This symposium brings together some of the scholars in the global telecommunication industry. Among them are inventors, academics, key industrial players, such as CEOs of large teleports and of course the regulators who handle very tough situations in their respective countries. I welcome all of them to our beautiful country and to this symposium. It is their thoughts, viewpoints and deliberations that will keep this entire symposium alive. In this year's GSR, why they create a network society seems particularly appropriate to me as I expect the discussions here in Sri Lanka this week to cover some of the same grounds that will be covered at the World Conference on International Telecommunication Regulations week 12. Week 12 will be taking place in Dubai in early December to look at ways of revising the International Telecommunication Regulations, the ITRs. That of course is not the purpose of the GSR. We do not want to be diverted here by discussions of what should or should not go into the device in ITRs. There will be better time for that in both forums or in the next two forums. And indeed, by at the weekly public consultation on the ITRs act, which I am inviting all to contribute to. We see the importance of broadband connectivity throughout the land for people to fully benefit from the speedy advances in ITRs. We see the importance of broadband connectivity throughout the land for people to fully benefit from the speedy advances in ITRs. To take cover of communication reach beyond our land. We are already engaging constructively. What will soon be the tallest communication tower in South Asia? It will give telecommunication, telecom operators the opportunity to share a moment with the world. Telecommunication, telecom operators, the opportunity to share a moment and state of the art infrastructure facet, taking us closer to be the communications hub of South Asia. In operation of the 12th Global Symposium for Regulators, a great global event happening in Sri Lanka as we get ready, as delegates, participants to have an in-depth look at the challenge of meeting new national broadband goals and also promoting affordable access and ensuring safe and secure digital opportunities for all.


COVID-19 vaccines are now available for children ages five and older. While it's normal for parents to have questions and concerns when making a decision for their child's health, it's critical that you turn to the right resources for accurate information. We're here to help. We encourage you to speak with your child's pediatrician to make an informed decision to protect your family. COVID-19 vaccines are proven safe and effective. Visit scdhec.gov for more information. www.cdhec.gov


Hello and welcome to the lecture on dynamic host configuration protocol. These are the learning outcomes. At the end of this session, student will be able to illustrate basics of dynamic host configuration protocol used in computer networks. Before starting this topic, try to recall basic terminologies used in protocols for host configuration like IP address, subnet mask and subnet. I hope you have recalled the terminologies. We'll start our lecture with a basic question that what is DHCP? The DHCP is dynamic host configuration protocol and is a client-server protocol designed to provide the four pieces of information for a diskless computer or a computer which is booted for the first time. Dynamic host configuration protocol is a client-server protocol that is automatically provides a host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as subnet mask and default gateway. DHCP is an internet engineering task force standard based on bootstrap protocol. Before DHCP became famous protocol for host configuration, some other protocols were used for this purpose. At the beginning of internet era, a protocol called reverse address resolution protocol was designed to provide the IP address for a booted computer. Reverse address resolution protocol maps a physical address to an IP address. However, reverse address resolution protocol can provide only one IP address of a computer. But a computer today needs additional information. Another protocol used before to DHCP other than reverse address resolution protocol is bootstrap protocol. Bootstrap protocol is a static configuration protocol. Static means there is a predetermined binding between physical address and the IP address of the client. Due to the predetermined binding between the physical address and IP address of the client, bootstrap protocol cannot handle situations when a host wants a temporary IP address and when a host moves from one network to another network until the binding is changed by the administrator. This gives rise to the need of a dynamic configuration protocol. Each computer which uses the TCP IP protocol suite needs to know its IP address and subnet mask. Most computers today need two other pieces of information along