entic 2022 under wraps series two, autograph baseball. And then we've got a 2022 tops definitive baseball. So good luck here, Connor. Let's start with your under wraps. Not open this yet. So I hope they make it easy for us to figure out who to pull this out or no. That's very overkill. All right, dude, come on now. Not touching the ball again. We've got, wow. That's Corey Seeger, World Series MVP, NLCS MVP, 20 RBIs, 20 runs, 2020 postseason, 328 average eight home runs. Dude just started writing a novel on the baseball. That's nasty. Congrats, Connor, dude. Look at the inscriptions all over this thing. That's nasty. That's so sick. Congrats, Connor. That thing is absolutely insane. Dude just said, here's my essay. All right, DFIN definitive. DFINative. Oh, was it number two of 20? I didn't even notice that. I'm checking it out right now. Maybe I'm, oh it is. Yeah, that's sick, two of 20. Wow, good catch on that one, Adam. That's an asset. Dude, this thing is so cool. I'm like really jealous of this ball, actually. Like I'm not really, I wouldn't call myself a Corey Seeger fan, but like that's a sick, sick, sick piece to have right there. All right, we need something crazy now. I think I might see red unless it's pink. I think that's red. Yeah, I believe that is red. Dang, I don't want, don't quote me on it. It might not be, but I think there's a possibility it could be. We've got protectors of the plate. That is Fernando Tates, Jr. Five out of 10. I'm assuming that's probably a, I don't know what that's from. We got his buddy. That is Manny Machado. Six out of 35. I think the one red is up next. So it should be a one on one. But we've got three out of 10. That is David Ortiz. Three, dude, that's so sick, dude. Three out of 10. Big poppy.  This next thing is crazy. We've got one of one. How about your Don Alvarez? Six. That's nasty with the laundry tag. Dude, look at the next one, too. That's one of the biggest cards in the set right there. Because you know what that's worth, right? Like seriously, if you have this card, like possess this card, you get a free box of defensive. I'm pretty sure that's what they've been saying. Because we've got, this is the quote on quote fake auto of Austin Meadows and Randy Rosarena. So Connor, I would contact Tops on this one. I think they've put out a statement saying you do get a box of definitive for that. I don't know. Don't quote me on that, obviously. That's what I've heard. But there it is. That's actually a huge card right there. Funny enough. We've got up next, Forrest, just in time. That is Jason Veratek. Sick auto there. Send box and wrapper. All right, yeah, we'll grab the box and wrapper. We're gonna get you the box and wrapper, Connor. One sec, one sec, one sec. Box, wrapper. We'll even send this little, this thing. There you go. We've got Josh Lowe for the raise, 42 out of 50. Sick one there. And nice way to end it. We've got that is, wow, purple, four or five. Daryl Strawberry. And I'll rookie the year on the definitive achievements. These are currently 23.49, so 23, 2,350. That'll do it for your break there. Connor, congrats on the hits. Congrats on everything, man. Cause like, even that, that Arosarayna is pretty sick. We'll get it right out to you, buddy. No, I would just, I would just talk about it. Yeah, no, but like they, I'm pretty sure like Topps put out a thing saying, if you, cause they came out and like, acknowledge that it was not authentic. And cause it looks like it's signed by the same person if we're being really good at writing looks the same. No, it's not even close to either. It's not even close. But yeah, we will send you the empty box and wrapper. Here, I'll write it in his thing. All right, that was pretty sick. I'm gonna snag a pic of the yard on really quick. Sorry. Crazy dude. Yeah. We're on a, we're on a heater tonight. Mariners are still. Told you DeFinn, it was gonna be fire. Dude, it was. I love this cricket product. Yeah, and my, I would say, I think that's probably my favorite baseball products they make for Topps. It's so good. Essentially, yeah. Like I pretty distinctly remember Topps putting something out saying if you own this card and send it back so it can be destroyed, you will like get a free box of definitive. I saw that on like social media or something. I remember seeing that. And like everybody for like a month, everybody was like, the PYTs for the Rays would sell out like instantly cause everybody was chasing that one. Plus you get wandered, Ruhan. So it's like not bad. So I let. Dude, 200 dollar cheesesteaks sounds amazing of course. But that's 200 dollar cheesesteaks. I love cheesesteak. The cheesesteak is good. I'm with you on that one. I could, I could put down a cheesesteak right now if I had to. Sounds good. We got two leaflets of sports. Give me one sec guys, I'm gonna grab some water. Thank you, see Sloan knows, he said that's true. Hey, let's go Tyler. Congrats dude. Yeah, there's still personal space. Ted, jump right in. Two X. Yeah dude, that was pumped. Pretty sure I even said to Laiwur. And that one. See I told you he changed his name. Yeah, it's Laiwur. Sam has told a great story about you. Oh yeah. Always have to let everybody know. What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards and we are ripping two boxes of 2022 Leaf Fest of Sport for Brendan Kay. So good luck Brendan. See what we got in here for you buddy.  These are so nasty. PSA 10, 2013 tops update. Nolan Aronado, congrats on that one.  Love when we get PSA 10 stuff in here. Nice Aronado. Got him from 2013. So I mean those are always tougher to grade. These are older. Might have to get a change on the driver's license. Honestly if it keeps you pulling Trevor Lawrence immaculate autographs mine as well. Oh wow. Dude. Holy cow. Upper deck Sidney Crosby. 2018, 2019, Upper deck and Grainado. Wow, Brendan. Dude that's sick. That's on card too. Sid the Kid. Dude this stuff is so good. I love, I literally love Leaf Fest of Sport so much. Dude that's so nasty. Holy cow. That'll do it for your boxes there. Congrats again Brendan man that was awesome. Quick pick of that one. That's sick. I'll upload that. That's crazy. That is awesome dude. Oh cool. I actually got a Merlin coming up. That's awesome. All right let me refresh this. Probably be able to get everything that's still left in queue now. Oh, but Landon you ordered ship it sealed by the way. I don't know if you knew that. Not super long. I would say there's one, two, three, four, five, six orders in queue. Well five technically because Shane ordered two. So that'll be once. It's technically five in queue. Yeah I can rip it for you. Three it was a UFC select right? Tag this off as me. Yep I got that tagged off for you Landon. No problem dude. Oh yeah that card just paid for your son's fourth birthday. Dude that's awesome. Oh that's so cool.  Let's go. Let's go grab these. Ha ha I'm glad man. I don't know to be honest. Ted. Forrest if you're in here can you answer that? Why? Ted which one are you trying to use? What coupon code? I honestly don't know. If you want to order just the normal way and then send us an email about it I could forward it to someone who'd be able to answer that question. I don't do a lot with the website. I'm not 100% sure why I apologize on that. And what date is it? I don't think it was that one. Ted it wasn't the YouTube members coupon I don't think right? I'm assuming that's not it. Like four breaks tomorrow. All right guys let's do it. Yeah no it's a different one. Yeah I would just if you want to order it I would just do that and just shoot us an email. Nice. That's actually I'm excited for that. I like WWE select. Pass by it's just ignore. Okay perfect. Here we go. Phone on everyone. Sam here with late in sports cards. We are doing a one box break for Jeffrey S. That is 2022 top scrum baseball hobby. So good luck here Jeffrey. See what we get in here for you buddy. Yeah just shoot us an email. Ted and I can just forward it over to somebody in that department that might know what's going on what the reason. There might be a reason behind it who knows. All right see what's in here. We get two autos per Nelson Cruz raised. Raised legend. Zach Short on the prison rookie Ryan Belate. Cal Raleigh that's probably top of that actually. Cal Raleigh Max Muncie pinstripe Samuel Long. Seal this is Jaren DeRan rookie. We got a blue DJ LaMahue. That is 13 out of 150. I'm gonna try Shane. I really want to hit you something big.  Austin Riley refractor and Alex Bregman. That's what I'm saying. I don't know if I'm gonna mag his base neaks. Christian Yelich, Mitch Heidegger.  