Welcome to the guide on how to use the IOM Emergency Manual. The Emergency Manual is an electronic platform which was developed to provide IOM staff and partners with up-to-date guidance and tools to effectively respond to crisis. In addition to IOM processes and procedures, the Emergency Manual also provides guidance on Interagency Standing Committee or IASC frameworks and processes. As IOM staff, it is important that you use your IOM email address to create an account within the Emergency Manual. This process takes less than five minutes. By logging in with an IOM account, you will be able to view all entries, including restricted entries that provide guidance on internal processes and procedures. The content of the manual is grouped into six main categories. Deployments, Operations, Program Support, Resource Management, Staff Safety and Security, and Frameworks. Both IOM's institutional frameworks and broader humanitarian frameworks. Deployments. This category provides you with general information on mechanisms that can help you identify and bring in technical experts to start up or scale up your operations. This includes the Expert Roster and the Standby Partnership Program. This category also provides guidance on how to manage deployments, as well as a central repository of the most common terms or references or TORs used in crisis response. Operations. This category provides practical guidance and tools for the setup and implementation of crisis response. The entries in this category are grouped by sectors of the Migration Crisis Operational Framework, or MCOF. As well as cross-cutting topics such as protection and gender mainstreaming. Remember that context plays an important role in planning effective crisis response. This manual provides you with a general overview of the topic and who to contact for more in-depth support. Program Support. This category provides guidance on procedures including project development, reporting, monitoring and evaluation, and public information. Resource Management. This category provides information on administration, finance, human resources, procurement and logistics, as well as ICT, information and communications technology. Stop Safety and Security. This category provides security and risk management guidance. Frameworks. This category provides a general overview of the larger frameworks of IOM and the broader humanitarian community. Use the search function to quickly find the information you're looking for. Simply type the topic you're interested in and choose from the results. Click on the star beside the title to save entries as your favorites. Once saved as your favorites, these entries will remain in your favorites list until you remove them by clicking the star button once again. Note that you can also download, print or share entries as needed. The manual can be accessed in four different ways. Online, for those with internet access. In PDF or EPUB formats for those who prefer to view the content in an electronic reader or in print. Offline, the manual can be downloaded from the website and stored on your laptop. This allows you to access the manual's content when you're deployed to an area with limited connectivity. And lastly via mobile application. The app can be installed in your Android or iOS device by downloading the IOM Emergency Manual from Google Play or Apple Store. To ensure that you have the most up-to-date information and tools readily available, don't forget to sync your app or your offline version of the manual as often as possible. Remember, this manual was developed to ensure that practical information is available to help IOM staff respond to crisis more effectively. You can help us improve the content of the manual by providing feedback. For more information, contact us at emergencymanual at iom.int.


I explore in this video how engineers work their way around uncertainty because engineers solve practical problems before they have full scientific knowledge. I start with one of the most complex phenomena in nature, yet one of utmost importance to engineers, as seen when smoke rises from burning incense. The smoke exposes the movement of the air as heat from the incense drives the air to rise. The issuing smoke reveals two types of flow. Near the incense, the smoke wavers a bit, but the flow is smooth and even. This is called laminar flow. If we move up the smoke stream, we see that the smooth stream becomes chaotic. That churning flow is called turbulent. To this day, a fundamental understanding of when that transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs puzzles scientists. Yet engineers must know when the transition occurs to control which type of flow occurs. Of prime importance is the smooth laminar flow of air over an aircraft wing. Yet without a fundamental scientific understanding of how to achieve that laminar flow, we have flown across the Atlantic Ocean routinely since the first commercial passenger flights in 1939. Although 21st century science cannot fully understand turbulence, a 19th century engineering professor, Osborn Reynolds, built an apparatus designed a formula used by engineers to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. This modern version features a long tube with an inlet at the top where water enters. Water flows down the tube, then exits from an outlet at the bottom. At the top is the key piece. This round vessel is filled with green dye. This dye is released through this nozzle, which is very small compared to the diameter of the tube. This small section of the device in operation, a section just below the tip of the nozzle. What you see here is the dye falling because of gravity. The water is not flowing yet inside the tube. I let water into the tube at a low flow rate and increase it slowly. As the flow rate increases, the flow looks the same. While not very exciting, it is an important observation by Reynolds. As the flow rate increases, keep your eye on the smooth flow of the dye and then, boom, the dye traces out the chaotic flow of water, now turbulent flow. The dye reveals that now the water violently spirals around. With this experiment, Reynolds highlighted the key properties of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. To see that, let's watch the flow change again as the flow rate increases. First, below a particular flow rate, no turbulence occurs. Second, that the transition occurs abruptly. And third, that there's an upper limit to the flow rate above which smooth flow cannot be sustained. To understand this behavior, Reynolds compared the flow of water to a military troop. If that troop stayed in formation, that was to his mind like laminar flow. If the troop became disordered, soldiers going in every direction, that mimic turbulent flow. He reasoned that the orderliness of marching troops depends on three characteristics. Speed, the number of soldiers in the troop, and discipline. A troop would struggle to stay in formation if it were fast moving, large or poorly disciplined. Although with discipline, a faster large troop could stay in order. The speed of the troop corresponds to the flow rate of the fluid and the size of the troop to the diameter of the pipe. And the discipline is something called viscosity. It's the resistance to flow. To see that, compare water and honey. The water flows