with IP address and subnet mask are the first piece of information is default router and the second piece of information is the address of the name server. In other words, the four pieces of information normally needed are the first is IP address of the computer, second is subnet mask of the computer, then third is the IP address of default router and the last piece of information is IP address of a name server. These four pieces of information can be stored in a configuration file and accessed by the computer during its bootstrap process. But what about a diskless workstation or a computer with a disk that is booted for the first time? In such cases, diskless computer, the operating system and the network software could be used to store the information related to this. However, the above information is not known to the manufacturer and thus cannot be stored in the ROM. The information is dependent on the individual configuration of the machine and defines the network to which the machine is connected. That is another reason why we need a dynamic configuration protocol. The DHCP client and server can be on the same network or they could be on the different network. We will see how the DHCP works when the server and the client are on the different network or are on the same network. We will discuss each situation separately. The administrator may put the client and the server on the same network as shown in the figure number 2. Here, please take a note that for the DHCP request, the client IP address is all zeros and the server IP address is all ones. In this case, the operation can be described as the DHCP server issues a passive open command on UDP port number 67 and waits for a client. A booted client issues an active open command on port number 68. The message is encapsulated in a UDP user datagram using destination port number 67 and the source port number 68. The UDP user datagram in turn is encapsulated in an IP datagram. Here, a question comes to mind that how a client can send an IP datagram when it knows neither its own IP address nor the server's IP address. Answer to this question is the client uses all zeros as the source address and all ones as the destination address. Then, the server responds with either a broadcast or a unicast message using UDP source port number 67 and destination port number 68. The response can be unicast because the server knows the IP address of the client. It also knows the physical address of the client which means it does not need the services of address resolution protocol for logical to physical address mapping. A client can be in one network and the server can be in another network which are separated by several other networks as shown in figure number three. And for this kind of situations, we are going to now see the operation of DHCP. However, there is one problem that must be resolved. The DHCP request is a broadcast because the client does not know the IP address of the server. It will broadcast the DHCP request. A broadcast IP datagram cannot pass through any router. A router receiving such a packet discards it. Recall that an IP address of all ones is a limited broadcast address. To solve this problem, there is a need for an intermediary. One of the hosts can be used as a relay. The host in this case is called as relay agent. The relay agent knows the unicast address of a DHCP server and listens for the broadcast messages on the port number 67. When it receives this type of packet, it encapsulates the message in a unicast datagram and sends the request to the DHCP server. The packet carrying a unicast destination address is routed by any router and reaches the DHCP server. The DHCP server knows that message comes from a relay agent because one of the fields in a request message defines the IP address of the relay agent. The relay agent after receiving the reply sends it to the DHCP client. These are the references.


The study aims to develop and apply a metaverse-based child social skills training program aimed at improving the social interaction abilities of children with ASD, age 7 to 12 years. The treatment group will participate in the metaverse-based social skills training program developed by this research team, once a week for 60 minutes per session for four weeks, while the control group will not intervene during the experiment. The study is expected to recruit and enroll participants in March 2022, and will be conducted from March 2022 to May 2022. The metaverse-based program offers excellent accessibility and is inexpensive because it can be administered at home. And if a method can be applied to detect children's emotional changes early using biometric information collected through wearable devices, then emotional changes such as anxiety and anger can be alleviated in advance, thus reducing issues in children with ASD. This article was authored by Juhyun Lee, Taesian Lee, Sungwoo Lee, and others.