There's a set beer rookie. Francisco Perez rookie auto for the nationals. There you go first auto and Matt Manning. Logo or top scrum. I have not Brandon actually. That sounds pretty cool though. Refractor Yordon and Stuart Fairchild. Full super out of hobby real quick. Shohei Michael Brantley. Wanda Franco super fracter. I'm out of this. And the O'Neill crews in one box. Nice, Jake Berger rookie refractor auto. 71 out of 499. Solid right there. Congrats, congrats. Take that for sure Jeffrey. It's a nice color now. Mars new bar refractor rookie. Nice one there for the Cardinals, Brian Anderson. Refractor Christian Yelich, Kevin Gaussman. That's pretty cool. That sounds really awesome Brandon. Berger, Prism is Whit Merrifield, George Springer. Refractor Max Scherzer, he looks terrible. Nick Madrigal, Max Freed. Luis Robert, Mitch Heinegger, Edward Cabrera. Prism Cronenworth, Walker Beeler. Heart of the City, Aaron Judge, MVP. Jesse Winker, Jackson Reetz on the rookie. Brandon March, refractor rookie, nice. Chris Sale, Manuel Clasai. Matt Manning, refractor rookie. And Ronzie Contreras. Wanda Franco rookie, there you go. And Aaron Judge. And last pack here, good luck, Jeffrey Bees. That'll do it for your box there, Jeffrey. Congrats on the hits, man.  Thanks as always. Right, Shane, you're up next. Got a jersey and a underwraps. Good luck here, Shane. What's going on, everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Cards. We're doing a two box break for Shane Dee. That includes a 2022 TriStar Hidden Treasures autographed basketball jersey and a 2022 Fanatics authentic underwraps baseball. So good luck here, Shane. Guess we'll do your underwraps first. Like this one, I am a fan. That is going to be dual of Don Mattingly and Tino Martinez for the Yankees. That's sick, man. Tino Martinez, Don Mattingly. Congrats on that one, Shane. Mattingly on the sweet spot, and then you got on one of the faces is Tino Martinez. Couple of Yankee legends right there. Love the dual autographed balls as well. That's pretty awesome. And let's do the jersey. Good luck here, Shane. See what we can get out of here. Something big. There's been marinating in here. We've got, this is nasty, Adrian Dantley on a Utah Jazz jersey. AD, baby. He's got such a gorgeous auto too. Adrian Dantley, Hall of Fame, 2008. Congrats, Shane. That's awesome, man. I loved Adrian Dantley. He was like, he was part of the bad boys for a little bit that those piston seams. He got traded, actually. Adrian Dantley, that'll do it for your break there. Shane, congrats on the jersey and the ball. We'll get them right out to you, buddy. Appreciate it. Sorry, I just gave the jersey a mess. Yeah, AD's a cool jersey, man. I like, and it's kind of like that throwback jazz look too. And then the ball was pretty awesome. Tino and Don Mattingly. Those are pretty sweet. We've got Human H. All right, Human. Good luck here, buddy. What's going on, everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. And we are ripping two boxes of 2022 Panini Select UFC H2 for Human H. So good luck here, Human. See if we can pull something big here. Francis and Ghanu, nice. Great way to start it there. That's a 31 out of 49 on the Premier level. That's sweet. There you go, Human. Nice first card in your box. Disco, Francis and Ghanu again. And Silver, Robert Whitaker. Silver, Sean Brady. And last pack of box one. Here's a Patty Pinblit rookie. Holly Holm, we got Jimmy Crue on the disco. And Marlon Morias. Nice ones there. We've got, that is red. Stephen Thompson on the disco. 63 out of 99, very nice. Another Patty Pinblit rookie. Nikita Krylov on the disco. Silver, Shamil Abdurkimov. Silver, Rosanomik Yunus.  Good luck here, Human. Brock Lesnar on the disco. And Raquel Pennington. Great way to end it there. That'll do for your break there. Congrats again on the hits. We'll get them right out to you, buddy. Just bring over the other H2. I guess we'll knock that one out now for Landon. Thanks, sir. All right, let's do it, Landon. What's going on, everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Cards. We are ripping one box of 2022 Penini Select UFC H2 for Landon G. So good luck, Landon. Two in the first pack here, Landon. We've got a maturigic suit, rookie on the disco. And that is Vulkan, Wade's Demir, light heavyweight, 12 out of 49, blue disco, red coming up here, too. Two numbered cards. That is a red, Dracus Plessus, red octagon side, 61 out of 99. Very cool. Take two numbered cards for sure. You're not even necessarily even guaranteed one. Silver, Brock Lesnar, and good box here so far. Got Matt Schnell on the disco and a Tiago Santos. That'll do it for your break there. Landon, congrats on the hits, man. We'll get them right out to you. Thanks again. Grats, Landon. All right, we've got Nicholas S. with a museum collection. Nice. Let's do it, Nicholas. What's going on, everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Cards. We are ripping one box of 2022 Topps Museum collection for Nicholas S. So good luck here, Nicholas. Can we pull something nice out of here for you? Right, we've got Justin Verlander, Cal Ripken. That is Tazis on the canvas collection. We've got Will Meyers. That is 90 out of 99 on the Jersey card. Got some of the Padres Camo patches in there, which is pretty cool. Nice hit. And Mr. Padre, Tony Gwynne. Oh, I agree, Nick's been great playoff so far. I love playoff baseball. Bryson Stop, Matt Schattman. We've got Jordon Alvarez. That is 35 out of 75 for the Astros. Nice jersey there as well. Blue, Hank Aaron, 128 out of 150, and Peter Lanza. Ricky Henderson, Derek Jeter, Lou Gehrig. We've got Patrick Wisdom for the Cubs. 57 out of 399 on the Bat Jersey bet. And we've got nice. A copper Spencer Torkelson going to the Tigers. Yeah, that's true. That's true. It is sad to see him go out that way. Roger Clemens, Aaron Judge. We've got, Jersey is 2 out of 10. That is Austin Riley. Nice one there. And Purple Ichiro, 40 out of 99. That'll do it for your break there. Nick Lisk, congrats on the hits. We'll get them right out to you, buddy. We don't have them in yet, Isaac, I'm pretty sure. But I think what we're doing, is anybody that ordered a personal, is getting one silver pack or two. I don't know what the breakdown is, but I think you'll be getting silver packs, if you order them as a personal. Cause I know everybody that had those teams in different group breaks, are getting, what's it called, are getting silver packs for that. And I think we're doing it for personals as well. It's a little top's logo. Yeah, you're the second person that's brought that up, Isaac. Brandon was talking about that too. I haven't heard of that until you guys were saying about it. Talking about it. Yeah, no worries, Isaac. Yeah, of course, dude. No problem. Let me write this tag out. Those logo, I gotta look those up. You guys are talking all about them and I am heavily intrigued. All right, let me mark this off and we'll get started, Mike. Going on, everyone. Sam here with latent sports cards. We are ripping one box of 2021-22, tops you eight by Champions League, Merlin, Chrome, Soccer, Hobby or Mike K. So good luck here, Mike. See if we can get out of this for you, buddy. See if we can pull some nice color out of this. Match ball or a renaissance, something, man. Prophecy filled Trent Alexander Arnold. Yard shorts. Ages Alchemy Roberto Carlos. Oh, geez, holy cow. Marte goes 0 for 5. He had some crazy parlades, fake. Phil Foden refractor. Didn't go past the teller, gobbie. Yeah, I've noticed that, Isaac. I'm pretty pumped about that, actually. Gonna start sending some more stuff back in. Elliot Matazo for Monaco. Olucaku, Chelsea on the Prophecy Fulfilled. We've got Alessandro Zenoli Green Rookie. 96 out of 99 for Napoli. Antonio Blanco for Real Madrid refractor rookie. That's true, that's true. I guess we keep waiting, face pack. Mini diamonds, Pierre Emerick, Abba Meyang. 130 out of 150 for Barcelona. Nice color there. Refractor Victor O'Simmon for Napoli. Hi, it's for Barcelona, Pedri 170 out of 199. Teal mini diamonds, that's solid. Yeah, I'm thinking about using SGC a little bit. I just haven't graded anything in a while. Abba Meyang, Abba Meyang. All right, I'll try to remember that, Niques. Refractor Bruno Fernandez, thank you. I appreciate it. 18, five to 10, that's crazy, dude. We got an orange. It is Mateo Pacina, eight out of 25 for Atalanta. Nice low numbered auto. Congrats on that, Mike. Yeah, they are not easy sometimes. There's Jamal Muziala going for Bayern Munich on the refractor. 