readily, while higher viscosity honey flows slowly. Reynolds get these three characteristics of fluid flow. The diameter of the pipe, the speed or better the velocity of the fluid's flow, and its viscosity into a single relationship. The diameter times the velocity divided by the viscosity. By using different size pipes, changing the flow rate, using fluids with differing viscosities, he observed that when this combination of variables was less than about 2100, some textbooks today say 2300, the flow was laminar, and above that value, the flow could become turbulent. Although by 4000 the flow is turbulent. With this relationship, engineers could know what to change to achieve laminar or turbulent flow. For example, if the flow were just at that transition value of 2100, and you wanted to be sure you had turbulent flow, you could increase the pipe diameter so this ratio is above 4000. To ensure laminar flow, decrease the pipe diameter to lower the ratio below 2100. You could also, of course, adjust the flow rate of the liquid, or change to a liquid with a different viscosity, and adjust the flow so it was laminar or turbulent. This simple relationship among a few properties of a fluid informed the designs of engineers for over a century. I mentioned its application to flight, but it's used throughout our engineered world to fully mix pharmaceuticals, engineers design vessels that use turbulent flow to cool the strips of steel fashion into every type of household metal object, a laminar flow of water cascades over the hot metal. Turbulent flow cools unevenly and induces defects. And to conserve fuel, these vessels channel the air smoothly around a truck. Reynolds' approach, a scientist might well complain, doesn't describe turbulence at a molecular level. This underlines the striking difference between science and engineering. The scientific method strives to reveal truths about the universe while the engineering method seeks solutions to real-world problems. We might, though, think that today's science would subsume all of engineering. Yet scientific breakthroughs never remove the need for engineering. Humankind developed the engineering method to reach beyond codified scientific knowledge. Instead, the advance of science only pushes out the boundary between the certain and uncertain, and so resets the boundary where engineers work. This molecule illustrates that idea. It's an enzyme. In nature, it enables a chemical reaction to happen. Our body is filled with thousands of enzymes that help our cells feed, grow, reproduce, move, and communicate with other cells. This particular enzyme, called subtelicin, breaks down organic matter as shown here. At the center of each petri dish is a lump of gelatin. On the left, it's covered in only water. On the right, this enzyme subtelicin is dissolved in the water. In time-lapse, taken over nearly 30 hours, note that the gelatin in the water remains intact, but that in the enzyme it dissolves. The enzyme subtelicin is a protein-digesting enzyme. It breaks the chemical bonds holding the gelatin together. This ability to break bonds is of the utmost importance to engineers. Breaking and reforming bonds is what creates the engineered world around us in manufacturing chemicals, paints, pharmaceuticals, and plastics. And so it's no surprise that an engineer, Francis Arnold, decided to use these natural enzymes in industrial processes. But here's the problem. Enzymes like subtelicin work only in water and only under a narrow range of temperatures. In the industrial uses envisioned by Arnold, she needed it to work at all temperatures and in harsh solvents. So, of course, when Arnold put it in organic solvent called dimethylformamide, think of paint stripper, and you have a good idea of what this chemical is like, the enzyme no longer digested proteins. To engineer this enzyme, Arnold drew on a stunning scientific advance, a detailed molecular understanding of enzymes. To illustrate that, let's look at this section, this helix. It's formed from 14 amino acids linked in a chain. I'll go through them quickly here because the only things to notice are first that each of the amino acids is a simple molecule, three or four carbon atoms with a few oxygens, hydrogens, or nitrogens attached. Second, that we denote each type of amino acids with a single letter. And third, it's the order of these amino acids known as a sequence that determines the task performed by the enzyme. Seven different amino acids compose the sequence, but the whole enzyme contains only 14 more, 20 different types of amino acids in total. So we could think of this unique enzyme as just the sequence of the amino acids that compose it, some 275 amino acids. The enzyme has one long chain all curled up, and so this list, this sequence, shows the amino acids in order from the beginning of the molecule to the end. We can see here the task that faced engineer Arnold. This sequence of amino acids works in water, but which would she need to change to modify subdilicent so that it worked in paint thinner? Would it be a single amino acid? If so, which one? Or maybe two of them needed to be changed. She couldn't know because it's impossible to calculate from first principles the activity of a particular sequence of amino acids. The choices she faced were astronomical. 275 amino acids make up subdilicent, of which there are 20 different types. So the number of possibilities is 20 raised to the 275th power, a number far greater than the number of stars in the universe, something estimated as 200 trillion. To engineer subdilicent to work in harsh environments, she used nature's own mechanism, evolution. Here, in essence, is an illustration of what she did. She randomly mutated naturally occurring subdilicent. She used a method which replaces an amino acid or two or three here and there. I've illustrated this here with just 10 mutations. She set out 10 dishes filled with diluted paint thinner, as I've called the solvent, dissolved the mutated enzymes, added a block of gelatin, then washed the dishes for a day or two. Most of the mutated versions showed no ability to digest the gelatin, but at least one managed to partially dissolve it. She selected that enzyme, created from it 10 more mutated versions, filled the dishes with a stronger solution of paint thinner than tested again. This time, two showed activity, one of them more than the other. She mutated that version 10 times, filled the dishes with an even more concentrated solution of paint thinner than tested again until nature engineered for her an enzyme that worked in a harsh chemical environment almost as well as the original did in water. In the decade since her work, enzymes engineered by this directed evolution diagnose and treat disease, reduce farm waste, improve textiles, synthesize chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and remove stains. They're a key ingredient of laundry detergents. Arnold noted when accepting the Nobel Prize for Chemistry that even today, we struggle to explain how her evolved enzymes work. A clear reminder that scientific advances don't remove uncertainty, they simply move the borderline between certainty and uncertainty, the perfect space for an engineer to work. In the next video, I explore the relationship of engineering to science. I'm Bill Hammack, The Engineer Guy.