For more videos on people's struggles, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. Hello and welcome to Around the World in 8 Minutes, a show from People's Dispatch. In this show, we bring you stories of resistance and defiance from across the world, as the collective strength of the people fights back against the horrors of capitalism and imperialism and strives for a better world. We begin with a tribute to Comrade Abhimanyu, a young activist of the left-wing Students Federation of India and a student of Maharaja's College in Kerala, who was martyred on July 2, 2018. Abhimanyu, who came from a very humble background, was brutally murdered by criminal elements, affiliated to the Islamist Fundamentalist Organization, the Popular Front of India, and its student ring, the Campus Front of India. Throughout his life, Abhimanyu had been an inspiration to his friends and comrades and resolutely held high the flag of radical politics. In his memory, the Students Federation of India organized rallies across the country, where his comrades swore to uphold the politics and values Abhimanyu lived, struggled and died for. We next go to Libya, where on July 2nd, over 50 people were killed in an air raid, targeting a refugee detention center near the capital Tripoli. The attack also left around 80 people wounded. The internationally recognized government of National Accord blamed the Libyan National Army, or the LNA, led by General Khalifa Haftar for the attack. However, the LNA has denied any responsibility and has blamed the government forces instead. The LNA said that the government forces carried out this attack in response to its offensive against one of the military camps in the area. The Libyan National Army's attempt to capture the capital city Tripoli began in April this year. Forces loyal to the internationally recognized government of National Accord have been resisting this offensive. Last week, the LNA lost an important town, Geryan, to the forces of the government. This led to LNA commander, Mohammed Al-Manfour, declaring their intent to escalate air strikes in order to liberate Tripoli. LNA also blamed Turkey for providing support to the government of National Accord. The detention camps for African refugees and migrants living for Europe to the Mediterranean Sea is located near a group of military camps belonging to forces loyal to the government. Libyan coast guards capture these refugees and migrants and keep them in these detention centers, often in inhumane conditions. According to the UN Mission in Libya, there are more than 3,500 such refugees and migrants locked in these detention centers in the country. However, other sources claim that the number is as high as 20,000. The real number of refugees and migrants from other parts of Africa is almost 800,000. Since these detention centers are surrounded by military camps, they are under the constant threat of becoming or coming under crossfire while between the warring factions. While the allegations fly thick, what is undoubted is that this is a war crime of utmost gruesomeness. The intervention of western countries in the politics of Libya marked the beginning of a disaster that continues to this day. As rival forces fight each other, it is millions of Libyan people who are suffering in the crossfire. They are damned if they stay in the country and they are damned if they try to escape it. We move on to another story involving migrants and the way countries of the world assault their humanity on a day-to-day basis. US activist Scott Warren, again against two legal proceedings were dropped recently on charges of aiding migrants, is all said to be tried again. The case against Warren, who is an activist with the organization No More Deaths, was declared a mistrial on June 11th after the jury could not arrive at a unanimous verdict. However, on Tuesday, it was announced that he would be tried once again on charges of aiding the migrants. Warren was arrested in January 2018 along with two migrants from a structure known as the barn in Tuxan, Arizona. The barn is a staging point from where No More Deaths operates by providing water and other aid supplies for migrants who cross the hostile desert in the Mexican border. Warren and No More Deaths have maintained throughout the process that the two were allowed to rest and recuperate, having suffered severe dehydration and heat stroke in the desert where temperatures go up to as high as 50 degrees Celsius. They have also alleged that the arrests in January 2018 were a vindictive act by the border patrol officers as it happened within hours of No More Deaths posting a video that caught the officers destroying bottles with gallons of water left in it. The prosecution, led by US federal attorney Nate Walters, tried to claim that Scott Warren was trying conspiring to transport and harbor the two migrants. As evidence, they presented his called records which included his communication with a Mexico-based aid activist. Warren rubbish the accusation and clarified that the calls were made to coordinate the logistics of their aid work and nothing more. In the latest trial, the conspiracy charge has been dropped, but Warren will now be tried on two charges of harboring an undocumented migrant. Experts say that this case is of vital importance as it will set the precedent on the so-called limits of humanity and activity. Clearly, according to the authorities of the United States, aiding those whose lives are at risk and who have endured unspeakable horrors to escape conflict zones is a reason for prosecution as opposed to a basic human duty. We next head to South Korea where tens and thousands of irregular workers employed in state-run enterprises protested on July 4th as part of a country-wide strike. A large number of protesters from a variety of sectors gathered at Seoul and started shouted slogans against the government. Irregular workers include those whose positions are not permanent and those who are paid by the hour. They are paid far less and do not get many of the benefits that their permanently employed counterparts get. Many of them also work in dangerous conditions. The protesters demanded that the government look into their status and provide them permanent employment. We end with a protest in support of whistleblower and WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange who turned 48 years old yesterday. Assange is in Belmarsh prison facing a multitude of charges. His crime is exposing wartime atrocities by the US in Iraq, Afghanistan and other war zones. Much of what Assange has published has become part of the mainstream narrative today. On many other issues, the documents WikiLeaks published are the only credible source of information. Yet, there are many in the media who would deny that he is a journalist and seek to shut him away for a lifetime. The fight for the liberty of Assange is a fight for upholding the values of journalism itself. Across the world, such protests have been happening. A sign of hope as Assange prepares to take on the might of the United States. That's all we have time for today. To read more about these stories, visit our website peoplesdispatch.org and follow us on Facebook, YouTube and Instagram. Thanks for watching.