23 Muziala again for Bayern Munich. Messy. Refractor Malo Gusto for Olympic. And under 23, Brendan Aronson for Salzburg. That'll do a few breaks there. Mike, congrats on the hits, man. We'll get them right out to you. Thanks again. Not too bad, orange auto. I appreciate that, Isaac. Man, that thing was, I was going nuts, dude. That thing was so cool. I couldn't believe it for a second. Yeah, he has six touchdowns, 320 yards rushing. That's nuts, dude. Let's go grab a few more boxes. All right, sounds good, Ted. I could rip it. You're not this one, but you're the one after, so I could just add it in with you. I know, man, that's not tricolor match. Oh, that'd be so sick. Yeah, and we're on a schedule, trying to get as many people in as I possibly can. I don't think I slammed the hits into the plastic sleeve. I've never had anybody complain about that. Yeah, no, I know. All right, let's do it. Brand, or graph, here we go. Not everyone. Sam here with late in sports cards, and I am ripping one box of 2021-22 Panini Prism basketball for graph. So good luck here, graph. See what we can get in here for ya. Double check before I open it. 21-22 Panini Prism Basketball Hobby. Thank you, appreciate that, Ted. Yeah, dude, I'm excited to open your WWE. We've, I've been opening a lot of that, actually, over the past couple days, and it's a fun product, man. And Wiggins rookie, there's an Isaiah, Roby Silver, got fireworks, Joe LM Bead, and Otto is gonna be Marcus Zegarowski for the Nets. There you go, graph, nice one there. Zegarowski, and base. See some nice color come out of there. This is an Io Dasumu base rookie, Jason Preston. Silver, Isaac Acoro, that is De'Erin Fox, Prismatic, sorry about that. This is Zion Mindset, and Danny Green. So Red Wave, that's Alvin Schengun, Jalen Johnson, Red Wave, Malik Bees League, and the Red Waves are not numbered. Hyper Brook Lopez, base, base, base, base. Terence Davis, Luca Garza, Namious Keita, that's a Derrick Red Wave, nice one there, graph. Nikhil Alexander Walker on the Hyper, and some base, appreciate that, Niques and Ted. Thank you guys. There's a Mowgli base, the Cabs, I don't know why I couldn't think of that. Trayman, Silver Chris Weber, that's kinda cool. Got a Red, TJ Warren, that is Bubblegoot. 16 out of 2.99, grads on that one there, graph. Julius Randall, and some more base.  I think a purple coming up, nice. Tray Murphy, Silver Luca Garza rookie, there you go for the pistons, and wow, that's sick, De'Erin Fox, purple color match. That's a slick looking card right there, and that is 58 out of 99, grads, graph. Jaylen Green, 75 years, rookie for the Rockets, Santi Aldema, Evan Fournier on the Red Wave, nice, purple ice, Devin Booker, 123 out of 149, Zion Williamson, got blue ice coming up, and our Pulsar. Brandon Boston Jr., Corey Kisbert, Pulsar's Patrick Ewing, that's pretty cool, one of these per box, and blue ice, Nicholas Patoum, 100 out of 125 Clippers, there's your non-rookie rookie, Lamello, the error, and base. There's a Bones Highlander rookie, got Silver Paul Millsap, Hyper Josh Jackson, and base. No function going on over here. Still going for our second auto here, Keon Johnson, Jaden Springer, Silver Nicholas Claxton, Roco on the Hyper, Mo Bamba, an orange wave coming up, come on baby, see a big rookie. There's a Chris Duarte on the rookie, Tim Duncan, Josh Christopher, orange wave, Tony Kuko, which that's pretty cool, 11 out of 60 for the Volts, and then we've got Quentin Grimes on the base rookie, going to the Knicks, nice one there, got blue coming up in the last pack, Charles Passi, it's up boy, Scotty Lewis, Jason Preston, kind of sounds funny saying that, 134 out of 199, it's going on though, regardless, it's going on man, and base. That'll do it for your box there, Graf, congrats on the hits, we'll get them right out to you, thanks as always, appreciate it. We've got, I'm just gonna grab another UFC, or a UFC WWE select for Tad really quick too. You got it? Okay, thanks Jake, I'll get this tag written out. All right, Tad, you're up next buddy. Yeah, absolutely, no problem. It's Saturday, yeah perfect. All right, here we go Tad, good luck buddy. Sam here with late in sports cards, ripping two boxes of 2022, Panini WWE select hobby for Tad K. So good luck here Tad, I'm just gonna double check, yep, WWE select, WWE select, let's do it. So we can pull you a zebra or something maybe, that'd be sick, John Cena auto, maybe a 101, I did pull a black 101 of Champa out of this, which is pretty cool, so hope to go ahead and repeat that every which way. Select is like the biggest battle for getting packs, like stacked right, sorry Tad, just wanna get them in like a decent order. They're just gonna keep falling all over the place, so get some at least some organization to it. Kevin Owens, got a filler, tricolor Kushida and electro Lopez. Kushida, the rock Farouk, that is another filler. Nice, the rock on the tricolor, there you go. Ashka, Najee playing so bad, do I dare, what are your other options, fake? Solo Sokoa, that's Rey Mysterio, Silver Sasha Banks, nice one there, and Jenny. Jinder Mahal on the scope, Big E, Rhea Ripley, that is a blue, Vaughn Wagner, nice. Five out of 2.99, love the blues in this, Nikki Bella on the ring side. Farro Orange is Sheamus, nice, one out of 35.  See, that's a good point, Reaper. Josh Shaget Jamal, what's Jamal Williams' matchup? That's not a terrible possibility. Silver is Shinsuke Nakamura, Brock Lesnar. Bull is Finn Balor, 61 out of 75 on the purple. Now, Grim Reaper makes a good point with Pickett being the quarterback now. You can't really trust the downfield throws as much, so they probably will be running it a lot. Plus, they just overuse Najee to the next level. First auto is gonna be Stevie Turner. Stevie Turner, that is not numbered? That's cool, I like the auto there. That's sick for, it looks like WWE UK, and we've got Roman Reigns, Tri-Color, and Tony D'Angelo, Brock Lesnar, Biggie. Got J. Uso on the superstar worn slash used material. Got Kama on the silver, and Kit Wilson. Why are they giving me trouble now? Heck, usually don't. Silver, Stephanie McMahon on the, what is it called, ring side, nice. Roderick Strong, Omo, Jimmy Uso. We've got The Undertaker, wow. Congrats on that one, Ted. Undertaker, legendary signatures. Let's go, man, congrats, buddy. We'll get that in a mag for you, that's sick. Congrats, man.  That's sick. Let's go. We've got The Great Khali and Dave Mastiff. Ted is pumped, dude, let's go. That's what it's about. Dude, I've not, that's the first Undertaker auto I've seen out of this. And I've read probably like a case, at least a case worth. Big, yeah, Big W right there, Big Time W. Booker T, that is an orange Tony D'Angelo. Four out of 35. Riddle. Yeah, I feel that fake. We got a gold coming up. Come on, baby, it is Macho Man Randy Savage.  Wow, dude. 10 out of 10, Ted. Dang. That'll go in a mag, too. That's sick. Dude, that's so nasty. That's a fair wrestler, man. Oh yeah, oh, he's awesome. Classic, man. Stacey Kiebler, that's awesome, man, let's go. We've got the edge on the tri-color Charlotte Flair. Dude, this stuff's nice. Any select product is always so sick, dude. Eddie Guerrero, got Carmella on the Superstar worn slash used material. Silver Big E and Ricochet on the late blue, 56 out of 2.99 and Randy Orton. We've got Braun Breaker on the tri-color rookie. Rob Van Dam. God, Liv Morgan, 8 out of 10 on the gold RPA or the gold patch auto. Dude, that's nuts. Two golds in one box. One of them being a patch auto, let's go. Ted's killing it right now. Absolutely killing it. Congrats, man. Santos Escobar and LA Knight for Silver Angelo Dawkins and Big Boss, man. We should be getting one more auto still, which I believe is right here. That is Kushida on the NXT auto. Very nice, not numbered. Plus we've got an Ultimate Warrior on the tri-color and Jordan Devlin. Silver Oshka and Electro Lopez, Big E. That is Saxon Huxley on the maroon, 141 out of 149. Yeah, we can mag the Liv. You mind just throwing the Liv Morgan in a mag. Yeah, we can do that for you. We've got Charlotte Flair on the scope, very nice. And JC Jane. That'll do it for your break there, Ted, man. That was wild. Such an awesome break. We'll get him right out to you, man. Thanks again. Huge, actually. These are gigantic. I can't even do his voice, I wish I did. That Undertaker's sick. You could probably FedEx this, I would say. That's probably big enough to FedEx. Grats, man. Ted, that was great, dude. I'm pumped, man. Yep, here is the Liv Morgan mag for you too, Ted. No worries. No problem, Ted, you got it, man. Peace, tight beer. Ted. Yeah, Liv Morgan's awesome. That's like a very underrated patch auto pole too, especially with it being gold. Like no issues with that. And then the macho man, Randy Savage. Honestly, I will be 100% honest with you, Ted. I would put those two and probably the one with the... Probably the two best I've ever ripped, I would say, right there. Would be those two, which is crazy. Got Isaac coming up next. Class of the brown drink. All right, Isaac, let's do it, man. What's going on, everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Cards. We are ripping two boxes of 2022 Chrome Hobby Baseball for Isaac L. So good luck, Isaac. I'm out of here for you, buddy. I'm gonna get McDonald's on the way home. There's really nothing open on your way home. The one that... There's one... Like you don't go through downtown Apocca, do you? Remember that way out, bro? Is it the opposite way? Yeah. Okay, I got you. I'm like towards where I'm going. We're doing full catch. Ah, okay, see who's next. Like where Forest goes. Yeah, you're done. Yeah. Shohei, there's a Joey Vado Refractor and Kyle Hendricks. There's a Wander rookie on the new classics. Silver or Refractor Robbie Grossman. Blake Snell. Willie Castro. There's a Silver Big Dumper. There you go. Kyle Raleigh or Refractor, I should say. Not Silver. Much breaking too much prism here. Chris Sale on the Hyper. And of course that's called the Prism, not even the Hyper. Neeks. Trey Amberget. McCormick, Connor Wong. Heart of the City is Max Munsey. There's a Max Crannick on the Refractor Rookie. And Peter Landa. Hershaw. Shane Boz. There's a Sonny Gray on the Prism. John Means. Schwerberg. Fran Mill Reyes. The Franimal. 