When we first heard we'd won Agtown up at Mount Barker, we were very ecstatic about what was going on. It's been a really long journey since then, however. It came, it burst the banks that generally hold the water on the side of the river and allowed inundation of the reclaimed swamps, which is a perfect pasture land for us. Here at Maipo you could see how people have banded together, how they're helping neighbours out. Of course the Agtown of the Year was announced well before the floods and that spirit was recognised even then in what people had done within this local area. Not everyone that's here today celebrating the Agtown of the Year Award comes together regularly. It's actually brought people together. Today is just the feel-good event to forget about the flood for a bit. Today onwards at Spain's we start living the crown of the Agtown of the Year Award.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will understand radiant measure of an angle as the length of the arc on unit circle subtended by an angle. And we shall also discuss how to convert radians into degrees and degrees into radians. Now let us start with unit circle and unit circle is a circle whose radius is one unit and center is at origin in the coordinate plane. This is the unit circle with radius one unit and we can see that in the coordinate plane here the center of this circle is at origin and the coordinates of the center of the circle is given by zero zero. Thus when radius of the circle is one unit that is radius r is equal to one then that circle is called unit circle. And now we shall discuss radiant measure in our unit circle. A radiant is a unit of measure of a central angle that intercepts an arc equal in length to the radius of circle. Thus in our circle of radius one centimeter a central angle whose measure is one radian intercepts an arc whose length is one centimeter. In this figure we have taken a unit circle that is radius of the circle is taken as one centimeter and central angle is one radian. So we see that the length of the arc is equal to the radius that is equal to one centimeter. Similarly in our circle of radius one centimeter a central angle of two radians intercepts an arc whose length is two centimeters. In this figure we have taken a unit circle with central angle that is two radians. So length of the arc subtended by this angle is two centimeters. Similarly if we see this figure we have taken a unit circle with central angle equal to three radians so here central angle is equal to three radians. So length of the arc subtended by this angle is three centimeters. Now let us see length of the arc when radius is two centimeters. In our circle of radius two centimeters a central angle whose measure is one radian. Now this is the central angle of measure one radian. Then this angle intercepts an arc whose length is two centimeters. Similarly a central angle of two radians will intercept an arc whose length is four centimeters and if the central angle is equal to one plus one plus one that is three radians then the length of the arc subtended by this angle is equal to six centimeters. Now let us find the general formula for finding radian measure of central angle. Now in this figure if we take theta radians as angle measure then theta will be equal to six upon two which is equal to three radians that is we have taken six that is the length of the arc and two which is the radius of the circle on dividing the length of the arc with the radius of the circle we got the value of theta as three that is we have got the value of angle measure as three. In general we can say that the radian measure theta of central angle of a circle is the length of the intercepted arc which is given by s divided by radius of the circle which is given by r. So we can write radian measure theta is equal to length of the arc divided by radius of circle or we can also write it as theta is equal to length of the arc that is s upon radius of the circle that is given by r. So we have s upon r from here we can also write s is equal to theta into r. For example if angle is given by five radians and radius is equal to four centimeters then length of the arc is given by theta into r that is s is equal to theta into r where s represents length of the arc theta is the angle measure and r is the radius of the circle which implies that s that is the length of the arc is equal to theta which is given by five radians into r that is radius of the circle which is given as four centimeters. So s is equal to five into four that is equal to twenty centimeters. Here we should note that moving in counter clockwise direction will give us positive angle and moving in clockwise direction will give us negative angle. We are now going to discuss relationship between radians and degrees. Let us draw a circle of radius r its center is given by o. Now we draw a diameter in this circle. Now we see that the upper portion of the circle forms a silly circle and this is the central angle whose measure is theta radian. Now let us find the length of the arc subtended by this angle that is we shall find the length of this arc which is subtended by this angle whose measure is theta radian and here we can see that the length of the arc is equal to circumference of semicircle and we know that circumference of a semicircle is given by one by two into two pi r that is equal to pi into r that is pi r we know that theta is given by length of arc upon radius of circle and this is equal to length of the arc is equal to pi r and radius of circle is given by r so we have got theta as pi r upon r which is equal to pi so we have got the value of theta as pi radians so the radian measure of central angle is given by pi radians and we know that in degree measure the central angle of the semicircle is 180 degrees that is this angle is equal to 180 degrees and we know that 180 degrees is equal to pi radians and if we multiply both sides of the equation by two we get 360 degrees is equal to 2 pi radians and this represents the angle shown here that is this complete angle represents 2 pi or 360 degrees now we are going to discuss how to convert degrees into radian measure and radians into degree measure and we use the relationship that is 180 degrees is equal to pi radians to convert degrees into radians and radians into degrees we have pi radians is equal to 180 degrees which implies that one radian is equal to 180 upon pi degrees let us name this equation as equation number one from this relationship we also get one degree is equal to pi upon 180 radians and we mark this equation as equation number two and we should note that angles written in radians are often in terms of pi and the term radians is omitted while writing the measure of angle in radians but we always use degrees when we write angle measure in degrees now let us convert 150 degrees in radian measure now using result from equation number two that is one degree is equal to pi upon 180 radians thus we can write 150 degrees is equal to 150 into pi upon 180 radians which implies that 150 degrees is equal to 3 into 5 is 15 and 3 into 6 is 16 so here we get 5 into pi that is 5 pi upon 6 so we say that 150 degrees is equal to 5 pi upon 6 radians now let us convert 11 pi upon 6 into degrees now using result from equation number one that is one radian is equal to 180 upon pi degrees thus we can write 11 pi upon 6 as 11 pi upon 6 into 180 upon pi degrees which implies that 11 pi upon 6 is equal to 6 into 1 is 6 and 6 into 30 is 180 so we get 11 into 30 that is 330 degrees thus we say that 11 pi upon 6 can be written as 330 degrees so in this session we have discussed radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc on unit circle subtended by the angle and also how to convert radians into degrees and degrees into radians this completes our session hope you enjoyed this session


