man, King Dollar's up $684 ticks, $108.164, the Euro right now is trading at a price point of $1.033 and the British pound, well the yen is at $136 and the pound is at $118. Well you know when we take a look at the S&Ps, what you're going to have out here folks is this, this is what's happening, we are going for the gap now, the bottom line you're going to have volume in this market, you know it's option expiration, this will get loaded at the end, the gap we're talking about, the first leg down the 9th of August, if you take a look at the spy here that number is $412.75, that's where I expect you're going to go, right now the spy is 45 million shares and we went higher yesterday with 49, so you can see the spy will end up doing about 60-70 million shares out here, we look at the NDX100, the 3Qs, same type of setup in the 3Qs, 3Q is going to go after this gap, the gap in the 3Qs is $319.03, you're already done 36 million shares and yesterday we only did 41, this will do about 50 million also, gold, gold contracts still can't catch a bit, it's amazing folks that gold is not down $50 or $100 actually because of the way the dollar is operating, so we have what gold is this, you're on light of volume, bottom line on this contract here, what is actually game is basically $17.27, right now you're at $17.60, we're going into that strength, the strength how we came off the bottom, that's that number, the top of that number is $17.58, now we went to $17.59 and I will say it shakes out but the reason I'm saying I think we're going to go to the bottom because when we go take a look at good old King Dala, King Dala bottom line wants these highs man, the low of the high and King Dala is $108.196 and we hit $108.215, there's no reason that this thing can't just go into it, now the mind blow will be if it blows it away because you know we'll see how this shakes out, stay right there folks, we're coming right back, we have the Dow, Dow industrial is we're trying down to $351, Nasdaq's off $277, S&P's are on $63, we'll come right back.


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