23 out of 75 on the Blue Wave. Fractor Carlos Santana. Freddie Freeman. Pinstripe. Byron Buxton. Louis Seal. There's a Gavin Sheets Refractor and Tyler Gilbert. Pass and on. Oh yeah, I hope not. Vado. Brian De La Cruz. There's a Jaren Durand as well. Jacob de Grom. Nelson Cruz. There is a Randolfo Castro base rookie auto for the Pirates. Rats on that one. Isaac. And a Refractor Auto Cedric Mullins. 36 out of 499. Nice. Very underrated outfielder. I remember in like 20 something, it was like he, that was like the one auto everybody hated getting was the Cedric Mullins. And now he's like one of the better players out of that sense while. Refractor Brian Reynolds as a trout on the back. Two to go. Brian Hayes on the prism. And Eli Morgan. And last pack of box one for you here. Isaac. Chris Bryan, two at 92 out of 399 on the pink. George Springer prism just in turn. 30, 30, yeah he had real, he was an all star last year. He was like, he was like at one point in like the MVP conversation. Probably was never going to win it realistically, but was in the conversation, you know. New follow up. Switch, lip. Feeling prism rookie. Granky. There's an O'Neill Cruz based rookie. Akunya and Kyle Sieg. John Gray is your prism. Andre Jackson refractor rookie. Carlos Correa. Zach Short. The Gavin Sheets. Blue auto, Miguel Sanchez. That is 145 out of 150 for the Brewers. And Jackson Coar. It's a crannic Gavin Sheets. We got a green wave Sheen Bieber. 91 out of 99. Jake's boy. Refractor Adolas Garcia. Fowler-Glasna. Refractor Yoan Moncada on the prism. Xander Bogarts, Max Muncie. Andre Jackson, Alex Bohn. Vidal Buruhan on the 87 throwback. Gray. Nelson Cruz refractor, Franimal. Well, they picked up two facts. Tyler McGill refractor rookie for the Mets. Thank you. Connor Wong, Rookie Auto. There you go, Red Sox. Or I should say, there you go, Isaac with the Red Sox hit. Trout. We've got J.D. Martinez, 183 out of 399. Nice one there, Red Sox. O'Neill Cruz prism. There you go, Isaac. Nice, buddy. And Lance Lynn. Hector Albert Pujols. Very nice. Dr. Aaron Judge, another nice one. Ernie Clement. Three to go here is Freddie Freeman. Or Austin Riley, excuse me. Paul Calhoun.  Good luck here, Isaac. Jose Ramirez, that'll do it for your break there. Isaac, congrats on the hits, man. We'll get them right out to you. All right, guys, I think that's going to be my last one. I just hit a wall being tired. But Magic Matt is doing personals tomorrow, starting at 10 AM. So anybody that didn't go tonight will go tomorrow morning, literally in like eight hours. So those will be on the YouTube channel over here at Layton Sports Cards. But like I said, guys, I apologize for not getting anymore in. I know we've got a couple of people in queue. Again, you guys will all go tomorrow with Matt. Matt is starting at 10 AM Eastern Time. So literally like eight hours from now, you guys will have your boxes ripped. So we'll have to wait too long, which is good. So yeah, that'll do it for me tonight. Thank you, guys. I do appreciate it. And I will see you guys.


Welcome to the Endnotes, where I put all the fun facts I can't fit into the main videos. Today, some extra bits of information from my video about the word widow, and if you haven't seen that yet, click on the card. Looking again at the expression grass widow, which as we saw in the main video went from meaning a discarded mistress to a married woman whose husband is away, we saw there was speculation that the shift in meaning happened in Anglo-India. The one problem is that the earliest citations the Oxford English Dictionary has in the newer sense are not from India, but from American and Australian English, first in a story published in 1845 by American humorist Johnson J. Hooper. Then, in 1853, Ellen Clacy writes in, a lady's visit to the gold diggings of Australia, the absence of so many of the Lords of Creation in pursuit of what they value more than all the women in the world, nuggets. The wives thus left in town to deplore their husband's infatuation are termed grass widows, a mining expression. So, Clacy takes it as a mining term. It's not until 1859 that we have an Anglo-Indian example from John Lang's Wanderings in India in which he writes, grass widows in the hills are always writing to their husbands when you drop in upon them. All these citations are from around the same time, and perhaps someone will anti-date the term, finding an even earlier example in India. Another important widow expression is the phrase widows and orphans, originally referring to the vulnerable members of society most in need of charitable help, but also with a couple of important figurative senses. There's the financial sense, designating a safe, low-risk investment deemed suitable for those considered as vulnerable or having limited knowledge of investing, such as, originally, widows and orphans. So widow and orphan investments, or widow and orphan stocks. Then there's the typesetting term widows and orphans, referring to a paragraph-ending line that falls at the beginning of a page, a widow, or a paragraph-opening line that appears at the bottom of a page, an orphan. Typesetters usually try to avoid widows and orphans as they look messy and break up the flow of the text. The etymology of orphan, by the way, is quite an interesting one. It comes through Greek orfanos, and Latin orfanos, from a Proto-Indo-European root that means to turn, with derivatives in a number of languages referring to change of allegiance or the passage from one status to another. So etymologically speaking, an orphan has turned from the status of having parents to not having them, in other words turning from one sphere of belonging to another, and this would explain the various derivatives from the same root that have to do with inheritance and slavery, such as the word robot, which originally meant slave, before it was borrowed into English from Czech, referring to a more mechanical servant. Another word that descends from this root in its base sense of turn is orbit, coming from Latin orbita, meaning wheel track, with the original English sense of eye socket, before being applied to other round or spherical things, such as the astronomical sense, which was first used in English in the 1690s. And so, to bring all of this back to golf, another of the topics of the main video, in 2006, as a publicity stunt, Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Purin hit a golf ball into orbit off the International Space Station. There were differing estimates of how long it probably stayed in orbit before burning up in the atmosphere, ranging from three days to three and a half years. And speaking of golf, or rather its distant relative, Polo, and the Polo-obsessed Lord Mountbatten, his name is an anglicization of the original German surname Battenberg, Berg meaning mountain or hill. The family adopted the English translation of their name around World War I due to anti-German sentiment in Britain at the time. At first glance, the Batten element of the name might seem to be a possible instance of that root in bastard from Greek bastadzein, meaning to carry, as indeed the word batten as in batten down the hatches as a kind of stick or staff is related to baton, which comes ultimately from Greek bastun meaning support from bastadzein. But in the name, it is more likely to have come from a Germanic root, meaning to improve, related to the word better. As always, you can hear even more etymology and history, as well as interviews with a wide range of fascinating people on the Endless Knot podcast, available on all the major podcasting platforms, as well as our other YouTube channel.