The mid-afternoon fire heavily damaged a church in Pine River today. Firefighters were called around 2 30 to Faith Assembly of God Church. The sanctuary and fellowship hall completely burned. The offices on the side were still standing. No one was inside during the fire and no one was injured as a result of the fire. Community support has already been rolling in for those affected. Before I got here I got three other offers of a place we can meet by other congregations. So it's small town. The cause of the fire is still under investigation. Firefighters from Pine River, Pequot Lakes and Bacchus were on hand to battle the blaze. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here today I bring you another desk in the two video and today I bring you this guide and how you can complete the latest but a goosier forge in literally 30 seconds now Don't mean complete it start to finish in 30 seconds I mean kill that boss within 30 seconds and not even take any damage And this is about any damage buffs either you could do this even quicker than this method But hey, use this method evolve it and drop this boss in seconds But before we go any further guys if you do enjoy the video and would like to show you support You can by hitting that like button if you are new around here and enjoy daily destiny to videos be sure to subscribe Okay, so earlier today we've got the other goosier forge after literally a day and a half of people struggling Within the nobby labs to crack that code to open this up a lot of people pitched Bungie gave in and gave us the goosier forge.  So once you've gone past the initial stages of throwing balls at the forge the two stages of mayhem You then get to battle against a walker tank. I actually don't think Bungie thought this as well if they did I don't know what to say.  That sounds weird. You will destroy him Ridiculously quick that is for sure.  It's unbelievable But yeah guys, I do hope this helps you out and on that note guys We have come to the end of the video if you guys enjoyed it leaving a like really helps out if you are new around here And enjoy daily destiny videos like guides top 5s gameplays reviews just about everything make sure to subscribe And if you never want to miss a video I upload turn notifications on by hitting that bell bottom again guys Thanks as always for stopping by and hopefully I will see you on that next one


And Randy touched on the experience in this event for Josh Blanchard. Good guy to have on your team. And that is a nasty snap hook into the pocket. Let's see what his career has done and what he has meant for the game and for these fans. Yikes! Lazy down lane reaction 2-4-8-10. Back pin out the 8. Let's see if he hooks it in there. Oh, close. So you'll leave 2 on the deck and a little bit of a crack. Originally Wichita State Star. Let's see what he did this year in the Chameleon. Lost a bell bone. Oh, look out! Manager Dale Ballard Jr. pumped up. A nice break here. A.J. Chapman. What a game this young man has. And that's a huge break. Tripping the 4 forward and the 9 sideways. And now the anchor for NYC, Kyle Sherman. The Chameleon of the Cheetah Championship 2nd. Dick Allen won that one. Interesting that a guy who still looked at the first PBA tour title was chosen. Big shot for Marshall Kent. Got to keep this close. Oh, goodness. Yeah, good one. That was rated R for violence. Whoa! Max score 2-68 for the muscle. 2-45 for New York City Kingpins. Big chant here for Michael Holliman in his PBA League debut. Keep the pressure on. Let's send it down to Dale Ballard. What do you like most about your rookie, Michael Holliman? Big shot here with a strike. They'll be in the 2-40s. The high 2-40s. Remember Kingpins, Max score 2-45. Oh, a wrap around 10. Two shots for Simonson. 2-10 pins. This is a really good shot. 6 just wraps around the 10. No trouble there, but in this event, Randy Aspire almost feels like a defeat. Kyle Sherman can step up and strike out to shoot 2-45. E.J. Tackett can strike out to shoot 2-47. They put this young man in this position. Let's see how he performs. Pretty well. Boy, does that left lane look tight down the lane? I'm not sure what's going on if it's the topography, but it's a little lazy down lane. Kyle Shredzerat comes into that light switch zone. Nice touch and carries all 10. Does he have one more in him? Because the possibility of a tie is absolutely out there. That's a big shot because he now forces E.J. Tackett to double and nine to win by one. Oh, he doesn't get it. And it's not even that close. And the first point will go to the New York City kingpins. This is the man who understands emotions on the lane better than maybe anybody. Now, Simon coming off of back-to-back 10 pins on the right lane. Same thing that Weber left in game one minus the 10 pin. 2-4-8. Again, this lane pushes a little bit longer down lane. You can see right there the ball not coming up to the pocket for Simonson. When Pete tried for that 2-4-8, he went for it all and split the 2 and the 4 around the 8. That's not going to happen this time with Anthony Simonson. Remember this, Motown must win this game. And what makes it tough is that back pin, the 8 pin. You like power? I got your power right here. Somebody teach me how to do that, or is it just not possible? There's two games, see ya pack it up. Harry's in the line as he sweeps the 10 into the pit. The other thing is, unless there's a roll-off and Josh Blanchard is selected, there is Tracy Tang outfitted stainless-leaf. In her Statue of Liberty outfit, there's your son, Darren. Stunning a college bowler as soon as they stay. Man here either. Now, Josh Blanchard's done, but he was perfect for his four shots. And that's exactly what you want out of your leadoff bowler. And his strikes have been entertaining, to say the least. The eighth seed is about to topple the number one seed. 259-max for the kingpins. That's it, over. The NYC kingpins, one of three teams to hoist the Elias Cup, and the first to do so will have a chance to do so as they move on to the semifinals. They knock out the number one seed, Motown Muscle.


Thanks for having me. Great to see everyone. My name is Alan Day. I'm a member of the workstation working group. I was chairing the group for the F-36 cycles, my first cycle as chair. So it's kind of nice to be here presenting the release. When I'm not doing working group stuff, I'm doing design work on the desktop. I work as part of the desktop team and also I'm streaming the known project. And today I'm just going to be talking about all the cool stuff that's in Fedora 36 workstation. So I'm hoping that there's people here who've already tried it. I've been using it for a while and it's a really strong release. We've had great reviews, great responses so far. And I know personally I'm really enjoying it. There's a lot of really awesome improvements in there. And really there's just too much to talk about in half an hour. So I'm just picked kind of a small number of personal highlights that I'm going to talk about. I'm going to go into a little bit of detail there, talk a bit about the features, what's involved, and how you can make the most of it when you're using Fedora workstation. So a lot of the features I'm going to be talking about are part of the GNOME 42 release. That's the most recent GNOME release. But I consider them to be Fedora features as well. A lot of these features have had members of the Fedora community participating upstream to make this happen. And they've all had to be tested and integrated and made to be part of the experience as Fedora 36. So while a lot of the material, the features are part of GNOME, these are also Fedora features in my opinion. OK, so let's get started. So Darkstyle, we have Dark Mode now. Other platforms have it. We know it's a popular feature. People often ask for it. And it took us a little while to get there, but we have it now. And the main thing is that it's been done really well. It's been implemented in a very robust way. And I'm going to talk a little bit about some of the different aspects of this seemingly simple feature. Hopefully this will work. I'm just going to show a quick screencast just to show it in action just in case no one has seen this so far. So this is something I recorded was the 12th. So was that yesterday? No, two days ago. So we can see the settings window here on the left and switching between light and dark. And in the same panel, you can also change the wallpaper. So you can see as we switch wallpapers, you get a dark or a light version. And those are available for both modes. So you get these nice transitions as you go back and forth between dark and light and between the two modes. And it's really nice and smooth and everything looks great. And this was a lot of the work that went into this was going into those kind of details. Now, there's been a lot of architectural work over the past year or so, all of which enables much more flexibility and how we render the UI and makes these kind of transformations both possible and makes them more robust. What you don't want is to switch into dark