It is daunting working out how to prepare for your retailer buy meeting. Let me tell you a familiar story of a retailer buy meeting. You're presenting your product to be listed in your ideal retailer. The product buyer asks the price. You hesitate because you know the value of your product but you really want that listing. So maybe you say a lower price than the one you had planned. And then before they've even asked, you offer a discount too just to get that listing. But before you know it, you're only just selling above cost if you're lucky and you're certainly not selling at the value your product is worth or deserves. But it shouldn't be this way and offer it comes down to pricing confidence or sales pitch confidence. So if you want to improve how you prepare for retailer buy meetings, then keep watching. As we're gonna explore five ways to improve your confidence in your pricing before you even get to that retailer buy meeting. Five ways to become more comfortable with pricing so you can sell your product for its true value and get paid properly. My name is Anna Taylor and if you're new to this channel, Enhance.training shares pricing and business management expertise to help you improve the performance of your products and business. For over 15 years, I've worked in finance alongside sales and marketing teams for companies such as Unilever, Mondelez, SAB Miller, and Asahi. I've seen firsthand the importance of getting pricing right and I wanna help you do the same. If you like this video, please give it a thumbs up, subscribe, share it with friends. Believe me, I know that pricing for retailers is hard.  But then talking price with retailers can be even harder. In product buy meetings, there will come a time when you're asked, well, how much? The pricing negotiation and how you answer that question will either set yourself up for success or not. And there is a lot riding on it, isn't there? All too often, it comes down to confidence which in turn comes from how you have prepared for retailer buy a meeting. So let's look at what you can do. The first way to prepare for retailer buy a meeting is do your research. When it's a simple truth that if people value what you're selling, then they'll buy it. And this works for consumers and product buyers alike. I mean, when you designed your product, you did this with the consumer in mind, didn't you? You have or should have conducted market research into what the consumer wants and why and you will have tailored your product accordingly. So when you're preparing for retailer buy meetings, think along the same lines. You need to know what a retailer product buyer wants, what they need. The retail product buyer will have their own criteria and you have to make it easy for them to buy from you. So when talking product price with retailers, the more your offer suits them, the greater the value they'll get from it and the more likely they'll buy from you. So whether it's understanding the retailer buyer's margin expectations or being able to show how your product suits their customers and why, but do your research. Make sure you know how your product will help that retail buyer.  I mean, it's only too obvious to buyers who has done their homework and who hasn't. So doing your research is an essential part of preparing for retail buyer meeting or put you in a much better position. It'll give you the confidence in your sales pitch and during the meeting itself. And this is something entirely in your control so I can't recommend it enough. Okay, the second way to prepare for retailer buyer meeting is know your value. You'll become more confident with your retail product pricing if you know the value your product provides. So once you've done your research and know exactly what that product buyer wants, you need to prepare how to communicate the value that your product will provide to the retail buyer. If you do not have a clear idea of the value your product will bring, well then the buyer won't either, will they? So you've got to match your product and your offer to what the product buyer wants and you'll be making it easier for them to buy from you. Now there are tools you can use to match your product's strengths with your buyer's needs. Personally, I particularly like the Strategizer Value Proposition Canvas but there are others too. And even just sort of brainstorming on a rough piece of paper will improve your confidence in the value you're providing to the retailer. But think of all the different ways the retailer will benefit. As some ideas might include customer services, delivery, marketing, impact on their consumers. Look, know your value, know how to communicate that value for the retailer and you'll build sales confidence. You'll be better prepared and more comforted about talking price with retailers. Now the third way to prepare for retail buyer meeting is, know what you want.  