Hey everybody, Matt here for Layton Sports Cards, ripping 2023 Panini Prism WWE hobby, one box break number 11, random pack style. Here we go, randomize the names, then the packs, three times, good luck. One, two, three, Chris C, down to Philip M, and three times on the packs. One, two, three, 10, down to seven. All right, we have Chris C, 10, Philip M, one, Timothy K, four, David R, 11, Solomon B, six, Jim J, two, Joseph W, five, Manne S, nine, Jim J, 12, Manne S, eight, Joshua B, three, and Philip M, seven. These results posted, we get this started. Nice, Ryan, hope you get something good. Here is a link to the results. All right, here we go. Just tried to elbow smash the camera here. All right, let's do it. Oh, just going straight out of the pack. Pack one is Philip M. There's Alexa Bliss, Red Wave, and LA Night, Silver. Ray O'Reply, pack two is Jim J. Tyler Bate, Hyper, and Becky Lynch, Silver. Mr. Perfect, Joshua B has pack number three, and it is Montez Ford, Red Wave, and Blue. It's 199 Boa, it's carrying a cross. Timothy K has pack four, Randy Orton, Hyper, and, I forget how to pronounce her first name, is it Gigi or Gigi? Dolan, it's 299. I knew it last year, I've forgotten since. It's Bruno, Joseph W has pack five, right? Yeah, Joseph W here, Gigi, okay. Alexa Bliss, Red Wave, and Bubba Ray Dudley, Silver, Booker T. All right, Solomon B, pack number six.  This is Otto, red to 99, Duke Hudson. There you go, Solomon. First one I've seen not flipped around backwards. There's Matt Riddle, Silver, Edge. All right, Philip M, Philip M, pack seven. Roxanne Perez, Hyper, and John Cena, Orange, and 99. There you go, Nicena, 48 of 99. Amane S has packs eight and nine. Mansour, Teal, to 49, and Omos. Red to 299. Sean Michaels, S has pack number nine. Montez Ford, Red Wave, and Randy Orton, Silver. Kevin Owens, top tier. Chris C, pack 10. It is 12.55 Eastern, so we are coming up on our second hour, our new latent gaming shop has been open. If you're in the Orlando area, be sure to check it out. It's in Ultimont Springs, over by the mall. That is Red Otto, Chad Gable, to 99. Chris C, Gable, Stevenson, Silver. I can relate to Chad Gable. I want to tell people to shoosh on the regular. Bret Hart, imagine doing that to somebody in person. The game is a shoosh. David R, pack 11. It's Terry Funk, Red Wave. And Ivy Nile, blue, to 199. So, yeah. Oh, it's not that old. This guy. All right, Jim J has pack 12. We have one more single boxer, and then after that, we're going to get into our 12 box full case, random box style breaks. I didn't plan that out well. I hit refresh to see how many spots we have, and it's just spinning. There we go. All right, we have 10 and 12 to go on those random box style breaks. This is Asuka, Hyper and Santos Escobar, Red. It's 299, Triple H, Ring Royalty, and that will do it for box number 11. Thank you, everybody. We have box 12 coming up next.


OK, we're going to be talking today about the stoic theory of emotions. And you've read the constellations, the two constellations of Seneca that are in the textbook. But instead of concentrating directly on that work, I'm going to first give a sort of abstract or analytical overview of the theory. And then we can give concrete examples on the basis of the readings. But obviously, anybody can interject at any time to clarify, or even if there's something in particular, you want to discuss from the reading. OK, but first of all, this is one of the most important and influential areas of stoicism. And this genre of writing, a consolation, which is a form of writing, which is designed to relieve painful experiences. The stoics are masters of, they develop this genre. And Seneca, in particular, is without here. And all later consolations written in the medieval period, the Renaissance period, the early modern period, down to those that are still being written today, in any form, all are directly influenced by Seneca. I should say directly or indirectly, because a lot of people have other influences, directly from Seneca. So how is it that a piece of writing or reasoning could actually relieve painful emotions? So first of all, instead of just saying emotions, let's learn the Greek word here, which is pathway. And it has a very general application, where it means something just like any experience, or in fact anything that happens to you, anytime you are a patient as opposed to an agent. So literally anything that is inflicted on you is a pathway.  So the term is most frequently employed in the medical lexicon and the medical literature with references to diseases that people suffer.  You can describe manic depression and anxiety as being a pathway. One of course of the body, the other of the soul. But then philosophically the term also takes on this meaning that in a way it stems from this abstract and this medical use, but to mean a kind of affection, that is a way that one is affected, and so generally feelings and emotions of all kind. Now the term emotion has other various technical meanings in psychiatry, psychology, and contemporary philosophy, not of all, not all of which map on perfectly either to ancient conceptions of pathway in general or the stoic theory in particular, it is useful to continue talking about emotions. Now to give everything constructed on both sides of this handout, the slide that I'm going to be dwelling on mostly today is the one about emotions, and then on Wednesday I'll say a little bit more about a general schema of virtues and vices for the stoics. But everything on both sides of these handouts, I simply put together out of the textbook by Inwood, so every one of these references you could follow up into that textbook to get more of the context if you want. I just constructed my abstract account of the theory purely out of those texts available to you in the textbook. Now the first thing is to find a general definition of this. I mean this is not a definition, these are just glosses of this term. These are just synonyms of this term. But they give a general definition of pathway, an irrational and unnatural movement of a soul or an excessive impulse. Now by saying that it's an irrational movement, they show the central and most important feature of their theory, which is what we call a cognitive theory of the emotions. Essentially the stoics think that emotions, at least the bad ones, are problems with cognition. They're problems with how people think about things. That is the cause of them, the cause of this kind of suffering, these kind of excessive feelings and so forth, is because people reason incorrectly. It's not as if people just have some other part of their soul or something that naturally feels emotions and that somehow the rational part of the soul has to try to mediate this irrational part. That's a picture that we see in Play-Doh and Aristotle and in other ancient philosophers. The stoics reject that because they don't think there are parts in the soul. The soul is just a singular thing. In fact, it's a body. And the causes of emotions are entirely due to the rational faculty that is identical to the soul in their view. Therefore, as Chrysippus says, passions are judgments. We can define every emotion. I don't think I put passion up here, but that's another translation. Passion related to the idea of passivity or being affected, i.e. in affection as opposed to being an agent. Passions are judgments. Judgments are thoughts or sentences, complete thoughts or sentences where one thing a predicate is predicated of as a subject. So that is a rational thing that requires the ability to use language and the ability to use reason. So the kinds of things that they're talking about here are not the kinds of things that animals can possibly suffer. So it might look to us like a cat is angry or sad or something, but that's just an anthropomorphic thing that we project onto them. They've got their own instincts, their own behaviors, and so forth. We just conceive of it on analogy to feelings that we have that are caused by reasoning. Now, so what we can do is, as in the chart here, break down between four general kinds of emotions. And remember, all these emotions are forms of suffering.  In the Stoic view, it's a bad thing. So are desires. Desires or lusts and appetites, all of these are synonyms for the same phenomenon in the Stoic view called epithymia. Similarly, forms of pain, distress, loopy, these are, this is a class of emotions. And similarly, fear or phobos is a kind of emotion. And every other, every specific kind of emotion in their theory fits under one of these four. And so I've given you definitions of a vast set of emotions there. So under fear, there's not just fear, there's also dread, shame, hesitation, shock, etc., and pain. We shouldn't just be thinking of physical pain. In fact, distress is probably a better translation. And it includes things like pity, grudging, envy, resentment, heavy-heartedness, congestion, sorrow, anguish, confusion. All of these have their own independent definitions and analyses in their view. But first we'll concentrate on the definition of the general kinds of emotions and how they are conceived of as judgments and thus as irrational movements of the soul. So take the case of pleasure. Pleasure or delight, the Stoics say, involves a judgment that something is good, which is not actually a good, and that that good is present to me. So for example, if I think that wealth is good, and of course wealth is not actually a good, it's merely an indifferent. It can be good or it can be bad, depending on how it's used. But suppose that I'm confused, and I think that I'm one of these fine-ran people and I think that wealth just is good, and I have that confusion. And then I also think that I have a lot of wealth.  