mode and lose some buttons or something because they haven't been styled to fit into the dark background and so on. The way this has been implemented, everything kind of just works. It works really well. And certainly when I've been testing this in Fedora 36, I haven't encountered any styling problems at all going between dark and light. So they did a really great job there. The other kind of details here that are worth mentioning, this has been implemented as a cross desktop standard for the setting. So that's really great. That means that for third parties wanting to target the Linux desktop, there's one setting they need to look at and one setting only. That's really great for adoption. The other really great thing about this is the background integration, which I've already mentioned, but that's a really nice aspect of the feature and the Fedora design team was involved in making sure that the Fedora backgrounds are compatible with dark mode and that's something we're looking at for the next cycle to hopefully increase the number of wallpapers that we have that work with dark. So that's really great. So yeah, dark mode, great feature to have. We've already got plans to improve and extend it for next release for Fedora 37. Scheduling is one thing that's being talked about. So having the ability to have dark mode automatically turn on and off, depending on the time of day, that's something that we'd like to see. The other thing that we'd really like to have is a quick toggle. Right now, you have to go into the settings to switch this either way. And that's obviously not particularly convenient. So for the next cycle, we'd like a button that you can get to from the settings menu and in the top bar, just to enable you to quickly switch between the modes. So look out for that. Hopefully we'll get it for next release. As always with these things, no promises. OK, let's move on. So we've got a new screenshot UI for Fedora 36. This is something that we've wanted for a while. And as part of my day job, I take a lot of screenshots. So this is something that I've been using very heavily this week. And I've been really enjoying using it. Taking screenshots is so much easier now and such a pleasant experience compared to how it was. So it's really exciting for me personally to have this in. So just to refresh our memories before we get into the new experience. Obviously, the old way to take screenshots was primarily through shortcuts. We have different keyboard shortcuts for taking an area of the screen or copying to clipboard, screenshotting a window, I think. And that was the main way that people did screenshots. The way it works within the new UI, you just need one key. And that's the print screen. And you just press it once. And the capture is taken. And then you've dropped into this UI. And I've got a screencast of this in action now just show it in use in case no one's seen it. So let's just go into that now. And hopefully this is coming through OK. So it's hard to know where the quality. You press print screen and we're in this UI. And you've got this UI here for selecting an area of the screen. If you want to select an area, you can select an entire display. Or you can select an individual window. And when you switch into this mode, you get this choose a UI to pick the window you want. And the other thing that we have here is screen recording. So you can flip into that mode. And this is your recording UI. And here you can do an area if you just want to record an area. Or you can do the full screen. And in both modes, we have this toggle for you to show the point. So that's it. It looks fairly simple. But there's quite a lot there once you start getting into it. So the neat thing about the way this thing works is that when you press that print screen button, all the captures are immediately taken. So it takes an image of the full display of each window. And when you're dropped into that UI, that is essentially an editing UI. You're editing the captures that have already been taken at that point. And that's really cool. The main reason I find it to be really cool is that taking the capture is instantaneous. So often when you're taking a screenshot, it's something that's transient that's there that second and you want to capture it straight away. And for that moment, you've got to pause and think about which area you want to capture or which keyboard shortcut to use. That's not what you want to be doing at that moment. You just want to capture the thing and then worry about what to do with it afterwards. And that's what this UI allows. So that's something I find really handy about this. The other really nice thing about it is it allows you to be a bit more relaxed in the way you use the thing. The old approach with the shortcuts, it's a bit like a trial and error kind of approach. You would maybe capture an area and draw the rectangle and then maybe it wouldn't be quite right. So you go back and you do it again and you keep going through this process until you've got exactly what you wanted. With this new approach, you just press the button and then you've got the time to get it just how you'd like. And since I've been using this, I don't think I'm about to go back and try and take a screenshot again. It's always been a case of editing afterwards and then getting it just right and then it's done. So it's just more relaxed, it's less stressful. There are fewer areas involved. And then the other really cool thing about this is obviously the screen recording, which we didn't really expose before and we didn't have area screen recording in the past, which is just super useful. And in the past, I would personally, I'd use like a third-party app for this, but that has never felt very convenient and you might have reliability issues sometimes those apps wouldn't work very well. So now we have this and it's all right there available from Wonky built into the system and you can just use it when you want. So that's fantastic. So yeah, the new screenshot UI, I think that's a major highlight in F36. I'd encourage everyone to try it out, to try the different modes and the different ways that you can capture images with that. That's really great. We do have a few plans to improve the shortcuts there. I know some people are looking for more shortcuts to be able to use it like the old screenshots. So we do have some kind of legacy support there if you do just want to quickly use a shortcut instead. And I think we're going to be reviewing that to maybe adding to those. But I think that'll be something for F37. All right. So the final major thing I'm going to talk about here is GTK4. I'm going to talk about a few different aspects of GTK4 because I don't think a lot of people realize how big a deal it is. And what is going to mean for the desktop platform going forward. So I just wanted to talk a few different aspects of GTK4 here. And obviously GTK4 has been around for a while. It was actually released back in December 2020. But the reason that F36 is exciting from this perspective is that this is the first time we've seen applications migrating to GTK4 on mass. So for F36, we have a whole bunch of the core apps, the pre-installed apps that are using GTK4 now. So that's quite significant. So I'll just show you a few screenshots of these. So we have the software app that's in GTK4 now and the GTK4 version is the one at the top in the foreground. And the older GTK3 version, that's in the background. And the main thing to note here is the styling is slightly different. The GTK4 version is a bit lighter and flatter. The Settings app is another app that is using GTK4 by default in F36. Again, styling differences. You can see the lists are somewhat different here. It's worth noting that the GTK4 port of the Settings app was just a massive, massive undertaking. Just a huge amount of work. And not only was the application ported to GTK4, but a huge amount of the UI was refreshed and updated at the same time. So just looking at my notes, like the list of panels that had design updates is the application settings, the appearance settings, which was previously background, the display settings, regional language, and the user settings. So five of the settings panels were revamped to varying degrees. So a major piece of work there, also in Fedora 36. Final example of a GTK4 versus GTK3 app is just a calendar. I don't calculate a story. So you're looking at this and you're thinking, well, these apps look a