You may feel like this is a bit of a no-brainer but it's not as simple as just getting a sale. There's at least another layer to drill into. You've gotta be really specific here. If you're specific about what you want, you'll know what you can negotiate on. For example, do you want listings in all their retail stores or just some of them? What about shelf position or being included in the retailer's advertising? What else is it that you really value? You need to create a list of what you value and what you think the retail buyer will value too. And then in pricing negotiation, if the product buyer for the retailer asks you for a discount or to reduce your price, it helps if you know what you would want in return because giving a discount without anything in return is just poor negotiation. It puts you in a weaker position and it can really be avoided. So only move from your first price for the reason that you're getting something in return. So when talking price with retailers, you could say, okay, you want a 10% discount. Well, perhaps I could do that in return for, well, it could be faster payment terms, a volume commitment or anything else that you really value it. And this shows the product buyer that you're more than happy to discount if they can provide value in your direction too. And it also shows you offering a genuine discount if it requires justification. Look, it's a retailer buyer's job to get that price as low as they can.  So know the detail of what you want as you prepare for your retailer buyer meeting. Now the fourth way to prepare for retailer buyer meeting is to know your pricing back to front. As part of your pricing process, calculate all those costs so you're sure about exactly what profit you can make from multiple price points, from your ideal price point and then perhaps a few lower. Work out multiple offers to the retailer so during that meeting, you're able to be flexible and remain confident that you can negotiate around other factors as well as price. Now you need to work out these offers and you need to price these offers really carefully but you must do it before the buyer meeting. Now you should also set a minimum price which is your walk away price no matter what. Be strict with yourself on this. Remember that any price you agree will set a precedent. So if you know what you can afford, you shouldn't be tempted to agree to something that you can't. Knowing these details before pricing negotiation wait the retailer buyer meeting itself so much easier. I mean no one wants to have to do on the spot margin calculations or not even me it would certainly make me nervous. So if you know your pricing back to front and what you can and can't afford to give away then you'll be confident in your pricing. If you're confident in your pricing the retailer buyer will also be a lot more confident in your pricing and more likely to say yes. Now the fifth and final way to prepare for retailer buyer meeting is, well practice makes perfect. It's human nature isn't it to be more confident in familiar situations in our comfort zones? While we've done something many times before we believe in ourselves. We find it easier to predict the outcome, become more confident and far less visible. Now we can build sales pitch confidence before our meeting with the retailer buyer by practicing. So just try performing your sales pitch to yourself. It could be in front of a mirror or you can even video yourself. But plan talking price with retailers. Think about the words you will say and how you will say them. Now it would be awkward at first but it's far better to practice at home well than in the meeting itself. You can also try it with friends. Give them your sales pitch and your retailer offer and pricing and listen to their feedback. Ask them to challenge you so you get used to a pricing negotiation. Try different ways of introducing the price but find the one that you're most comfortable with. Now practicing saying something out loud is really powerful. Even if it's perhaps that in a wind sore and comfortable feeling when you say it to someone and await their reaction. But the more you practice something the easier it gets. So be brave and give it a go and you'll build that sales confidence and become more confident with pricing. So in summing up if there's a face-to-face element to your selling then how you prepare for retail in a buyer meeting is one of the biggest drivers of your confidence and success. The more you prepare and practice your offers and pricing the better you'll be during the buyer meeting and the more retail buyer meetings you're successful at the better you'll become and the more confident you'll be. So make sure you know what the product buy values understand exactly what value you're offering to the retailer know specifically what you want and work out your pricing back to front and then practice. Now you may still have nerves going into the meeting and there's nothing unusual about that however you can have the confidence of having prepared. Let me know what other products and pricing areas you'd like to learn about by leaving comment in the comment section below I'd really love to hear from you. So thank you for watching and I look forward to seeing you soon.