But suppose that I was somebody that actually had wealth, and I thought, this is really great. I'm a rich guy. And I take pleasure or delight in that. They would say, that is an irrational form of suffering. Now to make that a bit more plausible, I consider the analysis of desire. Desire is a belief, a wrong belief that something is good, such as wealth, but a belief that I don't have it. So suppose Monty Johnson was one of those fine-ran people who thought that wealth really is intrinsically good, but I correctly realized that I don't have it, because I'm a poor, starving philosophy professor. And so I have a desire for this thing that I think is intrinsically good, that I think is good by nature. I want wealth, all the cool people have wealth. Wealth makes life so much better. And so I want it. I desire to have it. And this desiring is a form of suffering. It's something that's happening to me, and it's a feeling that I have. Now again, we could change any of the purported goods that aren't actually goods for wealth here. So help, for example, could be something that I mistakenly think is good, and mistakenly think I have it, or think that I have it, maybe I do have it, and then I take delight in that, or think that I don't have it, and so desire to have it, either way I'm suffering an irrational or unnatural movement of the mind. Now, pain is a case where I falsely believe that something is bad, and I believe that it is present to me. So this is a definition of distress, a judgment that something is bad which is not actually a bad, and is present to me. So to make this easiest, just flip the cases I just gave you, suppose that I think that wealth is something bad, and I think I'm just a poor philosophy professor, I'm never going to be rich like these people that went on to law school, and so forth, and so then I have distress about that. Again, the cause is irrational because it's just not true that wealth is something good, and were I to not think that way, I might not suffer from this kind of emotion. Again, if I think that disease, a disease like diabetes is a bad thing, and I also think that it's present to me that I've been diagnosed with it and that I'm suffering from it, then I might very well be distressed about that, and that would be an irrational form of suffering. And so the final category is when one has this belief that something is bad, but thinks that it's absent to them, this is the category that we call fear. So I believe that it would be bad to die, and I think about this. It's not present to me now, but when I think I'm going to die, eventually I could have fear about this. That would be irrational because I'd be thinking that death is a bad thing, which of course it's not. It's just an indifferent thing. It's quite a good thing sometimes, but if I was confused and thought it was a bad thing, then I might fear it. Or again, sickness, poverty, and so forth. And so that's why we can break this down into a table of two-by-two things. Is the confusion and the irrationality about what's good or is it about what's bad? And furthermore, is it about something that is present to me or something that is absent from me? And it is judgments about these things that cause these forms of suffering and emotion. And so each one of the subdivisions of these general kinds of emotion involve judgments about things in particular domains. So for example, in the case of fear, I don't just fear, for example, death or pain or something like that. You might fear having a bad reputation. And we call that shame, and that's a negative, bad emotion that one might suffer from. And hesitation, shock, et cetera. There's a similar story for each of these. So it is a cognitive theory because the theory is that all emotion and suffering is caused by cognition or by thoughts that we have. And so this is what makes the idea of a consolation possible. An idea that you could reason with somebody in order to relieve their suffering or distress. Now in the form that we have it in these consolations by Seneca, we have long letters addressed to specific people. In fact, there are open letters, I think. And you can see that by reading them. Not all of the advice even given in them would be applicable to the person who happens to be suffering from something. So for example, when he gives the advice to Marcia, yes, I know you're suffering because your son died, but what people should do is reflect on the fact that death isn't something bad and so forth, but they should also anticipate that everybody around them is going to die and so that when this eventually happens, they won't be surprised by it. Well, that doesn't work very well if it's already happened. You can't anticipate that your son is going to die beforehand and you're already suffering from the shock and distress because by the time it happens, you have these confused and irrational thoughts about what's good and what's bad. But the consolation need not be deployed in exactly that form. We could deploy it also in the form of a psychoanalyst with a patient on a couch that's suffering from irrational disturbances and emotions. And the idea is that the therapist can actually reason with that person, talk through the problem, find what's causing the confused thoughts that produce the emotion, and replace those with a different form of cognition. And this is essentially the idea behind what we now call cognitive behavioral therapy and what the ancients just call therapy. We have to use terms like cognitive behavioral therapy because many of our forms of therapy now target the bodily causes of these diseases instead of the psychological causes. And so psychopharmacology is a major way to address these problems. But the ancients had various pharmacological solutions but they weren't nearly as effective so they were more dependent on these kind of cognitive behavioral therapies and so the Stoics developed an enormous storehouse of them and we see them being deployed in particular cases with respect to these particular people in Seneca's consolations. Okay, so with that, that's the general theory. Now, does anybody have any questions about the general theory? Yes. Just to clarify with just that thing, you're saying how it has a negative connotation with the disease, illness, and sickness, but does it overall have a negative connotation as well? Just talking about none of the emotions when you use that word refers to negative emotions just because the Stoics view emotion as this is bad. Well, yes, it's a good question because I'm going to get into, in a moment, what they call the you, patea, which means the actual good patea. So there we need to translate patea as something like feeling or something so it turns out there actually are good affections, good feelings, even good emotions that it's possible to experience. But, and I'm going to discuss and describe that controversial doctrine and it's important to ask whether that doctrine is consistent with their generic account of patea or not because many people accuse them of simply renaming things and replacing what we all thought along that there's good and bad emotions with this theory that essentially says emotions are all bad and we need to extricate them but there are some feelings that we can approve of under certain circumstances and so Cicero and other people take them to task for doing a similar thing that they do with goods by saying, well, these things aren't really goods, they're indifference but then there's indifference and there's indifference or preferred indifference and disagreeing indifference and so see if you think that they're playing a similar terminological game in their account of the good emotions but those aside and they say much less about those than they do about the bad ones and when they're talking about the bad ones they don't call them something like kaka patea which would mean bad emotions, they just call those patea so if it's not modified, you can assume that it has a negative connotation even if it just means something like feeling or emotion it's got this intrinsic... it's got this connotation of being something you're suffering from okay, yeah, Chrissy? So would they say that agency is inherently good and then possibility is just bad? Is that how they would kind of define why emotions are bad or negative? Well, no, because it's inevitable that things happen to us and we suffer from things the question is how that lines up with our cognition and how we think about them happening So, as such, pathway in the sense of disease or illness generically cannot intrinsically be a bad thing it only is in combination with how it's thought about and similarly, I don't think that they can say that agency in and of itself is something good because are we talking about agency to use my extremely crude false dichotomy or talking about the agency of Mother Teresa or the agency of Hitler, right? Agency itself isn't good Agency is important and hopefully the use of the term indifference doesn't get confused make it seem like that's not an important thing but the point is that agency can be used can go one way or the other and so can passivity Things can happen to me that are good or bad but the suffering and the problem arises based on my cognition of it So, the stoic position is that if you have the right understanding of what's good you cannot be in pain that seems unreasonable You cannot be in distress and if you have the right account in this case of what's bad you don't think that you don't think something is bad that isn't actually bad then you are actually immune to distress and now we have to distinguish between a feeling, a physical sensation in the body and a full-blown emotional state and so take a case like anger and suppose that I'm made angry by some outrageous act of hubris where somebody comes up and punches me randomly on the street Okay, well then there's a point where I suffer in a sense and I'm pained by the blow that hits me but when that blow hits me and I feel that and I'm a patient and I suffer this that necessary affection because stoics don't, it's not that they completely anesthetize themselves from feeling anything they still feel that initial thing then the question arises about an ascent to a certain proposition so then the thought occurs to me that this pain I'm feeling is a bad thing or this pain that I'm feeling is something I should be indifferent to now in the latter case that was painful, that sucked but I don't really care I don't let things like that bother me I don't let things that are out of my control not only hurt me in that way but then hurt me even worse on a mental level where I become emotional or angry about it so the former, the initial impact and the initial, and we have to call that a feeling or something that cannot be eliminated or extirpated but the judgment about it the axiological consideration of whether it's good or bad that is completely up to me and in my power, in my control and this of course is the crucial moment of our agency is what we give ascent to and so then the actual suffering from the emotion of anger or distress, that is up to me and so I think it's a bit provocative that the term loopy which really does mean pain although there are other words for pain and then reclanguage there's even more in the Roman language it's crazy, just like they have thousands of extra words for how to kill people they also have lots of extra words for pain that's just an accident of which of our texts have survived but this is a kind of theme in ancient literature anger and pain but I think the phenomenon and as far as we're talking about an emotion and emotional suffering is actually about distress if I ascent to the idea that this pain I'm suffering in my foot because I have a horrible case of gout or like Epicurus because I've got painful kidney stones or something the Stoics no more than anyone else has no means of eliminating those initial feelings and to wait until psychopharmacology got good enough to deal with it on that level they can't eliminate that but there's an added emotional response to pain and I think people have seen this we know people that deal better and worse with pain and there are people that not only experience pain but experience distress at the fact that they're experiencing pain and then this can also enlarge into fears about greater pains and so forth and you get this kind of cycle of emotional disruption and all of that is irrational in their view but we certainly need to I mean it's a good point you're working on the theory of pleasure and pain in Epicureanism