little bit different. But the GTK4 and the port into GTK4 is much more than that. So GTK4 was about four years of development time. And it came slightly under a decade after the previous major GTK release, which was GTK3, which was in February 2011. So this is, in terms of historical terms, this is very significant release. And there's some very significant changes under the hood, which I think are significant for users and also for developers. And I'm going to talk about three of those. Number one, GPU rendering. So GTK4 apps do a lot of their graphics rendering on the GPU. Previously, this wasn't the case with GTK3. The rendering was done on the CPU. And so the obvious impact of this, everything gets faster, smoother, more efficient. And you'll notice this when you're using these GTK4 apps, it's fast. It's like it's really fast. Particularly things like scrolling, animations, and so on. So this is just really, really cool. And it's really exciting and, you know, something that people will hopefully be appreciating when they're using these GTK4 apps. And personally, I'm really excited about, you know, the next wave of these porting effort, like getting the vast majority of the desktop using GTK4, I think will be a very significant upgrade to the experience in terms of just the rendering speed and the smoothness of rendering. So this is pretty exciting. I'm pretty cool for the platform and the product as a whole. Second thing, similarly on speed and efficiency, GTK4 has these new capabilities for presenting lists and grids. These are new widgets which are replacing the old GTK3 view, which have been around since the GTK2 days. And these, there's a couple of things about these. You know, the first, these are modern GTK widgets. So you can style them how you want. You can embed other widgets and elements in them like you want. So there's a lot of flexibility there and you can make it look really nice. But the other thing is that these are super, super efficient. Like this is a screenshot of GTK4 demo. And you can see this grid has over 16 million cells in it.  You don't notice. And the reason GTK4 can do this is that it's only creating widgets for what's actually being displayed on screen. So there's a data model which contains a record of all the items. And then GTK4 will work out what to actually build in terms of UI input on the screen and that enables it to be very, very efficient. So this isn't being used in many places at the moment. There's a few places. But the big thing about this is this is what's going to be used. And the file browser in Nautilus, when it puts GTK4, so we'll get, you know, pretty lists and grids that will be super, super fast. And, you know, this is an important capability. It is something that's going to enable us to see some pretty cool developments in future releases. OK. Third and final thing about GTK and also from the talk, I think, you know, GTK4 is very much kind of batteries included. It has this companion library called Libertator, which kind of brings with it like everything that an application developer might need to create. Really awesome apps really easily following the known design patterns and the design guidelines. So if you're writing an app in GTK3, you might be, you know, doing a lot of layout work yourself, you know, nesting all your boxes and widgets in them. And you might be able to do some custom widgets and custom styling to get things to look just the way you want. So with GTK4, a lot of that just goes away, right? Like everything is there out of the box with quite high level components that you can reuse very easily. So you want to do a preferences window. Well, there's a class for that. And it almost becomes just an exercise in declaring which preferences you want to expose and all the layouts and the widgets and everything. It's just done for you. So the applications that have been ported to GTK4, which are now included at a footer of 36, just a huge amount of components have just been deleted. It just isn't needed. All that custom code has just gone now. The other thing that we've got is we've got a lot of new widgets for the coming in for the first time, like, you know, modern design conventions, like we've got the toasts and different style buttons and progress indicators and so on. So as a user, what you will see is you'll see much more polished applications because there's less custom code, there's greater quality. And you'll also see more modern design conventions. So just the apps are better. It's essentially what I'm saying here. And the other thing is, you know, it makes it easier to make the app. So we're already seeing this having a big impact on the ecosystem, lots more desktop applications coming through, lots more of a community around these applications and, you know, go out and browse FlatHub or, you know, browse NomeCircle, for example, and just see the apps that are available there. It's really exciting time. There's never been a better time to be creating desktop apps for Linux, I don't think. Alan, we're three minutes left here in a few questions. You want to take a few of them? Yeah, why not? I'm going to end on this slide and I will just leave this here. So if you want to read the list of all the things that I would have liked to have talked about, but couldn't, you can. There's a lot there in the release, which it's a really strong release. It looks like a nice long list there. Yeah. All right. So the first question here actually is, is there going to be a contest for supplemental wallpapers again in the future? And I think there was to talk about that on the Fedora design list, too, is where that has been traditionally run. So if you're interested in that, I think Fedora design list is the place to go. Alan, do you know any more about that? Yeah, I mean, Mo had a call this week to talk about wallpaper planning. There's definitely plans to refresh the supplemental wallpapers this cycle. And I think there's definitely interest in running the competition again. I think the main thing is there needs to be a volunteer to take that on. I think everyone would love that to happen and will facilitate that, which is looking for a volunteer at the moment. It could be the person who asked this question. Good. That's how you get a volunteer to do things. So they've got a couple of screenshot questions here. The first one is how to change the storage location. Good question. I don't know, but I can find that out. All right. Well, the second one is, is there a lightweight editor to draw arrows, boxes around things? They're using Pinta instead of the built-in thing because of that. Are there other plans for that? There are designs. We would really like to have those capabilities built into the image viewer. And there is a new image viewer being worked on upstream. It's still very early days. But yeah, I agree. It would be great to have those capabilities out of the box. And we do have design work for that. And then someone also asks if video recording for windows rather than just area is planned or that works? Yeah. I don't know how you would do that. I suspect there are some technical limitations there, but I don't know if it says anything. And then someone asks the main differences between the console and the new terminal. I forget which one is new now and console is new. What advantages does the new one bring? So it has some new features, fairly small things, but nice or the same. It's supposed to start work properly. It has the header bar changes depending on the privilege level or whether it's a remote connection. Oh, that's kind of cool. There's a slightly nicer find UI in there, I think. So a lot of kind of UI polish, essentially. I think the other thing about console would be, it would perhaps give us a bit more flexibility in the future to add more, I suppose, kind of future-facing kind of features. We're very interested in integration with Git and with containers and those kind of things, which I suspect wouldn't be such a good fit for the existing terminal, but I think the new one might be a good space to explore those. I personally really liked, a long time ago, Owen presented a great thing called Purple Egg, which goes nicely with Silver Blue, I think, which is basically a console-integrated thing for managing containers, managing Toolbox, basically. I think for Silver Blue and those kind of things, having Toolbox integration into the console is going to be a huge thing. And I scared Alan away with that.


Right, we'll just try to right left them. Yeah. Nice work, dude. Geez, that is a... Right there, though. No, to the left, Kevin. That's a nice one. It was this early. The Hamburglar. Did he hammer? Yeah. Thanks. Yeah. Take the bull. Yeah. That's a bonus. That's actually a big bonus, yeah. Yeah, he's got to get a good looking head already. He's done that. Yeah. Good things with business, huh? Yeah. Nice. That's number three already, man. Yeah. I don't know, man. What's going on in my shirt? Dude. He broke. He... We already got five birds down, and as you've seen in the footage, but anyways, me, Thomas, and Kevin out here, the A5 game, and a big Uno dog.  That might have been what happened when he was like this. Beautiful. Who to thunk it. Hands shoulder. Thank you. I love it. I appreciate that. Nice shot. Dude, that was great. I got the shot, but when he fell behind. Yeah. I could tell by his breathing. He doesn't have it yet. Yeah, but he's on it. Oh, yeah. It's... He's good. I feel good. He was good. Yeah. Heavy 12. That's the first time I've shot that. First shot with heavy 12.  Yeah. It's just drool. He's hit so hard. All right, Coco. Cut him, Coco. One over here. I got it marked. First, you dropped two over here, right? I thought you got... did I get that drink? Well, the one that was kind of... Yeah. Okay. Yeah. I got marked on these two. I was gonna go after those and then they were right here. I missed that hand. I know. Yeah. You think I can find it? This? Yeah. Oh, easily. It was like the last one you shot. I didn't shoot that one. He did. I shot these two. I never looked at that one. Nice. I shot. Nice. Some more hands. That's my forebird time. Two birds. That happened fast. That did happen way too fast. It's a better... How do you stretch those out so much? Dude, hey. Dude, ten yards like this. Right in the gopro? Yeah. Three. I'm telling you right now. Disgusting. This guy right here shoots birds and drops them in the toys and no one can find them. He like two dogs. Oh, rocky boy. No. Give. Give. Oh. He smoked her. I got her, Kyle. There was one that fell over here. Oh, okay. Give. Give. Go. Go. There we go. Nice. Finish him. You got to finish him. Give. Good boy. Good boy. You keep looking at them legs for. Every single one. We've got some BB in the leg. Every single one he goes like this. There's a special one. Okay, I think it's your turn to video again. This is how we do it. Thomas just got another drink of milk, but we were out turning the pulsators on. Didn't have the camera on me. Shake it. Don't break it. That's shipping up to be a healthy day. Looks a lot better. Dude. We might just get lit up. Boom. Nice. Oh my gosh. So, should I take off the bigger groups right there? Here's like, you're all taken. It was like cut in our face. What do you think we should do? I mean, we could take him on that line. Throw him back. I'll take it today. I still got a little brown on the top of his head. That was ridiculous. Let's go home. Nice shot, dude. I can see the flesh on that thing. I was like, no more work for him. So we just parked the gate or tall over here. And we walked a couple hundred yards. Make sure it wasn't affecting the ducks. And then drive it back over there.  Take some pics. I'll call it an awesome day. Kevin's mastering the stack. You were joking when you said that, right? Master of stack? Look at that beautiful thing. Add a little cherry on top. A little dab of chocolate. And the old Christmas goose. This old boy did some work. Come on, bud. Days in a row. Yeah, two days in a row. Hard days, probably. Early. Early, early. Early rising. He's gonna be asleep for about 24 hours, probably.


This is TFNN, The Tiger, Financial News Network, Update. Good morning everyone, Basel Trapp and here on this Friday, the 14th of April, Dow's down 17 at 34,016 after a fabulous session yesterday. Most importantly, there is a left side high of 34,331 on the 14th of February in the Dow. We're going to be watching to see if next week it's able to try for that or it needs to retest the 33,500, 400 area. The weekly chart shows you that a break above this trend line would be really positive. You'll see the same thing in the S&P. The S&P right now, the Dow has Boeing and Boeing is dragging the market down, but JP Morgan is lifting it up. What we're looking at is, we're looking at the S&P up 9, almost 10, at 41,56. There's a leg D in the Dow leg E in the daily chart of the S&P, and you can see this cup formation in the weekly chart is starting to improve a lot, but it needs to break above the 4,200 level to really say, I'm out of my resistance area, I'm now looking for new territory. Same thing in the monthly chart, looking at the QQQ. There's a little bit more going on in the QQQs at up 56, at 390.70. There's still pretty good action when you consider what's going on. Even the weekly chart is starting to improve. IWM has been the weak link here. Today it's up 79 cents at 178.97. Not bad action. Gold, let's see if gold is pulling back. Gold is down 22 at 2033. This is the area that I'm anticipating that gold could have some kind of resistance only if you're looking at the dollar, which is now, excuse me, up a little at 101.25 up 24. We're talking about the left side low of 182 that was made in the 3rd of February. We're testing it today. We went down to 100. What do we do? 100 point? Oh, I can't see. 100 point something. I'll tell you right now what it is. Well, I'll try to tell you. There it is. So we're talking about 100 point. Whoa, very interesting. 100 and 100.79. So we've just taken that out. This is where you need to see some stability in the dollar. And you're looking at US bonds, US bonds are down sharp.  And crude oil is about unchanged. It's up a dollar. I'll be back for the target.


Now we discuss about the decoder combinational circuit. So decoder is a combinational logic circuit that receives coded information of n input lines and converts damage to maximum of 2 to the power n unique output lines. So decoder is functions just opposite to a encoder and the decoder output will have less than 2 to the power n outputs when some of the n bits decoded informations are unused or are do not care combinations. Now we see the block diagram truth table and logic circuit of decoder. So now this is a block diagram of n to 2 to the power n decoder. Here n numbers of inputs then it decodes 2 to the power n outputs. If n is 3 that is 3 inputs that output will be 2 to the power 3 equal to 8. So 8 outputs it is marked as O0 O1 to O7. So it is a 3 into 8 decoder. Now we see the logic circuit and the truth table. So since there is a 3 inputs so we have given A, B, C, A, B, C these are the 3 inputs and outputs are O0, O1, O2, O3, O4, O5, O6 and O7. So for the 3 inputs what are the combinations first is 0, 0, 0 then 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 and 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0 and last is 1, 1, 1. So when all the 3 inputs are 0 then the output O0 is selected. So this is 1 and the rest of the outputs are 0. When the input 001 is selected O1 output is 1, others are 0. For the 3rd case O2 output is selected, for the 4th case output O3 is selected and for the last combinations when all the inputs is high then output I7 is high. So this is the truth table for 3 into 8 decoder. So these are the inputs and these are the outputs. So now we see the logic diagram for 3 into 8 decoder. So now since there are 8 outputs 8 numbers of n gates will be there and the 3 inputs A, B, C are the 3 inputs and it is complemented by using the node queue. So for the first combinations 0, 0, 0 that means when all the 3 inputs A, B, C are 0 that means this one, this one and this one. 0 then output of the first n gate that is O0 is high it is selected. For the second case 001 that means A is 0, A is 0, B is 0, here B is 0 then C is high. So this is the high line. Then for the 3rd case B is high A and C is low. So A is low, B is high and C is low. For the 4th B and C is high A is low. So A is low, B is high, C is high. So this is the C is high. For the next case when output O4 is high then the A is high then the rest B and C is 0. So A is high. So this one is high line and