and Utilitarianism for your research paper so we have to see that to some extent there's a different definition of both pleasure and pain going on here than we find in the Epicureans and the focus is on the cognitive part of pleasure and pain the thoughts we have about pleasure and pain and because those we can actually do something about we can relieve people's suffering or their irrational bliss and so forth by helping them to reason better and using consolations and psychoanalysis and that sort of thing the other things we either can't do anything about or we leave to psycho pharmacology okay so any other questions or thoughts just about the general theory yeah you said previously that stores don't believe that we classify the emotions of animals well they don't believe that animals have emotions in this sense because they don't have cognition and all of these problems are caused by cognition in a letter he reads his whole like how natural is for a person to grieve about one to two days on his observation of animals yes yes so that's right he consoles Marsha by saying you've been grieving for too long we should look at how animals once they've become upset they grieve only so long and then no longer I think that's a great example of Seneca not sticking to the orthodox representation of stoic theory as he says that he doesn't we look at the passage in on tranquil in the soul where he says I'm going to diverge from this view even so far as to accept certain heavy Korean ideas sometimes raises an enormous problem about the coherence of his philosophy with itself and with stoicism that I think makes what's interesting about that piece of advice is that is the way it resembles a kind of oikiosis or cradle like argument that we can look at how irrational animals or infants behave before they become confused by cognition and then we can take that as an indication of how we ought to live in accordance with nature and so the idea is that we ought to live more like these animals do in accordance with nature not suffering or not grieving for extended periods of time but the fact of the matter is that they don't grieve, they don't suffer they don't have cognition none of this therapy could possibly work on them because they cannot possibly be reasoned with so in a technical sense there is a disanalogy between the two and one might argue that this advice misleads one into thinking that emotions are more like the kinds of things that animals suffer when their doctrine cannot permit that animals clearly do suffer pain and pleasure you can do experiments on your own pets I wouldn't recommend it but you can easily show that they can experience pain in the sense that Rawson was wondering if the dogs were really claiming they can eliminate pain like that there's no question about that but what animals don't seem to suffer and this is part of Seneca's point is a further distressed cause by not only having the bad feeling but thinking that the feeling is something bad in a moral sense and you add distress and you add pain on top of something that's inevitable by the way that you're thinking about it whereas humans so these emotions basically are things that ways that humans screw up their lives that animals can't possibly do I mean this is a problem with this wonderful ability to use language and to reason is that it sometimes goes wrong and then people end up making themselves suffer because they're doing it wrong and animals have neither the advantages of being able to reason and use language but they also don't have these disadvantages so if we interpret that as like a kind of cradle argument then in theory it can make some sense but insofar as it suggests that animals are suffering similar kinds of things as what he's trying to relieve there then it is in this leaking characterization okay but that's a good point now let me talk for a second about the approved emotions this is a so-called eupathia because corresponding to three of the four kinds of bad emotion are forms of good emotion that they say it's legitimate to experience so the first, and I put these in parentheses in small type next to each of them so in the case of goods being present to one if I have a correct cognition I think something is present to me and I think that it's good then I might experience joy about it so suppose that I think that courage or temperance I think both of those are quite a stretch in my own case, wisdom no, not that either but suppose I think that courage is a good thing and I rightly believe that I'm courageous well then it would be legitimate for me to experience joy in response to that rational thought now joy is supposed to be a fairly low grade thing it's perfectly consistent with the stoic who never changes his facial expressions before experiencing it and we're supposed to have the idea of a nice control under control emotion as opposed to irrational delight and exuberance in something that I irrationally think is good and that I think is present to me now in the case of a good being absent so suppose I, somebody give me an example of something that is good and really is good and that is absent to them and so that one could have a wish for it and this wish would be a legitimate feeling yeah, probably intelligence okay, right so if I rightly think that intelligence is a good thing and I rightly think I don't have intelligence then it is fully rational for me to experience to have the affection or the passion that wow I really wish I was intelligent and this could motivate me to do something like show up to school and get further education and things like that and that would appear to be fine and that is very different from lusting after things like irrational appetites towards them now the third category of approved emotion is caution so somebody constructs for us the counterpart to fear what would it be rational to have a caution about okay, Robert knowing to avoid doing things that are unjust so as not to violate that virtue okay, for example for funsies that would be unjust okay, so suppose I have the view that murdering innocent people is a bad thing that's presumably correct and yet I have this kind of impulse to go out and murder some innocent people then I might validly experience caution that says wait maybe I shouldn't just go out and do that okay I was thinking something more like intemperance or something where I think that it would be bad if I were to overindulge in alcohol too early in the day and yet I'm tempted to head to the pub right after class but I've got a stoic way of looking at this I realize that would be a bad thing so I'm cautious and I take steps to avoid walking by the pub so that that temptation will occur to me or something like that okay now notice that there is no no legitimate emotion no good emotion, no good feeling that corresponds to the bad feeling of distress or pain when something bad is present now can anybody think of why they so this looks like a strange thing in their theory they don't have anything in that category why not why is there not an approved emotion in that particular category well you and I are having a dialogue today I guess because bad things being present are necessarily irrational the only things that are rational are the virtues okay but couldn't I legitimately think something is bad and think that it's present to me is it just a bunch of indifferences well I think they do have some things that are bad these little things called vices like being unjust, being intemperate, being cowardly being unwise, foolish, stupid all those are really bad things okay but there's no emotional state that can correspond to that because well the easiest way to think of it is imagine the condition of the sage the sage doesn't have any bad things present to him because the only things that are truly bad are vices but a sage doesn't have any vices because the sage thinks correctly about these things so there's no possibility of experiencing something good in that category it doesn't occur to the one who has their emotions under control and has a rational way of thinking about these things so to a person that's purely rational there are no present things that are truly bad in the strict axiological sense of their ethical theory okay and similarly the approved UPathia or good feelings admit of several different kinds and each of these has its own definition and so forth so in wish we can have rational appetency, goodwill, kindness, acceptance, contentment all of those are perfectly legitimate and all of those have their own different individual objects that involve me correctly evaluating the goodness or badness of that thing and me correctly understanding whether or not it is present to me and similarly for caution rational avoidance, respect and sanctity you know caution is how stoics avoid getting into a condition like puro or something where you don't even exhibit caution towards oncoming cars or when you're walking over on the cliffs yeah isn't it possible like for something that is bad which is bad and is present like for example say I'm not wise I don't have wisdom isn't it possible like we can have a proper judgment in that I want to be wise yeah and that's called wish that's where wisdom is not present to me okay so it's absent to me and it is something good and I correctly judge all of those things so having a wish to be wise is a legitimate and fully rational emotion that I hope all of you are constantly experiencing so in that respect like the judgment has to be in fact notice that it would be there would be a problem of not experiencing that it would be a sign of stupidity or irrationality if you didn't have that wish to become wise it would mean either that you didn't realize that wisdom was a good thing or what's even worse you were confused and thought that good thing was present to you when it actually isn't okay so these aren't just happy good emotions to have these are things that the sage necessarily has and that if you're doing well and living correctly you necessarily experience this kind of joy and wish and that sort of thing so in this example, for example like that judgment is on the wisdom itself not the vice of like not having wisdom okay well let's take the vice of not having wisdom which we also call foolishness or ignorance or stupidity I mean there's a bunch of varieties of these and trust me the show has definitions of each of them okay so ignorance now suppose that ignorance is a bad thing we agree that it is suppose that it's present to me okay well then I necessarily suffer pain and distress about that or no I don't right because pain and distress are caused by something irrational whereas that set of thought seems to be rational ignorance is present to me and it's something bad okay so it looks like there isn't there isn't an approved emotion that corresponds to that conjunction of rational thoughts that has to be translated according to a logic of opposites into the absent thing that would be good wisdom and the fact that it's absent to me instead of its negation, ignorance being present to me okay now I mean that's there is a rough and ready solution to the problem but I don't know