B and C is low. Then A and C is high. So here A is high, B is low and C is high. Then for the 6th output here the combination is A and B is high. So this is high A then B this line is high and C is low. So this is the C low line and for the last n gate that means for O7 output all the 3 inputs are high. So this is A high line then B is high and C is. So this is the logic circuit for 3 into 8 decoder. So 3 means 3 inputs A, B, C and 8 means 8 decoder outputs. So O0 to O7. First you draw the truth table by using these combinations 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1. So all these 8 combinations are there and then the 8 outputs O0 to O7 are given here. That means the output only one n gate output is high at a time and the rest of the other output of the n gates is 0. So this is our 3 logic circuit of 3 into 8 decoder. So the function of decoder is just opposite to the encoder. So our 3 to 8 line decoder circuit can be used in binary to octal conversion and the decoder is also used in some code conversion. For example, BCD to 7 segment decoder and another use of a decoder is that it can be used to implement any combinational logic circuit. So we have discussed about the 3 to 8 decoder. Next we see the combinational circuit of Aether and Subjector. So first Aether means there are two types of Aether. One is half Aether and the other is full Aether. And first let us see a half Aether. Half Aether is a combinational circuit that performs the addition of two bits. So in this logic circuit two binary inputs and two binary outputs are required. Now let us see the block diagram of a half Aether. So this is a half Aether. So two inputs, two outputs. Suppose A and B are the inputs and S and C is the output. So here the output S equal to AB bar plus A bar B and C is also known as carry. S is known as sum and C is known as carry. So carry is A into B. Now from this sum equations the proof table will be AB then S and C. So the proof table of the half Aether for the two inputs AB that means 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1. So these are Aether so 0 and 0 is added. So when 0 plus 0 we better 0. 0 plus 1 the output sum is 1, 1 plus 0 is 0 sorry 1 and 1 plus 1 is 0 carry 1. So other carries 0. Now the logic circuit of a half Aether is for two inputs that is A and B. Then two end gates and the output of the two end gates are added. So there is a one organ this is the S input sorry S output and the other is C carry output. So here the input is A and A naught B and B naught. So for the first case when 0, 0 that means A0 and B0 for the second 0, 1, 0 when output is high. So sum is when sum is high when the combination is 0, 1. So we have to put 0 and 1. For the next case the sum is high when the input combination is 1, 0. So this is 1 and this is 0. So output is K B bar plus K bar B and in the next case the C carry it is A into B. So A is A high B high carry is 1 here A high and B high. So this is a half Aether logic circuit. So what is a half Aether logic circuit? Half Aether logic circuit is a combinational logic circuit which added two bits and it gives two outputs. Two bits means A and B and S outputs are sum and carry. So sum equations is A B bar plus A bar B and carry it is the output is A into B. So in the truth table for two bits the four combinations are there and the output sum is high when any of the input is high. And when both the inputs are equal that means either it is 0 or it is 1 then the sum output is 0. And for the carry output when both the inputs are 1 then the output is high. So this is the logic circuit for half Aether. Next we will see a full Aether combinational circuit. So now we will discuss about the full Aether combinational circuit. Our full Aether combinational circuit is a circuit which added three bits binary signals or binary inputs. And there are two outputs sum and carry. The three inputs consist A and B which we have already seen in case of half Aether. And the third input is the carry which is coming from the lower order bits when multi-bit addition is performed. So in case of a full Aether two of the input variables suppose A and B represents the two significant bits to be added. And the third variable that is C which is represent to carry from the previous lower significant position. And the output variables that is S which gives the value of the least significant bit of the sum and the output variable C which gives the output carry. Now let us see the truth table and the logic circuit of a full Aether. So here full Aether this is the block diagram three inputs A, B and C and two outputs S and C sum and carry. The output sum it is represent as the relation by this A bar B bar C plus A bar B C bar plus A B bar C bar plus A B C. And the equation of the carry that is C is A B plus B C plus C A. And here the truth table here is three inputs A B C and the combinations it is written like this. And for the sum when A 0 0 that means 0 plus 0 is 0 again 0 plus 0 it is 0. Then for the next 0 plus 0 is 0 and 0 plus 1 it is 1. Then 0 plus 1 1 1 plus 0 it is 1.  So here carry is 0. And for the fifth combination 1 plus 0 is 1 and 1 plus 0 is 1. And 1 plus 0 is 1 1 plus 1 is 0 carry 1. Then 1 plus 1 is 0 carry 1 0 plus 0 is 0. Then 1 plus 1 is 0 carry 1 0 plus 1 is 1. So this is the outputs of the full adder. What we have seen here that when any of the input is high that is 1 the output sum is high. And when any of the two inputs are equal that means here 1 1 the output is low. Now we draw the logic circuits here for the first is sum S. First we have given 4 n gates then because 4 terms is there and 1 or gate. So for the first combination 0 0 0 sum is 0. For the next when sum is high for the combination 0 0 1 that means A is 0 0 and C is high. For the next case when 1 is high A is 0 B is high C is 0. A is 0 B is high and C is 0. For the next this combination A is 1 B and C is 0. A is 1 and B and C is 0. Then for the last combinations all A B C are 1. So here this is A high B high and C high. So this is the logic diagram for the S output. And for the C output that is scary when it is 1 when the combination is. So this A B plus B C plus C A these are the A B C. So first case when it is high that is B C. So B C next it is high that means A C. So A C then it is high A C then B C A B. So A B. So this is the circuit for the output scary C and this is the circuit for the output sum. So now dear learners in today's class what we have discussed it till now. First we have discussed the combinational logic circuit. What is a combinational logic circuit? It is a circuit which consists of some interconnected set of logic gates with some input variables and output variables. And some examples of combinational circuits we have discussed. First we have discussed a multiplexure. So a multiplexure is a combinational circuit where the binary information is selected from one of the 2 to the power n input lines and it is transmitted to a single output line. If the n is a number of selection lines then that 2 to the power n combinations will be there. So multiplexure is also called many to one. Next we have discussed the demultiplexure. So in the multiplexure we have discussed the one to four demultiplexure. It is a one to many. And after that we have gone through a encoder which is a combinational circuit which generates the binary code for the 2 n input variables. That means 2 to the power n into n encoder. Next we have seen a decoder combinational circuit which receives codes information on n input lines and transmit them to maximum of 2 to the power n unique output lines after conversion. And next we have discussed the adder. So there are 2 adders. One is half adder and the full adder. In the half adder it is a combinational circuit that adds 2 bits and next is the full adder which is used to add 3 bits. So in the next class we will discuss about the substractor and then we go to our next unit that is sequential logic circuit. So in sequential logic circuit the output depends on the input as well as the past outputs. So in sequential circuit our memory is used. So that's all for today's class. In the next class we will continue the next part and thank you learners.