if you're getting at the idea that there's something more deeply problematic about how they've set these up that kind of asymmetry would suggest that there might be because this should all symmetrically work out in theory, right? Yeah, Robert? In the extreme, does the sage not experience any wishes because they've achieved everything that's good? Well no, I think they that it's still rational for them to wish for certain things I mean I think I like the thought experiment you're setting up the sage already has everything that's good because by virtue of being a sage they are rational and have all of the and by virtue of being rational have all of the virtues therefore all of the virtues are present to them none of them are absent and therefore there doesn't seem to be any rational appetency there now except things like goodwill, kindness, acceptance, contentment that's where we have to see what those things really mean and if there's a sense there of course is a sense in which the sage has goodwill or might you know might think that things could be improved in society and other people and so forth and they might they might want that I think that's kind of problematic because it's focusing on things outside of your control exposing yourselves to fortune and that sort of thing and so they have to be really careful here I think it's a good question of it again raises questions about the coherence of the theory okay but this this theory is the background of the idea that you can relieve people suffering by reasoning with them yeah so if the sage is constantly acting virtuously would they constantly be in a state of joy? yes that's the idea so who wrote on the ancient art of stoic joy the William Irvine book? right so that's part of this is that you really enjoy being a stoic if you reach that certainly if you reach that stage you're just constantly experiencing joy that person has a constant experience of joy they know what's good they know it's present to them it's completely steady it's not going anywhere and so forth and that's the essence of joy to believe rightly that you have everything that's good


OTAN, Outreach and Technical Assistance Network. Hello everyone, my name is Melinda Holt and I'm a PS2 for OTAN, the Outreach and Technical Assistance Network. I'd like to welcome you all for joining this month's OTAN Tech Talk, Turn PowerPoints into Accessible PDFs. This presentation focuses more on making sure the accessibility features placed in a PowerPoint convert over to the PDF. Our presenter, Paul Young, is a teacher with LAUSD and an OTAN subject matter expert. Paul, take it away. Thank you for that introduction, Melinda. Hello everyone, my name is Paul Young, I'm an ESL teacher with Los Angeles Unified Division of Adult and Career Education. I led the development of the ESL video series, Putting News to Work on Moodle. I am also a subject matter expert with OTAN, currently I am assisting OTAN in migrating the PDW courses to the new learning management system, Canvas. Today you will learn to generate a 509 compliant accessible PDF from your PowerPoint presentation for distribution with minimal remediation. There are three steps we'll be going through to achieve our goal. First, you have to make sure the PowerPoint document is accessible. Two, generate the PDF from the PowerPoint with the best options. Three, check that the accessibility in the PDF is correct. I will demonstrate with my Putting News to Work PowerPoint presentation, making sure it's accessible before I generate a PDF from the source file. For each slide, I will be sure to create unique title slides, set reading order, add alternative text to messages, name hyperlinks, check color and contrast, and run the accessibility checker. As you can see here, some sample slides from my presentation. At the very top of each one, there is a title. Because readers often skim presentations, unique slide titles will serve as guide posts, making your content easier to navigate. Next, use the selection pane to set the reading order of your slides. First select home on the upper left, then arrange a window will open up with the option to choose selection pane at the very bottom. The selection pane opens on the right side of your screen. Notice on my slide the title, today's presentation is at the top and should be read first, followed by the bullets in the text box and finally the out text of this picture. This is counterintuitive, but remember, it's important to remember that the reading order in the selection pane is arranged from the bottom up. As you can see, the title is at the bottom of the pane, which is correct. Next up, we see the text box and then the picture at the top. Keep in mind that I would be doing this for every slide of my presentation. To add alternative text, right click on the image, a manual appear, select edit out text. The out text panel will open on your right. There are instructions and in the box, you can see that I've added training components image as the out text for this picture. Remember all images that convey meaning need to have alternative text. Screen readers read the out text to communicate what is important in images and other visuals. Name your hyperlinks. Giving your hyperlink a name and keeping the actual link hidden will make it easier for screen readers to identify and of course, check color and contrast. The free tool at webaim.org is easy to use. Sample the foreground of your slide with the color picker. Follow the background color of the slide with this color picker and you will see immediate results displayed as pass or fail. Fortunately for me, my slides have passed as you can see here. And finally, use the accessibility checker. You can find it by clicking review at the top and then check accessibility. Once you do, you will receive immediate results. As you can see in the accessibility window here, it says no accessibility issues are found. People with disabilities should not have difficulty reading this presentation. Now that my PowerPoint presentation has earned a pass, I am ready to generate the PDF. Let's look at some Microsoft's help page for best practices in generating a PDF. In PowerPoint, click file on the upper left, select save as. In the save as dialog box, choose PDF as the save as type list. Number four is the most important step. Click options and make sure the document structure tags for accessibility check box is selected and then click OK. This is critical. What are tags? Tags are metadata that indicate the structure of a document. They communicate the order in which items will be read. When you make a PDF, you want to preserve the accessibility of the original document by including its tags. For Mac users, Microsoft's help page tells us that the Mac OS does not provide this option with saving as a PDF. But you can save your presentation to OneDrive, open it in PowerPoint for the web and download as PDF from there. PDF files generated from PowerPoint for the web preserve tagging. So I'm on a Mac today and I have signed into office.com and uploaded my PowerPoint presentation to office.com and have used the PowerPoint on the web to open my document. So I'm going to follow Microsoft Office's help page instructions. I'm going to choose file, save as and download as PDF. Once you've downloaded the PDF, locate it on your hard drive and open it in Adobe Acrobat Pro. Be sure that you are using Adobe Acrobat Pro. The free Adobe Acrobat Reader does not offer the accessibility check feature. Once I've opened my PDF in Adobe Acrobat Pro, I'm going to check to see that the tags have been preserved and are in the proper order. I'm going to locate the tab icon on the left and select it. As you can see, the tag tree has opened up. And if I click on each of these tags, the items that it references on the slide will appear and you can match the order of the tags with the order that the items are read on your slide. To begin the accessibility check, I'm going to choose tools at the upper left of Adobe Acrobat Pro and select accessibility, the accessibility tool. Once you do, the options window appear and accessibility check is here. I'm going to select this, the accessibility checker options window appears. You can go through this list to make sure all the relevant items are checked and select start checking. Not long after you make that selection, the results appear on the upper left of the screen. As you can see, I have three issues in document. But page content, forms, alternate text, tables, list, and headings all pass. If I click this arrow, it'll review the issues within this category. First, it's telling me that logical reading order needs manual check, which means that I have to review the reading order myself. The title has failed and we'll have to address that and the color contrast needs manual check. First, we'll take a look at logical reading order. I will have Acrobat read the slide to me in order to verify the reading order. To do that, I will select view at the top menu and in the menu that appears, I will select read out loud and read this page only. Okay, that reading order was correct and it read the text, the out text for this image at the very end, which is exactly what I want. So I go back and I'm going to right click on logical reading order and click pass. So I am giving it the manual pass. Okay, next, we'll look at this title. I right click on the title and I get options. I'm going to click fix. So this title was a blank text box hidden behind OTAN's first logo. I could check leave as is and click okay and it will skip this fail, but I'm just going to put welcome here because I might want to use that title later and I'm going to click okay. And once I do, it's passed. And now I'm going to review the color contrast. But as you recall, I already have I use the web aim orgs free color contrast checker and I checked the whole document and I'm just going to give it a manual pass right now by right clicking on this link and selecting pass. So the final results of my PDF accessibility check. Looks good. Everything has passed under document logical reading order passed manually color contrast pass manually. No issues in these categories. My document is accessible. So to wrap up. Don't forget the three steps. To ensuring that you have a accessible PDF. First, check to make sure your PowerPoint is accessible to choose the best output method to preserve tags. Three, check the accessibility of your PDF after it's generated to to wrap up. So there you have it. Thank you for watching Melinda take it away. All right, thanks Paul. It's time to start making those PDFs accessible. And that is the end of the OTAN Tech Talk. If you have an idea tech tool or technique to share with other adult educators, please submit an OTAN Tech Talk proposal at b i t dot l y slash o t a n w e b i n a r so that's bitly slash OTAN webinar where OTAN and the W are uppercase. I'd also like to encourage everyone to subscribe to the OTAN YouTube channel where more videos, including tech talks can be found. All of this information and more is available on the OTAN website at www.otan.us. We hope to see all of you at future OTAN tech talks and webinars.